History Class11 TN Board

HISTORY
Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition - 2007
Chairperson
Dr. C. Thiruvenkadam
Higher Secondary - First Year
Reader in History,
a!"aiya##a$s %olle&e,
%"ennai - '00 0(0)
Prepared as per recommendation of the
Tet!ook Deve"opment Committee# this $e% Tet!ook is
prepared according to the Sy""a!us pu!"ished in &''(-').
Reviewer
Dr. *.+i,aya
*e!turer in History, +Sele!tion Grade,
- Pu!"ication under .overnment of
-uaid-e-.illet" Govt) %olle&e for /omen Tami"nadu Distri!ution of
%"ennai - '00 002) Free Tet!ook Programme
/$ot for Sa"e0
Authors
1.1uthumari +. 2afar -hmed Tmt. Thiru
)G) 0sst) +History, )G) 0sst) Headmaster +History,
erum T"alivar 1amara2ar Govt) T"e .uslim Hr) Se!)S!"ool
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0!ademi!s, #arents and t"e edu!ational media "ave re#resented
In t"e !urri!ulum of s!"ools, t"e su42e!t "istory forms #art
to t"e Government of Tamil 8adu, to reform t"e lus one and lus t;o
of t"e So!ial S!ien!e u# to Tent" Standard) 0t t"at level t"e main
te<t 4oo6s, ;"i!" ;ere introdu!ed in t"e a!ademi! year 2005-0') Our
trends and develo#ments in t"e "istory of India "ave 4een introdu!ed
4eloved %"ief .inister, ;"o "as al;ays 4een evin!in& 6een interest in
to t"e #u#ils) /"en t"ey rea!" t"e Hi&"er Se!ondary sta&e, a
edu!ational develo#ment, immediately !onstituted a =Te<t :oo6
systemati! study of "istory is re>uired in order to understand t"e
7evelo#ment %ommittee? under t"e %"airmans"i# of t"e @i!e-%"airman,
!ultural "erita&e of India, to in"erit se!ular values and to develo# a
State lannin& %ommission, Government of Tamil 8adu)
#ositive outloo6 on t"e future)
T"e Te<t :oo6 7evelo#ment %ommittee soli!ited o#inion from
T"erefore, t"is 4oo6 intends to #rovide t"e #oliti!al, so!ial,
le!turers and #rofessors from Hi&"er Se!ondary S!"ools, %olle&es and
e!onomi! and !ultural as#e!ts of Indian "istory) It is ;ritten as #er
3niversities, %"air#ersons and aut"ors of te<t 4oo6s) 0fter #erusin& t"e
t"e sylla4us #res!ri4ed for Standard 9I) It !overs 4ot" an!ient and
o#inions, t"e Te<t :oo6 7evelo#ment %ommittee, de!ided not to !"an&e
medieval India u# to t"e !omin& of t"e Euro#eans)
t"s sylla4i, 4ut re!ommended suita4le !"an&es in t"e te<t 4oo6s)
/"ile #rovidin& "istori!al fa!ts, mu!" !are "as 4een ta6en
In #arti!ular, it ;as #ro#osed to re;rite t"e History te<t 4oo6, and
and standard "istori!al ;or6s ;ritten 4y eminent "istorians "ave 4een
a!!e#tin& t"is #ro#osal, t"is te<t 4oo6 is re;ritten 4y e<#erien!ed and
!onsulted) *atest "istori!al information "as also 4een in!luded in t"e
effi!ient tea!"ers)
lessons)
/e are #leased to #la!e on re!ord our sin!ere &ratitude to our
In t"e #ro!ess of learnin&, t"e #u#ils ;ill also 4e 4enefited 4y
4eloved %"ief .inister) Our t"an6s are due to Hon$4le .inister for S!"ool
t"e ma#s and fi&ures, ;"i!" illustrate t"e #oliti!al &eo&ra#"y and
Edu!ation, Se!retary and 7ire!tor, 7e#artment of S!"ool Edu!ation,
!ultural &reatness of our !ountry)
Government of Tamil 8adu for t"eir valua4le su##ort and su&&estions)
T"e model >uestions #rovided at t"e end of ea!" !"a#ter are
/e t"an6, le!turers and rofessors from Hi&"er Se!ondary
4ased on t"e u4li! E<amination -uestion a#er #attern) -uestions
S!"ools, %olle&es and 3niversities, %"air#ersons and aut"ors of te<t
on t"e same model ;ill 4e as6ed in t"e e<amination and t"erefore,
4oo6s, non-tea!"in& staff of ed!uation de#artment and State lannin&
t"e #u#ils must read t"e entire te<t to ans;er su!" >uestions)
%ommission for t"eir "el# at various sta&es in t"is endeavor)
I am t"an6ful to t"e mem4ers of t"e !ommittee for t"eir
/e ;is" t"e students to learn and #erform ;ell in t"e e<aminations)
!oo#eration in 4rin&in& out t"is 4oo6)
.) 8a&anat"an rof)
C. TH849+6$*-D-1
%"airman
%"air#erson
Te<t :oo6 7evelo#ment %ommittee
9I History
Government of Tamil 8adu
iii iv

ST-$D-4D :8 - H8ST54Y A) T"e .auryan #eriod - Sour!es - %"andra&u#ta
.aurya - 0so6a - .auryan 0dministration -
SY;;-<9S 0so6a$s 7"arma - 7evelo#ment of 0rt and
Periods 0r!"ite!ture - 7e!line of .auryas) B0
9nit 8
9nit 8+
B) T"e Im#a!t of Geo&ra#"y on Indian History -
3nity in 7iversity 5 C) India after t"e .auryas - t"e Sun&as - 1anvas -
Satava"anas 1us"nas - 1anis"6a - Gand"ara 0rt) B0
2) T"e Stone 0&e - T"e Old Stone 0&e
+aleolit"i! 0&e, - 8e; Stone 0&e B0) San&am 0&e in Tamil 8adu - Sour!es - :rief
+8eolit"i! 0&e, - .etal 0&e - Salient features History of 1in&doms - So!ial, Reli&ious and
of Hara##an !ulture) 5 E!onomi! life of t"e #eo#le) 5
() @edi! eriod - Sour!es - Early @edi! eriod
9nit +
+Ri& @edi! eriod, - *ater @edi! eriod -
BB) India of Gu#ta #eriod - 0dministration -
E#i! a&e - So!ial, E!onomi! and %ultural life 5
So!ial, E!onomi! and %ultural !onditions - Hun
invasions and de!line of t"e Gu#tas) B0
9nit 88
B2) Hars"avard"ana - Sour!es - So!ial, Reli&ious
D) %ondition of India in t"e 't" %entury :)%)
and %ultural life) 5
- .a&ad"an em#ire and ot"er 6ind&oms) 5
9nit +8
5) Rise of Eainism - .a"avira - rin!i#les of Eainism -
B() Sout" Indian Em#ires B5
7i&am4aras and S;edam4aras - S#read of Eainism -
0) allavas - Sour!es - 0dministration - So!ial, E!onomi! and
%ontri4utions) 5
%ultural !onditions)
') Rise of :udd"ism - :udd"a - rin!i#les of
:) %"alu6yas - 7evelo#ment of 0rts)
:udd"ism - Hinayana and .a"ayana se!ts -
%) Ras"tra6utas - %ontri4ution to 0rts)
S#read of :udd"ism - %ontri4utions) T"e
7) %"olas - So!ial, E!onomi! and %ultural !onditions)
Similarities and dissimilarities of t"ese t;o reli&ions) 5
BD) T"e %ultural Relations 4et;een India and t"e
9nit 888
0sian !ountries 5
7) India of t"e re-.auryan #eriod - 8andas -
ersian invasion - 0le<ander$s invasion - Results) 5
v vi

9nit +88 C5$T6$TS
B5) Indian 7urin& 0ra4 Invasions - Ra2#ut 6in&doms -
8$D8-$ H8ST54Y
0ra4 Invasions-.a"mud of G"aFni-.ut"ammad of G"or) B0
Su!. Page
B') 7el"i Sultans - .amelu6, 1"il2i, Tu&"lu>, Sayyid and
$o. $o.
*odi 7ynasties) 20
B) India - Geo&ra#"i!al Features and t"eir B
B7) So!ial, E!onomi! and %ultural !onditions under
Im#a!t on History
t"e Sultanate of 7el"i
2) re-Histori! India and t"e Hara##an %ulture BB
() T"e @edi! %ulture 27
9nit +888
D) Eainism and :udd"ism (7
BA) :"a6ti .ovement in .edieaval India - Ramananda,
5) T"e Rise of .a&ad"a and 0le<ander$s Invasion D7
1a4ir - @alla4"a!"arya - %"aitanya - Gurunana6 -
') T"e .auryan Em#ire 5C
.eera4ai - Sufism B0
7) ost - .auryan India 7D
A) San&am 0&e A5
BC) @i2ayana&ar and :a"mani 6in&doms - So!ial,
C) Gu#ta Em#ire C'
E!onomi! and %ultural !onditions) B0
B0) Hars"avard"ana +'0' - 'D7 0)7, BB(
BB) Sout" Indian 1in&doms - I
9nit 8:
allavas B22
20) .u&"al em#ire - :rief History of .u&"al, Sur
B2) Sout" Indian 1in&doms - II
dynasty rulers) B5 %"alu6yas and Ras"tra6utas B(2
B() Im#erial %"olas BDB
2B) .u&"al 0dministration - Em#eror - %entral
BD) T"e S#read of Indian %ulture in
Government Offi!ials - rovin!ial Governments -
ot"er 0sian %ountries B5D
Offi!ials - 7uties - 7e!line of t"e .u&"als)
B5) Early .edieval India B'(
B') 7el"i Sultanate B72
22) So!ial, E!onomi!s, Reli&ious and %ultural !onditions
B7) India under t"e 7el"i Sultanate BC0
under t"e .u&"als) B0
BA) :"a6ti .ovement in .edieval India 200
9nit :
BC) @i2ayana&ar and :a"mani 1in&doms 20C
2() Rise of .arat"as - 0dministration of S"iva2i -
20) T"e .u&"al Em#ire 22B
es";as) B0
2B) India under t"e .u&"als 2(C
22) T"e .arat"as 2DC
2D) %omin& of t"e Euro#eans to India - Esta4lis"ment of
2() T"e %omin& of Euro#eans 25A
:ritis" Rule in India B0
vii viii

;6SS5$ =
8$D8-- .65.4-PH8C-; F6-T946S
-$D TH684 81P-CT 5$ H8ST54Y
Learning Objectives
Students will acquire knowledge about
1. The geographical features of India.
2. The Himalayan Mountains and their impact on Indian
history.
. The !angetic plains and their role in Indian history.
". The Southern #eninsula and its effects on South Indian
history.
$. India%s unity in di&ersity
It is &enerally said t"at "istory "as t;o eyes G one is
!"ronolo&y and t"e ot"er is &eo&ra#"y) In ot"er ;ords time and
s#a!e are si&nifi!ant fa!tors in determinin& t"e "istori!al #ro!ess) In
#arti!ular, a !ountry$s &eo&ra#"y lar&ely determines its "istori!al
events) T"e "istory of India is also influen!ed 4y its &eo&ra#"y)
Hen!e, t"e study of Indian &eo&ra#"i!al features !ontri4utes to t"e
4etter understandin& of its "istory)
T"e Indian su4!ontinent is a ;ell-defined &eo&ra#"i!al unit)
It may 4e divided into t"ree ma2or re&ionsH t"e Himalayan .ountains,
t"e Indo-Gan&eti! lains and t"e Sout"ern eninsula) T"ere are
five !ountries in t"e su4!ontinent G India, a6istan, :an&lades",
8e#al and :"utan) India is t"e lar&est amon& t"em and it !om#rises
t;enty-ei&"t states and si< 3nion Territories) 0!!ordin& to t"e 200B
%ensus, t"e #o#ulation of India is over one "undred !rores)
B

The Hima"ayan 1ountains T"e valley of 1as"mir is surrounded 4y "i&" mountains) Ho;ever,
it !ould 4e rea!"ed t"rou&" several #asses) T"e 1as"mir valley
T"e Himalayan .ountains are situated on t"e nort" of India)
remains uni>ue for its tradition and !ulture) 8e#al is also a small
Startin& from t"e amir in t"e e<treme nort";est of India, t"e mi&"ty
valley under t"e foot of t"e Himalayas and it is a!!essi4le from
Himalayan ran&e e<tends to;ards nort"east) It "as a len&t" of nearly
Gan&eti! #lains t"rou&" a num4er of #asses)
25'0 6ilometres ;it" an avera&e 4readt" of 2D0 to (20 6ilometres)
T"e "i&"est #ea6 of t"e Himalayas is 6no;n as .ount Everest ;it" In t"e east, t"e Himalayas e<tend u# to 0ssam) T"e im#ortant
its "ei&"t 4ein& AA'C metres) It a!ts as a natural ;all and #rote!ts mountains in t"is re&ion are at 1oi, 8a&ai and *us"ai ran&es) T"ese
t"e !ountry a&ainst t"e !old ar!ti! ;inds 4lo;in& from Si4eria t"rou&" "ills are !overed ;it" t"i!6 forests due to "eavy rains and mostly
%entral 0sia) T"is 6ee#s t"e !limate of nort"ern India fairly ;arm remain in"os#ita4le) T"e mountains of nort"east India is diffi!ult to
t"rou&"out t"e year) T"e Himalayan re&ion is mostly in"os#ita4le in !ross and many #arts of t"is re&ion "ad remained in relative isolation)
;inter and &enerally !overed ;it" sno;)
The 8ndo-.angetic P"ain
It ;as !onsidered for a lon& time t"at t"e Himalayas stood as
T"e Indo-Gan&eti! #lain is irri&ated 4y t"ree im#ortant rivers,
a natural 4arrier to #rote!t India a&ainst invasions) :ut, t"e #asses
t"e Gan&es, Indus and :ra"ma#utra) T"is vast #lain is most fertile
in t"e nort";est mountains su!" as t"e 1"y4er, :olan, 1urram and
and #rodu!tive 4e!ause of t"e alluvial soil 4rou&"t 4y t"e streams
Gomal #rovided easy routes 4et;een India and %entral 0sia) T"ese
of t"e rivers and its tri4utaries)
#asses are situated in t"e Hindu6us", Sulaiman and 1irt"ar ran&es)
T"e Indus river rises 4eyond t"e Himalayas and its ma2or
From #re"istori! times, t"ere ;as a !ontinuous flo; of traffi! t"rou&"
tri4utaries are t"e E"elum, %"ena4, Ravi, Sutle2 and :eas) T"e un2a4
t"ese #asses) .any #eo#le !ame to India t"rou&" t"ese #asses as
#lains are 4enefited 4y t"e Indus river system) T"e literal meanin& of
invaders and immi&rants) T"e Indo-0ryans, t"e Indo-Gree6s,
t"e term Iun2a4$ is t"e land of five rivers) Sind is situated at t"e lo;er
art"ians, Sa6as, 1us"anas, Hunas and Tur6s entered India t"rou&"
valley of t"e Indus) T"e Indus #lain is 6no;n for its fertile soil)
t"ese #asses) T"e S;at valley in t"is re&ion formed anot"er
T"e T"ar 7esert and 0ravalli "ills are situated in 4et;een t"e
im#ortant route) 0le<ander of .a!edon !ame to India t"rou&" t"is
Indus and Gan&eti! #lains) .ount 04u is t"e "i&"est #oint +5'50 ft), in
route) 0#art from invadin& armies, missionaries and mer!"ants !ame
t"e 0ravalli "ills) T"e Gan&es river rises in t"e Himalayas, flo;s sout"
to India usin& t"ese routes) T"erefore, t"ese #asses in t"e nort";est
and t"en to;ards t"e east) T"e river
mountains "ad fa!ilitated trade as ;ell as !ultural !onta!ts 4et;een
Yamuna flo;s almost #arallel to t"e
India and t"e %entral 0sia)
Gan&es and t"en 2oins it) T"e area
4et;een t"ese t;o rivers is !alleddoab
In t"e nort" of 1as"mir is 1ara6oram Ran&e) T"e se!ond
G meanin& t"e land 4et;een t;o rivers)
"i&"est #ea6 in t"e ;orld, .ount God;in 0usten is situated "ere)
T"e im#ortant tri4utaries of t"e Gan&es
T"is #art of t"e Himalayas and its #asses are "i&" and sno;-!overed
are t"e Gomati, Sarayu, G"a&ra and
in t"e ;inter) T"e 1ara6oram "i&";ay via Gil&it is !onne!ted to
Ganda6)
Thar Desert
%entral 0sia 4ut t"ere ;as little !ommuni!ation t"rou&" t"is route)
2 (

