107

Chapter 3: Vector Analysis

Lesson #14
Chapter Section: 3-1
Topics: Basic laws of vector algebra
Highlights:

Vector magnitude, direction, unit vector

Position and distance vectors
Vector addition and multiplication
- Dot product
- Vector product
- Triple product

Special Illustrations:

CD-ROM Module 3.2

108

Lessons #15 and 16

Chapter Section: 3-2
Topics: Coordinate systems
Highlights:

Commonly used coordinate systems: Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical

Choice is based on which one best suits problem geometry
Differential surface vectors and differential volumes

Special Illustrations:

Examples 3-3 to 3-5

Technology Brief on GPS (CD-ROM)

Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS),
initially developed in the 1980s by the U.S.
Department of Defense as a navigation tool for
military use, has evolved into a system with
numerous civilian applications including vehicle
tracking, aircraft navigation, map displays in
automobiles, and topographic mapping. The
overall GPS is composed of 3 segments. The
space segment consists of 24 satellites (A), each
circling Earth every 12 hours at an orbital
altitude of about 12,000 miles and transmitting
continuous coded time signals. The user segment
consists of hand-held or vehicle-mounted
receivers that determine their own locations by
receiving and processing multiple satellite
signals. The third segment is a network of five
ground stations, distributed around the world,
that monitor the satellites and provide them with
updates on their precise orbital information.
GPS provides a location inaccuracy of about 30
m, both horizontally and vertically, but it
can be improved to within 1 m by
differential GPS (see illustration).

109

Lesson #17
Chapter Section: 3-3
Topics: Coordinate transformations
Highlights:

Basic logic for decomposing a vector in one coordinate system into the coordinate
variables of another system
Transformation relations (Table 3-2)

Special Illustrations:

Example 3-8

110

Lesson #18
Chapter Section: 3-4
Topics: Gradient operator
Highlights:

Derivation of T in Cartesian coordinates

Directional derivative
T in cylindrical and spherical coordinates

Special Illustrations:

Example 3-10(b)
CD-ROM Modules 3.5 or 3.6
CD-ROM Demos 3.1-3.9 (any 2)

111

Lesson #19
Chapter Section: 3-5
Topics: Divergence operator
Highlights:

Concept of flux
Derivation of .E
Divergence theorem

Special Illustrations:

CD-ROM Modules 3.7-3.11 (any 2)

CD-ROM Demos 3.10-3.15 (any 1 or 2)

112

Lesson #20
Chapter Section: 3-6
Topics: Curl operator
Highlights:

Concept of circulation
Derivation of x B
Stokess theorem

Special Illustrations:

Example 3-12

113

Lesson #21
Chapter Section: 3-7
Topics: Laplacian operator
Highlights:

Definition of 2 V
Definition of 2 E

Special Illustrations:

Technology Brief on X-Ray Computed Tomography

X-Ray Computed Tomography

Tomography is derived from the Greek words
tome, meaning section or slice, and graphia,
meaning writing. Computed tomography, also
known as CT scan or CAT scan (for computed
axial tomography), refers to a technique
capable of generating 3-D images of the x-ray
attenuation (absorption) properties of an
object. This is in contrast with the traditional
x-ray technique which produces only a 2-D
profile of the object. CT was invented in 1972
by British electrical engineer Godfrey
Hounsfield, and independently by Allan
Cormack, a South African-born American
physicist. The two inventors shared the 1979
Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
Among diagnostic imaging techniques, CT has
the decided advantage in having the sensitivity
to image body parts on a wide range of
densities, from soft tissue to blood vessels and
bones.

CHAPTER 3

114

Chapter 3
Section 3-1: Vector Algebra
1 0 . Find

3 and ends at point 2

Problem 3.1 Vector A starts at point 1

a unit vector in the direction of A.
Solution:

z3

x4 y2 z2,

x2 y z3, and C

Problem 3.2 Given vectors A x2 y3 z, B

show that C is perpendicular to both A and B.

z 0 95

9 3 16

x z3

x 0 32
3 16

z0

1
A
A

x2

Solution:
6
2

0
0

z2

z2

y2

y2

x4

x4

y3 z

y z3

B C

x2

x2

A C

Problem 3.3 In Cartesian coordinates, the three corners of a triangle are P1 0 4 4 ,

P2 4 4 4 , and P3 2 2 4 . Find the area of the triangle.

y2

z8

Solution: Let B P1 P2 x4 y8 and C P1 P3 x2 y2 z8 represent two sides of

the triangle. Since the magnitude of the cross product is the area of the parallelogram
(see the denition of cross product in Section 3-1.4), half of this is the area of the
triangle:

1
2

Problem 3.4 Given A x2 y3 z1 and B xBx y2 zBz :

(a) nd Bx and Bz if A is parallel to B;
(b) nd a relation between Bx and Bz if A is perpendicular to B.

5184

where the cross product is evaluated with Eq. (3.27).

82

82

36

322

642

1
2

z4

z8

y32

x64

x2




y8

x4

1
2
1
2
1
2

1
2

CHAPTER 3

115

B2
z

2
B2
x

3
14

From the y-component,

aB , or

x2

B B

xBx y2 zBz
2
4 Bx B2
z

A A

y3 z
14

Solution:

(a) If A is parallel to B, then their directions are equal or opposite: aA

which can only be solved for the minus sign (which means that A and B must point
in opposite directions for them to be parallel). Solving for B 2 B2 ,
x
z

2 56
3 14

4
3

2
3

Bz

Bx

20
9

Bx
56 9

and, from the z-component,

2
14
3

2
14

From the x-component,

B2
z

B2
x

This is consistent with our result for B 2 B2 .

x
z
These results could also have been obtained by assuming AB was 0 or 180 and
solving A B
A B, or by solving A B 0.
(b) If A is perpendicular to B, then their dot product is zero (see Section 3-1.4).
Using Eq. (3.17),

2Bx

Bz

2Bx

Bz

or

A B

There are an innite number of vectors which could be B and be perpendicular to A,

but their x- and z-components must satisfy this relation.
This result could have also been obtained by assuming AB 90 and calculating
A B
A B.

z3, B

x2

y4, and C

y2

y2

z4, nd

Given vectors A

Problem 3.5

CHAPTER 3

116

A and a,
the component of B along C,
AC ,
A C,
A B C,
A B C,

x B, and

A y z.

