|

|
()

()

()

Radians to degrees: 180**radians+/

Camera constant L (units: in.*)
Ring R
hkl
R
2
R
2
i
/ R
2
i+1
N
i

d=

L=Rd
Given a lattice parameter and XRD output
Line 2 d[] d
2
i
/ d
2
i+1
N
i
hkl |F
hkl
|
2

Single electron
Two electrons Amplitude of scattered wave depended on the
path length difference
Multiple electron-atom Scattered wave amplitude depends on path
length difference of scattered spherical waves
from all electrons. Evaluation requires an
integral describing electron probability
density. (Evaluation tabulated as the atomic
scattering factor the amplitude of the
scattered wave from an atom normalized to
the amplitude scattered by a single e.
Collection of atoms Scattered waves from electrons now interfere
and amplitude is dependent on positions in
the unit cell. This quantity describing the
amplitude is the structure factor the
amplitude scattered by a collection of atoms
in a unit cell normalized to the amplitude by a
single electrons.

BCC: Peaks exist for h+k+l=even
FCC: Peaks exist for h,k,l are either all odd or all even
Primitive: Peaks exist everywhere
Multiplicity

( )
Hexagonal conversion to 3-coordinates:

(absolut)

()

(rlativ) |

()

Lorentz:

()
1cos
2
()
sin
2
() cos()

Atomic scattering factor
sin()

Temp. factor=B(t)S
2
k
o

g*

Braggs condition satisfied:

Construct Williamson-Hall Linear Plots:
2
Imax
max
low 2
hi 2
FWHM (hi-low)
Convert FWHM to Radians
Bcos()
sin()