In t"e east of India, t"e Gan&es #lain mer&es into t"e #lains of to !ut into, ;e find a num4er of ro!6-!ut monasteries and tem#les
:ra"ma#utra) T"e river :ra"ma#utra rises 4eyond t"e Himalayas, flo;s in t"e 7e!!an)
a!ross Ti4et and t"en !ontinues t"rou&" t"e #lains of nort"east India) In
T"e 7e!!an #lateau is flan6ed 4y t"e Eastern G"ats and
t"e #lains, it is a vast 4ut a slo;-movin& river formin& several islands)
/estern G"ats) T"e %oramandal %oast stands 4et;een t"e Eastern
T"e Indo-Gan&eti! #lain "as !ontri4uted to t"e rise of ur4an G"ats and t"e :ay of :en&al) T"e /estern G"ats runs alon& t"e
!entres, #arti!ularly on t"e river 4an6s or at t"e !onfluen!e of rivers) 0ra4ian sea and t"e lands 4et;een t"ese are 6no;n as 1on6an u#
T"e Hara##an !ulture flouris"ed in t"e Indus valley) T"e @edi! !ulture to Goa and 4eyond t"at as 1anara) T"e sout"ernmost #art is 6no;n
#ros#ered in t"e ;estern Gan&eti! #lain) :anares, 0lla"a4ad, 0&ra, as .ala4ar %oast) T"e #asses in t"e /estern G"ats li6e Eunnar,
7el"i and atali#utra are some of t"e im#ortant !ities of t"e Gan&eti! 1an"eri and 1arle lin6ed t"e trade routes to t"e ;estern #orts) T"e
#lain) T"e !ity of atali#utra ;as situated at t"e !onfluen!e of Son 7e!!an #lateau a!ted as a 4rid&e 4et;een t"e nort" and sout" India)
river ;it" t"e Gan&es) In t"e an!ient #eriod atali#utra "ad remained Ho;ever, t"e dense forests in t"e @ind"ya .ountains ma6es t"is
t"e !a#ital for t"e .auryas, Sun&as, Gu#tas and ot"er 6in&doms) re&ion isolated from t"e nort") T"e lan&ua&e and !ulture in t"e
sout"ern #eninsula are #reserved in ta!t for a lon& time due to t"is
T"e most im#ortant !ity on t"e ;estern side of t"e Gan&eti! #lain
&eo&ra#"i!al isolation)
is 7el"i) .ost of t"e de!isive 4attles of Indian "istory su!" as t"e
1uru6s"etra, Tarain and ani#at ;ere fou&"t near 7el"i) 0lso, t"is In t"e sout"ern end remains t"e famous al&"at ass) It is t"e
#lain "ad al;ays 4een a sour!e of tem#tation and attra!tion for t"e #assa&e a!ross t"e G"ats from t"e 1averi valley to t"e .ala4ar
forei&n invaders due to its fertility and #rodu!tive ;ealt") Im#ortant %oast) T"e al&"at ass ;as an im#ortant trade route for t"e Indo-
#o;ers fou&"t for t"e #ossession of t"ese #lains and valleys) Es#e!ially Roman trade in t"e an!ient times) T"e 0naimudi is t"e "i&"est #ea6
t"e Gan&a-Yamunadoab#roved to 4e t"e most !oveted and !ontested in t"e sout"ern #eninsula) 7odda#etta is anot"er "i&"est #ea6 in t"e
area) /estern G"ats) T"e Eastern G"ats are not very "i&" and "ave several
o#enin&s !aused 4y t"e east;ard flo; of t"e rivers into t"e :ay of
T"e rivers in t"is re&ion served as arteries of !ommer!e and
:en&al) T"e #ort !ities of 0ri66amedu, .amalla#uram and
!ommuni!ation) In an!ient times it ;as diffi!ult to ma6e roads, and
1averi#attanam ;ere situated on t"e %oramandal !oast)
so men and material ;ere moved 4y 4oat) T"e im#ortan!e of rivers
for !ommuni!ation !ontinued till t"e days of t"e East India %om#any) T"e ma2or rivers of t"e sout"ern #eninsula are almost runnin&
#arallel) .a"anad"i is at t"e eastern end of t"e #eninsula) 8armad"a
The Southern Peninsu"a
and Ta#ti run from east to ;est) Ot"er rivers li6e t"e Godavari,
T"e @ind"ya and Sat#ura mountains alon& ;it" 8armada and
1ris"na, Tun&a4"adra and 1averi flo; from ;est to east) T"ese
t"e Ta#ti rivers form t"e &reat dividin& line 4et;een nort"ern and
rivers ma6e t"e #lateau into a fertile ri!e #rodu!in& soil) T"rou&"out
sout"ern India) T"e #lateau to t"e sout" of t"e @ind"ya .ountains
"istory, t"e re&ion 4et;een 1ris"na and Tun&a4"adra +Rai!"ur
is 6no;n as t"e 7e!!an #lateau) It !onsists of vol!ani! ro!6, ;"i!"
'oab, remained a 4one of !ontention 4et;een t"e ma2or 6in&doms
is different from t"e nort"ern mountains) 0s t"ese ro!6s are easier
of t"e sout") T"e deltai! #lains formed 4y t"ese t;o rivers at t"eir
D 5

mout"s 4e!ame famous under t"e Satava"anas) 0 num4er of to;ns reli&ions, and o4serve different so!ial !ustoms, t"ey follo; !ertain
and #orts flouris"ed in t"ese #lains in t"e 4e&innin& of t"e %"ristian !ommon styles of life t"rou&"out t"e !ountry) T"erefore, our !ountry
era) s"o;s a dee# underlyin& unity in s#ite of &reat diversity)
T"e 1averi delta !onstitutes a distin!t &eo&ra#"i!al Fone in In fa!t, t"e an!ients strove for unity) T"ey loo6ed u#on t"is
t"e far sout") It 4e!ame t"e seat of t"e %"ola #o;er) T"e 1averi vast su4!ontinent as one land) T"e name (harata&arsha or t"e
4asin ;it" its ri!" tradition, lan&ua&e and !ulture "as flouris"ed from land of :"arata ;as &iven to t"e ;"ole !ountry, after t"e name of
t"e an!ient times) an an!ient tri4e !alled t"e :"aratas) Our an!ient #oets, #"iloso#"ers
and ;riters vie;ed t"e !ountry as an inte&ral unit) T"is 6ind of #oliti!al
0s t"e sout"ern #eninsula is &ifted ;it" a lon& !oastline, t"e
unity ;as attained at least t;i!e durin& t"e .auryan and Gu#ta
#eo#le of t"is re&ion too6 6een interest in t"e maritime a!tivities) 0
Em#ires)
&reat deal of trade and !ommer!e ;ent on t"rou&" t"e sea;ays
from t"e earliest times) In t"e east, mariners rea!"ed !ountries li6e T"e unity of India ;as also re!o&niFed 4y forei&ners) T"ey
Ea;a, Sumatra, :urma and %am4odia) 0#art from trade, t"ey first !ame into !onta!t ;it" t"e #eo#le livin& on t"e Sind"u or t"e
s#read Indian art, reli&ion and !ulture in t"ese #arts of t"e ;orld) Indus, and so t"ey named t"e ;"ole !ountry after t"is river) T"e
T"e !ommer!ial !onta!ts 4et;een sout" India and t"e Gre!o-Roman ;ord Hind is derived from t"e Sans6rit term Sindhu) and in !ourse
!ountries flouris"ed alon& ;it" !ultural relations) of time t"e !ountry !ame to 4e 6no;n as IIndia$ in Gree6, and
IHind$ in ersian and 0ra4i! lan&ua&es)
8ndia > - ;and of 9nity in Diversity
Efforts for t"e lin&uisti! and !ultural unity of t"e !ountry ;ere
T"e "istory of an!ient India is interestin& 4e!ause India #roved
made t"rou&" t"e a&es) In t"e t"ird !entury :)%), ra6rit lan&ua&e
to 4e a meltin& #ot of numerous ra!es) T"e #re-0ryans, t"e Indo-
served as t"e lingua franca of t"e !ountry) T"rou&"out t"e ma2or
0ryans, t"e Gree6s, t"e S!yt"ians, t"e Hunas, t"e Tur6s, et!), made
#ortion of India, 0so6a$s ins!ri#tions ;ere ;ritten in t"e ra6rit
India t"eir "ome) Ea!" et"ni! &rou# !ontri4uted its mi&"t to t"e
lan&ua&e) 0lso, t"e an!ient e#i!s, t"e *amayana and t"e
ma6in& of Indian !ulture) 0ll t"ese #eo#les mi<ed u# so ine<tri!a4ly
Mahabharata) ;ere studied ;it" t"e same Feal and devotion
;it" one anot"er t"at at #resent none of t"em !an 4e identified in
t"rou&"out t"e !ountry) Ori&inally !om#osed in Sans6rit, t"ese e#i!s
t"eir ori&inal form) 7ifferent !ultures min&led ;it" one anot"er
!ame to 4e #resented in different lo!al lan&ua&es) 0lt"ou&" t"e Indian
t"rou&" t"e a&es) .any #re-0ryan or 7ravidian terms o!!ur in t"e
!ultural values and ideas ;ere e<#ressed in different forms, t"e
@edi! te<ts) Similarly, many ali and Sans6riti! terms a##ear in t"e
su4stan!e remained t"e same t"rou&"out t"e !ountry)
San&am literature)
Hen!e, India "as emer&ed a multi-reli&ious and multi-!ultural
Sin!e an!ient times, India "as 4een t"e land of several reli&ions)
so!iety) Ho;ever, t"e underlyin& unity and inte&rity and t"e #lural
0n!ient India ;itnessed t"e 4irt" of Hinduism, Eainism and :udd"ism)
!"ara!ter of Indian so!iety remain t"e real stren&t" for t"e
:ut all t"ese !ultures and reli&ions intermin&led ;it" one anot"er)
develo#ment of t"e !ountry)
0lt"ou&" Indians #eo#le s#ea6 different lan&ua&es, #ra!ti!e different
' 7

15D6; ?96ST85$S Learning Outcome
8. Choose the correct ans%er. +fter learning this lesson the students will be able to e,plain
B) 0le<ander of .a!edon !ame to India t"rou&" 1. The geographical features of India.
+a, 7e!!an lateau +4, 1"ara6oram ran&e 2. The details of the Himalayan Mountains) the passes in
the northwest and how they were used by the foreign
+!, S;at valley +d, 0ravalli "ills
in&aders) traders and migrants.
2) T"e re&ion 4et;een t;o rivers is !alled
. The ri&er systems of the Indo-!angetic !angetic &alley
+a, lateau +4, eninsula
and their impact on the historical e&ents such as battles
and emergence of urban centres.
+!, 7oa4 +d, ea6
". The southern peninsula) the long coasts which
88. Fi"" in the !"anks.
contributed to a lot of maritime acti&ities.
B) T"e river Gan&es rises in JJ)
$. How India emerged as a multicultural society and the
2) T"e "i&"est #ea6 in t"e sout"ern #eninsula is JJ
same is successfully sustained o&er the centuries.
888. 1atch the fo""o%ing.
B) .ount Everest a, 0ravalli "ills
2) .ount 04u 4, 1"ara6oram
() 7odda4etta !, Himalayas
D) God;in 0ustin d, /estern G"ats
8+. Find out the correct statement. 5ne statement a"one is
right.
a, 8armada river runs from east to ;est)
4, 1averi river runs from sout" to nort")
!, Yamuna river mer&es ;it" Ta#ti)
d, .a"a 8ad"i river irri&ates t"e un2a4 re&ion)
A C

;6SS5$ & +. State %hether the fo""o%ing statements are true or Fa"se.
B) T"e !ity of atali#utra ;as situated at t"e !onfluen!e of Gan&es
P46-H8ST548C 8$D8- -$D
;it" :ra"ma#utra)
TH6 H-4-PP-$ C9;T946
2) T"e lon& !oast line in t"e sout"ern #eninsula !ontri4uted to
Learning Objectives
t"e &ro;t" of maritime trade)
() T"e al&"at ass is situated on t"e /estern G"ats)
1. The #re-historic period.
D) India is a multi-!ultural so!iety)
2. .rigin and e&olution of the Harappan /i&ili0ation.
+8. 7rite short notes /-ny three points0.
. Socio-economic condition of the Harappan people.
B) Himalayan .ountains)
". /ultural life of the Harappans.
2) 7e!!an lateau)
$. The 'ecline of the Harappan /i&ili0ation.
() Rivers of sout"ern #eninsula
D) .ulti-!ultural so!iety)
T"e "istory of "uman settlements in India &oes 4a!6 to
+88. -ns%er !rief"y /='' %ords0.
#re"istori! times) 8o ;ritten re!ords are availa4le for t"e #re-
"istori! #eriod) Ho;ever, #lenty of ar!"aeolo&i!al remains are found
B) /rite a note on t"e im#a!t of t"e Indo-Gan&eti! lains on t"e
in different #arts of India to re!onstru!t t"e "istory of t"is #eriod)
"istory of India)
T"ey in!lude t"e stone tools, #ottery, artifa!ts and metal im#lements
2) :riefly des!ri4e t"e &eo&ra#"y of Sout" India)
used 4y #re-"istori! #eo#le) T"e develo#ment of ar!"aeolo&y "el#s
+888. -ns%er in detai" /&'' %ords0. mu!" to understand t"e life and !ulture of t"e #eo#le ;"o lived in
t"is #eriod)
B) 0ssess t"e im#a!t of &eo&ra#"y on t"e "istory of India)
In India, t"e #re"istori! #eriod is divided into t"e aleolit"i!
2) IIndia is a land of unity in diversity$ G Elu!idate)
+Old Stone 0&e,, .esolit"i! +.iddle Stone 0&e,, 8eolit"i! +8e;
Stone 0&e, and t"e .etal 0&e) Ho;ever, t"ese #eriods ;ere not
uniform t"rou&"out t"e Indian su4!ontinent) T"e datin& of t"e #re-
"istori! #eriod is done s!ientifi!ally) T"e te!"ni>ue of radio-!ar4on
datin& is !ommonly used for t"is #ur#ose) It is 4ased on measurin&
t"e loss of !ar4on in or&ani! materials over a #eriod of time) 0not"er
datin& met"od is 6no;n as dendro-!"ronolo&y) It refers to t"e
B0 BB

num4er of tree rin&s in ;ood) :y !ountin& t"e num4er of tree rin&s
P46 H8ST54Y
in t"e ;ood, t"e date of t"e ;ood is arrived at)
8$D8-
Pa"eo"ithic or 5"d Stone -ge
T"e Old Stone 0&e sites are ;idely found in various #arts of
t"e Indian su4!ontinent) T"ese sites are &enerally lo!ated near ;ater
sour!es) Several ro!6 s"elters and !aves used 4y t"e aleolit"i!
Ru4ar
#eo#le are s!attered a!ross t"e su4!ontinent) T"ey also lived rarely
1ali4an&an in "uts made of leaves) Some of t"e famous sites of Old Stone 0&e
.o"en2adaro
in India areH
a) T"e Soan valley and ot;ar lateau on t"e nort";est India)
4) T"e Si;ali6 "ills on t"e nort" India)
*ot"al
!) :"im#et6a in .ad"ya rades")
d) 0dam&ar" "ill in 8armada valley)
Sisu#al&ar" e) 1urnool in 0nd"ra rades" and 0ri4ian Sea :ay of :en&al
f) 0ttiram#a66am near %"ennai)
.as6i
In t"e Old Stone 0&e, food ;as o4tained 4y "untin& animals
0nanda#ur
ra"ma&iri
and &at"erin& edi4le #lants and tu4ers) T"erefore, t"ese #eo#le are
allavaram
!alled as "unter-&at"erers) T"ey used stone tools, "and-siFed and
fla6ed-off lar&e #e44les for "untin&
animals) Stone im#lements are made of a
"ard ro!6 6no;n as >uartFite) *ar&e
0di!"anallur
#e44les are often found in river terra!es)
Indian O!ean T"e "untin& of lar&e animals ;ould "ave
re>uired t"e !om4ined effort of a &rou#
of #eo#le ;it" lar&e stone a<es) /e "ave
5"d Stone -ge Too"s
little 6no;led&e a4out t"eir lan&ua&e and
!ommuni!ation) T"eir ;ay of life 4e!ame modified ;it" t"e #assa&e
of time sin!e t"ey made attem#ts to domesti!ate animals, ma6e !rude
#ots and &ro; some #lants) 0 fe; Old Stone 0&e #aintin&s "ave
B2 B(

also 4een found on ro!6s at :"im4et6a and ot"er #la!es) T"e #eriod 3ttar rades" and in several #la!es of t"e 7e!!an) T"e im#ortant
4efore B0000 :)%) is assi&ned to t"e Old Stone 0&e) 8eolit"i! sites e<!avated in sout" India are .as6i, :ra"ma&iri, Hallur
and 1ode6al in 1arnata6a, aiyam#alli in Tamil 8adu and 3tnur in
1eso"ithic or 1idd"e Stone -ge
0nd"ra rades")
T"e ne<t sta&e of "uman life is !alled .esolit"i! or .iddle
T"e !"ief !"ara!teristi! features of t"e 8eolit"i! !ulture are
Stone 0&e ;"i!" falls rou&"ly from B0000 :)%) to '000 :)%) It
t"e #ra!ti!e of a&ri!ulture, domesti!ation of animals, #olis"in& of
;as t"e transitional #"ase 4et;een t"e aleolit"i! 0&e and 8eolit"i!
stone tools and t"e manufa!ture of #ottery) In fa!t, t"e !ultivation of
0&e) .esolit"i! remains are found in *an&"an2 in Gu2arat, 0dam&ar"
#lants and domesti!ation of animals led to t"e emer&en!e of villa&e
in .ad"ya rades" and also in some #la!es of Ra2ast"an, 3tter
!ommunities 4ased on sedentary life)
rades" and :i"ar) T"e #aintin&s and en&ravin&s found at t"e ro!6
s"elters &ive an idea a4out t"e so!ial life and e!onomi! a!tivities of T"ere ;as a &reat im#rovement in te!"nolo&y of ma6in& tools
.esolit"i! #eo#le) In t"e sites of .esolit"i! 0&e, a different ty#e of and ot"er e>ui#ments used 4y man) Stone tools ;ere no; #olis"ed)
stone tools is found) T"ese are tiny stone artifa!ts, often not more T"e #olis"ed a<es ;ere found to 4e more effe!tive tools for "untin&
t"an five !entimeters in siFe, and t"erefore !alled mi!rolit"s) T"e and !uttin& trees) .ud 4ri!6 "ouses ;ere 4uilt instead of &rass "uts)
"untin&-&at"erin& #attern of life !ontinued durin& t"is #eriod) /"eels ;ere used to ma6e #ottery) ottery ;as used for !oo6in&
Ho;ever, t"ere seems to "ave 4een a s"ift from 4i& animal "untin& as ;ell as stora&e of food &rains) *ar&e urns ;ere used as !offins
to small animal "untin& and fis"in&) T"e use of 4o; and arro; also for t"e 4urial of t"e dead) T"ere ;as also im#rovement in a&ri!ulture)
4e&an durin& t"is #eriod) 0lso, t"ere 4e&an a tenden!y to settle for /"eat, 4arely, ri!e, millet ;ere !ultivated in different areas at
lon&er #eriods in an area) T"erefore, domesti!ation of animals, different #oints of time) Ri!e !ultivation ;as e<tensive in eastern
"orti!ulture and #rimitive !ultivation started) 0nimal 4ones are found India) 7omesti!ation of s"ee#, &oats and !attle ;as ;idely #revalent)
in t"ese sites and t"ese in!lude do&, deer, 4oar and ostri!") %attle ;ere used for !ultivation and for trans#ort) T"e #eo#le of
O!!asionally, 4urials of t"e dead alon& ;it" some mi!rolit"s and 8eolit"i! 0&e used !lot"es made of !otton and ;ool)
s"ells seem to "ave 4een #ra!ti!ed)
1eta" -ge
$eo"ithic -ge
T"e 8eolit"i! #eriod is follo;ed 4y %"al!olit"i! +!o##er-stone,
0 remar6a4le #ro&ress is #eriod ;"en !o##er and 4ronFe !ame to 4e used) T"e ne;
noti!ed in "uman !iviliFation in t"e te!"nolo&y of smeltin& metal ore and !raftin& metal artifa!ts is an
8eolit"i! 0&e) It is a##ro<imately im#ortant develo#ment in "uman !iviliFation) :ut t"e use of stone
dated from '000 :)% to D000 tools ;as not &iven u#) Some of t"e mi!ro-lit"i! tools !ontinued to
:)%) 8eolit"i! remains are found 4e essential items) eo#le 4e&an to travel for a lon& distan!e to
in various #arts of India) T"ese o4tain metal ores) T"is led to a net;or6 of %"al!olit"i! !ultures
in!lude t"e 1as"mir valley, and t"e %"al!olit"i! !ultures ;ere found in many #arts of India)
$e% Stone -ge Too"s
%"irand in :i"ar, :elan valley in
BD B5