 


 

 

 

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)

Solution:
(a) From Eq. (3.4),
2

y2 z3
14

14

aA

22

and, from Eq. (3.5),

12

(b) The component of B along C (see Section 3-1.4) is given by

20

28

y4

z2

34

1 16

x2

z4

20

y8

z12

A x16

A B

(e) From Eq. (3.27) and Eq. (3.17),

30

32

17 0

16
280

x2

cos

(d) From Eq. (3.27),

A

4 12
14 20

cos

A C
AC

 

cos

AC

18

(c) From Eq. (3.21),

8
20

 

B C
C

B cos BC

Eq. (3.30) could also have been used in the solution. Also, Eq. (3.29) could be used
in conjunction with the result of part (d).
(f) By repeated application of Eq. (3.27),

z4

Eq. (3.33) could also have been used.

y8

x32

y52

x16

z24

CHAPTER 3

117

(g) From Eq. (3.27),

z4

x3

z z

y z

(h) From Eq. (3.27) and Eq. (3.17),

Eq. (3.29) and Eq. (3.25) could also have been used in the solution.

Problem 3.6 Given vectors A x2 y z3 and B x3 z2, nd a vector C whose

magnitude is 9 and whose direction is perpendicular to both A and B.

Solution: The cross product of two vectors produces a new vector which is
perpendicular to both of the original vectors. Two vectors exist which have a
magnitude of 9 and are orthogonal to both A and B: one which is 9 units long in
the direction of the unit vector parallel to A B, and one in the opposite direction.

z 3x

z0 62

Problem 3.8 By expansion in Cartesian coordinates, prove:

(a) the relation for the scalar triple product given by (3.29), and
(b) the relation for the vector triple product given by (3.33).
Solution:
(a) Proof of the scalar triple product given by Eq. (3.29): From Eq. (3.27),
Ax Bz

y Az Bx

z Ax By

Az By

x Ay Bz

Ay Bx

y0 77

x0 15

y at the

y5 z4
42

3z

yy

42

y , determine a unit vector

2y

xx

z2 0

z4

y5

12
12

z 3x

A1
A1

3z

y y

Solution: The unit vector parallel to A

point P 1 1 2 is

Problem 3.7 Given A x x 2y

parallel to A at point P 1 1 2 .

y8 67

 

x2 y z3
x3 z2

x2 y z3
x3 z2

x2 y13 z3

9
x1 34
22 132 32
9





B
B

A
A

CHAPTER 3

Cy Ax

Bz Cx Ay

Ay Bx

Cz Ax By

Ax Bz

Cy Az Bx

ByCx

Az By

Cx Az

Az BxCy

Cx Ay Bz

By Cz Ax

Cz Ay

BxCz

CyAx

C A

Bx Cy Az

Ay BzCx

BzCy

B C

Ax ByCz

z Cx Ay

ByCx

Employing Eq. (3.17), it is easily shown that

A B

Cx Az

y Cz Ax

z BxCy

Cz Ay

BxCz

x Cy Az

y BzCx

BzCy

x ByCz

118

which are all the same.

(b) Proof of the vector triple product given by Eq. (3.33): The evaluation of the left
hand side employs the expression above for B C with Eq. (3.27):

ByCx

BzCy

Ay ByCz

ByCx

Ax BxCy

BxCz

BxCz

z BxCy

z Ax BzCx

BzCy

Az BzCx

BxCz

y Az ByCz

ByCx

x Ay BxCy

y BzCx

BzCy

x ByCz

while the right hand side, evaluated with the aid of Eq. (3.17), is

Cy Ax Bx

Cz Ax Bx

AyCy

z Bz AxCx

AzCz

Az Bz

Az Bz

Az Bz

Ay By

y By AxCx

Cx Ay By

Ay By

AzCz

C Ax Bx

x Bx AyCy

AzCz

AyCy

B AxCx

CA B

BA C

By rearranging the expressions for the components, the left hand side is equal to the
right hand side.
Problem 3.9 Find an expression for the unit vector directed toward the origin from
an arbitrary point on the line described by x 1 and z 2.

Solution: An arbitrary point on the given line is 1 y 2 . The vector from this point
to 0 0 0 is:

y2

5 y2

z2

yy

yy

z0

2
z

y2

1
A
A

y0

x0

CHAPTER 3

119

Problem 3.10 Find an expression for the unit vector directed toward the point P
located on the z-axis at a height h above the xy plane from an arbitrary point
Q x y 3 in the plane z
3.

zh

zh 3
h 321

yy

y2

xx

xx

x2

yy

zh

2 1 2

A
A

Find a unit vector parallel to either direction of the line described by

z

2x

Problem 3.11

y0

x0

3 to P 0 0 h is:

Solution: Point P is at 0 0 h . Vector A from Q x y

Solution: First, we nd any two points on the given line. Since the line equation
is not a function of y, the given line is in a plane parallel to the xz plane. For
convenience, we choose the xz plane with y 0.
For x 0, z 4. Hence, point P is at 0 0 4 .
For z 0, x 2. Hence, point Q is at 2 0 0 .
Vector A from P to Q is:

x2

z4

z0

Two lines in the xy plane are described by the expressions:

x 2y
3x 4y

6
8

Line 1
Line 2

Problem 3.12

0 y0

x2 z4
20

x2
A
A

Use vector algebra to nd the smaller angle between the lines at their intersection
point.
Solution: Intersection point is found by solving the two equations simultaneously:

4y

12

3x

4y

2x

CHAPTER 3

120

30
25
20
15
10
(0, 2)
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10

10 15 20 25 30 35

(0, -3)

-10

(20, -13)

-15
-20

AB

-25
-30

Figure P3.12: Lines 1 and 2.

The sum gives x 20, which, when used in the rst equation, gives y
13.
Hence, intersection point is 20 13 .
Another point on line 1 is x 0, y
3. Vector A from 0 3 to 20 13 is

10 3

 

400 150
500 625

y15

cos

x20

13 is

A B
A B

625

152

13

202

500

y10

A given line is described by

2y

Problem 3.13

x20

x 20

102

2. Vector B from 0 2 to 20

Angle between A and B is

cos

13

AB

0, y

202

A point on line 2 is x

x 20

Vector A starts at the origin and ends at point P on the line such that A is orthogonal
to the line. Find an expression for A.

CHAPTER 3

121

Solution: We rst plot the given line. Next we nd vector B which connects point
P1 0 2 to P2 4 0 , both of which are on the line:

y0

x4

y2

x4

Vector A starts at the origin and ends on the line at P. If the x-coordinate of P is x,
y
P1 (0,2)

P2 (4,0)
(0,0)

Figure P3.13: Given line and vector A.

x 2 in order to be on the line. Hence P is at

4

x
2

x4

y2

 

xx

then its y-coordinate has to be 4

x 4 x 2 . Vector A is

But A is perpendicular to the line. Hence,

or

Show that, given two vectors A and B,

y1 6

x0 8

 

08
2

 

x
4
5

08

Problem 3.14

4x

x0 8

Hence,
A

xx

A B

CHAPTER 3

122

(a) the vector C dened as the vector component of B in the direction of A is given
by
AB A

C aB a
A2

where a is the unit vector of A, and

(b) the vector D dened as the vector component of B perpendicular to A is given

by
AB A
D B
A2

Solution:

(a) By denition, B a is the component of B along a. The vector component of

B a along A is

AB A
A2

A
A

A
A

aB a

(b) The gure shows vectors A, B, and C, where C is the projection of B along A.
It is clear from the triangle that
B C D

AB A
A2

or

D
B

Figure P3.14: Relationships between vectors A, B, C, and D.

