AASTU Chapter Two: Multiple Integral 2021

CHAPTER TWO

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

2.1 DOUBLE INTEGRALS AND THEIR EVALUATION BY ITERATED INTEGRALS.

2.1.1. DEFINITION OF DOUBLE INTEGRAL

Definition:

Suppose we have a function f ( x, y ) with domain [a,b]X[c,d] . If we divide the interval [a,b] into m
subintervals of equal width x = (b-a)/m and we divide the interval [c,d] into n subintervals of equal
width y =(d-c)/n, The region R is divided into mn subrectangles each with area A  xy .The upper
right corner of a typical subrectangle has coordinates ( x i , y j )

Thus, we define the double integral of f over the rectangle R as a limit of double Riemann sums

 f ( x, y)dA  lim [ f ( x , y )A  f ( x

R m , n 
1 1 2 , y 2 )A  ...  f ( x m , y n )A]

For a positive function f we can interpret f ( xi , y j )A as volume. Thus the Riemann sum is the sum of

volumes of columns and this sum is an approximation to the volume of the solid that lies under the
graph of the surface z =f (x,y) and above the rectangle R.

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 AASTU Chapter Two: Multiple Integral 2021

Note: fig 2.1

If f ( x, y )  0, the volume of the solid that lies under the surface z  f ( x, y ) and above the rectangle R

is V   f ( x, y ) dA
R

2.1.2 ITERATED INTEGRALS

Theorem : (Double integrals as iterated single integrals)

Suppose that f ( x, y ) is continuous on the rectangle R  [a, b]  [c, d ] . Then

b
d  
d b


R
f ( x, y )dA    f ( x, y )dydx    f ( x, y )dxdy
a c  c a 

Example 1: Compute the iterated integral for the function

y
f ( x, y )  5 x 4  2 x 2 y on the rectangle R  [1,3]  [0,2] .

Solution: The rectangle R is shown in Fig 2.2. With the help of the equation , 2

R
-1 3 x
Fig 2.2

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 AASTU Chapter Two: Multiple Integral 2021
2
2 
   10x 
3 3 3 3

1 0 (5x  2 x y)dy dx  1 5x y  x y dx   4 x 2 dx   2 x5  4 x3 

4 2 4 2 2 4
1576 .

y 0 1  3  1 3

Interchanging orders of integrations will also give the same result. That is

3 
3

   5 2 3 
2 2
 56 
2

0 1          244 
4 2
5 x 2 x y dx  dy x x y dy y dy
 0  x 1 0
3 
3

2
 28 2  1576
  244y  y  
 3 0 3

Exercise: Evaluate the iterated integrals

3 2 2 3
a)   x y dy dx
2
b) x
2
y dx dy
0 1 1 0

Fubini’s Theorem : If f is continuous on the rectangle

b d d b
R  {( x, y ) : a  x  b and c  y  d } , then 
R
f ( x, y )dA    f ( x, y ) dy dx    f ( x, y ) dx dy
a c c a

More generally, this is true if we assume that f is bounded on R , f is discontinuous only on a finite
number of smooth curves, and the iterated integrals exist.

 ( x  3 y )dA , where R  {( x, y ) : 0  x  2 and 1  y  2}

2
Example 3: Evaluate the double integral
R

Solution :Fubini’s theorem gives

 xy  y 
 x2 
2 2 2 2

 ( x  3 y   (x  3y dx =  ( x  7) dx =   7 x  = -12
2 2 3 2
)dA = ) dy dx = 1
R 0 1 0 0 2 0

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AASTU Chapter Two: Multiple Integral 2021

Exercise . Evaluate  y sin xy  dA , where R  [1,2]  [0,  ]

R

2.1.3 PROPERTIES OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS

Let C be a constant, f and g be continuous functions on a region R on which f ( x, y ) attains a minimum

value m and a maximum value M. Let a(R) denote area of the region R, if all the indicated integrals exist,
then

 cf ( x, y )dA  c  f ( x, y )dA
i. R R ,

 ( f ( x, y)  g ( x, y))dA   f ( x, y)dA   g ( x, y)dA

ii. R R R ,

m.a ( R )   f ( x, y )dA  M .a( R)

iii. R ,

 f ( x, y)dA   f ( x, y)dA   f ( x, y)dA     f ( x, y)dA

iv. R R1 R2 Rn

provided that R  R1  R2  ...  Rn and the Ri ' s are mutually disjoint regions for each i  1,2,3,..., n.