Generally, %"al!olit"i! !ultures "ad &ro;n in river valleys)
.ost im#ortantly, t"e Hara##an !ulture is !onsidered as a #art of
%"al!olit"i! !ulture) In Sout" India t"e river valleys of t"e Godavari,
Harappan Cu"ture
1ris"na, Tun&a4"adra, ennar and 1averi ;ere settled 4y farmin&
!ommunities durin& t"is #eriod) 0lt"ou&" t"ey ;ere not usin& metals
in t"e 4e&innin& of t"e .etal 0&e, t"ere is eviden!e of !o##er and
4ronFe artifa!ts 4y t"e end of se!ond millennium :)%) Several 4ronFe
and !o##er o42e!ts, 4eads, terra!otta fi&urines and #ottery ;ere
found at aiyam#alli in Tamil 8adu)
T"e %"al!olit"i! a&e is follo;ed 4y Iron 0&e) Iron is fre>uently
referred to in t"e @edas) T"e Iron 0&e of t"e sout"ern #eninsula is
Hara##a Ru#ar
often related to .e&alit"i! :urials) .e&alit" means *ar&e Stone)
T"e 4urial #its ;ere !overed ;it" t"ese stones) Su!" &raves are
1ali#an&an e<tensively found in Sout" India) Some of t"e im#ortant me&alit"i!
sites are Hallur and .as6i in 1arnata6a, 8a&ar2una6onda in 0nd"ra
.o"en2adaro
rades" and 0di!"!"anallur in Tamil 8adu) :la!6 and red #ottery,
%"an"udro
iron artifa!ts su!" as "oes and si!6les and small ;ea#ons ;ere
found in t"e 4urial #its)
The Harappan Civi"i@ation
T"e earliest e<!avations in t"e Indus valley ;ere done at
*ot"al
Hara##a in t"e /est un2a4 and .o"en2odaro in Sind) :ot" #la!es
are no; in a6istan) T"e findin&s in t"ese t;o !ities 4rou&"t to li&"t
0ri4ian Sea
a !iviliFation) It ;as first !alled t"e IT"e Indus @alley %iviliFation$)
:ut t"is !iviliFation ;as later named as t"e IIndus %iviliFation$ due
to t"e dis!overy of more and more sites far a;ay from t"e Indus
valley) 0lso, it "as !ome to 4e !alled t"e IHara##an %iviliFation$
after t"e name of its first dis!overed site)
8mportant Sites
0mon& t"e many ot"er sites e<!avated, t"e most im#ortant
are 1ot 7i2i in Sind, 1ali4an&an in Ra2ast"an, Ru#ar in t"e un2a4,
B' B7

:ana;ali in Haryana, *ot"al, Sur6otada and 7"olavira, all t"e t"ree Date of the Harappan Cu"ture
in Gu2arat) T"e lar&er !ities are a##ro<imately a "undred "e!tares
In BC(B, Sir Eo"n .ars"all estimated t"e duration of t"e
in siFe) .o"en2odara is t"e lar&est of all t"e Indus !ities and it is
o!!u#ation of .o"en2odaro 4et;een (250 and 2750 :)%)
estimated to "ave s#read over an area of 200 "e!tares)
Su4se>uently, as and ;"en ne; sites ;ere dis!overed, t"e datin&
5rigin and 6vo"ution of t"e Hara##an !ulture is modified) T"e advent of t"e radio!ar4on
met"od #aves ;ay for fi<in& almost a!!urate dates) :y BC5',
T"e ar!"aeolo&i!al findin&s e<!avated for t"e last ei&"t
Fairservis 4rou&"t do;n t"e datin& of t"e Hara##an !ulture to
de!ades reveal t"e &radual develo#ment of t"e Hara##an !ulture)
4et;een 2000 and B500 :)%) on t"e 4asis of radio!ar4on dates of
T"ere are four im#ortant sta&es or #"ases of evolution and t"ey are
"is findin&s) In BC'D, 7)) 0&ar;al !ame to t"e !on!lusion t"at t"e
named as #re-Hara##an, early-Hara##an, mature-Hara##an and
total s#an of t"is !ulture s"ould 4e 4et;een 2(00 and B750 :)%)
late Hara##an)
Yet, t"ere is furt"er s!o#e of modifi!ation of t"ese dates)
T"e #re-Hara##an sta&e is lo!ated in eastern :alu!"istan)
Sa"ient Features of the Harappan Cu"ture
T"e e<!avations at .e"r&ar" B50 miles to t"e nort";est of
.o"en2odaro reveal t"e e<isten!e of #re-Hara##an !ulture) In t"is To%n P"anning
sta&e, t"e nomadi! #eo#le 4e&an to lead a settled a&ri!ultural life)
T"e Hara##an !ulture ;as distin&uis"ed 4y its system of to;n-
In t"e early-Hara##an sta&e, t"e #eo#le lived in lar&e villa&es #lannin& on t"e lines of t"e &rid system G t"at is streets and lanes
in t"e #lains) T"ere ;as a &radual &ro;t" of to;ns in t"e Indus !uttin& a!ross one anot"er almost at ri&"t an&les t"us dividin& t"e
valley) 0lso, t"e transition from rural to ur4an life too6 #la!e durin& !ity into several re!tan&ular
t"is #eriod) T"e sites of 0mri and 1ot 7i2i remain t"e eviden!e for 4lo!6s) Hara##a, .o"en2odaro
early-Hara##an sta&e) and 1ali4an&an ea!" "ad its o;n
!itadel 4uilt on a "i&" #odium of
In t"e mature-Hara##an sta&e, &reat !ities emer&ed) T"e
mud 4ri!6) :elo; t"e !itadel in
e<!avations at 1ali4an&an ;it" its ela4orate to;n #lannin& and ur4an
ea!" !ity lay a lo;er to;n
features #rove t"is #"ase of evolution)
!ontainin& 4ri!6 "ouses, ;"i!"
In t"e late-Hara##an sta&e, t"e de!line of t"e Indus !ulture
.reat <ath at 1ohen,odaro
;ere in"a4ited 4y t"e !ommon
started) T"e e<!avations at *ot"al reveal t"is sta&e of evolution)
#eo#le) T"e lar&e-s!ale use of 4urnt 4ri!6s in almost all 6inds of
*ot"al ;it" its #ort ;as founded mu!" later) It ;as surrounded 4y a
!onstru!tions and t"e a4sen!e of stone 4uildin&s are t"e im#ortant
massive 4ri!6 ;all as flood #rote!tion) *ot"al remained an
!"ara!teristi!s of t"e Hara##an !ulture) 0not"er remar6a4le feature
em#orium of trade 4et;een t"e Hara##an !iviliFation and t"e
;as t"e under&round draina&e system !onne!tin& all "ouses to t"e
remainin& #art of India as ;ell as .eso#otamia)
street drains ;"i!" ;ere !overed 4y stone sla4s or 4ri!6s)
BA BC

T"e most im#ortant #u4li! #la!e of .o"en2odaro is t"e Great Iran Gold, !o##er, tin and several semi-#re!ious stones ;ere
:at" measurin& (C feet len&t", 2( feet 4readt" and A feet de#t") im#orted) .ain e<#orts ;ere several a&ri!ultural #rodu!ts su!" as
Fli&"ts of ste#s at eit"er end lead to t"e surfa!e) T"ere are side ;"eat, 4arely, #eas, oil seeds and a variety of finis"ed #rodu!ts
rooms for !"an&in& !lot"es) T"e floor of t"e :at" ;as made of in!ludin& !otton &oods, #ottery, 4eads, terra!otta fi&ures and ivory
4urnt 4ri!6s) /ater ;as dra;n from a lar&e ;ell in an ad2a!ent #rodu!ts) T"ere is mu!" eviden!e to #rove t"e trade lin6s 4et;een
room, and an outlet from one !orner of t"e :at" led to a drain) It t"e Indus and Sumerian #eo#le) .any seals of Indus valley "ave
must "ave served as a ritual 4at"in& site) T"e lar&est 4uildin& in 4een found in .eso#otamia) Trade ;as of t"e 4arter ty#e) T"e
.o"en2odaro is a &ranary measurin& B50 feet len&t" and 50 feet seals and t"e terra!otta models of t"e Indus valley reveal t"e use of
4readt") :ut in t"e !itadel of Hara##a ;e find as many as si< 4ullo!6 !arts and o<en for land trans#ort and 4oats and s"i#s for
&ranaries) river and sea trans#ort)
6conomic "ife Socia" ;ife
T"ere ;as a &reat #ro&ress in all s#"eres of e!onomi! a!tivity .u!" eviden!e is availa4le to understand t"e so!ial life of t"e
su!" as a&ri!ulture, industry and !rafts and trade) /"eat and 4arley Hara##ans) T"e dress of 4ot" men and ;omen !onsisted of t;o
;ere t"e main !ro#s &ro;n 4esides sesame, mustard and !otton) #ie!es of !lot", one u##er &arment and
Sur#lus &rain is stored in &ranaries) 0nimals li6e s"ee#, &oats and t"e ot"er lo;er &arment) :eads ;ere
4uffalo ;ere domesti!ated) T"e use of "orse is not yet firmly ;orn 4y men and ;omen) Ee;elleries
esta4lis"ed) 0 num4er of ot"er animals ;ere "unted for food su!" as 4an&les, 4ra!elets, fillets,
in!ludin& deer) &irdles, an6lets, ear-rin&s and fin&er-
rin&s ;ere ;orn 4y ;omen) T"ese
S#e!ialiFed &rou#s of artisans in!lude &oldsmit"s, 4ri!6
ornaments ;ere made of &old, silver,
ma6ers, stone !utters, ;eavers, 4oat-4uilders and terra!otta
!o##er, 4ronFe and semi #re!ious
manufa!turers) :ronFe and !o##er vessels are t"e outstandin&
54$-16$TS 9S6D <Y TH6
stones) T"e use of !osmeti!s ;as
H-4-PP-$S
e<am#les of t"e Hara##an metal !raft)
!ommon) @arious "ouse"old arti!les
Gold and silver ornaments are found in
made of #ottery, stone, s"ells, ivory and metal "ave 4een found at
many #la!es) ottery remains #lain and
.o"en2odaro) S#indles, needles, !om4s, fis""oo6s, 6nives are made
in some #la!es red and 4la!6 #ainted
of !o##er) %"ildren$s toys in!lude little !lay !arts) .ar4les, 4alls
#ottery is found) :eads ;ere
and di!e ;ere used for &ames) Fis"in& ;as a re&ular o!!u#ation
manufa!tured from a ;ide variety of
;"ile "untin& and 4ull fi&"tin& ;ere ot"er #astimes) T"ere ;ere
semi-#re!ious stones)
numerous s#e!imens of ;ea#ons of ;ar su!" as a<es, s#ear"eads,
Internal trade ;as e<tensive ;it"
da&&ers, 4o;s, arro;s made of !o##er and 4ronFe)
ot"er #arts of India) Forei&n trade ;as
H-4-PP-$ S6-;
mainly !ondu!ted ;it" .eso#otamia, 0f&"anistan and
20 2B

-rts e<ists and t"ere is no dou4t t"at t"e de!i#"erment of Hara##an
s!ri#t ;ill t"ro; mu!" li&"t on t"is !ulture)
T"e Hara##an s!ul#ture revealed a "i&" de&ree of
;or6mans"i#) Fi&ures of men and ;omen, animals and 4irds made 4e"igion
of terra!otta and t"e !arvin&s on t"e seals s"o;
From t"e seals, terra!otta fi&urines and !o##er ta4lets ;e
t"e de&ree of #rofi!ien!y attained 4y t"e s!ul#tor)
&et an idea on t"e reli&ious life of t"e Hara##ans) T"e !"ief male
T"e fi&ure of a dan!in& &irl from .o"en2odaro made
deity ;as asu#ati, +#roto-Siva, re#resented in seals as sittin& in a
of 4ronFe is remar6a4le for its ;or6mans"i#) Its
yo&i! #osture ;it" t"ree fa!es and t;o "orns) He is surrounded 4y
ri&"t "and rests on t"e "i#, ;"ile t"e left arm,
four animals +ele#"ant, ti&er, r"ino, and 4uffalo ea!" fa!in& a different
!overed ;it" 4an&les, "an&s loosely in a rela<ed
dire!tion,) T;o deer a##ear on "is feet) T"e !"ief female deity ;as
#osture) T;o stone statues from Hara##a, one
t"e .ot"er Goddess re#resented in terra!otta fi&urines) In latter
re#resentin& t"e 4a!6 vie; of a man and t"e ot"er
times, *in&a ;ors"i# ;as #revalent) Trees and animals ;ere also
of a dan!er are also s#e!imens of t"eir s!ul#ture)
;ors"i##ed 4y t"e Hara##ans) T"ey 4elieved in &"osts and evil
T644-C5TT-
T"e #ottery from Hara##a is anot"er s#e!imen of
F8.948$6
for!es and used amulets as #rote!tion a&ainst t"em)
t"e fine arts of t"e Indus #eo#le) T"e #ots and 2ars ;ere #ainted
<uria" 1ethods
;it" various desi&ns and !olours) ainted #ottery is of 4etter >uality)
T"e #i!torial motifs !onsisted of &eometri!al #atterns li6e "oriFontal
T"e !emeteries dis!overed around t"e !ities li6e .o"en2odaro,
lines, !ir!les, leaves, #lants and trees) On some #ottery #ie!es ;e
Hara##a, 1ali4an&an, *ot"al and Ru#ar t"ro; li&"t on t"e 4urial
find fi&ures of fis" or #ea!o!6)
#ra!ti!es of t"e Hara##ans) %om#lete 4urial and #ost-!remation
4urial ;ere #o#ular at .o"en2odaro) 0t *ot"al t"e 4urial #it ;as
Script
lined ;it" 4urnt 4ri!6s indi!atin& t"e use of !offins) /ooden !offins
T"e Hara##an s!ri#t "as still to 4e fully de!i#"ered) T"e
;ere also found at Hara##a) T"e #ra!ti!e of #ot 4urials is found at
num4er of si&ns is 4et;een D00 and '00 of ;"i!" D0 or '0 are
*ot"al sometimes ;it" #airs of s6eletons) Ho;ever, t"ere is no !lear
4asi! and t"e rest are t"eir variants) T"e s!ri#t
eviden!e for t"e #ra!ti!e of Sati)
;as mostly ;ritten from ri&"t to left) In a fe;
Dec"ine of the Harappan Cu"ture
lon& seals t"e 4oustro#"edon met"od G ;ritin&
in t"e reverse dire!tion in alternative lines - ;as
T"ere is no unanimous vie; #ertainin& to t"e !ause for t"e
ado#ted) ar#ola and "is S!andinavian
de!line of t"e Hara##an !ulture) @arious t"eories "ave 4een
!ollea&ues !ame to t"e !on!lusion t"at t"e
#ostulated) 8atural !alamities li6e re!urrin& floods, dryin& u# of
lan&ua&e of t"e Hara##ans ;as 7ravidian) 0
rivers, de!reasin& fertility of t"e soil due to e<!essive e<#loitation
H-4-PP-$ S C48PT
&rou# of Soviet s!"olars a!!e#ts t"is vie;)
and o!!asional eart">ua6es mi&"t "ave !aused t"e de!line of t"e
Ot"er s!"olars #rovide different vie; !onne!tin& t"e Hara##an
Hara##an !ities) 0!!ordin& to some s!"olars t"e final 4lo; ;as
s!ri#t ;it" t"at of :ra"mi) T"e mystery of t"e Hara##an s!ri#t still
22 2(

delivered 4y t"e invasion of 0ryans) T"e destru!tion of forts is
15D6; ?96ST85$S
mentioned in t"e Ri& @eda) 0lso, t"e dis!overy of "uman s6eletons
8. Choose the correct ans%er.
"uddled to&et"er at .o"en2odaro indi!ates t"at t"e !ity ;as invaded
4y forei&ners) T"e 0ryans "ad su#erior ;ea#ons as ;ell as s;ift B) T"e %"al!olit"i! a&e ;as follo;ed 4y
"orses ;"i!" mi&"t "ave ena4led t"em to 4e!ome masters of t"is
+a, Old Stone a&e +4, 8e; Stone a&e
re&ion)
+!, Iron a&e +d, .esolit"i! a&e
2) T"e #ort !ity of t"e Hara##an !ulture
Learning Outcome
+a, 1ali4an&an +4, *ot"al
+fter learning this lesson the students will be to e,plain
+!, :ana;ali +d, Ru#ar
1. The findings of the #aleolithic) 1eolithic and Metal +ge
and the socio-economic life of the people during these
B) T"e most im#ortant .e&alit"i! site in Tamil 8adu is J)) periods.
2) T"e !"ief female deity of t"e Hara##an !ulture ;as JJ 2. The origin and e&olution of the Harappan culture and
the important sites of e,ca&ations.
. The salient features of the Harappan ci&ili0ation such as
B) 1ot 7i2i a, Haryana
town planning) social life and economic condition of the
2) 7"olavira 4, Ra2ast"an
Harappans.
() 1ali4an&an !, Sind
". The date of the Harappan culture as well as the religious
beliefs and the art of the Harappans.
D) :ana;ali d, Gu2arat
$. 'ifferent &iews on the decline of the Harappan
ci&ili0ation.
right.
a, T"ere are t"ree sta&es in t"e evolution of Hara##an !ulture)
4, ar#ola !on!luded t"at t"e lan&ua&e of Hara##an #eo#le is
Sans6rit)
!, Sir Eo"n .ars"al used t"e radio-!ar4on datin& met"od)
d, T"e Hara##an #eo#le 4elieved in &"osts and used amulets as
#rote!tion a&ainst t"em)
2D 25