CHAPTER 3

123

A certain plane is described by

4z

16

3y

2x

Problem 3.15

Find the unit vector normal to the surface in the direction away from the origin.
Solution: Procedure:
1. Use the equation for the given plane to nd three points, P1 , P2 and P3 on the
plane.
2. Find vector A from P1 to P2 and vector B from P1 to P3 .
3. Cross product of A and B gives a vector C orthogonal to A and B, and hence
to the plane.

4. Check direction of c.
Steps:
1. Choose the following three points:

P1 at 0 0 4

P2 at 8 0 0
16
3

P3 at 0

2. Vector A from P1 to P2

x8

z 0

z4

16
3

z4

16
3

z 0

x 0

y 0

Vector B from P1 to P3

x 8

3.

z 8

16
3

0 0

Ay Bx

y 32

4 0

64
3

z Ax By

Ax Bz

x 0

y Az Bx
16
4
3
128

z
3

Az By

 

x Ay Bz

CHAPTER 3

124
Verify that C is orthogonal to A and B

x 0 37

128 2
3

y 0 56

322

64 2
3

z 0 74

3
z 128

y 32

3
x 64

C
C

16
3

512 512
0
3
3
512 512
0
3
3

3
z 128

y 32

32

128
4
3
128
4
3

3
x 64

4. C

32 0

B C

64
3
64
0
3
8

A C

c points away from the origin as desired.

z x y , nd a unit vector parallel

y 2x 3z

1,

x y5

y5 z
27

y2 3 z1

x y5 z
x
1 25 1

x 1
B
B

Solution: At P 1 0

x z 3y

Problem 3.16 Given B

to B at point P 1 0 1 .

Problem 3.17 When sketching or demonstrating the spatial variation of a vector

eld, we often use arrows, as in Fig. 3-25 (P3.17), wherein the length of the arrow
is made to be proportional to the strength of the eld and the direction of the arrow
is the same as that of the elds. The sketch shown in Fig. P3.17, which represents

the vector eld E rr, consists of arrows pointing radially away from the origin and
their lengths increase linearly in proportion to their distance away from the origin.
Using this arrow representation, sketch each of the following vector elds:

xy,

(a) E1

yx,

(b) E2

xx yy,

xx y2y,
r,

(f) E6

(e) E5

(d) E4

(c) E3

r sin .

CHAPTER 3

125
y

Figure P3.17: Arrow representation for vector eld E

rr (Problem 3.17).

Solution:
(a)
y
E

E
P2.13a: E 1 = - ^ y
x

CHAPTER 3

126
(b)
y
E

E
x

E
E

(c)

P3.17b: E2

yx

y
E

E
P2.13c: E 3 = ^ x + ^ y
y
x

CHAPTER 3

127

(d)
y
E

P2.13d: E 4 = ^ x + ^ 2y
y
x

(e)
y
E

E
x

E
E

P2.13e: E 5 = ^ r

CHAPTER 3

128
(f)
y
E

E
E

P2.13f: E 6 = ^ sin
r

Problem 3.18

xx yy,
,

x
y1,

r cos .

(b) E2

(c) E3

Solution:

(a) E1

(d) E4

Use arrows to sketch each of the following vector elds:

CHAPTER 3

129

(a)
y

E
E

E
E

P2.14a: E 1 = ^ x - ^ y
y
x

(b)
y

x
E
E

P2.14b: E 2 = - ^

CHAPTER 3

130
(c)
y

E
Indicates |E| is infinite

P2.14c: E 3 = ^ (1/x)
y

(d)
y
E

E
E

E
E

P2.14d: E 4 = ^ cos
r

CHAPTER 3

131

Sections 3-2 and 3-3: Coordinate Systems

Problem 3.19 Convert the coordinates of the following points from Cartesian to
cylindrical and spherical coordinates:
(a) P1 1 2 0 ,
(b) P2 0 0 2 ,
(c) P3 1 1 3 ,
(d) P4 2 2 2 .

Solution: Use the coordinate variables column in Table 3-2.

(a) In the cylindrical coordinate system,

22

2 24 63 4 0

   


 


02 tan

12

12

5 2 rad 1 107 rad

P1

In the spherical coordinate system,

5 1 107 rad 0

2 1 0

22 tan

12

 

P1

22 0 tan

2 1

2 24 90 0 63 4

Note that in both the cylindrical and spherical coordinates, is in Quadrant I.

(b) In the cylindrical coordinate system,
00 2

02

0 0 rad 2

0 0 2

02 tan

02

P2

In the spherical coordinate system,

1

02 2 tan

2 0 rad 0 rad

22 tan

20 0

02

02

0 0

P2

Note that in both the cylindrical and spherical coordinates, is arbitrary and may
take any value.
(c) In the cylindrical coordinate system,

12

11 0 44 rad 4 rad

12 3 tan

1 1

3 32 25 2 45 0

32 tan

12

12

1 41 45 0 3

  

 

P3

In the spherical coordinate system,

2 4 rad 3

1 1 3

12 tan

12

 

P3

Note that in both the cylindrical and spherical coordinates, is in Quadrant I.

CHAPTER 3

132
(d) In the cylindrical coordinate system,

 





tan

2 3 2 187 rad 3 4 rad

22

2 tan

3 46 125 3 135 0

22

2 83 135 0

In the spherical coordinate system,

P4

2 2 3 4 rad

22 tan




P4

Note that in both the cylindrical and spherical coordinates, is in Quadrant II.
Problem 3.20 Convert the coordinates of the following points from cylindrical to
Cartesian coordinates:
(a) P1 2 4 2 ,
(b) P2 3 0 2 ,

(c) P3 4 3 .
Solution:
(a)

P1 1 41 1 41

P2 3 cos 0 3 sin 0 2
P2 3 0 2 .
P3 4 cos 4 sin 3
P3 4 0 3 .

2 sin
4
4

(b) P2 x y z
(c) P3 x y z

P1 2 cos

P1 r cos r sin z

P1 x y z

Problem 3.21 Convert the coordinates of the following points from spherical to
cylindrical coordinates:

(a) P1 5 0 0 ,
(b) P2 5 0 ,
(c) P3 3 2 0 .

P1 5 sin 0 0 5 cos 0

P1 0 0 5

P2 0 5 .