5.1.4 DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER GENERAL REGION

Let type I regions (Vertically simple regions) are show below

Fig2.3

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If f is continuous on type I region D such that

b g2 ( x)

D  {( x, y) : a  x  b and g1 ( x)  y  g 2 ( x)},  f ( x, y )dA   f ( x, y )dA    f ( x, y) dy dx

D D a g1 ( x )

Type II regions (horizontally simple regions)are show below

fig 2.4

If f is continuous on type II region D such that

d h2 ( y )

D  {( x, y) : c  y  d and h1 ( x)  x  h2 ( x)} ,  f ( x, y )dA   f ( x, y)dA    f ( x, y) dx dy

D D c h1 ( y )

Example4: Evaluate  ( x  2 y )dA where D

D
is the region bounded by the parabolas y  2x 2 and y  x 2  1

. Solution : The parabolas intersect at 2 x 2  x 2  1 , that is , x  1.The region D sketched as type I

region but not as type II region

Fig 2.5 D  {( x, y ) : 1  x  1 and 2 x 2  y  1  x 2 }

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AASTU Chapter Two: Multiple Integral 2021

1 y 1 x
2

 
1 1
1 x 2
 ( x  2 y )dA =   ( x  2 y) dy dx =  xy  y dx =  (3x 4  x 3  2 x 2  x  1)dx
2
2
2x
D 1 y  2 x 2 1 1

1
  3x 5 x 4 2 x 3 x 2  32
=      x =
 5 4 3 2  1 15

Exercise : Find the volume of the solid that lies below the paraboloid z = x2 +y2

above the region D in the xy- plane bounded by the line y = 2x and the parabolic y = x2

Suppose thin plate of material (Lamina) occupies a region D in the xy plane. Let  ( x, y ) is the density of
the lamina at (x,y). For small area dA on the lamina, the mass approximately is equal to
y
 ( x, y ) dA. Thus the total mass of the lamina is m   ( x, y )dA

dA

D
x

The center of mass of the lamina has coordinate ( x, y ) where

1 1
x 
m D
x ( x, y )dA and y   y ( x, y ) dA
m D

Example: Find the mass and center of mass of a triangular lamina with vertices (0,0),(1,0) and (0,2)

if the mass density is proportional to the square of the distance from the origin and the constant

of proportionality is k = 5kg/m4 .
y
Solution : 2
y= -2x+2

1 x

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 ( x, y )  k ( x 2  y 2 )  5( x 2  y 2 )
1
( 2 y )
2 2
25
1 m    ( x, y ) dA = 5  ( x 2  y 2 )dxdy  kg
D  {( x, y ) : 0  y  2,0  x  (2  y ) D 0 0
6
2

1
( 2 y )
2 2
1 1 7
x 
m D
x ( x, y )dA 
25
5  x( x 2  y 2 )dxdy 
25
 0.28
( ) 0 0
6

1
( 2 y )
2 2
1 1 26
y 
m D
y ( x, y )dA 
25 
5  y ( x 2  y 2 )dxdy 
25
 1.04
( ) 0 0
6

Thus the center of mass is at (0.28, 1.04)

2.2 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES.

Let z  f ( x, y ) is continuous and is defined in the region R, then

 f ( x, y)dA  R f (r cos , r sin )r dr d

R

Thus, we formally transform in to polar coordinates a double integral over a polar rectangle of the

form a  r  b,     by substituting x  r cos , y  r sin  , dA  rdrd

and inserting the appropriate limits of integration on r and  .