;6SS5$ ( +. State %hether the fo""o%ing statements are true or Fa"se.
B) T"e Old Stone 0&e #eo#le #ra!ti!ed a&ri!ulture)
TH6 +6D8C C9;T946
2) .i!rolit"s ;ere used 4y t"e .esolit"i! #eo#le)
() Trade lin6s e<isted 4et;een t"e Indus and Sumerian #eo#le)
Learning Objectives
D) T"e Hara##an #eo#le did not 6no; t"e art of ;ritin&)
1. The original home of the +ryans.
B) %"al!olit"i! 0&e
2. The 2edic 3iterature and their importance.
2) .e&alit"s)
. The *ig 2edic +ge and its culture.
() Great :at")
". The 3ater 2edic +ge and its culture.
D) 7ate of t"e Hara##an %ulture)
T"e !ities of t"e Hara##an %ulture "ad de!lined 4y B500 :)%)
B) /rite a note on t"e Old Stone 0&e)
%onse>uently, t"eir e!onomi! and administrative system "ad slo;ly
de!lined) 0round t"is #eriod, t"e s#ea6ers of Indo-0ryan lan&ua&e,
2) Tra!e t"e ori&in and evolution of t"e Hara##an %ulture)
Sans6rit, entered t"e nort"-;est India from t"e Indo-Iranian re&ion)
() 8ame t"e im#ortant sites of t"e Hara##an %ulture)
Initially t"ey ;ould "ave !ome in small num4ers t"rou&" t"e #asses
D) .ention t"e #ro4a4le !auses for t"e de!line of t"e Hara##an in t"e nort";estern mountains) T"eir initial settlements ;ere in t"e
!ulture) valleys of t"e nort"-;est and t"e #lains of t"e un2a4) *ater, t"ey
moved into Indo-Gan&eti! #lains) 0s t"ey ;ere mainly a !attle-
+888. -ns%er in detai" /&'' %ords0.
6ee#in& #eo#le, t"ey ;ere mainly in sear!" of #astures) :y ' t"
B) /rite a 4rief essay on t"e #re-"istori! #eriod in India)
!entury :)%), t"ey o!!u#ied t"e ;"ole of 8ort" India, ;"i!" ;as
referred to as 0ryavarta) T"is #eriod 4et;een B500 :)% and '00
2) 7es!ri4e t"e so!io-e!onomi! !ondition of t"e Hara##an
:)% may 4e divided into t"e Early @edi! eriod or Ri& @edi! eriod
!iviliFation)
+B500 :)% -B000 :)%, and t"e *ater @edi! eriod +B000:)% -
'00 :)%,)
5rigina" Home of the -ryans
T"e ori&inal "ome of t"e 0ryans is a de4ata4le >uestion and
t"ere are several vie;s) 7ifferent s!"olars "ave identified different
2' 27

re&ions as t"e ori&inal "ome of t"e 0ryans) T"ey in!lude t"e 0r!ti! of seven rivers) T"is in!ludes t"e five rivers of un2a4, namely
re&ion, Germany, %entral 0sia and sout"ern Russia) :ala E"elum, %"ena4, Ravi, :eas and Sutle2 alon& ;it" t"e Indus and
Gan&ad"ara Tila6 ar&ues t"at t"e 0ryans !ame from t"e 0r!ti! re&ion Saras;at"i) T"e #oliti!al, so!ial and !ultural life of t"e Ri& @edi!
on astronomi!al !al!ulations) Ho;ever, t"e t"eory of sout"ern Russia #eo#le !an 4e tra!ed from t"e "ymns of t"e Ri& @eda)
a##ears to 4e more #ro4a4le and ;idely a!!e#ted 4y "istorians)
Po"itica" 5rgani@ation
From t"ere, t"e 0ryans moved to different #arts of 0sia and Euro#e)
T"e 4asi! unit of #oliti!al or&aniFation ;as kulaor family)
T"ey entered India in a4out B500 :)%) and !ame to 4e 6no;n as
Several families 2oined to&et"er on t"e 4asis of t"eir 6ins"i# to form
Indo-0ryans) T"ey s#o6e t"e Indo-0ryan lan&ua&e, Sans6rit)
a villa&e or &rama) T"e leader of &rama ;as 6no;n as &ramani) 0
+edic ;iterature
&rou# of villa&es !onstituted a lar&er unit !alled &isu) It ;as "eaded
T"e ;ord I@eda$ is derived from t"e root Ivid$, ;"i!" means 4y vis"aya#ati) T"e "i&"est #oliti!al unit ;as !alled 2ana or tri4e)
to 6no;) In ot"er ;ords, t"e term I@eda$ si&nifies Isu#erior T"ere ;ere several tri4al 6in&doms durin& t"e Ri& @edi! #eriod
6no;led&e$) T"e @edi! literature !onsists of t"e four @edas G Ri&, su!" as :"aratas, .atsyas, Yadus and urus) T"e "ead of t"e
Ya2ur, Sama and 0t"arva) T"e Ri& @eda is t"e earliest of t"e four 6in&dom ;as !alled as ra4an or 6in&) T"e Ri& @edi! #olity ;as
@edas and it !onsists of B02A "ymns) T"e "ymns ;ere sun& in #raise normally monar!"i!al and t"e su!!ession ;as "ereditary) T"e 6in&
of various &ods) T"e Ya2ur @eda !onsists of various details of rules ;as assisted 4y purohita or #riest and senani or !ommander of
to 4e o4served at t"e time of sa!rifi!e) T"e Sama @eda is set to t"e army in "is administration) T"ere ;ere t;o #o#ular 4odies !alled
tune for t"e #ur#ose of !"antin& durin& sa!rifi!e) It is !alled t"e t"e Sabha and Samiti. T"e former seems to "ave 4een a !oun!il of
4oo6 of !"ants and t"e ori&ins of Indian musi! are tra!ed in it) T"e elders and t"e latter, a &eneral assem4ly of t"e entire #eo#le)
0t"arva @eda !ontains details of rituals)
Socia" ;ife
:esides t"e @edas, t"ere are ot"er sa!red ;or6s li6e t"e
T"e Ri& @edi! so!iety ;as #atriar!"al) T"e 4asi! unit of so!iety
:ra"manas, t"e 3#anis"ads, t"e 0ranya6as and t"e e#i!s Ramayana
;as family or graham. T"e "ead of t"e family ;as 6no;n as
and .a"a4"arata) T"e :ra"manas are t"e treatises relatin& to #rayer
grahapathi ) .ono&amy ;as &enerally #ra!ti!ed ;"ile #oly&amy
and sa!rifi!ial !eremony) T"e 3#anis"ads are #"iloso#"i!al te<ts
;as #revalent amon& t"e royal and no4le families) T"e ;ife too6
dealin& ;it" to#i! li6e t"e soul, t"e a4solute, t"e ori&in of t"e ;orld
!are of t"e "ouse"old and #arti!i#ated in all t"e ma2or !eremonies)
and t"e mysteries of nature) T"e 0ranya6as are !alled forest 4oo6s
/omen ;ere &iven e>ual o##ortunities as men for t"eir s#iritual
and t"ey deal ;it" mysti!ism, rites, rituals and sa!rifi!es) T"e aut"or
and intelle!tual develo#ment) T"ere ;ere ;omen #oets li6e 0#ala,
of Ramayana ;as @almi6i and t"at of .a"a4"arata ;as @edavyas)
@is;avara, G"osa and *o#amudra durin& t"e Ri& @edi! #eriod)
4ig +edic -ge or 6ar"y +edic Period /=A'' - =''' <.C.0 /omen !ould even attend t"e #o#ular assem4lies) T"ere ;as no
!"ild marria&e and t"e #ra!ti!e of sati ;as a4sent)
7urin& t"e Ri& @edi! #eriod, t"e 0ryans ;ere mostly !onfined
to t"e Indus re&ion) T"e Ri& @eda refers to Sa#tasind"u or t"e land
2A 2C

:ot" men and ;omen ;ore u##er and lo;er &arments made and Indra +T"under,) Indra ;as t"e most #o#ular amon& t"em durin&
of !otton and ;ool) 0 variety of ornaments ;ere used 4y 4ot" men t"e early @edi! #eriod) 8e<t in im#ortan!e to Indra ;as 0&ni ;"o
and ;omen) /"eat and 4arley, mil6 and its #rodu!ts li6e !urd and ;as re&arded as an intermediary 4et;een t"e &ods and #eo#le)
&"ee, ve&eta4les and fruits ;ere t"e !"ief arti!les of food) T"e eatin& @aruna ;as su##osed to 4e t"e u#"older of t"e natural order) T"ere
of !o;$s meat ;as #ro"i4ited sin!e it ;as a sa!red animal) %"ariot ;ere also female &ods li6e 0diti and 3s"as) T"ere ;ere no tem#les
ra!in&, "orse ra!in&, di!in&, musi! and dan!e ;ere t"e favourite and no idol ;ors"i# durin& t"e early @edi! #eriod) rayers ;ere
#astimes) T"e so!ial divisions ;ere not ri&id durin& t"e Ri& @edi! offered to t"e &ods in t"e e<#e!tation of re;ards) G"ee, mil6 and
#eriod as it ;as in t"e later @edi! #eriod) &rain ;ere &iven as offerin&s) Ela4orate rituals ;ere follo;ed durin&
t"e ;ors"i#)
6conomic Condition
;ater +edic Period /=''' > B'' <.C.0
T"e Ri& @edi! 0ryans ;ere #astoral #eo#le and t"eir main
o!!u#ation ;as !attle rearin&) T"eir ;ealt" ;as estimated in terms T"e 0ryans furt"er moved to;ards east in t"e *ater @edi!
of t"eir !attle) /"en t"ey #ermanently settled in 8ort" India t"ey eriod) T"e Sata#at"a :ra"mana refers to t"e e<#ansion of 0ryans
4e&an to #ra!ti!e a&ri!ulture) /it" t"e 6no;led&e and use of iron to t"e eastern Gan&eti! #lains) Several tri4al &rou#s and 6in&doms
t"ey ;ere a4le to !lean forests and 4rin& more lands under are mentioned in t"e later @edi! literature) One im#ortant
!ultivation) %ar#entry ;as anot"er im#ortant #rofession and t"e develo#ment durin& t"is #eriod is t"e &ro;t" of lar&e 6in&doms)
availa4ility of ;ood from t"e forests !leared made t"e #rofession 1uru and an!"ala 6in&doms flouris"ed in t"e 4e&innin&) ari6s"at
#rofita4le) %ar#enters #rodu!ed !"ariots and #lou&"s) /or6ers in and Eaname2aya ;ere t"e famous rulers of 1uru 6in&dom) rava"ana
metal made a variety of arti!les ;it" !o##er, 4ronFe and iron) Eaivali ;as a #o#ular 6in& of t"e an!"alas) He ;as a #atron of
S#innin& ;as anot"er im#ortant o!!u#ation and !otton and ;oolen learnin&) 0fter t"e fall of 1urus and an!"alas, ot"er 6in&doms li6e
fa4ri!s ;ere made) Goldsmit"s ;ere a!tive in ma6in& ornaments) 1osala, 1asi and @ide"a !ame into #rominen!e) T"e famous ruler
T"e #otters made various 6inds of vessels for domesti! use) of 1asi ;as 02atasatru) Eana6a ;as t"e 6in& of @ide"a ;it" its
!a#ital at .it"ila) His !ourt ;as adorned 4y s!"olar Ya2naval6ya)
Trade ;as anot"er im#ortant e!onomi! a!tivity and rivers
.a&ad"a, 0n&a and @an&a seem to 4e t"e easternmost tri4al
served as im#ortant means of trans#ort) Trade ;as !ondu!ted on
6in&doms) T"e later @edi! te<ts also refer to t"e t"ree divisions of
4arter system) In t"e later times, &old !oins !alled nis"6a ;ere used
India G 0ryavarta +nort"ern India,, .ad"yadesa +!entral India, and
as media of e<!"an&e in lar&e transa!tions)
7a6s"ina#at"a +sout"ern India,)
4e"igion
Po"itica" 5rgani@ation
T"e Ri& @edi! 0ryans ;ors"i#ed t"e natural for!es li6e eart",
*ar&er 6in&doms ;ere formed durin& t"e later @edi! #eriod)
fire, ;ind, rain and t"under) T"ey #ersonified t"ese natural for!es
.any 4ana or tri4es ;ere amal&amated to form 4anapadas or
into many &ods and ;ors"i##ed t"em) T"e im#ortant Ri& @edi!
ras"tras in t"e later @edi! #eriod) Hen!e t"e royal #o;er "ad
&ods ;ere rit"vi +Eart",, 0&ni +Fire,, @ayu +/ind,, @aruna +Rain,
(0 (B

in!reased alon& ;it" t"e in!rease in t"e siFe of 6in&dom) T"e 6in& t"e *ater @edi! #eriod) T"e t;o "i&"er !lasses - :ra"mana ) and
#erformed various rituals and sa!rifi!es to stren&t"en "is #osition) 1s"atriya en2oyed #rivile&es t"at ;ere denied to t"e @aisya and
T"ey in!lude *a4asuya +!onse!ration !eremony, ) +s&amedha Sudra . 0 :ra"min o!!u#ied a "i&"er #osition t"an a 1s"atriya 4ut
+"orse sa!rifi!e, and2a4peya +!"ariot ra!e,) T"e 6in&s also assumed sometimes 1s"atriyas !laimed a "i&"er status over t"e :ra"mins)
titles li6e Ra2avisva2anan, 0"ila4"uvana#at"i, +lord of all eart",, .any su4-!astes on t"e 4asis of t"eir o!!u#ation a##eared in t"is
E6rat and Samrat +sole ruler,) #eriod)
In t"e later @edi! #eriod, a lar&e num4er of ne; offi!ials ;ere In t"e family, t"e #o;er of t"e fat"er in!reased durin& t"e
involved in t"e administration in addition to t"e e<istin& purohita) *ater @edi! #eriod) T"ere ;as no im#rovement in t"e status of
senani and gramani. T"ey in!lude t"e treasury offi!er, ta< !olle!tor ;omen) T"ey ;ere still !onsidered inferior and su4ordinate to men)
and royal messen&er) 0t t"e lo;er levels, t"e administration ;as /omen also lost t"eir #oliti!al ri&"ts of attendin& assem4lies) %"ild
!arried on 4y t"e villa&e assem4lies) T"e im#ortan!e of t"e Samiti marria&es "ad 4e!ome !ommon) 0!!ordin& t"e +itreya (rahmana
and t"e Sabha "ad diminis"ed durin& t"e later @edi! #eriod) a dau&"ter "as 4een des!ri4ed as a sour!e of misery) Ho;ever, t"e
;omen in t"e royal "ouse"old en2oyed !ertain #rivile&es)
6conomic Condition
4e"igion
Iron ;as used e<tensively in t"is #eriod and t"is ena4led t"e
#eo#le to !lear forests and to 4rin& more land under !ultivation) Gods of t"e Early @edi! #eriod li6e Indra and 0&ni lost t"eir
0&ri!ulture 4e!ame t"e !"ief o!!u#ation) Im#roved ty#es of im#ortan!e) ra2a#at"i +t"e !reator,, @is"nu +t"e #rote!tor, and
im#lements ;ere used for !ultivation) :esides 4arley, ri!e and ;"eat Rudra +t"e destroyer, 4e!ame #rominent durin& t"e *ater @edi!
;ere &ro;n) 1no;led&e of manure ;as anot"er im#rovement) #eriod) Sa!rifi!es ;ere still im#ortant and t"e rituals !onne!ted ;it"
Industrial a!tivity 4e!ame more varied and t"ere ;as &reater t"em 4e!ame more ela4orate) T"e im#ortan!e of #rayers de!lined
s#e!ialiFation) .etal ;or6, leat"er ;or6, !ar#entry and #ottery and t"at of sa!rifi!es in!reased) riest"ood 4e!ame a #rofession
made &reat #ro&ress) In addition to internal trade, forei&n trade and a "ereditary one) T"e formulae for sa!rifi!es ;ere invented and
4e!ame e<tensive) T"e *ater @edi! #eo#le ;ere familiar ;it" t"e ela4orated 4y t"e #riestly !lass) T"erefore, to;ards t"e end of t"is
sea and t"ey traded ;it" !ountries li6e :a4ylon) 0 !lass of "ereditary #eriod t"ere ;as a stron& rea!tion a&ainst #riestly domination and
mer!"ants 5&aniya6 !ame into e<isten!e) @aisyas also !arried on a&ainst sa!rifi!es and rituals) T"e rise of :udd"ism and Eainism ;as
trade and !ommer!e) T"ey or&aniFed t"emselves into &uilds 6no;n t"e dire!t result of t"ese ela4orate sa!rifi!es) 0lso, t"e aut"ors of
as ganas ) :esides nishkaof t"e Ri& @edi! #eriod, &old and silver t"e 3#anis"ads, ;"i!" is t"e essen!e of Hindu #"iloso#"y, turned
!oins li6e satamanaand krishnala ;ere used as media of e<!"an&e) a;ay from t"e useless rituals and insisted on true 6no;led&e + 4nana,
for #ea!e and salvation)
Socia" ;ife
T"e four divisions of so!iety +:ra"mins, 1s"atriyas, @aisyas
and Sudras, or t"e @arna system ;as t"orou&"ly esta4lis"ed durin&
(2 ((

