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1962 ck rwfv (2)&ufwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. w&m;0ifa&G;aumufcHtpdk;&udk ppftm%m&Sifwpku vufeufudkif

t"rRenf;jzifh jzKwfcscJh&m tm&Swdkuf. rD;±SL;wefaqmifrSm tarSmifacwf}uD;twGif; oufqif;oGm;cJhonf?
tm&SwGif ynma&;tqifhtjrifhqHk;EdkifiHwckjzpfcJhonfh jrefrmjynfonf edrfhusvSonfh ynma&;tqifhtwef;
&oGm;ojzifh jynfwGif;ynma&;rSm vHk;0wefzdk;rJhoGm;cJhonf? tqifhjrifhydk@ukefypPnf;rsm;jzifh tm&SwiG f emrnfwvH;k
&xm;onfhEdkifiHrSm tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHtm;vHk;rS t&nftaoG;edrfhypPnf;rsm; oGefcs&mjzpfvmonf? tm;upm;/
,Ofaus;r_ tEkynmwdk@ awmufpm;cJhaomEdkifiHonf rnfodk@rS EdkifiHhoduQmrqnfEdkifawmhaom EdkifiHjzpfoGm;onf?
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EdkifiHudk tvif;a&mifrJhapovdk ppftm%m&Sifpepf. vuf0g;}uD;tkyf udk,fusKd;=unfhpD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDrsm;uvnf;
urBmhtqif;&JqHk;EdkifiHb0odk@ wGef;cscJhonf? 1988 rwf-ZGef-=o*kwfvrsm;wGifrl csrf;ajrhaysmf&Gif oef@pifonfhEdkifiH
jyefvnfxlaxmifzdk@ ausmif;om;rsm;ac:&maemuf jynfolrsm; wcJeufvdkufcJh=uonf? xdkrSonf æ
1988 ck =o*kwfv (26)&ufwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
aoG;yDopGm ordkif;.awmif;qdkr_udkemcHI jynfol@&ifcGifodk@ 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? Todk@jzifh ESpfaygif; (30)twGif;
yxrqHk;aom vGwfvyfonfhygwDpHka&G;aumufyGJrSwqifh 1990 ck ar (27)&ufwGif jynfol@&ifESpfwdk@tm; atmifyGJ
yef;wdkif vSrf;jrifEdkif aponftxd vGwfvyfiSufu vrf;jycJhygonf?

usrtdrf æ
usrarG;zGm;cJh&m jyKpkapmifha&SmufcHcJh&m
wcsdefu csrf;ajrh om,m
tckawmh arSmifrdkuf wkefv_yfp&mtjynfh?

usrrdom;pk æ
usr twl}uD;jyif;cJh&m
wcsdefu vef;qef; aysmf&Gif
tckawmh a=umuf&G@H ajcmufjcm;vsuf?

usroli,fcsif;rsm; æ
usr aygi;f oif;cJ&h m
wcsdefu oef@pif &$ifjy
tckawmh ESvHk;a=uuGJ touf&Sif?

vGwfvyfiSuf æ
vGwfajrmufcgp
wcsdefu avSmifcsKdifhxJ
tckawmh oHvGifcufcsD ysHoef;ae
usrcspfwJhEdkifiHtwGuf?

vGwfvyfwJhArmjynfqD ysHaewJh vGwfvyfiSufyg? vGwfvyfiSuf (1989) atmifqef;pk=unf

rqvwjzpfvJ e0w ppftm%m&Sifvufopfwdk@u a&G;aumufyGJ&v'frsm; ‚if;wdk@ar#mfrSef;ovkd jzpfrvm