P2 5 sin 0 5 cos 0

(b) P2 r z

P1 R sin R cos

P1 r z

Solution:
(a)

CHAPTER 3

133

P3 3 0 0 .

P3 3 sin 0 3 cos
2
2

(c) P3 r z

Problem 3.22 Use the appropriate expression for the differential surface area ds to
determine the area of each of the following surfaces:
(a) r 3; 0 3; 2 z 2,
(b) 2 r 5; 2 ; z 0,
(c) 2 r 5; 4; 2 z 2,
(d) R 2; 0 3; 0 ,
(e) 0 R 5; 3; 0 2.
Also sketch the outlines of each of the surfaces.

Solution:
= /3
y
2

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Figure P3.22: Surfaces described by Problem 3.22.

(a) Using Eq. (3.43a),

2
z

3
0

3z

r 3 d dz

2 0

CHAPTER 3

134
(b) Using Eq. (3.43c),

12

3
0

4 cos

d d

R 2

R 0

25 3
2

1 2
2 R sin

3 d dR

Problem 3.23 Find the volumes described by

(a) 2 r 5; 2 ; 0 z 2,
(b) 0 R 5; 0 3; 0 2.
Also sketch the outline of each volume.

Solution:
z

5
2

2
x

y
x

(a)

(b)

Figure P3.23: Volumes described by Problem 3.23 .

z 0

5
r 2

1 2
2 r z

z 0 2 r 2

r dr d dz

21
2

(a) From Eq. (3.44),

R sin

R 0 0

r 2

(e) Using Eq. (3.50c),

2
z

R2 sin

rz

21
4

4 dr dz

(d) Using Eq. (3.50b),

A

2 r 2

5
r 2

1 2
2r

(c) Using Eq. (3.43b),

r 2 2

z 0 d dr

CHAPTER 3

135

(b) From Eq. (3.50e),

R 0

R2 sin dR d d

125
3

R 0

R3
cos
3

0 0

(a) the surface area of the spherical section,

(b) the enclosed volume.
Also sketch the outline of the section.
Solution:
z

x
=30o

Figure P3.24: Outline of section.

2, 0

90

Problem 3.24 A section of a sphere is described by 0

30
90 . Find:

and

CHAPTER 3

136

cos 0

cos 0

R
3

4
3

(m2 )

R2 sin dR d d
8
33

R 0 6 0
3 2

8
9

(m3 )

6 0

R2 sin d d R

A vector eld is given in cylindrical coordinates by

zz2

Point P 2 3 is located on the surface of the cylinder described by r

nd:

r sin

rr cos

Problem 3.25

2. At point P,

(a) the vector component of E perpendicular to the cylinder,

(b) the vector component of E tangential to the cylinder.

zz2

rr E
r r rr cos r sin

3 , En r2 cos
r2.

E En r sin zz2 .

3 , Et 2 sin z32 z9.

rr cos .

Solution:
(a) En
At P 2
(b) Et
At P 2

Problem 3.26 At a given point in space, vectors A and B are given in spherical
coordinates by

Find:

R4 2

R2 3

(a) the scalar component, or projection, of B in the direction of A,

(b) the vector component of B in the direction of A,
(c) the vector component of B perpendicular to A.
Solution:

CHAPTER 3

137

(a) Scalar component of B in direction of A:

11
21

3
R 2 09 1 05

R 0 09 1 05 2 48

0 52

R2

Given vectors

zr

z cos

4 sin

2z

r sin

2r

3z

r cos

Problem 3.27

(c) Vector component of B perpendicular to A:

R 2 09

24
21
1 05 0 52

R4

C
A

aC

(b) Vector component of B in direction of A:

24

21

2
16 4 1

R4

 

R2

A
A

B a

nd
(a) AB at 2 2 0 ,
(b) a unit vector perpendicular to both A and B at 2 3 1 .

Solution: It doesnt matter whether the vectors are evaluated before vector products
are calculated, or if the vector products are directly calculated and the general results
are evaluated at the specic point in question.

8 z2 and B
r. From Eq. (3.21),
(a) At 2 2 0 , A
1

0
AB

90

cos

A B
AB

cos

AB

2
2
2
r 1 3 z 1 . Since A B is
(b) At 2 3 1 , A r 7 4 1 1 3 and B
2
perpendicular to both A and B, a unit vector perpendicular to both A and B is given
by

2 3

7 2
4

1
2

z41

z 0 843

1
2

1
2

0 228

7
2
2

1
2

21

1
2

r0 487

1
2

41

B
B

A
A

CHAPTER 3

138

Find the distance between the following pairs of points:

3

2 in Cartesian coordinates,

(a) P1 1 2 3 and P2

Problem 3.28

(b) P3 1 4 3 and P4 3 4 4 in cylindrical coordinates,

7 68

sin sin cos 0

2

1 2

1 2

sin 1 sin 2 cos 2

1 2

24

8 3

3 18

2 2 4 cos




42

22

(b) From Eq. (3.67),

Determine the distance between the following pairs of points:

and P2 0 2 3 ,
1 and P4 4 2 3 ,
2 and P6 4 2 .




25

59

2 1 2

1 2

4 cos cos

2R1 R2 cos 2 cos 1

Solution:
(a) From Eq. (3.66),

1 2

z1

1
z2

1 cos
4 4
1 2
5
2 24

25 1

25

Problem 3.29
(a) P1 1 1 2
(b) P3 2 3
(c) P5 3

16

16

2r1 r2 cos 2

R2
1

2 1 2

R2
2

10

2
r1

2
r2

(c)
d

(b)

Solution:
(a)

(c) P5 4 2 0 and P6 3 0 in spherical coordinates.

CHAPTER 3

139

(c) From Eq. (3.68),

cos
2

sin sin




23 4

 

42

cos cos
2

32

Problem 3.30 Transform the following vectors into cylindrical coordinates and
then evaluate them at the indicated points:

(a) A x x y at P1 1 2 3 ,

(b) B x y x y x y at P2 1 0 2 ,
2 x2

(c) C xy
y2 yx2 x2 y2 z4 at P3 1 1 2 ,
cos cos2 at P4 2 2 4 ,

(d) D R sin

(e) E R cos sin sin2 at P5 3 2 .