Example 5. Use polar coordinates to evaluate the integral  x 2  y 2 dxdy , where R is the semi-circular
R

region x 2  y 2  4, y  0 of radius a (See Fig 2.6)

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AASTU Chapter Two: Multiple Integral 2021

 x 2  y 2 dxdy   r cos 2  r sin 2 rdrd

Solution : R R

 2  r3 2
 
   r dr d    d  8 d  8
3 0
2

0
3  3
.
0 0 0

 ln( x  y 2 )dxdy, where R is the annual

2
Exercise: Use polar coordinates to evaluate the integral
R

region bounded by the circles x  y  4 and x  y  e (See Fig 2.7).

2 2 2 2 2

R
o e
2

Fig 2.7

2 .3 APPLICATIONS OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS

2.3.1 Area and volume by double integration

Definition 2.3.1

Suppose that a function f is continuous and non negative on the bounded plane region R.(See Fig2.8).
Then the volume V of the solid that lies below the surface z  f ( x, y ) and above the region R is defined to
be

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z
S
z=f(x, y)
V   f ( x, y )dA
R
(5) D

provided that this integral exists.

y
x
If the region R in equation (5) is vertically simple, R
Fig 2.8
then the volume integral in equation (5) takes the form

b f 2 ( x)

V   zdA    f ( x, y)dydx (6)

R x  a f1 ( x )

in terms of iterated integrals .On the other hand, if the region R in equation (5) is horizontally simple, then
d h2 ( y )

the volume integral in equation (5) takes the form V   zdA    f ( x, y)dxdy (7)
R y  c x  h1 ( y )

in terms of iterated integrals.

Definition :

Suppose f ( x, y )  1 as a special case in equation (5). We define the area A of a plan region R by

A  1.dA
R
(8)

where R is the region between the graphs of two continuous functions f1 and f 2 on [a, b] such that f1  f 2
b f2 ( x)

, equation (8) becomes A   1dA    dydx

R x  a y  f1 ( x )
(9)

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as iterated integrals. But if the region R is bounded by two continuous functions h1 and h2 on [c, d[ such
d h2 ( y )

that h1  h2 equation (8) becomes A   1dA    dxdy . (10)

R y  c x  h1 ( y )

In polar coordinates equation (5) and (8) become

 h2 ( )
V   f (r cos , r sin )rdr d (11) and
 h1 ( )

 h2 ( )
A rdrd . (12)
 h1 ( )

Example 6 Let D be the solid region bounded above by the paraboloid Z  2  x 2  y 2

and below by the xy – plane. Find the volume V of D.

Solution:

The region R of equation (5) is the disc x

2
 y 2  2 . By using polar coordinates,

2 2
V   (2  x  y ) dA    2  r  rdrd
2 2 2

R 0 0

2
2 2 2
 
   r4
 2r  r 3 drd    r 2   d  2 .
0 0
0 0
4

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Example 7

Calculate area of the region R bounded by the curves y  x and y  x 3 described in Fig2.10

y x y
y

(1,1) (1,1)
y x=y2
3
x=y1/
R R
y=x3
x
x
FigFig.1.2.2
2.10

 x 
1

   2 32 
1 1
x  x dx   x   1  0  .
2 2
A   1dA     dydx   3
3 
R x 0  y  x3  0  0 3 3

2.3.2. Surface area by Double Integration

Definition

Let R be a vertically or horizontally simple region, and let f has continuous partial

derivatives on R. If S is the graph of f on R, then the surface area A of S is defined by

A    f x ( x, y) 2   f y ( x, y ) 2  1 dA (13)
R

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Example 8

Find the surface area S of the portion of the paraboloid Z  2  x  y that lies above the xy-plane .
2 2

Solution

The given surface lies over the region R in the xy-plane bounded by the circle x  y  2 . If
2 2

f ( x, y )  2  x 2  y 2 , then f x ( x, y )  2 x and f y ( x, y )  2 y .

A    f x ( x, y)2   f y ( x, y)2  1 dA   4 x 2  4 y 2  1 dA
By equation (6), R R .