B) T"e earliest of t"e @edas 1. The 2edic 3iterature such as the four 2edas and the
(rahmanas and other later 2edic literature.
+a, Ri& +4, Ya2ur
2. The *ig 2edic polity) society and economy.
+!, Sama +d, 0t"arva
. *eligious life of the *ig 2edic people.
2) rava"ana Eaivali ;as a #o#ular 6in& of
". The changes during the 3ater 2edic period in the sphere
+a, @ide"a +4, 1asi
of polity and society.
+!, 1urus +d, an!"alas
$. The increasing rites and rituals in the religious life of
the 3ater 2edic people.
B) T"e aut"or of Ramayana ;as JJ
2) T"e 0r!ti! "ome for t"e 0ryans ;as su&&ested 4y
B) 8is"6a a, *ater @edi! !oin
2) 3s"as 4, Ri& @edi! !oin
() 0#ala !, Goddess
D) 1ris"nala d, /oman #oet
right.
a, Indra and @aruna ;ere t"e im#ortant &ods durin& t"e *ater
@edi! #eriod)
4, T"e #osition of ;omen im#roved durin& t"e *ater @edi!
#eriod)
!, T"e !aste system ;as not ri&id durin& t"e *ater @edi! #eriod)
d, T"e im#ortan!e of Samiti and Sabhade!lined durin& t"e *ater
@edi! #eriod)
(D (5

;6SS5$ ) +. State %hether the fo""o%ing statements are true or Fa"se.
B) T"e 0ranya6as !onstitute t"e essen!e of Hindu #"iloso#"y)
C-8$8S1 -$D <9DDH8S1
2) T"e #o;er of t"e 6in&s "ad in!reased durin& t"e *ater @edi!
#eriod)
Learning Objectives
() Iron ;as not 6no;n to t"e Ri& @edi! #eo#le)
D) T"e @arna system ;as t"orou&"ly esta4lis"ed durin& t"e Ri&
1. The causes for the rise of (uddhism and 7ainism.
@edi! #eriod)
2. 8arly life of Maha&ira and his teachings.
. 8arly life of (uddha and his teachings.
B) @edi! literature)
". The spread of (uddhism.
2) Ori&inal Home of t"e 0ryans)
$. /auses for the decline of (uddhism in India)
() osition of ;omen durin& t"e Ri& @edi! #eriod)
D) Reli&ion of Ri& @edi! #eriod)
T"e si<t" !entury :)%) is !onsidered a ;onderful !entury in
"istory) Great t"in6ers li6e :udd"a, .a"avira, Hera!litus, Koroaster,
B) /rite a note on t"e Ri& @edi! #olity) %onfu!ius and *ao Tse lived and #rea!"ed t"eir ideas in t"is !entury)
In India, t"e re#u4li!an institutions ;ere stron& in t"e ' !entury t"
2) .ention t"e reli&ious life of *ater @edi! #eo#le)
:)%) T"is ena4led rise of "eterodo< se!ts a&ainst t"e ort"odo<
reli&ion dominated 4y rites and rituals) 0mon& t"em t"e most
su!!essful ;ere Eainism and :udd"ism ;"ose im#a!t on t"e Indian B) Give a 4rief a!!ount of t"e so!io-e!onomi! life of t"e Ri&
so!iety ;as remar6a4le) @edi! 0ryans)
Causes for the 4ise of Cainism and <uddhism 2) 0ssess t"e #oliti!al and so!ial !onditions durin& t"e *ater @edi!
#eriod)
T"e #rimary !ause for t"e rise of Eainism and :udd"ism ;as
t"e reli&ious unrest in India in t"e ' !entury :)%) T"e !om#le< t"
rituals and sa!rifi!es advo!ated in t"e *ater @edi! #eriod ;ere not
a!!e#ta4le to t"e !ommon #eo#le) T"e sa!rifi!ial !eremonies ;ere
also found to 4e too e<#ensive) T"e su#erstitious 4eliefs and mantras
!onfused t"e #eo#le) T"e tea!"in&s of 3#anis"ads, an alternative
to t"e system of sa!rifi!es, ;ere "i&"ly #"iloso#"i!al in nature and
(' (7

t"erefore not easily understood 4y all) T"erefore, ;"at ;as needed Teachings of 1ahavira
in t"e lar&er interests of t"e #eo#le ;as a sim#le, s"ort and intelli&i4le
T"e t"ree #rin!i#les of Eainism, also 6no;n as Triratnas +t"ree
;ay to salvation for all #eo#le) Su!" reli&ious tea!"in& s"ould also
&ems,, areH
4e in a lan&ua&e 6no;n to t"em) T"is need ;as fulfilled 4y t"e
- ri&"t fait"
tea!"in&s of :udd"a and .a"avira)
- ri&"t 6no;led&e
Ot"er t"an t"e reli&ious fa!tor, so!ial and e!onomi! fa!tors
also !ontri4uted to t"e rise of t"ese t;o reli&ions) T"e ri&id !aste
- ri&"t !ondu!t)
system #revalent in India &enerated tensions in t"e so!iety) Hi&"er
Ri&"t fait" is t"e 4elief in t"e tea!"in&s and ;isdom of
!lasses en2oyed !ertain #rivile&es ;"i!" ;ere denied to t"e lo;er
.a"avira) Ri&"t 1no;led&e is t"e a!!e#tan!e of t"e t"eory t"at
!lasses) 0lso, t"e 1s"atriyas "ad resented t"e domination of t"e
t"ere is no God and t"at t"e ;orld "as 4een e<istin& ;it"out a !reator
#riestly !lass) It s"ould also to 4e noted t"at 4ot" :udd"a and
and t"at all o42e!ts #ossess a soul) Ri&"t !ondu!t refers to t"e
.a"avira 4elon&ed to 1s"atriya ori&in) T"e &ro;t" of trade led to
o4servan!e of t"e five &reat vo;sH
t"e im#rovement in t"e e!onomi! !onditions of t"e @aisyas) 0s a
- not to in2ure life
result, t"ey ;anted to en"an!e t"eir so!ial status 4ut t"e ort"odo<
@arna system did not allo; t"is) T"erefore, t"ey 4e&an to e<tend
- not to lie
su##ort to :udd"ism and Eainism) It ;as t"is mer!"ant !lass t"at
- not to steal
e<tended t"e !"ief su##ort to t"ese ne; reli&ions)
- not to a!>uire #ro#erty
Cainism
- not to lead immoral life)
;ife of +ardhamana 1ahavira /A(D- )BE <.C.0
1-H-+84-
:ot" t"e !ler&y and laymen "ad to stri!tly
@ard"amana .a"avira ;as t"e 2Dt" Tirt"an6ara of t"e Eain
follo; t"e do!trine of ahimsa. .a"avira re&arded all o42e!ts, 4ot"
tradition) He ;as 4orn at 1unda&rama near @aisali to 1s"atriya
animate and inanimate, "ave souls and various de&rees of
#arents Sidd"art"a and Trisala) He married Yasoda and &ave 4irt"
!ons!iousness) T"ey #ossess life and feel #ain ;"en t"ey are in2ured)
to a dau&"ter) 0t t"e a&e of t"irty "e 4e!ame an as!eti! and ;andered
.a"avira re2e!ted t"e aut"ority of t"e @edas and o42e!ted to t"e
for t;elve years) In t"e B( year of "is #enan!e, "e attained t"e t"
@edi! rituals) He advo!ated a very "oly and et"i!al !ode of life)
"i&"est s#iritual 6no;led&e !alled 1evala Gnana. T"ereafter, "e ;as
Even t"e #ra!ti!e of a&ri!ulture ;as !onsidered sinful as it !auses
!alled .a"avira and Eina) His follo;ers ;ere !alled Eains and "is
in2ury to t"e eart", ;orms and animals) Similarly t"e do!trine of
reli&ion Eainism) He #rea!"ed "is do!trines for (0 years and died at
as!eti!ism and renun!iation ;as also !arried to e<treme len&t"s 4y
t"e a&e of 72 at ava near Ra2a&ri"a)
t"e #ra!ti!e of starvation, nudity and ot"er forms of self-torture)
(A (C

Spread of Cainism Yasod"ara and &ave 4irt" to a son, Ra"ula) T"e si&"t of an old man,
a diseased man, a !or#se and an as!eti! turned "im a;ay from
.a"avira or&anised t"e Sangha to s#read "is tea!"in&s) He
;orldly life) He left "ome at t"e a&e of t;enty nine in sear!" of
admitted 4ot" men and ;omen in t"e Sangha) ;"i!" !onsisted of
Trut") He ;andered for seven years and met several tea!"ers 4ut
4ot" mon6s and lay follo;ers) T"e ra#id s#read of Eainism ;as
!ould not &et enli&"tenment) 0t last, "e sat under a bodhi tree at
due to t"e dedi!ated ;or6 of t"e mem4ers of t"e Sangha. It s#read
:od" Gaya and did intense #enan!e, after ;"i!" "e &ot
ra#idly in /estern India and 1arnata6a) %"andra&u#ta .aurya,
Enli&"tenment +8irvana, at t"e a&e of t"irty five) Sin!e t"en "e
1"aravela of 1alin&a and t"e royal dynasties of sout" India su!" as
4e!ame 6no;n as t"e (uddha or It"e Enli&"tened One$) He
t"e Gan&as, t"e 1adam4as, t"e %"alu6yas and t"e Ras"tra6utas
delivered "is first sermon at Sarnat" near :enares and for t"e ne<t
#atroniFed Eainism)
forty five years "e led t"e life of a #rea!"er) He died at t"e a&e of
:y t"e end of t"e fourt" !entury :)%), t"ere ;as a serious
ei&"ty at 1usina&ara)
famine in t"e Gan&es valley) .any Eain mon6s led 4y :"adra4a&u
T"e most im#ortant dis!i#les of :udd"a ;ere Sari#utta,
and %"andra&u#ta .aurya !ame to Sravana :el&ola in 1arnata6a)
.o&&allanna, 0nanda, 1assa#a and 3#ali) 1in&s li6e rasena2it of
T"ose ;"o stayed 4a!6 in nort" India ;ere led 4y a mon6 named
1osala and :im4isara and 02atasatru of .a&ad"a a!!e#ted "is
St"ula4a"u ;"o !"an&ed t"e !ode of !ondu!t for t"e mon6s) T"is
do!trines and 4e!ame "is dis!i#les) :udd"a in "is lifetime s#read
led to t"e division of Eainism into t;o se!ts S &etambaras +;"ite-
"is messa&e far and ;ide in nort" India and visited #la!es li6e
!lad, and 7 igambaras +S6y-!lad or 8a6ed,)
:enares, Ra2a&ri"a, Sravasti, @aisali, 8alanda and atali&rama) It
T"e first Eain %oun!il ;as !onvened at atali#utra 4y
s"ould 4e noted t"at "e did not involve "imself in fruitless
St"ula4a"u, t"e leader of t"e 7i&am4aras, in t"e 4e&innin& of t"e ( rd
!ontroversies re&ardin& meta#"ysi!al >uestions li6e &od, soul, 6arma,
!entury :)%) T"e se!ond Eain %oun!il ;as "eld at @ala4"i in 5 t"
re4irt", et!), and !on!erned "imself ;it" t"e #ra!ti!al #ro4lems
!entury 0)7) T"e final !om#ilation of Eain literature !alled T;elve
!onfrontin& man)
0n&as ;as !om#leted in t"is !oun!il)
Teachings of <uddha
<uddhism
T"e Four 8o4le Trut"s of :udd"a areH
;ife of .autama <uddha /ABE- )FE <.C.0
- T"e ;orld is full of sufferin&)
Gautama or Sidd"art"a, t"e founder
- T"e !ause of sufferin& is desire)
of :udd"ism, ;as 4orn in 5'7 :)%) in
*um4ini Garden near 1a#ilavastu) His fat"er - If desires are &et rid off, sufferin& !an 4e removed)
;as Suddod"ana of t"e Sa6ya !lan and
- T"is !an 4e done 4y follo;in& t"e Ei&"tfold at")
mot"er .ayadevi) 0s "is mot"er died at !"ild
T"e Ei&"tfold at" !onsists of ri&"t vie;, ri&"t resolve, ri&"t
4irt", "e ;as 4rou&"t u# 4y "is aunt ra2a#ati
s#ee!", ri&"t !ondu!t, ri&"t liveli"ood, ri&"t effort, ri&"t mindfulness
Gautami) 0t t"e a&e of si<teen "e married
.-9T-1- <9DDH-
D0 DB

and ri&"t !on!entration) :udd"a neit"er a!!e#ts &od nor re2e!ts t"e <uddhist Counci"s
e<isten!e of &od) He laid &reat em#"asis on t"e la; of 6arma) He
T"e first :udd"ist %oun!il ;as "eld at Ra2a&ra"a under t"e
ar&ued t"at t"e !ondition of man in t"is life de#ends u#on "is o;n
!"airmans"i# of .a"a6asa#a immediately after t"e deat" of :udd"a)
deeds) He tau&"t t"at t"e soul does not e<ist) Ho;ever, "e
Its #ur#ose ;as to maintain t"e #urity of t"e tea!"in&s of t"e :udd"a)
em#"asiFed 0"imsa) :y "is love for "uman 4ein&s and all livin&
T"e se!ond :udd"ist %oun!il ;as !onvened at @aisali around (A(
!reatures, "e endeared "imself to all) Even under t"e &ravest
:)%) T"e t"ird :udd"ist %oun!il ;as "eld at atali#utra under t"e
#rovo!ation "e did not s"o; t"e least an&er or "atred and instead
#atrona&e of 0so6a) .o&&ali#utta Tissa #resided over it) T"e final
!on>uered everyone 4y "is love and !om#assion) His reli&ion ;as
version of Tri#ita6as ;as !om#leted in t"is !oun!il) T"e fourt"
identi!al ;it" morality and it em#"asiFed #urity of t"ou&"t, ;ord
:udd"ist %oun!il ;as !onvened in 1as"mir 4y 1anis"6a under t"e
and deed) He ;as a rationalist ;"o tried to e<#lain t"in&s in t"e
!"airmans"i# of @asumitra) 0sva&os"a #arti!i#ated in t"is !oun!il)
li&"t of reason and not on t"e 4asis of 4lind fait") T"ou&" "e did not
T"e ne; s!"ool of :udd"ism !alled .a"ayana :udd"ism !ame into
ma6e a dire!t atta!6 on t"e !aste system, "e ;as a&ainst any so!ial
e<isten!e durin& t"is !oun!il) T"e :udd"ism #rea!"ed 4y t"e :udd"a
distin!tions and t"re; o#en "is order to all) T"erefore, :udd"ism
and #ro#a&ated 4y 0so6a ;as 6no;n as Hinayana.
;as more a so!ial t"an reli&ious revolution) It tau&"t t"e !ode of
T"e :udd"ist te<ts ;ere !olle!ted and !om#iled some five
#ra!ti!al et"i!s and laid do;n t"e #rin!i#le of so!ial e>uality)
"undred years after t"e deat" of t"e :udd"a) T"ey are 6no;n as
Spread of <uddhism
t"e Tripitakas) namely t"e Sutta) t"e 2inaya and t"e +bhidhamma
:udd"a "ad t;o 6inds of dis!i#les G mon6s +4"i6s"us, and #itakas. T"ey are ;ritten in t"e ali lan&ua&e)
lay ;ors"i##ers +u#asi6as,) T"e mon6s ;ere or&aniFed into t"e
Causes for the Dec"ine of <uddhism in 8ndia
Sanghafor t"e #ur#ose of s#readin& "is tea!"in&s) T"e mem4ers"i#
T"e revival of :ra"manism and t"e rise of :"a&avatism led to
;as o#en to all #ersons, male or female and ;it"out any !aste
t"e fall of #o#ularity of :udd"ism) T"e use of ali, t"e lan&ua&e of
restri!tions) T"ere ;as a s#e!ial !ode for nuns restri!tin& t"eir
t"e masses as t"e lan&ua&e of :udd"ism ;as &iven u# from t"e B st
residen!e and movement) Sari#utta, .o&&allana and 0nanda ;ere
!entury 0)7) T"e :udd"ists 4e&an to ado#t Sans6rit, t"e lan&ua&e
some of t"e famous mon6s) T"e Sangha ;as &overned on
of t"e elite) 0fter t"e 4irt" of .a"ayana :udd"ism, t"e #ra!ti!e of
demo!rati! lines and ;as em#o;ered to enfor!e dis!i#line amon&
idol ;ors"i# and ma6in& offerin&s led to t"e deterioration of moral
its mem4ers) O;in& to t"e or&anised efforts made 4y t"e S angha)
standards) .oreover, t"e atta!6 of t"e Huns in 5 and ' !enturies t" t"
:udd"ism made ra#id #ro&ress in 8ort" India even durin& :udd"a$s
and t"e Tur6is" invaders in B2 !entury destroyed t"e monasteries) t"
life time) .a&ad"a, 1osala, 1ausam4i and several re#u4li!an states
0ll t"ese fa!tors !ontri4uted to t"e de!line of :udd"ism in India)
of 8ort" India em4ra!ed t"is reli&ion) 04out t;o "undred years
after t"e deat" of :udd"a, t"e famous .auryan Em#eror 0so6a
Contri!ution of <uddhism to 8ndian Cu"ture
em4ra!ed :udd"ism) T"rou&" "is missionary effort 0so6a s#read
:udd"ism "as made a remar6a4le !ontri4ution to t"e
:udd"ism into /est 0sia and %eylon) T"us a lo!al reli&ious se!t
develo#ment of Indian !ulture)
;as transformed into a ;orld reli&ion)
D2 D(