 

2 68





r1 34

894

45 2

cos2

z sin cos

z4

r cos

1 1 2

z cos sin

z4

tan

sin3

r2 cos2
r2
3

cos z4

r sin

cos

12

r0 707

r sin

r cos

(d)

10 2

r2 sin2

sin
r2

r sin cos sin cos

P3

0 1 2

C P3

(c)

02 tan

12

P2

cos2

r cos

5 63 4 3

sin

r sin cos

sin r sin r cos

cos r sin r cos r sin
2
2

rr 2 sin cos 1 r cos sin

rr sin 2 1 r cos 2

sin

22 tan 1 2 1 3

r 0 447 0 894 5 447

12

(b)

B P2

rr cos cos

r sin

A P1

sin r cos

P1

r cos

Solution: From Table 3-2:

(a)

CHAPTER 3

140

 

r sin z cos cos r cos z sin sin sin2

z cos
z sin
r sin
r cos
cos
sin sin2
2
2
2
2
2

 

E P5

P5

 

(e)

2 45 0

D P4

2 sin 2 4 2 cos 2

r 1

P4

Problem 3.31 Transform the following vectors into spherical coordinates and then
evaluate them at the indicated points:

(a) A xy2 yxz z4 at P1 1 1 2 ,

2
2

(b) B y x y z2 z x2 y2 at P2 1 0 2 ,

(c) C r cos sin z cos sin at P3 2 4 2 , and

2
2 x2

(d) D xy
y
yx2 x2 y2 z4 at P4 1 1 2 .

tan

1 1

 

2 123

2 888

12

45

22 tan

R2 856

6 35 3

 

tan

 

02 2

 

5 26 6 180

22 tan

02

12

R R2 sin2 sin cos sin sin cos 4 cos

R2 sin cos sin cos sin sin cos 4 sin

R2 sin cos cos2 sin sin3

R sin cos cos cos sin R sin sin 2

R sin sin cos sin cos R sin cos R cos

R cos sin 4

R sin sin cos sin cos R2 R cos sin R2 sin2

RR2 sin sin sin cos R2 cos sin sin3 R2 cos

P2

(b)

A P1

P1

Solution: From Table 3-2:

(a)

CHAPTER 3

  


1 1

4 sin 35 26

45 cos2 45

4 cos 35 26

45 cos2 45

cos 35 26 sin

sin 35 26 sin

1 2 tan

cos 35 26 cos 45 sin2 45

cos3 45 sin3 45

R 3 67 1 73 0 707

45

4 sin

R sin 35 26 cos 45 sin2 45

4 tan

6 35 26

cos sin cos

4 cos

P4

P4

12

sin sin cos2

cos cos sin

cos3 sin3
2

R sin cos sin2

sin 4

2 2 45 45

R2 sin2 sin2
R2 sin2 sin2 R2 sin2 cos2
R2 sin2 cos2

cos 2 2
R sin sin2 R2 sin2 cos2

sin

cos sin

0 707

cos cos

R sin sin

R cos

2 2 4

R sin cos

P4 1

D P4

0 146

R0 854

(d)

22 tan

Sections 3-4 to 3-7: Gradient, Divergence, and Curl Operators

Problem 3.32 Find the gradient of the following scalar functions:
(a) T 3 x2 z2 ,
(b) V xy2 z4 ,




22

P3

R sin cos cos sin R cos sin cos sin

R cos sin cos sin cos cos sin sin sin

C P3

(c)

0 449

R0 896

B P2

141

CHAPTER 3

142

U z cos 1 r2 ,
W e R sin ,
S 4x2 e z y3 ,
N r2 cos2 ,
M R cos sin .

(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

Solution:
(a) From Eq. (3.72),

y3y2

z4x2 e

x8xe

R cos

 

S
z

 

y3
S

y
y

sin

cos
1 r2

4x2 e
S

x
x

Re

(e) From Eq. (3.72),

z sin

r 1 r2

r2 2

z4xy2 z3

(d) From Eq. (3.83),

2rz cos
1

z2

y2xyz4

x2

(c) From Eq. (3.82),

U

xy2 z4

6z

x2

(b) From Eq. (3.72),

V

z2 2

6x

(f) From Eq. (3.82),

r2r cos2

N
z

2r sin cos

r2 cos2
N 1 N

r
r

1 M
R sin

R cos sin

sin sin

R cos sin
M 1 M

R
R

cos

tan

(g) From Eq. (3.83),

CHAPTER 3

143
The gradient of a scalar function T is given by
T

0 and P2 at any point z, (3.76) becomes

1
1
3

e 3z
3

3z

z dz

y dy

dz

x dx

3z

3z

ze
0

T dl

T 0

By choosing P1 at z

3z

T z

ze

0, nd T z .

Solution:

10 at z

If T

3z

ze

Problem 3.33

Hence,

1
1
3

10

3z

1
1
3

3z

T 0

T z

Problem 3.34 Follow a procedure similar to that leading to Eq. (3.82) to derive the
expression given by Eq. (3.83) for in spherical coordinates.
Solution: From the chain rule and Table 3-2,
T

T
T
T

y
z
x
y
z
T R T T

x
R x x x
T R T T

y
R y y y
T R T T

z
R z z z
T
T
T

x
x2 y2 z2
x2 y2 z
tan 1
tan 1 y x
R x
x
x
T
T
T

tan 1
tan 1 y x
y
x2 y2 z2
x2 y2 z
R y
y
y
T
T
T

tan 1
tan 1 y x
z
x2 y2 z2
x2 y2 z
R z
z
z

 

 

 

CHAPTER 3

144

z2 , determine its directional

yz and then evaluate it at

Problem 3.35 For the scalar function V

xy2

x
derivative along the direction of vector A
P1 14.

Solution: The directional derivative is given by Eq. (3.75) as dV dl

the unit vector in the direction of A is given by Eq. (3.2):

yz
z2

al

which is Eq. (3.83).

R sin sin
R2 sin2
R sin cos
R2 sin2

V al , where

T R sin cos T R cos R sin cos T

R
R
R2
R sin

T R sin sin T R cos R sin sin T

y
R
R
R2
R sin

T R cos T R sin

z
R R
R2
T
T cos cos T sin

sin cos
x
R

R
R sin
T
T cos sin T cos

sin sin
y
R

R
R sin
T
T sin

cos
z
R
R
T

x sin cos y sin sin z cos

R
1 T

x cos cos y cos sin z sin

R
1 T

x sin y cos
R sin
T 1 T 1 T

R
R
R sin

T
0

y2

x2

x
T
x2 y2

y2

1
y2 z2

x2

T
x2

z2

z2

z
y2

y2

T
x2

x2

z2

y2

y2

x2

x2

z2

T
R
T
R

y2

z2

x2

T
y
2
x y2

z
y2

T
x2

T
R

CHAPTER 3

145

and the gradient of V in Cartesian coordinates is given by Eq. (3.72):

y2xy

2 18

14

9
17

dV
dl

14,

2xyz
1 z2

y2

dV
dl

At P 1

Therefore, by Eq. (3.75),

z2z

xy2

1
r 5 cos , determine its directional
Problem 3.36 For the scalar function T
2e

derivative along the radial direction r and then evaluate it at P 2 4 3 .

r 5 cos

10

r 5 sin

2r

10

 

2 43

dT
dl
dT
dl

1 r5
e
cos
2
T 1 T
T

z
r
r
z
r 5 cos
e

T r
10
e 2 5 cos
4
4 74
10

Solution:

2
1
Problem 3.37 For the scalar function U
R sin , determine its directional

derivative along the range direction R and then evaluate it at P 5 4 2 .