aomtcg yxrwGif rvdrfhwywf/ aemufydkif;wGif ±l;ovdkaygovdk/ aemufqHk;Y ajAmiftwdtvif;/ &v'frsm;udk
jiif;qefcJhawmhonf? 1990 ck Zlvdkif (29)&uf *E<Dtpnf;ta0;vGefajrmuf+yD;aemufwGif 'Drdkua&pDtvif;prSm
vHk;0arSmifusoGm;+yD; wEdkifiHvHk; wqifhjrifhppftm%m&SifpepfatmufY toHwdwfqdwfoGm;apcJhonf?
 ppftm%m wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;udk enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh wqifhwdk;aponfhtcg ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;pepf o¿mef
aygif;pHk zGH@+zKd;xGef;um;vmawmhonf? ppfAkdvfcsKyfwdk@.twWudk umuG,fjr‡ifhwifEdkif&eftvdk@iSm wEdkifiHvHk;.
vGwfvyf aysmf&$ifr_ pnfyif 0ajymr_wdk@udk zdcsypfvdkufygawmhonf? 1988 ck =o*kwf (8)&ufESifh 1990 ck ar (27)
&uf.toHrsm;udk wdwfqw d foGm;apcJhygonf?
odk@aomf æ
ajcmufESpf=um t"rRtoHqdwfcH&+yD;aemuf 1995 ZlvdkifvwGifvnf;aumif;/ aemufwzef ESpf ESpfeD;yg;=um
t"rRtoHwdwfcH&+yD;aemuf 2002 ck arvwGifvnf;aumif;/ vGwfvyfr_toHrSm e*dkrl&if;twdkif; tifjynfhtm;
jynfhxGufay:cJhjyefonf? urBmausmfvlvdrf}uD;rsm;um; a':atmifqef;pk=unfrS udk,fpm;jyKaeaom vGwfvyfr_
toHudk rnfodk@rS zHk;v$rf;azsmufzsuf rypfEdkifcJh? qifhyGm;vmaom rif;udkEdkif/ udkjrifhat;/ OD;at;jrifh/ pkpkaEG;wdk@.
wdwfqdwfajrrS azmufxGufaeonfh vGwfvyfr_toHrsm;udk vdkufvHwkyolwdk@ wky=uaomfvnf; rnfodk@rS r,SOf
omygav?

wdwfqdwfajrrSm/ b,folrS rajymEdkifwmu

wa,mufa,mufursm; acsmif;em;axmifaervm;
v#Kd@0SufcsufawG jyefa&mif;Edkifzdk@av?
owif;ay;awGudk EdkifiHhaoG;eJ@ wefzdk;oihfay;
'Dawmh rif;qdk;wdk@r}uKdufwmudk b,folrSrajym&J?

jrefrmEdkifiHqdkwJh wdwfqdwfajrrSmav/
&,farmoH wdwf tawG;tjrif qdwf?
a[m'D jrefrmEdkifiHqdkwJh wdwfqdwfajrrSm/
qdwf+idrfaewJhvlxk}uD;twGif;u wdwfqdwfjcif;toHudk =um;Edkif

wdwfqdwfajrrSm/ b,folrS rajymEdkifwmu

ppfom;awG b,ftcsdefvm+yD;
r˜oGm;rvJ?
w±kwfu vrf;&csif/ jyifopfu a&eHvdkcsifeJ@/
,dk;',m;u opf,l/ e0w u cdk;&mygypPnf;awG,leJ@ æ

wdwfqdwfajrrSmav æ
wdwfqdwfajrrSm/ b,folrSr=um;Edkifwmu
towfcH&olawG&Jh wdwfoGm;wJhtoH
aemuf+yD; ta=umufw&m;eJ@ ydwfzHk;xm;wJhtoH?
b,fvdkyif ZGwftwif;vkyfvkyf/ vGwfvyfr_qdkwJhtoHudk
vlvdrfvlnmwdk@ rwkyEdkif rSdefaysmufoGm;atmif zHk;rypfEdkifaygh? wdwfqdwfajr (1996) Wrightson Tongue

1365 ck uqkefvuG,fae@rSm xHk;pHtwdkif; arSmifrkdufaeonf? +rKd@jy. v#yfppfrD;a&mifESifha0;aom/ 'DyJ,if;.

awme,frSm ydkIyifarSmifonf? Todk@aom tarSmifudkrS txl;ESpfoufolwdk@ tkyfcsKyf&mwdkif;jynfwGif vGwfvyfr_
toHudk qdwfokOf;atmifvkyfzdk@ tcGifhtvrf;rSm TvuG,fae@Y tusnf;wefpGm ay:aygufvmavonf? odk@jzifh
æ tpkvdkuft+yKHvdkufvlowfyGJ/ tpkvdkuft+yKHvdkufESdyfuGyfyGJ/ æwdwfqdwfajrtm; tqihfwdk;jcif;?
xl;qef;onfawmhr[kwf? ‚if;wdk@. tbd"mefxJwGif aysmhaysmif;r_[laom a0g[m& vHk;0 vHk;0ryg0ifaom
udk,fusKd;}uD;ppftm%m&Sifwdk@ESifh pdwfoabmxm;jrifhjrwfvSaom jynfolwdk@ &ifqdkif&onfhyGJY jynfolwdk@bufu
aoG;acsmif;pD;cJhonfrSm ,ckrSr[kwf?
 1985 cku &Srf;jynftv,fydkif; vJcsm;-rdkif;aemifa'oY rqvppfwyfu Auy &if; 502 wyf&if;rª; 0
wdkif;&if;om; AdkvfwmyJh.ZeD; &Srf;trsKd;orD;udk udk,f0eft&ifhtrmESifh zrf;rdcJh&m Adkufay:wufckefowfcJhygonf?
1992 cku +rdwf-xm;0,fc±dkifY autif,lc±dkifrª; y'dkordefxGef;. (5)ESpft&G,fom;ESifh (7)ESpft&G,forD;wdk@
udk e0wppfwyfu zrf;rd+yD;aemuf t&Sifvwfvwf rD;yHkxJypfcs owfcJhonf?
1993 cku atmifyef;-vG,faumf &xm;vrf;azmuf&mY ewf}uD;onfqdkonfh aemif0dk;awmif=um;wGif
&xm;vrf;wnfwHha&;twGuf ArmvlrsKd;uav;i,fESpfa,mufudk t&Sifvwfvwf ajrusif;xJxnfhum bl'dkZmjzifh
ajrzdk@owf+yD; vlpaw;cJhonf?
vGefcJhonfh (18)ESpftwGif; tusOf;axmifrsm;xJY ,Hk=unfcsuftusOf;om;aygif; tenf;qHk;(130)ausmf
aoqHk;cJh&onf?
ig;ESpftwGif; &Srf;jynfY trsKd;orD;aygif; tenf;qHk; (600)ausmfudk etzppfom;rsm;u rk'def;usifhcJhonf?
+yD;cJhonfhq,fESpftwGif; u&ifjynfY &Gmaygif; 3000 ausmfudk zsufqD;um &mESifhcsDaom u&ifwdkif;&if;om;
rsm;udk owfypfcJhonf?
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rsm;udk vlrsKd;oef@pif&Sif;xkwfypfaeonf?
æ cJhonf? æ cJhonf? æ æ
æ aeonf? æaeonf? æ æ aoG;pm&if;um; ukefEdkifzG,fr&Sd?