- T"e !on!e#t of a"imsa ;as its !"ief !ontri4ution) *ater, it
15D6; ?96ST85$S
4e!ame one of t"e !"eris"ed values of our nation)
- Its !ontri4ution to t"e art and ar!"ite!ture of India ;as
B) @ard"amana .a"avira ;as 4orn at
nota4le) T"e stu#as at San!"i, :"ar"ut and Gaya are ;onderful
#ie!es of ar!"ite!ture) :udd"ism ta6es t"e !redit for t"e !"aityas +a, 1a#ilavastu +4, atali#utra
and vi"aras in different #arts of India)
+!, 1unda&rama +d, 1usuma#ura
- It #romoted edu!ation t"rou&" residential universities li6e
2) T"e Tripitakas are ;ritten in t"e lan&ua&e of
t"ose at Ta<ila, 8alanda and @i6ramasila)
+a, Sans6rit +4, ra6rit
- T"e lan&ua&e of ali and ot"er lo!al lan&ua&es develo#ed
+!, ali +d, Hindi
t"rou&" t"e tea!"in&s of :udd"ism)
- It "ad also #romoted t"e s#read of Indian !ulture to ot"er
#arts of 0sia)
B) T"e first Eain %oun!il ;as !onvened at JJ 4y JJ)
2) T"e final !om#ilation of Eain literature ;as !alled JJ
Learning Outcome
() T"e :udd"ism #rea!"ed 4y 0so6a ;as 6no;n as JJ)
+fter learning this lesson the students will be to e,plain
1. The religious and other causes for the rise of (uddhism
B) First :udd"ist %oun!il a, @aisali
and 7ainism.
2) Se!ond :udd"ist %oun!il 4, 1as"mir
2. 8arly life of Maha&ira and his principles of Triratna.
() T"ird :udd"ist %oun!il !, Ra2a&ri"a
. 8arly life of !autama (uddha and his important
principles like the four truths and eightfold path.
D) Fourt" :udd"ist %oun!il d, atali#utra
". The patrons of (uddhism and the formation of the Sangha
as well as the spread of (uddhism.
right.
$. /auses for the decline of (uddhism in India and its
B) T"e Four 8o4le Trut"s ;ere t"e tea!"in&s of .a"avira)
contribution to Indian culture.
2) T"e ado#tion of ali lan&ua&e led to t"e de!line of :udd"ism)
() Idol ;ors"i# ;as follo;ed 4y t"e follo;ers of .a"ayana
:udd"ism)
DD D5

;6SS5$ A D) :udd"a involved "imself into !ontroversial #"iloso#"i!al
ar&uments)
TH6 48S6 5F 1-.-DH- -$D
+. State %hether the fo""o%ing statements are True or
-;6:-$D64GS 8$+-S85$
Fa"se.
Learning Objectives
B) :udd"a neit"er a!!e#ts nor re2e!ts t"e e<isten!e of God)
2) .a"avira as6ed "is follo;ers to stri!tly o4serve four &reat
vo;s) 1. The rise of Magatha under the Haryanka) Saisunaga and
1anda dynasties.
() T"e first :udd"ist %oun!il ;as !onvened 4y 1anis"6a at
1as"mir) 2. The achie&ements of (imbisara and +4atasatru.
D) :udd"ism !ontri4uted to t"e s#read of Indian !ulture to ot"er . The #ersian in&asions and their impact.
#arts of t"e ;orld)
". /auses and course of +le,ander%s in&asion.
$. 8ffects of +le,ander%s in&asion.
B) Triratnas
2) S#lit in Eainism
In t"e 4e&innin& of t"e ' !entury :)%), t"e nort"ern India t"
() Tri#ita6as
!onsisted of a lar&e num4er of inde#endent 6in&doms) Some of
D) T"ird :udd"ist %oun!il t"em "ad monar!"i!al forms of &overnment, ;"ile some ot"ers ;ere
re#u4li!s) /"ile t"ere ;as a !on!entration of monar!"ies on t"e
Gan&eti! #lain, t"e re#u4li!s ;ere s!attered in t"e foot"ills of t"e
B) 7is!uss t"e s#read of Eainism in various #arts India)
Himalayas and in nort";estern India) Some of t"e re#u4li!s
!onsisted of only one tri4e li6e t"e Sa6yas, *i!!"avis and .allas)
2) 0!!ount for t"e de!line of :udd"ism in India)
In t"e re#u4li!s, t"e #o;er of de!ision in all matters of state vested
;it" t"e u4li! 0ssem4ly ;"i!" ;as !om#osed of t"e tri4al
B) S6et!" t"e life and tea!"in&s of .a"avira)
re#resentatives or "eads of families) 0ll de!isions ;ere 4y a
ma2ority vote)
2) Give a 4rief a!!ount of t"e life and tea!"in&s of :udd"a)
T"e :udd"ist literature 0n&uttara 8i6aya &ives a list of si<teen
() Ho; did :udd"ism 4e!ome a ;orld reli&ionL
&reat 6in&doms !alled ISi<teen .a"a2ana#adas$) T"ey ;ere 0n&a,
.a&ad"a, 1asi, 1osala, @a22i, .alla, %"edi, @atsa, 1uru, an!"ala,
.atsya, Surasena, 0sma6a, 0vanti, Gand"ara and 1am4"o2a) T"e
D' D7

Eain te<ts also !ontain referen!es to t"e e<isten!e of si<teen 1agadha
6in&doms) In !ourse of time, t"e small and ;ea6 6in&doms eit"er
Of all t"e 6in&doms of nort" India, .a&ad"a emer&ed
su4mitted to t"e stron&er rulers or &radually &ot eliminated) Finally
#o;erful and #ros#erous) It 4e!ame t"e nerve !entre of #oliti!al
in t"e mid ' !entury :)%), only four 6in&doms G @atsa, 0vanti, t"
a!tivity in nort" India) .a&ad"a ;as endo;ed 4y nature ;it" !ertain
1osala and .a&ad"a survived)
&eo&ra#"i!al and strate&i! advanta&es) T"ese made "er to rise to
+atsa im#erial &reatness) Her strate&i! #osition 4et;een t"e u##er and
lo;er #art of t"e Gan&eti! valley ;as a &reat advanta&e) It "ad a
T"e @atsa 6in&dom ;as situated on t"e 4an6s of t"e river
fertile soil) T"e iron ores in t"e "ills near Ra2&ir and !o##er and iron
Yamuna) Its !a#ital ;as 1ausam4i near modern 0lla"a4ad) Its most
de#osits near Gaya added to its natural assets) Her lo!ation at t"e
#o#ular ruler ;as 3dayana) He stren&t"ened "is #osition 4y enterin&
!entre of t"e "i&";ays of trade of t"ose days !ontri4uted to "er
into matrimonial allian!es ;it" 0vanti, 0n&a and .a&ad"a) 0fter
;ealt") Ra2a&ri"a ;as t"e !a#ital of .a&ad"a) 7urin& t"e rei&n of
"is deat", @atsa ;as anne<ed to t"e 0vanti 6in&dom)
:im4isara and 02atasatru, t"e #ros#erity of .a&ad"a rea!"ed its
-vanti
Fenit")
T"e !a#ital of 0vanti ;as 322ain) T"e most im#ortant ruler of
<im!isara /A)B - )D) <.C.0
t"is 6in&dom ;as radyota) He 4e!ame #o;erful 4y marryin&
:im4isara 4elon&ed to t"e Haryan6a dynasty) He !onsolidated
@asavadatta, t"e dau&"ter of 3dayana) He #atroniFed :udd"ism)
"is #osition 4y matrimonial allian!es) His first matrimonial allian!e
T"e su!!essors of radyota ;ere ;ea6 and later t"is 6in&dom ;as
;as ;it" t"e rulin& family of 1osala) He married 1osaladevi, sister
ta6en over 4y t"e rulers of .a&ad"a)
of rasena2it) He ;as &iven t"e 1asi re&ion as do;ry ;"i!" yielded
*osa"a
lar&e revenue) :im4isara married %"ellana, a #rin!ess of t"e *i!!"avi
family of @aisali) T"is matrimonial allian!e se!ured for "im t"e safety
0yod"ya ;as t"e !a#ital of 1osala) 1in& rasena2it ;as its
of t"e nort"ern frontier) .oreover, it fa!ilitated t"e e<#ansion of
famous ruler) He ;as "i&"ly edu!ated) His #osition ;as furt"er
.a&ad"a nort";ards to t"e 4orders of 8e#al) He also married
stren&t"ened 4y t"e matrimonial allian!e ;it" .a&ad"a) His sister
1"ema of t"e royal "ouse of .adra in !entral un2a4) :im4isara
;as married to :im4isara and 1asi ;as &iven to "er as do;ry)
also undertoo6 many e<#editions and added more territories to "is
Su4se>uently t"ere ;as a dis#ute ;it" 02atasatru) 0fter t"e end of
em#ire) He defeated :ra"madatta of 0n&a and anne<ed t"at
t"e !onfli!t, rasena2it married t"e dau&"ter of :im4isara) 0fter t"e
6in&dom) He maintained friendly relations ;it" 0vanti) He "ad also
deat" of t"is #o;erful 6in&, 1osala 4e!ame #art of t"e .a&ad"a)
effi!iently reor&aniFed t"e administration of "is 6in&dom)
:im4isara ;as a !ontem#orary of 4ot" @ard"amana .a"avira
and Gautama :udd"a) Ho;ever, 4ot" reli&ions !laim "im as t"eir
su##orter and devotee) He seems to "ave made numerous &ifts to
t"e :udd"ist Sangha)
DA DC

-,atasatru +)D) - )B& <.C.0 $andas
T"e rei&n of 02atasatru ;as remar6a4le for "is military !on>uests) T"e fame of .a&ad"a s!aled ne; "ei&"ts under t"e 8anda
He fou&"t a&ainst 1osala and @aisali) His ;on a &reat su!!ess a&ainst dynasty) T"eir !on>uests ;ent 4eyond t"e 4oundaries of t"e Gan&eti!
a formida4le !onfedera!y led 4y t"e *i!"!"avis of @aisali) T"is "ad 4asin and in 8ort" India t"ey !arved a ;ell-6nit and vast em#ire)
in!reased "is #o;er and #resti&e) T"is ;ar lasted for a4out si<teen
.a"a#adma 8anda ;as a #o;erful ruler of t"e 8anda
years) It ;as at t"is time t"at 02atasatru realised t"e strate&i! im#ortan!e
dynasty) He u#rooted t"e kshatriya dynasties in nort" India and
of t"e small villa&e, atali&rama +future atali#utra,) He fortified it to
assumed t"e title ekarat. T"e uranas s#ea6 of t"e e<tensive
serve as a !onvenient 4ase of o#erations a&ainst @aisali)
!on>uests made 4y .a"a#adma) T"e Hat"i&um#"a ins!ri#tion of
:udd"ists and Eains 4ot" !laim t"at 02atasatru ;as a follo;er 1"aravela of 1alin&a refers to t"e !on>uest of 1alin&a 4y t"e
of t"eir reli&ion) :ut it is &enerally 4elieved t"at in t"e 4e&innin& "e 8andas) .any "istorians 4elieve t"at a !onsidera4le #ortion of t"e
;as a follo;er of Eainism and su4se>uently em4ra!ed :udd"ism) 7e!!an ;as also under t"e !ontrol of t"e 8andas) T"erefore,
He is said to "ave met Gautama :udd"a) T"is s!ene is also de#i!ted .a"a#adma 8anda may 4e re&arded as a &reat em#ire 4uilder)
in t"e s!ul#tures of :ar"ut) 0!!ordin& to t"e .a"avamsa, "e
0!!ordin& to t"e :udd"ist tradition, .a"a#adma 8anda ruled
!onstru!ted several chaityasand &iharas.He ;as also instrumental
a4out ten years) He ;as su!!eeded 4y "is ei&"t sons, ;"o ruled
in !onvenin& t"e First :udd"ist %oun!il at Ra2a&ri"a soon after t"e
su!!essively) T"e last 8anda ruler ;as 7"ana 8anda) He 6e#t t"e
deat" of t"e :udd"a)
.a&ad"an em#ire inta!t and #ossessed a #o;erful army and
T"e immediate su!!essor of 02atasatru ;as 3dayin) He laid enormous ;ealt") T"e fa4ulous ;ealt" of t"e 8andas is also
t"e foundation of t"e ne; !a#ital at atali#utra situated at t"e mentioned 4y several sour!es) T"e enormous ;ealt" of t"e 8andas
!onfluen!e of t"e t;o rivers, t"e Gan&es and t"e Son) *ater it 4e!ame is also referred to in t"e Tamil San&am ;or6 +hananuru 4y t"e
famous as t"e im#erial !a#ital of t"e .auryas) 3dayin$s su!!essors #oet .amulanar) T"e flouris"in& state of a&ri!ulture in t"e 8anda
;ere ;ea6 rulers and "en!e .a&ad"a ;as !a#tured 4y Saisuna&a) dominions and t"e &eneral #ros#erity of t"e !ountry must "ave
T"us t"e Haryan6a dynasty !ame to an end and t"e Saisuna&a 4rou&"t to t"e royal treasury enormous revenue) T"e o##ressive
dynasty !ame to #o;er) ;ay of ta< !olle!tion 4y 7"ana 8anda ;as resented 4y t"e #eo#le)
Ta6in& advanta&e of t"is, %"andra&u#ta .aurya and 1autilya
Saisunaga dynasty
initiated a #o#ular movement a&ainst t"e 8anda rule) It ;as durin&
T"e &enealo&y and !"ronolo&y of t"e Saisuna&as are not !lear)
t"is time t"at 0le<ander invaded India)
Saisuna&a defeated t"e 6in& of 0vanti ;"i!" ;as made #art of t"e
.a&ad"an Em#ire) 0fter Saisuna&a, t"e mi&"ty em#ire 4e&an to
!olla#se) His su!!essor ;as 1a6avarman or 1alaso6a) 7urin& "is
rei&n t"e se!ond :udd"ist %oun!il ;as "eld at @aisali) 1alaso6a
;as 6illed 4y t"e founder of t"e 8anda dynasty)
50 5B

P64S8-$ -$D .466* 8$+-S85$S 0so6a$s edi!ts ;ere ;ritten in t"at s!ri#t) /e are a4le to see t"e
influen!e of ersian art on t"e art of t"e .auryas, #arti!ularly t"e
Persian 8nvasions
monolit"i! #illars of 0so6a and t"e s!ul#tures found on t"em) T"e
Cyrus /AAF > A(' <.C0
very idea of issuin& edi!ts 4y 0so6a and t"e ;ordin& used in t"e
edi!ts are tra!ed to Iranian influen!e) In s"ort, t"e Iranian !onne!tion %yrus t"e Great ;as t"e &reatest !on>ueror of t"e
;it" India #roved more fruitful t"an t"e s"ort-lived Indo- 0!"aemenian Em#ire) He ;as t"e first !on>ueror ;"o led an
.a!edonian !onta!t) e<#edition and entered into India) He !a#tured t"e Gand"ara re&ion)
0ll Indian tri4es to t"e ;est of t"e Indus river su4mitted to "im and
-"eanderGs 8nvasion of 8ndia /(&E-(&A <.C.0
#aid tri4ute) His son %am4yses "ad no time to #ay attention to;ards
Po"itica" Condition on the eve of -"eanderGs 8nvasion
India)
0fter t;o !enturies of t"e ersian invasion, 0le<ander from
Darius 8 /A&& > )FB <.C.0
.a!edonia invaded India) On t"e eve of "is invasion, t"ere ;ere a
7arius I, t"e &randson of %yrus, !on>uered t"e Indus valley
num4er of small 6in&doms in nort";estern India) T"e leadin& 6in&s
in 5BA :)%) and anne<ed t"e un2a4 and Sind") T"is re&ion 4e!ame
;ere 0m4"i of Ta<ila, t"e ruler of 04"isara and orus ;"o ruled
t"e 20 Satra#y of "is em#ire) It ;as t"e most fertile and #o#ulous
t"e re&ion 4et;een t"e rivers of E"elum and %"ena4) T"ere ;ere
t"
#rovin!e of t"e 0!"aemenian Em#ire) 7arius sent a naval e<#edition
many re#u4li!an states li6e 8ysa) In s"ort, t"e nort";estern India
under S6ylas to e<#lore t"e Indus)
remained t"e most disunited #art of India and t"e rulers ;ere fi&"tin&
;it" one anot"er) T"ey never !ome to&et"er a&ainst !ommon enemy)
:eres /)BA-)AB <.C.0
Yet, it ;as not easy for 0le<ander to over!ome so many sour!es of
9er<es utiliFed "is Indian #rovin!e to stren&t"en "is #osition)
o##osition)
He de#loyed Indian infantry and !avalry to Gree!e to fi&"t "is
Causes of the 8nvasion
o##onents) :ut t"ey retreated after 9er<es fa!ed a defeat in Gree!e)
0fter t"is failure, t"e 0!"aemenians !ould not follo; a for;ard #oli!y
0le<ander as!ended t"e t"rone of .a!edonia after t"e deat"
in India) Ho;ever, t"e Indian #rovin!e ;as still under t"eir !ontrol)
of "is fat"er "ili# in ((D :)%) He !on>uered t"e ;"ole of ersia
7arius III enlisted Indian soldiers to fi&"t a&ainst 0le<ander in ((0
4y defeatin& 7arius III in t"e 4attle of 0r4ela in ((0 :)%) He also
:)%) It is evident t"at t"e !ontrol of ersians sla!6ened on t"e eve
aimed at furt"er !on>uest east;ards and ;anted to re!over t"e lost
of 0le<ander $s invasion of India)
ersian Satra#y of India) T"e ;ritin&s of Gree6 aut"ors li6e
Herodotus a4out t"e fa4ulous ;ealt" of India attra!ted 0le<ander)
6ffects of the Persian 8nvasion
.oreover, "is interest in &eo&ra#"i!al en>uiry and love of natural
T"e ersian invasion #rovided an im#etus to t"e &ro;t" of
"istory ur&ed "im to underta6e an invasion of India) He 4elieved
Indo-Iranian !ommer!e) 0lso, it #re#ared t"e &round for
t"at on t"e eastern side of India t"ere ;as t"e !ontinuation of t"e
0le<ander$s invasion) T"e use of t"e 1"aros"ti s!ri#t, a form of
sea, a!!ordin& t"e &eo&ra#"i!al 6no;led&e of "is #eriod) So, "e
Iranian ;ritin& 4e!ame #o#ular in nort";estern India and some of
52 5(

