STUFF I SHOULD KNOW FOR THE AP TEST BUT DO NOT KNOW YET

IONS LIST
acetate C
2
H
3
O
2

ferric Fe
3+
(yellow) oxalate C
2
O
4
2

aluminum Al
3+
ferrous Fe
2+
(green) oxide O
2

ammonium NH
4
+
fluoride F

perbromate BrO
4

barium Ba
2+
hydrogen H
+
perchlorate ClO
4

bicarbonate HCO
3

hydronium H
3
O
+
periodate IO
4

bisulfate HSO
4

hydroxide OH

permanganate MnO
4

(purple)
bisulfide HS

hypobromite BrO

peroxide O
2
2

bisulfite HSO
3

hypochlorite ClO

phosphate PO
4
3

bromate BrO
3

hypoiodite IO

phosphide P
3

bromide Br

iodate IO
3

phosphite PO
3
3

bromite BrO
2

iodide I

potassium K
+

calcium Ca
2+
iodite IO
2

silver Ag
+

carbonate CO
3
2
lead Pb
2+
sodium Na
+

chlorate ClO
3

lithium Li
+
stannic Sn
4+

chloride Cl

magnesium Mg
2+
stannous Sn
2+

chlorite ClO
2

manganese Mn
2+
strontium Sr
2+

chromate CrO
4
2
(yellow) mercuric Hg
2+
sulfate SO
4
2

chromium Cr
3+
mercurous Hg
2
2+
sulfide S
2

cupric Cu
2+
(blue) nickel Ni
2+
(green) sulfite SO
3
2

cuprous Cu
+
(green) nitrate NO
3

thiocyanate SCN

cyanide CN

nitride N
3
thiosulfate S
2
O
3
2

dichromate Cr
2
O
7
2
(orange) nitrite NO
2

zinc Zn
2+


SOLUBILITY RULES
Always soluble:
alkali metal ions (Li
+
, Na
+
, K
+
, Rb
+
, Cs
+
), NH
4
+
,
NO
3

, ClO
3

, ClO
4

, C
2
H
3
O
2

, HCO
3

Generally soluble: (mnemonics)
Cl

, Br

, I

Soluble except Ag
+
, Pb
2+
, Hg
2
2+
(AP/H)
F

Soluble except Ca
2+
, Sr
2+
, Ba
2+
, Pb
2+
, Mg
2+

(CBS-PM)
SO
4
2
Soluble except Ca
2+
, Sr
2+
, Ba
2+
, Pb
2+
(CBS/PBS)

Generally insoluble:
O
2
, OH

Insoluble except alkali metal ions and NH

4
+

Ca
2+
, Sr
2+
, Ba
2+
(CBS) somewhat soluble

CO
3
2
, PO
4
3
, S
2
, SO
3
2
, C
2
O
4
2
, CrO
4
2

Insoluble except alkali metals and NH
4
+


GASES THAT FORM
H
2
CO
3
CO
2
+ H
2
O NH
4
OH NH
3
+ H
2
O
H
2
SO
3
SO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
S
2HNO
2
NO + NO
2
+ H
2
O HCN

WEAK ELECTROLYTES
Weak Acids (esp. HC
2
H
3
O
2
and HF)
(Memorize the 8 strong acids all others are weak)
HCl hydrochloric acid HNO
3
nitric acid
HBr hydrobromic acid HIO
4
periodic acid
HI hydroiodic acid H
2
SO
4
sulfuric acid
HClO
4
perchloric acid HClO
3
chloric acid
Ammonium Hydroxide (NH
4
OH NH
3
(aq)) Water (H
2
O)

DRIVING FORCES Double Replacement
Insoluble Solid (Precipitate)
Weak Electrolyte (H
2
O or Weak Acid)
Gas Formation
STRONG OXIDIZERS (Oxidizing Agents)
MnO
4

in acid solution Mn
2+
+ H
2
O
MnO
2
in acid solution Mn
2+
+ H
2
O
MnO
4

in neutral or basic soln MnO

2

Cr
2
O
7
2
in acid solution Cr
3+
+ H
2
O
Cr
2
O
7
2
with a base CrO
4
2
+ H
2
O
CrO
4
2
in basic solution CrO
2

+ H
2
O
HNO
3
, concentrated NO
2
+ H
2
O
HNO
3
, dilute (e.g. 6 M) NO + H
2
O
H
2
SO
4
, hot, concentrated SO
2
+ H
2
O
Free halogens (e.g. Cl
2
) halide ions (Cl

)
H
2
O
2
in acid solution H
2
O
Note: H
2
O
2
decomposes H
2
O + O
2

Na
2
O
2
NaOH
HClO
4
Cl

+ H
2
O

Other Oxidizers
Metal-ic ions (e.g. Sn
4+
, Fe
3+
) -ous ions (Sn
2+
, Fe
2+
)
H
2
O H
2
+ OH

STRONG REDUCERS (Reducing Agents)
Halide ions (e.g. Cl

) Free halogen (Cl

2
)
Free metals metal ions
ites SO
3
2
or SO
2
, NO
2

ates SO
4
2
, NO
3

Free halogens, dil. basic soln hypohalite ions (ClO

)
Free halogens, conc. basic soln halate ions (ClO
3

)
S
2
O
3
2
S
4
O
6
2


Other Reducers
Metal-ous ions (e.g. Sn
2+
) -ic ions (Sn
4+
)
H
2
O O
2
+ H
+