rESpfwHk;u ightazudk olwdk@owfcJh/

+yD;awmh ighwJudk rD;±_d@
“bma=umifh ighudkrS 'Dvdkvkyf&wmvJ” +rKd@}uD;om;awGudkar;vJ olwdk@vSnfhr=unfh
“rodbl;/ udk,fh[mudk,f at;at;ae” wJh?
wae@ ig rlvwef;ausmif;u tdrfjyeftvm/
ightpfr toufrJh/ aoG;tdkifxJrSm?

bmjzpfwmvJ ar;zdk@vdkuf&Sm/ wa,mufa,mufrsm; odavrvm;

aoG;v$rf;wJhtdrfcef;uvGJ+yD; b,folrSrawG@
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odk@aomf 'Dwcgawmh ol rwwfEdkif/ txl;tqef;udpPawG a=umuf&GH@pGmajymjy?

bmjzpfvdk@vJ/ q&mr&,f/ bmjzpfvdk@vJ æbm æbmjzpfvdk@vJ æ

ighrSm tazvJr&Sdawmh/ tpfrvJr&Sdawmh?
q&mrajymawmh ighukd aumif;&m!¸efvwf twwfoifapr,fqdkwm nmajymwmvm; [if?
'Dwcg rsuf&nfawGawGus&if; q&mr xyfajym æ
“}uD;vmatmifomvkyfprf;yg/ vluav;&,f/
'dk@tm;vHk; toufiifae=uwm rawG@bl;vm;?
rif;}uD;vmwmeJ@wcgwnf; 'DOpPmudk tifeJ@tm;eJ@ wm;ypfvdkuf/
bmvdk@vJqdkawmh 'dk@tm;vHk; cHae&wmrdk@?” bma=umifhwdkuf (1997) aemfarOD;

“jrifhwJhtyifawGudk ckwfvSJypf=u” Cut down the tall trees!

1994 ck {+yD 6 &ufae@wGif &0rf'gEdkifiHY T!¸ef=um;csufudk &0rf'gtm%m&Sifwdk@u ‚if;wdk@.rD'D,mrsm;rS
aeI trdef@ay;cJh+yD;aemuf oHk;vtwGif; vl&Spfode;f towfcHcJh&onf?
 “rdrdwdk@taejzifhvnf; rdrdwdk@e,fajra'oodk@ tvm;wl0ifa&muf+yD; wnf+idrfat;csrf;r_ ysufjym;atmifESifh
qlylr_rsm;jzpfyGm;atmif zefwD;vmygu xdt k zsut
f arSmifhorm;rsm;udk tkwfyHk&Gmol&mG om;rsm;uJo
h dk@ aqmif&Guf
=u&rSmjzpfa=umif; æ”
2007 ck {+yDv 23 &ufwGif etz. jrefrmhowif;pOfu txufyg!¸ef=um;csufudk xkwfjyefcJh+yD;aemuf æ æ

rnfoluacgif;rmaeygoenf;? bmha=umifh wdkuf&rnfenf;? æpifppftm;jzifh tajzrvdkaom ar;cGef;rsm;?

æbmvdk@vJqdkawmh 'dk@tm;vHk;cHae&wmrdk@?
*gr%d