t"ou&"t t"at 4y !on>uerin& India, "e ;ould also !on>uer t"e eastern
4oundary of t"e ;orld)
<att"e of Hydaspes
In (27 :)%) 0le<ander !rossed t"e Hindu6us" .ountains
and s#ent nearly ten mont"s in fi&"tin& ;it" t"e tri4es) He !rossed
t"e Indus in Fe4ruary (2' :)%) ;it" t"e "el# of t"e 4rid&e of 4oats)
He ;as ;armly re!eived 4y 0m4"i, t"e ruler of Ta<ila) From t"ere
0le<ander sent a messa&e to orus to su4mit) :ut orus refused
and de!ided to fi&"t a&ainst 0le<ander) T"en 0le<ander mar!"ed
from Ta<ila to t"e 4an6s of t"e river Hydas#es +E"elum,) On t"e
ot"er side of t"e river "e sa; t"e vast army of orus) 0s t"ere ;ere
"eavy floods in t"e river, 0le<ander ;as not a4le to !ross it) 0fter a
fe; days, "e !rossed t"e river and t"e famous 4attle of Hydas#es
;as fou&"t on t"e #lains of 1arri) It ;as a ;ell-!ontested 4attle)
0lt"ou&" orus "ad a stron& army, "e lost t"e 4attle) 0le<ander
;as im#ressed 4y t"e !oura&e and "eroism of t"is Indian #rin!e,
treated "im &enerously and reinstated "im on "is t"rone)
0le<ander !ontinued "is mar!" as far as t"e river :eas
en!ounterin& o##osition from t"e lo!al tri4es) He ;anted to #ro!eed
still furt"er east;ards to;ards t"e Gan&eti! valley) :ut "e !ould not
do so 4e!ause "is soldiers refused to fi&"t) Hards"i#s of #rolon&ed
;arfare made t"em tired and t"ey ;anted to return "ome) 0le<ander
!ould not #ersuade t"em and t"erefore de!ided to return) He made
arran&ements to loo6 after "is !on>uered territories in India) He
divided t"e ;"ole territory from t"e Indus to t"e :eas into t"ree
#rovin!es and #ut t"em under "is &overnors) His retreat 4e&an in
O!to4er (2' :)%) and t"e return 2ourney ;as not free from ordeals)
.any re#u4li!an tri4es atta!6ed "is army) 0ny"o; "e mana&ed to
rea!" 4eyond t"e Indus) On "is ;ay "e rea!"ed :a4ylon ;"ere "e
fell seriously ill and died in (2( :)%)
5D 55

6ffects of -"eanderGs invasion
15D6; ?96ST85$S
T"e immediate effe!t of 0le<ander$s invasion ;as t"at it
en!oura&ed #oliti!al unifi!ation of nort" India under t"e .auryas)
B) T"e !a#ital of .a&ad"a ;as
T"e system of small inde#endent states !ame to an end) 0le<ander $s
invasion "ad also #aved t"e ;ay for dire!t !onta!t 4et;een India +a, Ra2a&ri"a +4, 322ain
and Gree!e) T"e routes o#ened 4y "im and "is naval e<#lorations
+!, 1osala +d, 1ausam4i
in!reased t"e e<istin& fa!ilities for trade 4et;een India and /est
2) 8anda dynasty ;as #re!eded 4y
0sia) Ho;ever, "is aim of anne<in& t"e nort";estern India to "is
em#ire ;as not fulfilled due "is #remature deat") His aut"ority in
+a, .auryas +4, Sisuna&as
t"e Indus valley ;as a s"ort-lived one 4e!ause of t"e e<#ansion of
+!, Haryan6as +d, Gu#tas
.auryan Em#ire under %"andra&u#ta .aurya)
B) 02atasatru 4elon&ed to JJ) dynasty)
Learning Outcome
2) T"e last ruler of 8anda dynasty ;as J))
+fter learning this lesson the students will be able to e,plain
() T"e se!ond :udd"ist %oun!il ;as "eld at J))
1. The rise of Magatha and the different dynasties ruled
D) 0le<ander died at JJ in t"e year J)) o&er it.
2. The achie&ements of (imbisara) Mahapadma 1anda and
other kings.
B) 3dayana a, 1osala
. #ersian in&asions and their occupation of northwest
2) radyota 4, 0vanti
India.
() rasena2it !, .a&ad"a
". 8ffects of #ersian in&asion and occupation.
D) :im4isara d, @atsa
$. /auses and course of +le,ander%s in&asion of India.
9. 8ffects of +le,ander%s in&asion.
right.
a, 0le<ander defeated orus and anne<ed "is 6in&dom)
4, 0le<ander defeated orus and treated "im &enerously)
!, 0le<ander !ould not ;in t"e army of orus)
d, 0le<ander defeated 0m4"i of Ta<ila ;it" t"e "el# of orus)
5' 57

;6SS5$ B +. State %hether the fo""o%ing statements are true or Fa"se.
B) 9er<es ;as t"e first Gree6 !on>ueror to enter into India)
TH6 1-94Y-$ 61P846
2) T"e 4attle of Hydas#es ;as fou&"t on t"e 1arri #lain)
() 0le<ander anne<ed some #ortions of Gan&eti! valley 4efore
Learning Objectives
"is de#arture)
1. The sources for the study of the Mauryas.
B) Si<teen .a"a2ana#adas)
2. /handragupta Maurya and his achie&ements.
2) %yrus
. +soka and his achie&ements and the spread of +soka%s
() :attle of Hydas#es)
'hamma.
D) Effe!ts of 0le<ander$s invasion)
". The salient features of the Mauryan administration.
$. +rt and architecture of the Mauryas.
B) /rite 4riefly t"e a!"ievements of :im4isara)
9. /auses for the decline of the Mauryan empire.
2) 0ssess t"e im#a!t of ersian invasions on India)
T"e foundation of t"e .auryan Em#ire o#ens a ne; era in
t"e "istory of India) For t"e first time, t"e #oliti!al unity ;as a!"ieved
B) 7es!ri4e t"e rise of .a&ad"a and t"e a!"ievements of its
in India) .oreover, t"e "istory ;ritin& "as also 4e!ome !lear from
rulers)
t"is #eriod due to a!!ura!y in !"ronolo&y and sour!es) :esides
2) Give an a!!ount of 0le<ander $s invasion of India)
#lenty of indi&enous and forei&n literary sour!es, a num4er of
e#i&ra#"i!al re!ords are also availa4le to ;rite t"e "istory of t"is
#eriod)
;iterary Sources
*auti"yaGs -rthasastra
T"is 4oo6 in Sans6rit ;as ;ritten 4y 1autilya, a !ontem#orary
of %"andra&u#ta .aurya) 1autilya ;as also !alled IIndian
.a!"iavelli$) T"e manus!ri#t of 0rt"asastra ;as first dis!overed
4y R) S"ama Sastri in BC0D) T"e 0rt"asastra !ontains B5 4oo6s
5A 5C

and BA0 !"a#ters 4ut it !an 4e divided into t"ree #artsH t"e first #la!es ra6rit ;as used) T"e :ra"mi s!ri#t ;as em#loyed for ;ritin&)
deals ;it" t"e 6in& and "is !oun!il and t"e de#artments of In t"e nort";estern India 0so6an ins!ri#tions ;ere found in 1aros"ti
&overnmentM t"e se!ond ;it" !ivil and !riminal la;M and t"e t"ird s!ri#t) T"ere are fourteen .a2or Ro!6 Edi!ts) T"e t;o 1alin&a
;it" di#loma!y and ;ar) It is t"e most im#ortant literary sour!e for Edi!ts are found in t"e ne;ly !on>uered territory) T"e ma2or #illar
t"e "istory of t"e .auryas) Edi!ts ;ere ere!ted in im#ortant !ities) T"ere are minor Ro!6 Edi!ts
and minor #illar Edi!ts) T"ese Edi!ts of 0so6a deal ;it" 0so6a$s
+isakadattaGs 1udrarakshasa
7"amma and also instru!tions &iven to "is offi!ials) T"e 9III Ro!6
T"e .udrara6s"asa ;ritten 4y @isa6adatta is a drama in
Edi!t &ives details a4out "is ;ar ;it" 1alin&a) T"e illar Edi!t @II
Sans6rit) 0lt"ou&" ;ritten durin& t"e Gu#ta #eriod, it des!ri4es "o;
&ives a summary of "is efforts to #romote t"e 7"amma ;it"in "is
%"andra&u#ta ;it" t"e assistan!e of 1autilya overt"re; t"e 8andas)
6in&dom) T"us t"e 0so6an ins!ri#tions remain valua4le sour!es for
It also &ives a #i!ture on t"e so!io-e!onomi! !ondition under t"e
t"e study of 0so6a and t"e .auryan Em#ire)
.auryas)
P5;8T8C-; H8ST54Y 5F TH6 1-94Y-S
1egasthenesG 8ndica
Chandragupta 1aurya /(&& > &DF <.C.0
.e&ast"enes ;as t"e Gree6 am4assador in t"e !ourt of
%"andra&u#ta .aurya ;as t"e founder of t"e .auryan
%"andra&u#ta .aurya) His 4oo6 Indi!a "as survived only in
Em#ire) He, at t"e youn& a&e of 25, !a#tured atali#utra from t"e
fra&ments) Yet, "is a!!ount &ives details a4out t"e .auryan
last ruler of t"e 8anda dynasty, 7"anananda) In t"is tas6 "e ;as
administration, #arti!ularly t"e administration of t"e !a#ital !ity of
assisted 4y 1autilya, ;"o ;as also 6no;n as %"ana6ya or
atali#utra and also t"e military or&aniFation) His #i!ture on
@is"nu&u#ta) 0fter firmly esta4lis"in& "is #o;er in t"e Gan&eti!
!ontem#orary so!ial life is nota4le) %ertain un4elieva4le information
valley, "e mar!"ed to t"e nort";est and su4dued t"e territories u#
#rovided 4y "im "as to 4e treated ;it" !aution)
to t"e Indus) T"en "e moved to !entral India and o!!u#ied t"e re&ion
5ther ;iterature
nort" of 8armada river)
0#art from t"ese t"ree im#ortant ;or6s, t"e uranas and t"e
In (05 :)%), "e mar!"ed a&ainst Selu6as 8i6etar, ;"o ;as
:udd"ist literature su!" as Eata6as #rovide information on t"e
0le<ander$s General !ontrollin& t"e nort";estern India)
.auryas) T"e %eylonese %"roni!les 7i#avamsa and .a"avamsa
%"andra&u#ta .aurya defeated "im and a treaty ;as si&ned) :y
t"ro; li&"t on t"e role 0so6a in s#readin& :udd"ism in Sri *an6a)
t"is treaty, Selu6as 8i6etar !eded t"e trans-Indus territories G namely
0ria, 0ra6osia and Gedrosia G to t"e .auryan Em#ire) He also
-rchaeo"ogica" Sources
&ave "is dau&"ter in marria&e to t"e .auryan #rin!e) %"andra&u#ta
6dicts of -soka
made a &ift of 500 ele#"ants to Selu6as) .e&ast"enes ;as sent to
T"e ins!ri#tions of 0so6a ;ere first de!i#"ered 4y Eames
t"e .auryan !ourt as Gree6 am4assador)
rin!e# in BA(7) T"ey are ;ritten in ali lan&ua&e and in some
'0 'B

%"andra&u#ta em4ra!ed Eainism to;ards t"e end of "is life
and ste##ed do;n from t"e t"rone in favour of "is son :indusara)
T"en "e ;ent to Sravana :el&ola, near .ysore alon& ;it" Eain
mon6s led 4y :"adra4"a&u and starved "imself to deat")
<indusara /&DF > &E( <.C.0
:indusara ;as !alled 4y t"e Gree6s as =0mitra&at"a? meanin&
slayer of enemies) He is said to "ave !on>uered t"e 7e!!an u# to
.ysore) Taranat"a, t"e Ti4etan mon6 states t"at :indusara
!on>uered B' states !om#risin& It"e land 4et;een t"e t;o seas$)
T"e San&am Tamil literature also !onfirms t"e .auryan invasion of
t"e far sout") T"erefore, it !an 4e said t"at t"e .auryan Em#ire
under :indusara e<tended u# to .ysore)
:indusara re!eived 7eima!"us as am4assador from t"e Syrian
6in& 0ntio!"us I) :indusara ;rote to 0ntio!"us I as6in& for s;eet
;ine, dried fi&s and a so#"ist) T"e latter sent all 4ut a so#"ist
4e!ause t"e Gree6 la; #ro"i4ited sendin& a so#"ist) :indusara
su##orted t"e 02ivi6as, a reli&ious se!t) :indusara a##ointed "is
son 0so6a as t"e &overnor of 322ain)
-soka the .reat /&E( > &(& <.C.0
T"ere is little information re&ardin& t"e early life of 0so6a)
He a!ted as Governor of 322ain and also su##ressed a revolt in
Ta<ila durin& "is fat"er :indusara$s rei&n) T"ere ;as an interval of
four years 4et;een 0so6a$s a!!ession to t"e t"rone +27( :)%),
and "is a!tual !oronation +2'C :)%),) T"erefore, it a##ears from
t"e availa4le eviden!e t"at t"ere ;as a stru&&le for t"e t"rone after
:indusara$s deat") T"e %eylonese %"roni!les, 7i#avamsa and
.a"avamsa state t"at 0so6a !a#tured #o;er after 6illin& "is ninety
nine 4rot"ers in!ludin& t"e "is elder 4rot"er Susima) T"e youn&est
4rot"er Tissa ;as s#ared) :ut a!!ordin& to Taranat"a of Ti4et,
0so6a 6illed only si< of "is 4rot"ers) 0so6a$s Edi!t also refers to
'2 '(

"is 4rot"ers a!tin& as offi!ers in "is administration) Ho;ever, it is nort";estern frontier ;as already demar!ated 4y %"andra&u#ta
!lear t"at t"e su!!ession of 0so6a ;as a dis#uted one) .aurya)
T"e most im#ortant event of 0so6a$s rei&n ;as "is vi!torious -sokaGs Dhamma
;ar ;it" 1alin&a in 2'B :)%) 0lt"ou&" t"ere is no detail a4out t"e
0lt"ou&" 0so6a em4ra!ed :udd"ism and too6 efforts to
!ause and !ourse of t"e ;ar, t"e effe!ts of t"e ;ar ;ere des!ri4ed
s#read :udd"ism, "is #oli!y of 7"amma ;as a still 4road !on!e#t)
4y 0so6a "imself in t"e Ro!6 edi!t 9IIIH =0 "undred and fifty
It ;as a ;ay of life, a !ode of !ondu!t and a set of #rin!i#les to 4e
t"ousand ;ere 6illed and many times t"at num4er #eris"edJ? 0fter
ado#ted and #ra!ti!ed 4y t"e #eo#le at lar&e) His #rin!i#les of
t"e ;ar "e anne<ed 1alin&a to t"e .auryan Em#ire) 0not"er most
7"amma ;ere !learly stated in "is Edi!ts) T"e main features of
im#ortant effe!t of t"e 1alin&a ;ar ;as t"at 0so6a em4ra!ed
0so6a$s 7"amma as mentioned in "is various Edi!ts may 4e summed
:udd"ism under t"e influen!e of :udd"ist mon6, 3#a&u#ta)
as follo;sH
-soka and <uddhism
B) Servi!e to fat"er and mot"er, #ra!ti!e of a"imsa, love of trut",
0!!ordin& some s!"olars, "is !onversion to :udd"ism ;as reveren!e to tea!"ers and &ood treatment of relatives)
&radual and not immediate) 04out 2'B :)%) 0so6a 4e!ame a Sa6ya
2) ro"i4ition of animal sa!rifi!es and festive &at"erin&s and
3#asa6a +lay dsi!#le, and t;o and a "alf years later, a :i6s"u
avoidin& e<#ensive and meanin&less !eremonies and rituals)
+mon6,) T"en "e &ave u# "untin&, visited :od"-Gaya, and or&aniFed
() Effi!ient or&aniFation of administration in t"e dire!tion of so!ial
missions) He a##ointed s#e!ial offi!ers !alled 7"arma .a"amatras
;elfare and maintenan!e of !onstant !onta!t ;it" #eo#le
to s#eed u# t"e #ro&ress of 7"amma) In 2DB :)%), "e visited t"e
t"rou&" t"e system of 7"ammayatras)
4irt" #la!e of :udd"a, t"e *um4ini Garden, near 1a#ilavastu) He
also visited ot"er "oly #la!es of :udd"ism li6e Sarnat", Sravasti
D) Humane treatment of servants 4y masters and #risoners 4y
and 1usina&ara) He sent a mission to Sri *an6a under "is son
&overnment offi!ials)
.a"endra and dau&"ter San&amitra ;"o #lanted t"ere t"e 4ran!"
5) %onsideration and non-violen!e to animals and !ourtesy to
of t"e ori&inal :od"i tree) 0so6a !onvened t"e T"ird :udd"ist
relations and li4erality to :ra"mins)
%oun!il at atali#utra in 2D0 :)%) in order to stren&t"en t"eSangha)
') Toleran!e amon& all t"e reli&ious se!ts) It ;as #resided over 4y .o&&ali#utta Tissa)
7) %on>uest t"rou&" 7"amma instead of t"rou&" ;ar)
6tent of -sokaGs 6mpire
T"e !on!e#t of non-violen!e and ot"er similar ideas of
0so6a$s ins!ri#tions mention t"e sout"ernmost 6in&doms G
0so6a$s 7"amma are identi!al ;it" t"e tea!"in&s of :udd"a) :ut
%"olas, andyas, Satya#utras and 1erala#utras G as 4order-states)
"e did not e>uate 7"amma ;it" :udd"ist tea!"in&s) :udd"ism
T"erefore t"ese states remained outside t"e .auryan Em#ire)
remained "is #ersonal 4elief) His 7"amma si&nifies a &eneral !ode
0!!ordin& to Ra2ataran&ini, 1as"mir ;as a #art of t"e .auryan
of !ondu!t) 0so6a ;is"ed t"at "is 7"amma s"ould s#read t"rou&"
Em#ire) 8e#al ;as also ;it"in t"e .auryan em#ire) T"e
all so!ial levels)
'D '5