5 4 2

dU
dl

sin2
R2

dU
dl

1 2
sin
R
U 1 U 1 U

R
R
R sin
2
sin

U R
R2
2
sin 4
0 02
25

2 sin cos

 

Solution:

CHAPTER 3

146

Problem 3.38 Vector eld E is characterized by the following properties: (a) E

points along R, (b) the magnitude of E is a function of only the distance from the
origin, (c) E vanishes at the origin, and (d) E 12, everywhere. Find an expression
for E that satises these properties.

Solution: According to properties (a) and (b), E must have the form
E

RER

where ER is a function of R only.

R
0

12R3
3

4R

R ER

12R2 dR

R2 ER

2
R ER dR
R

12R2

R2 ER
R

12

1
R2 ER
R2 R

Hence,

R4R

and

4R

ER

Problem 3.39 For the vector eld E xxz yyz2 zxy, verify the divergence
theorem by computing:
(a) the total outward ux owing through the surface of a cube centered at the
origin and with sides equal to 2 units each and parallel to the Cartesian axes,
and
(b) the integral of E over the cubes volume.

Solution:
(a) For a cube, the closed surface integral has 6 sides:

Fright

Fleft

Fbottom

Ffront

Ftop

Fback

E ds

CHAPTER 3

147

x dz dy

x dz dy

1
1

4
3

1
z

8
3

yz2
2

4
3

zxy

y dz dx

yz2
2

x 1

4
3

xz3
3

4
3

y dz dx

1 z

zxy

yyz2

xxz

z dz dy
y

1 z

yyz2

xxz

zxy

Fback

1 z

z dz dy
y

1 z

yyz2

xxz

Ffront

1 z

z dz dx
1

xz3
3

y 1

z dy dx

1 z

zxy

Fleft

1 z

yyz2

xxz

z dz dx
x

x2 y2
4

1 z

Fright

1 y

zxy

yyz2

xxz

xy dy dx
x

1 y

z dy dx

x2 y2
4

z 1

1 y

zxy

xy dy dx

Fbottom

E ds

1 y

yyz2

xxz

Ftop

CHAPTER 3

148
(b)

 

8
3

z3
3

z2 dz dy dx

z2
xy
2

1 z

zxy dz dy dx

1 y

yyz2

1 z

xxz

1 y

E dv

Problem 3.40 For the vector eld E r10e r z3z, verify the divergence theorem
for the cylindrical region enclosed by r 2, z 0, and z 4.

3 r d dr dz

2
r 0

3r2
2

82 77

48

3r dr

10e

10e

12r dr d

160e

10e

r 0

r 0 0

z 4

z 0 r 0 0
2
r

82 77
10e

zr dr d

r 2

48

10e 2 2 d dz

z3z

rr d dz

160e

0 z 0
2

r10e

z 0

r10e

zr dr d

z3z

r 0 0
2
4

z3z

0 z 0
2
2

E dV

r10e

r 0 0
2
4

E ds

Solution:

Problem 3.41 A vector eld D rr3 exists in the region between two concentric
cylindrical surfaces dened by r 1 and r 2, with both cylinders extending
between z 0 and z 5. Verify the divergence theorem by evaluating:

D ds,

(a)

CHAPTER 3

149

D dV .

(b)

Solution:
(a)

r 1

10

r 1

r 2

r 2

160

rr dz d

rr 3

r4 dz d

z 5

zr d dr

z 0

150

2
r 1

r4

4r2 r dr d dz

4r2 . Therefore,

1 r r rr 3

z 0 0 r 1

z 0

rr 3

zr d dr

rr 3

r 1 0
2
2
r 1 0

0 z 0
2
5
0 z 0
2
2

rr dz d

r4 dz d

0 z 0
2
5

Therefore, D ds 150.
(b) From the back cover, D
5

rr 3

0 z 0
2
5

Fbottom

D dV

Ftop

Fouter

Ftop

Fbottom

Finner

Fouter

Finner

D ds

Problem 3.42 For the vector eld D R3R2 , evaluate both sides of the divergence
theorem for the region enclosed between the spherical shells dened by R 1 and
R 2.

Solution: The divergence theorem is given by Eq. (3.98). Evaluating the left hand
side:
1 2
R 3R2
R2 R
2
R 1

3R4

cos

0 0 R 1

R2 sin dR d d

180

D dV

CHAPTER 3

150
The right hand side evaluates to

180

2y2 , calculate

y x2

xxy

48 sin d

R 2

For the vector eld E

E dl around the triangular contour shown in Fig. P3.43(a), and

 

(b)

E ds over the area of the triangle.

(a)

3 sin d

RR2 sin d d

R 1

0 0

R3R2

RR2 sin d d

R3R2

0 0
2

Problem 3.43

D ds

Solution: In addition to the independent condition that z 0, the three lines of the
triangle are represented by the equations y 0, x 1, and y x, respectively.

L3

L3

L2

L2
0

L1 1
(a)

L1

1
(b)

Figure P3.43: Contours for (a) Problem 3.43 and (b) Problem 3.44.

(a)

dy
z 0

y 0 dz

z 0

2y2

x2

z dz

y 0

y dy

y 0 z 0 dx

x dx

2y2

x 0

xy

y x2

xxy

L3

L1

L2

L1

E dl

CHAPTER 3

151

z 0

2
3

x y z

dy
0

2y2

x2

z dz

y x dz

x 1 dz

0
y 1

y dy

y 1

x dx
0

z 0

x 1

Therefore,

y3

y x z 0 dx

2y2

y 0

5
3

x 1z

dy
0

xy

y 0

2y2

z dz

x3
3

x 1

x2

y x2

xxy

L3

2y3
3

0 dx

y dy

x 1

xy

x dx

2y2

y x2

xxy

L2

5 2
3 3

z3x so that

x3

1
0

x 0

x 0 y 0

0 dx

3x x

3x dy dx

z 0

z dy dx

z3x

x 0 y 0
1
x

E ds

(b) From Eq. (3.105), E

E dl

Problem 3.44

Repeat Problem 3.43 for the contour shown in Fig. P3.43(b).