This double integral can easily be evaluated by using polar coordinates.

2
2 2 2 9

A  4( x  y )  1 dA   4r  1 rdrd  2  4r  1 rdr  

2
2 2 2
u du
R 0 0 0 8 1

3 9
 9
 13
4 1
 u du  u 2
 
6 1
3

2.4 TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL COORDINATES

2.4.1 THE NOTION OF TRIPLE INTEGRALS

Definition: The triple integral of a function f ( x, y, z ) defined in a closed three dimensional

l m n
region D.  f ( x, y, z)dv  lim  f ( x , y
D l ,m ,n i 1 j 1 k 1
i j , z k )A (14)called the triple integral

of f ( x, y, z ) over D. The limit does exist if f is continuous (sectionally continuous) in D.

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Note : The triple integral over R given by (14) as an iterated integral of the form

b g 2 ( x) f 2 ( x, y )  g 2 ( x) 
b

f 2 ( x, y )
 

   f ( x, y, z )dxdydz       f ( x, y, z )dzdy dx
xa 
x  a y  g1 ( x ) z  f1 ( x , y )  y  g1 ( x ) 
 z  f1 ( x , y ) 
  (15)

Example 9

1
Let R be the rectangular region in the xy-plane bounded by the lines x  , x  1, y  0 and
6

y   , and let D be the parallelepiped between the graph of z = 0 and z = 2 on R. Evaluate

 zx sin( xy)dv

D

Solution:

By equation (15), we have

1  2

 zx sin( xy)dv     zx sin( xy)dzdydx

D x 1 / 6 y 0 z 0

2
1 
 z2x  1  
  
1
sin xy dydx 
1/ 6 0 
2 0   (2 x sin( xy)dydx  1/ 62 cos(xy) dx
1/ 6 0 0

1 5 1
   3
1
  2(1  cos(x))dx   2 x  sinx 
2
1/ 6    1/ 6

Example 10

Let D be the solid region bounded by the circular paraboloids z  3  x  y

2 2
and z  5  x 2  y 2 for

which x  0 and y  0 as seen in Fig 2.10 Evaluate  ydv .

D

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Solution

First find the intersection points of the two paraboloids. 3  x  y  5  x  y  x  y  4 . But

2 2 2 2 2 2

if x 2  y 2  4 , then z  3  ( x 2  y 2 )  3  4  1 . We find that the corresponding region R in the xy-

plane is the horizontal simple region in the first quadrant that lies inside the circle x 2  y 2  4 , and hence

between the graphs of x = 0 and x  4  y 2 for 0  y  2 . Since 3  x  y  5  x  y for (x,y)

2 2 2 2

in R, we have

3 x 2  y 2
2 4  y 2 3 x 2  y 2 2 4 y 2
2 4 y 2
 ydv     y dz dx dy    yz dx dy 
  y(8  2 x
2
 2 y 2 )dxdy
D 0 0 5 x  y
2 y 0 0
5 x 2  y 2 0 0

 
 
2 3
1
   y (8  2 y 2 ) 4  y 2  y 4  y 2 2  dy = 128 .
0 
2 15

.2.4.2 TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

Theorem 2.4.2.

Let D be a solid region between the graphs of F1 and F2 on R, where R is the plane region between the

polar graphs of h1 and h2 on  ,   , with 0      2 and

0  h1    h2 ( ) for      . If f is continuous on D, then

 h2 ( ) F2 ( r cos  , r sin  )

D
f ( x, y, z )dv   
 h1 ( )  F1 ( r cos  , r sin  )
f (r cos , r sin  , z )rdz dr d . (16)