Solution: In addition to the independent condition that z 0, the three lines of the
triangle are represented by the equations y 0, y 2 x, and y x, respectively.
(a)

11
3

1
y 0

z 0

x 2 yz

dy
0

y3

2y2

y 2 x dz

2y2

4y

y 0 dz

x2

z dz

y dy

z 0

y 0

x 2

x dx

dy
0

z 0 y 2 x dx

2y2

2y2

x2

y x2

y 0

z dz

x3
3

x2

x 2

xy

y 0 z 0 dx

y dy

xxy

x dx

L2

2y2

x 0

xy

y x2

xxy

L3

L1

L2

L1

E dl

CHAPTER 3

152

z 0

y x dz

2
3

0
y 1

x yz

dy
0

2y2

x2

y 1

z dz

Therefore,

x 1

y3

x3
3

y xz

0 dx

y dy

x 1

xy

x dx

2y2

y x2

xxy

z3x so that

z dy dx
2

0 dx

rr cos

sin

B dl over the semicircular contour shown in Fig. P3.46(a), and

(b)

B ds over the surface of the semicircle.

(a)

Verify Stokess theorem for the vector eld B

Solution:
(a)

r sin d

z 0

r cos dr

z dz
0

0 z 0

r d

2
r 0

1 2
2r

r cos dr

r 0

r dr

sin

B dl
L3

r sin d

B dl

rr cos

B dl
L2

B dl

L1

L1

B dl

B dl

x3

3x 2
x 1
2
x 1

0 dx
3x2

3x dy dx

x 1 y 0
2

3x x
x 0
1
x3 0

z 0

2 x

3x dy dx
x 0 y 0
1

z3x

z 0

z dy dx

x 1 y 0
1
x

z3x

x 0 y 0
2
2 x

Problem 3.45
by evaluating:

E ds

(b) From Eq. (3.105), E

2
3

11
3

E dl

L3

CHAPTER 3

153
y

L2

1
-2 L3

0 L1
(a)

L2

L3
L4

L1
1

2
(b)

Figure P3.46: Contour paths for (a) Problem 3.45 and (b) Problem 3.46.

z 0

r sin d

z 0

2
r 0

cos 1 r2
2

 

Problem 3.46
Solution:

Repeat Problem 3.45 for the contour shown in Fig. P3.46(b).

1 dr d

0 r 0

sin r

sin

rr cos

r cos
sin
0
0

r
z
z
r

z
r sin
r cos
r r

1
1

r0 0 z sin r sin
z sin 1
r
r

2
1

z sin 1
zr dr d
r
0 r 0

B ds

1 2
2r

r 2

r cos dr
0
r 2

r 2 z 0

(b)

2 cos

r sin d

B dl

z 0

r 2

B dl
L3

r cos dr

L2

B dl

CHAPTER 3

154
(a)

r 1 z 0

r sin d

 

2
r 1

5
2

1 dr d

cos 1 r2
2

sin r

r 1

r cos
0

0
sin
r
z
z
r

z
r sin
r cos
r r

1
1

r0 0 z sin r sin
z sin 1
r
r
2 2
1

z sin 1
zr dr d
r
0 r 1

sin

z 0

r sin d

rr cos

r 2 z 0

5
2

2 z 0

0
2

z 0

r sin d

B ds

z 0

cos

r sin d

r cos dr

z 0

2
0

r cos dr

r sin d

r cos dr

3
2

r 1

r cos dr

z dz
0

r 2

2 cos

r d

r dr

0 z 0

3
2

B dl
L4

2
r 1

B dl
L3

(b)

B dl

1 2
2r

B dl
L4

r cos dr

r 2

B dl
L3

sin

r 1

B dl
L2

B dl
L1

rr cos

B dl

B dl
L2

L1

B dl

B dl

CHAPTER 3

155

A ds

RR2 sin d d
R 1

R 1

sin
2

0 0

sin

sin

R2 cos

RR2 sin d d.

0 0
2
2

4R

For the hemispherical surface, ds

2

1
1 RA 1 AR

A sin

R sin
R R
R
1

1 R sin 1 cos

R
sin2
R sin
R R
R
2 cos sin sin

R
R
R

sin .

0, A

RAR

cos , A

sin

Hence, AR

R cos

sin by

Solution:

R cos

Problem 3.47 Verify Stokess Theorem for the vector eld A

evaluating it on the hemisphere of unit radius.

The contour C is the circle in the xy plane bounding the hemispherical surface.

R sin

2
R 1

2
R 1

sin R d

R cos

A dl

Problem 3.48 Determine if each of the following vector elds is solenoidal,

conservative, or both:

(a) A xx2 yy2xy,

(b) B xx2 yy2 z2z,

(c) C r sin r2 cos r2 ,

R,
(d) D R

zz,
(e) E r 3 1 r r
2

xy yx x
(f) F
y2 ,
2
2
2

y y x2 z y2 z2 ,
(g) G x x z
Re R .
(h) H R

CHAPTER 3

156
Solution:
(a)
0

2xy

2
x
y




0
x

2
x
z

2x

z 2y

y0

2xy

2x

x0

0
y

y2xy

2xy
y

xx2

2
x
x

y2xy

xx2

The eld A is solenoidal but not conservative.

(b)

y2

2
x
y

2z
x

2
x
z

The eld B is conservative but not solenoidal.

(c)
sin cos
2
r2
r
1
sin
1 cos

r
0
2
2
r r
r
r
r
z
sin
sin
2 sin
0
3
3
r
r
r3
sin cos

r 2

2
r
r
1
cos

sin

r
0

0
r
z
r2
z
r2
r
1
cos
sin

z
r
2
r r
r

r2
cos
cos
2 cos
1

r0 0 z
z
2
2
r
r
r
r3

 

 

 

 

 

The eld C is neither solenoidal nor conservative.

2y

z0

y2

y0

2x

x0

z2z

2z
z

2z
y

yy2

2
y
y

xx2

2
x
x

z2z

yy2

xx2

CHAPTER 3

157

R0
R

r0

1
R

1
sin

1
R2

 

 

 

1
0 sin
0
R sin

1
1 R 0

R R
R

1
0
R sin

1
0 sin
R sin

1
R

R
R

R2

1
R2 R

R
R

The eld D is conservative but not solenoidal.

(e)
r

zz

x
2
y x y2
2xy
0
x2 y2 2

y2

x2

1 Er
r

2xy
y2

x2

y2

y2

y
x2

y
x2

yx
y2

xy
x2

Hence, E is conservative, but not solenoidal.

(f)

2r2 4r 3
r 1 r 2
1

z
rE
r r

1 E Ez
rEr
r
r
z
2

r
3r
1
r
1 r
2r
r2
3
1
1 r
1 r 2
3 3r2 6r 2r 2r2 r2
1
1 r 2
1 Ez E
Er Ez

r
r
z
z
r
1
r
1
r
1
r
1
r

r 3

(d)

CHAPTER 3

158

y
x2

y2

x2 y2
y
1
2y2
x2 y2
x2 y2

2x2
x2 y2

x2 y2
2 y2 x2

z 2
x y2 2

y0

x0

Hence, F is neither solenoidal nor conservative.

(g)

2
y
x

z2

z2

R Re

2
x
z

Hence, G is neither solenoidal nor conservative.

(h)

R3 e

1
3R2 e
R2

Hence, H is conservative, but not solenoidal.

Problem 3.49 Find the Laplacian of the following scalar functions:
(a) V 4xy2 z3 ,
(b) V xy yz zx,
(c) V 3 x2 y2 ,
(d) V 5e r cos ,
(e) V 10e R sin .

24xy2 z

8xz3

Solution:
(a) From Eq. (3.110), 2 4xy2 z3

1
R3 e
R2 R
0

z 2x

y 2z

x 2y

z2

2
2
y z2
y x2
y
z
2
2 2

y x2
x z
z
x
y

x x2 z2 y y2 x2
z y2 z2
2
2
2
x z2
y x2
y
x
y
z
2x 2y 2z 0

CHAPTER 3

159

(b) 2 xy yz zx
0
(c) From the inside back cover of the book,

1
r

y2

1
r2

cos 1

x2

 

5e

cos

12

12r

2 5e

(d)

2 3r

y2

3
x2

(e)
2
R

sin 1

cos2 sin2
R2 sin

10e

sin

 

2 10e

Problem 3.50 Find a vector G whose magnitude is 4 and whose direction is

perpendicular to both vectors E and F, where E x y 2 z 2 and F y 3 z 6.

Solution: The cross product of two vectors produces a third vector which is
perpendicular to both of the original vectors. Two vectors exist that satisfy the stated
conditions, one along E F and another along the opposite direction. Hence,

8
3

8
3

4
3

 

z3

y6

x6

z6

z6

4
9

y2 z2
y3

y2 z2
y3

x6 y6 z3
36 36 9

 
 

A given line is described by the equation:

Problem 3.51

F
F

 



E
E

 

Vector A starts at point P1 0 2 and ends at point P2 on the line such that A is
orthogonal to the line. Find an expression for A.

Solution: We rst plot the given line.

CHAPTER 3

160
y
P1 (0, 2)
B

P2 (x, x-1)
x
P4 (1, 0)

P3 (0, -1)

Next we nd a vector B which connects point P3 0 1 to point P4 1 0 , both of which

are on the line. Hence,

y 0

x 1

Vector A starts at P1 0 2 and ends on the line at P2 . If the x-coordinate of P2 is x,

then its y-coordinate has to be y x 1, per the equation for the line. Thus, P2 is at
x x 1 , and vector A is

3
x

y x

0
3
2

y x

xx

A B

xx

y x

3
2

3
2

3
2
3

x
2

y x

xx

Finally,

Since A is orthogonal to B,

x x

CHAPTER 3

161
Vector eld E is given by

12

sin cos 3 sin

R
Determine the component of E tangential to the spherical surface R
P 2 30 60 .

R 5R cos

Problem 3.52

2 at point

Solution: At P, E is given by

 

1 5

R 8 67

12
sin 30 cos 60
2

2 6

2 cos 30

3 sin 60

R5

The R component is normal to the spherical surface while the other two are tangential.
Hence,

Et
1 5 2 6

 

Transform the vector

R sin2 cos

cos2

sin

Problem 3.53

into cylindrical coordinates and then evaluate it at P 2 2 2 .

 

z cos sin2 cos

 

Problem 3.54 Evaluate the line integral of E

of the circular path shown in the gure.

xx

y y along the segment P1 to P2

P1 (0, 3)

P2 (-3, 0)

sin cos2

sin

sin

z sin cos2

cos cos2

At P 2 2 2 ,

r sin3 cos

r cos

z cos sin2 cos

r sin

Solution: From Table 3-2,

CHAPTER 3

162
Solution: We need to calculate:
P2

E d

P1

Since the path is along the perimeter of a circle, it is best to use cylindrical
coordinates, which requires expressing both E and d in cylindrical coordinates.
Using Table 3-2,

sin r cos r sin cos r sin

r r cos2 sin2 2r sin cos

The designated path is along the -direction at a constant r

applicable component of d is:

r d
d

r cos

yy

xx

3. From Table 3-1, the

2r2 sin cos d

2r sin cos r d

r 3

sin2

r r cos2

r 3

90 r 3

sin2
2

180

2r2

90

90
180

P1

E d

180

P2

Hence,

r cos sin by

Verify Stokess theorem for the vector eld B

Problem 3.55
evaluating:

B d over the path comprising a quarter section of a circle, as shown in the

(a)

gure, and

 

B ds over the surface of the quarter section.

(b)

y
(0, 3)

L2
L1
x
(-3, 0)

L3

CHAPTER 3

163

Solution:
(a)

B d

L3

B d

L2

B d

L1

B d

Given the shape of the path, it is best to use cylindrical coordinates. B is already
expressed in cylindrical coordinates, and we need to choose d in cylindrical
coordinates:

r dr r d z dz
d

r dr and

sin r dr

r cos 3
r

sin r dr

0
3

Hence,

180

cos dr

r 3

180

r cos

r dr and

r 3
0

0. Hence, d

r 3

3 cos

180
90

sin r d

r cos

90

L3

B d

180

0 and d

Along L3 , dz

L2

B d

r d and

0. Hence, d

dz

90

Along L2 , dr

1
Br
rB
r r

z
r sin
cos
r r

1
2

z sin sin
z sin
r
r
3
180
2

B ds
z sin z r dr d
r
r 0 90

90

180

0 cos

2r 3
r

 

(b)

B d
C

90

90

cos dr

r 0

r cos

r 0

B d
L1

0. Hence, d

r 3

0 and dz

Along path L1 , d

CHAPTER 3

164
Hence, Stokess theorem is veried.
Problem 3.56

10r3 sin 2
2 R2 cos sin

(a) V1

(b) V2

Find the Laplacian of the following scalar functions:

Solution:
(a)

1
1
1

V2
2V2
V2
R2
sin
R2 R
R
R2 sin

R2 sin2 2

1
2
cos sin
R2
2 R
R
R R2

2
sin
cos sin
2 sin
R
R2
1
2
2
cos sin
2 sin2 2
R2
R
4
4
2 cos
cos sin
cos sin
sin
4
4
R
R
R4 sin2
2 cos sin
R4 sin2

 

2V2

(b)

V1
1
1 2V1 2V
r
r r
r
r2 2
z2

1
1 2
r
10r3 sin 2
10r3 sin 2
r r
r
r2 2
1
1
30r3 sin 2
10r3 4 sin 2
r r
r2
90r sin 2 40r sin 2 50r sin 2

2V1