Example 11

Let D be the solid region bounded above by the plane y + z =4, below by the xy-plane and on the sides by

the cylinder x  y  16 as shown in Fig 2.11

2 2

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z
Evaluate 
D
x 2  y 2 dv . 2
x +y =1 2

y+z=4
Solution: 4

Observe that D is the solid region between the

graphs of z = 0 and z = 4 – y on R, where R is

D

the disk x 2  y 2  16 . In polar coordinates R is

the region between the polar graphs of 4 y

4
Fig2.11
r  0 and r  4 for 0    2 . x
Consequently in cylindrical coordinates D is the solid region between the graphs z = 0 and

z = 4 – r sin  for (r,  ) in R . Then by Theorem 2.4.2 we have

2 4 4  r sin  4  r sin  2 4
2 4

 x  y dv    r.rdz dr d    4r 

2 2
r drd   r 3 sin dr d
2 2
z
D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 4 2
2
 4 3 r4   256 
   r  sin  d     64 sin  d   
256 512
  64 cos   .
0 0 0    3 0
3 4 3 3

2.4.3 TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES

Theorem 2.4.3 (Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates)

If f ( x, y, z ) is continuous on a solid region D, then

 f ( x, y, z )dv   f (  sin cos ,  sin sin ,  cos )  sin  d d d

2
(17)
D D

Then the point P is said to have spherical coordinates  , and  , and we write P   , ,  as well as

P  ( x, y, z ) , where 0  r  ,0    2 and 0     . From trigonometry we find that

r   sin  and z   cos .These equations, along with the polar coordinated formulae

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AASTU Chapter Two: Multiple Integral 2021

x  r cos and y  r sin yield the following formulae for converting from rectangular coordinates to

spherical coordinates: x  r cos   sin cos , y  r sin    sin  sin  , z   cos .

As you can easily verify that

x2  y 2  z 2   2    x2  y 2  z 2 tan   y , ( x  0)
x

z
cos  , ( x 2  y 2  z 2  0) .
x y z
2 2 2

Example 12

 z dv ; where D is the solid region x

2
Evaluate
2
 y2  z2  1 .
D

Solution:

By using spherical coordinates

2  1

 z dv 
2
   cos 2
 2 sin  d d d
D 0 0 0

2 
   5 1
  4  2  
1
      d  cos  sin d  d  2    cos2  sin  d
00 0   0 0 
 5


2
  cos2  sin d  2  2   4  .
5 0 5  3  15

Example 13 : Use spherical coordinates and evaluate  x 2  y 2  z 2 dv , where D is the ball
D

x2  y2  z 2  9

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AASTU Chapter Two: Multiple Integral 2021

Solution: Using the transformation equations x   sin cos , y   sin sin ,

z   cos ,  2  x 2  y 2  z 2 and dv   2 sin d d d , we have

2  3

 x  y  z dv    . sin d d d

2 2 2 2

D 0 0 0


2    4 
3
 2 
  81sin   
2 
  3
3
  
      sin d d d  0 0  4
  sin  


d  d   0 0  4 d d
00  0     0 


2 2

243
 cos  0 d  243  d  243 .
4 0 2 0

2.5 APPLICATION OF TRIPLE INTEGRAL

2.5.1 VOLUME BY TRIPLE INTEGRATION

Suppose f ( x, y, z )  1 in equation (14). The volume of solid D is defined to be V   dv

D
(18)

Example 14

Use a triple integral to find the volume of the solid enclosed between the cylinder x 2  y 2  16 and the
planes z = 0 and y + z = 4.

Solution:

The solid D and its projection R on thexy-plane are shown in Fig 5.12 The lower surface of the solid is the
plane z = 0, and the upper surface is the plane y + z = 4, or equivalently,

z = 4-y. Thus, from (18)

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AASTU Chapter Two: Multiple Integral 2021



4 y


V   dv     dzdA   (4  y)dA
D R 
0   R

2 4
   4  r sin  r dr d
0 0
(by using cylindrical coordinates)

z
2 2
x +y =
y+z

4 y
4
Fig
x
555bbbb

4
2
2
4   2 r3 
 
   4r  r 2 sin dr d  0 
 2 r  sin   d
0 0  3 0

2 2
 
   32  sin d   32  cos   16  64  64   64 .
64 64
0   0  3 
3 3 3

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