6stimate of -soka matters) It !onsisted of uro"ita, .a"amantri, Sena#ati and
Yuvara2a) T"ere ;ere !ivil servants !alled 0matyas to loo6 after
0so6a ;as =t"e &reatest of 6in&s? sur#assin& 0le<ander t"e
t"e day-to-day administration) T"ese offi!ers ;ere similar to t"e
Great and Eulius %aesar and ot"er reno;ned Em#erors of t"e ;orld)
I0S offi!ers of inde#endent India) T"e met"od of sele!tion of
0!!ordin& to H)G) /ells =0midst t"e tens and t"ousands of names
0matyas ;as ela4orately &iven 4y 1autilya) 0so6a a##ointed
of monar!"s t"at !ro;d t"e !olumns of "istory, t"e name of 0so6a
7"amma .a"amatras to su#ervise t"e s#read of 7"amma) T"us
s"ines and s"ines almost alone, a star?) 0so6a ;as true to "is ideals)
t"e .auryan state "ad a ;ell or&aniFed !ivil servi!e)
He ;as not a dreamer 4ut a man of #ra!ti!al &enius) His 7"amma is
so universal t"at it a##eals to "umanity even today) He ;as an 4evenue Department
e<am#le in "istory for "is 4enevolent administration and also for
Sam"arta, t"e !"ief of t"e Revenue 7e#artment, ;as in !"ar&e
follo;in& t"e #oli!y of non-a&&ression even after "is vi!tory in t"e
of t"e !olle!tion of all revenues of t"e em#ire) T"e revenues !ame from
;ar) His !entral ideal ;as to #romote t"e ;elfare of "umanity)
land, irri&ation, !ustoms, s"o# ta<, ferry ta<, forests, mines and #astures,
;ater 1auryas li!ense fee from !raftsmen, and fines !olle!ted in t"e la; !ourts) T"e
land revenue ;as normally fi<ed as one si<t" of t"e #rodu!e) T"e main
0so6a$s deat" in 2(2 :)%) ;as follo;ed 4y t"e division of
items of e<#enditure of t"e state related to 6in& and "is "ouse"old,
t"e .auryan Em#ire into t;o #arts G ;estern and eastern) T"e
army, &overnment servants, #u4li! ;or6s, #oor relief, reli&ion, et!)
;estern #art ;as ruled 4y 1unala, son of 0so6a and t"e eastern
#art 4y 7asarat"a, one of t"e &rand sons of 0so6a) 7ue to t"e -rmy
:a!trian invasions, t"e ;estern #art of t"e em#ire !olla#sed) T"e
T"e .auryan army ;as ;ell or&aniFed and it ;as under t"e
eastern #art ;as inta!t under Sam#rati su!!essor of 7asarat"a) T"e
!ontrol of Sena#ati) T"e salaries ;ere #aid in !as") 1autilya refers
last .auryan 6in& ;as :ri"atrat"a, ;"o ;as assassinated 4y
to t"e salaries of different ran6s of military offi!ers) 0!!ordin& to
us"yamitra Sun&a)
Gree6 aut"or liny, t"e .auryan army !onsisted of si< la6" infantry,
1auryan -dministration t"irty t"ousand !avalry, nine t"ousand ele#"ants and ei&"t t"ousand
!"ariots) In addition to t"ese four ;in&s, t"ere ;ere t"e 8avy and
Centra" .overnment
Trans#ort and Su##ly ;in&s) Ea!" ;in& ;as under t"e !ontrol of
T"e as!endan!y of t"e .auryas "ad resulted in t"e trium#"
0dya6s"as or Su#erintendents) .e&ast"enes mentions si< 4oards
of monar!"y in India) Ot"er systems li6e re#u4li!s and oli&ar!"ies
of five mem4ers ea!" to !ontrol t"e si< ;in&s of t"e military)
t"at ;ere #revalent in t"e #re-.auryan India "ad !olla#sed) 0lt"ou&"
Department of Commerce and 8ndustry
1autilya t"e foremost #oliti!al t"eorist of an!ient India su##orted
t"e monar!"ial form of &overnment, "e did not stand for royal T"is de#artment "ad !ontrolled t"e retail and ;"olesale #ri!es
a4solutism) He advo!ated t"at t"e 6in& s"ould ta6e t"e advi!e of of &oods and tried to ensure t"eir steady su##ly t"rou&" its offi!ers
"is ministry in runnin& t"e administration) T"erefore, a !oun!il of !alled 0dya6s"as) It also !ontrolled ;ei&"ts and measures, levied
ministers !alled .antri#aris"ad assisted t"e 6in& in administrative !ustom duties and re&ulated forei&n trade)
'' '7

Cudicia" and Po"ice Departments "ands of Gramani and "is offi!ial su#erior ;as !alled Go#a ;"o
;as in !"ar&e of ten or fifteen villa&es)
1autilya mentions t"e e<isten!e of 4ot" !ivil and !riminal
!ourts) T"e !"ief 2usti!e of t"e Su#reme %ourt at t"e !a#ital ;as :ot" 1autilya and .e&ast"anes #rovided t"e system of
!alled 7"armat"i6arin) T"ere ;ere also su4ordinate !ourts at t"e .uni!i#al administration) 0rt"asastra !ontains a full !"a#ter on t"e
#rovin!ial !a#itals and distri!ts under 0matyas) 7ifferent 6inds of role of 8a&ari6a or !ity su#erintendent) His !"ief duty ;as to
#unis"ment su!" as fines, im#risonment, mutilation and deat" ;ere maintain la; and order) .e&ast"enes refers to t"e si< !ommittees
&iven to t"e offenders) Torture ;as em#loyed to e<tra!t trut") oli!e of five mem4ers ea!" to loo6 after t"e administration of atali#utra)
stations ;ere found in all #rin!i#al !entres) :ot" 1autilya and 0so6an T"ese !ommittees loo6ed afterH B) Industries 2) Forei&ners ()
Edi!ts mention a4out 2ails and 2ail offi!ials) T"e 7"amma Re&istration of 4irt" and deat"s D) Trade 5) .anufa!ture and sale
.a"amatras ;ere as6ed 4y 0so6a to ta6e ste#s a&ainst un2ust of &oods ') %olle!tion of sales ta<)
im#risonment) Remission of senten!es is also mentioned in 0so6a$s
1auryan -rt and -rchitecture
ins!ri#tions)
T"e monuments 4efore t"e #eriod of 0so6a ;ere mostly made
Census
of ;ood and t"erefore #eris"ed) T"e use of stone started from t"e
T"e ta6in& of %ensus ;as re&ular durin& t"e .auryan #eriod) time of 0so6a) Even of t"e numerous monuments of 0so6a, only a
T"e villa&e offi!ials ;ere to num4er t"e #eo#le alon& ;it" ot"er fe; "ave remained) His #ala!e and monasteries and most of "is
details li6e t"eir !aste and o!!u#ation) T"ey ;ere also to !ount t"e stu#as "ave disa##eared) T"e only remainin& stu#a is at San!"i)
animals in ea!" "ouse) T"e !ensus in t"e to;ns ;as ta6en 4y T"e artisti! remains of t"e .auryan #eriod !an 4e seen in t"e
muni!i#al offi!ials to tra!6 t"e movement of #o#ulation 4ot" forei&n follo;in& "eadsH
and indi&enous) T"e data !olle!ted ;ere !ross !"e!6ed 4y t"e s#ies)
Pi""ars
T"e %ensus a##ears to 4e a #ermanent institution in t"e .auryan
T"e #illars ere!ted 4y 0so6a furnis" t"e
administration)
finest s#e!imen of t"e .auryan art) 0so6an
Provincia" and ;oca" -dministration
#illars ;it" ins!ri#tions ;ere found in #la!es li6e
T"e .auryan Em#ire ;as divided into four #rovin!es ;it" 7el"i, 0lla"a4ad, Rummindai, San!"i and
t"eir !a#itals at Ta<ila, 322ain, Suvarna&iri and 1alin&a) T"e Saranat") T"eir to#s ;ere !ro;ned ;it" fi&ures
#rovin!ial &overnors ;ere mostly a##ointed from t"e mem4ers of of animals li6e lion, ele#"ant and 4ull) T"e
royal family) T"ey ;ere res#onsi4le t"e maintenan!e of la; and Saranat" #illar ;it" four lions standin& 4a!6 to
order and !olle!tion of ta<es for t"e em#ire) T"e distri!t 4a!6 is t"e most ma&nifi!ent) T"e Indian
administration ;as under t"e !"ar&e of Ra2u6as, ;"ose #osition &overnment ado#ted t"is !a#ital ;it" some
and fun!tions are similar to modern !olle!tors) He ;as assisted 4y modifi!ations as its state em4lem)
Saranath Pi""ar
Yu6tas or su4ordinate offi!ials) @illa&e administration ;as in t"e
'A 'C

Stupas solely 4lamin& 0so6a for t"e de!line of t"e .auryan em#ire may
not 4e !orre!t 4e!ause 0so6a ;as more a #ra&matist t"an an idealist)
0so6a 4uilt a num4er of stu#as
t"rou&"out "is em#ire 4ut ma2ority of t"em T"ere are multi#le !auses for t"e de!line of t"e .auryan em#ire
;ere destroyed durin& forei&n invasions) su!" as ;ea6 su!!essors, #artition of em#ire and administrative
Only a fe; "ave survived) T"e 4est e<am#le a4uses after 0so6a$s rei&n) T"e !om4ination of t"ese fa!tors
is t"e famous San!"i stu#a ;it" massive s#eeded u# t"e 4rea6u# of t"e .auryan em#ire and fa!ilitated
dimensions) It ;as ori&inally us"yamitra Sun&a to drive a;ay t"e .auryan #o;er and esta4lis"
S -$ C H8 S T9 P-
4uilt ;it" 4ri!6s 4ut later t"e Sun&a dynasty)
enlar&ed after t"e time of 0so6a)
Learning Outcome
Caves
T"e !aves #resented to t"e 02ivi6as 4y 0so6a
and "is son 7asarat"a remain im#ortant "erita&e of
1. The literary and epigraphical sources for the study of
t"e .auryas) T"eir interior ;alls are #olis"ed li6e
the Mauryas.
mirror) T"ese ;ere meant to 4e residen!es of mon6s)
2. The accession of /handragupta Maurya and his
T"e !aves at :ara4ar "ills near :od" Gaya are
achie&ements.
Four ;ions
;onderful #ie!es of .auryan ar!"ite!ture)
. (indusara%s military achie&ements.
Causes for the Dec"ine of the 1auryas
". +soka%s spread of 'hamma through &arious means such
T"e !auses for t"e de!line of t"e .auryan em#ire "ave 4een
as issuing 8dicts and appointing officers like 'hamma
;idely de4ated 4y s!"olars) T"e traditional a##roa!" attri4utes t"e
Mahamatras.
de!line to 0so6a$s #oli!ies and "is ;ea6 su!!essors) 0not"er
$. The salient features of the Mauryan art such as pillars)
a##roa!" "olds t"e inade>uate #oliti!al and e!onomi! institutions
ca&es and stupas.
to sustain su!" a vast em#ire)
It ;as said t"at 0so6a$s #ro-:udd"ist #oli!ies anta&oniFed
9. /auses for the decline of the Mauryan empire.
t"e :ra"mins ;"o 4rou&"t a4out a revolution led 4y us"yamitra
Sun&a) :ut 0so6a ;as never a!ted a&ainst :ra"mins) T"at 0so6a$s
#oli!y of non-violen!e redu!ed t"e fi&"tin& s#irit of "is army ;as
anot"er !"ar&e a&ainst "im) :ut 0so6a "ad never sla!6ened "is
!ontrol over "is em#ire des#ite follo;in& a #a!ifist #oli!y) T"erefore
70 7B

!, T"e Indi6a ;ritten 4y .e&ast"enes &ives details a4out t"e
15D6; ?96ST85$S
1alin&a /ar)
d, 0so6a$s Edi!ts #rovide information on t"e de!line of t"e
B) T"e details of 0so6a$s ;ar ;it" 1alin&a is &iven in t"e
.auryan em#ire)
+a, 1alin&a Edi!t +4, 9III Ro!6 Edi!t
+. State %hether the fo""o%ing statements are true or Fa"se.
+!, Saranat" illar +d, 0rt"asastra
B) %"andra&u#ta .aurya 4e!ame a follo;er of :udd"ism at t"e
end of "is rei&n) 2) T"e lan&ua&e mostly em#loyed in t"e Edi!ts of 0so6a is
2) Tamil 8adu ;as in!luded in t"e .auryan em#ire)
+a, ali +4, Sans6rit
() 0so6a #resented !aves to t"e 02ivi6as)
+!, 1aros"ti +d, :ra"mi
D) us"yamitra Sun&a #ut an end to t"e .auryan rule)
B) T"e 0so6an Edi!ts ;ere first de!i#"ered 4y JJ)
B) 1autilya$s 0rt"asastra)
2) T"e last .auryan 6in& ;as JJ)
2) 1alin&a /ar)
() 0so6a em4ra!ed :udd"ism under t"e influen!e of JJ)
() .e&ast"anes)
D) T"e state em4lem of India ;as ado#ted from JJ #illar)
D) :indusara)
B) 7"armama"amatras a, @illa&e administration
B) /rite a note on t"e a!"ievements of %"andra&u#ta .aurya)
2) Go#a 4, Revenue administration
2) .ention t"e efforts ta6en 4y 0so6a for t"e s#read of
:udd"ism)
() 8a&ari6a !, S#read of 7"amma
() 0ssess t"e si&nifi!an!e of t"e .auryan art)
D) Sam"arta d, %ity administration
D) 0nalyse t"e !auses for t"e de!line of t"e .auryan em#ire)
right.
a, T"e first #art of 1autilya$s 0rt"asastra tells a4out ;ar and
B) Give an a!!ount of 0so6a$s a!"ievements and "is #oli!y of
di#loma!y)
7"amma)
4, @isa6adatta$s .udrara6s"asa ;as ;ritten in t"e style of
2) /rite in detail t"e salient features of t"e .auryan
drama)
administration)
72 7(

;6SS5$ E territory) He also fou&"t a !am#ai&n a&ainst 1"aravela of 1alin&a
;"o invaded nort" India)
P5ST-1-94Y-$ 8$D8-
us"yamitra ;as a staun!" follo;er of :ra"manism) He
#erformed t;o asvamed"a sa!rifi!es) :udd"ist sour!es refer "im
as a #erse!utor of :udd"ism) :ut t"ere is enou&" eviden!e to s"o;
Learning Objectives
t"at us"yamitra #atronised :udd"ist art) 7urin& "is rei&n t"e
:udd"ist monuments at :"ar"ut and San!"i ;ere renovated and
1. The Sunga rule and its importance.
furt"er im#roved)
2. The Sata&ahana rule and their contributions to culture.
0fter t"e deat" of us"yamitra, "is son 0&nimitra 4e!ame t"e
ruler) T"e last Sun&a ruler ;as 7eva4"uti, ;"o ;as murdered 4y
. The Sakas and (actrians.
"is minister @asudeva 1anva, t"e founder of t"e 1anva dynasty)
". :anishka and his achie&ements.
T"e 1anva dynasty ruled for D5 years) 0fter t"e fall of t"e 1anvas,
$. !andhara art and its salient features.
t"e "istory of .a&at"a ;as a 4lan6 until t"e esta4lis"ment of t"e
Gu#ta dynasty)
0fter t"e deat" of 0so6a, "is su!!essors ;ere not a4le to T"e rule of t"e Sun&as ;as im#ortant 4e!ause t"ey defended t"e
6ee# t"e vast .auryan Em#ire inta!t) T"e #rovin!es started de!larin& Gan&eti! valley from forei&n invasions) In t"e !ultural s#"ere, t"e Sun&as
t"eir inde#enden!e) T"e nort";est India sli##ed out of t"e !ontrol revived :ra"manism and "orse sa!rifi!e) T"ey also #romoted t"e &ro;t"
of t"e .auryas and a series of forei&n invasions affe!ted t"is re&ion) of @ais"navism and t"e Sans6rit lan&ua&e) In s"ort, t"e Sun&a rule ;as
1alin&a de!lared its inde#enden!e and in t"e furt"er sout" t"e a 4rilliant anti!i#ation of t"e &olden a&e of t"e Gu#tas)
Satava"anas esta4lis"ed t"eir inde#endent rule) 0s a result, t"e
Satavahanas
.auryan rule ;as !onfined to t"e Gan&eti! valley and it ;as soon
In t"e 7e!!an, t"e Satava"anas
re#la!ed 4y t"e Sun&a dynasty)
esta4lis"ed t"eir inde#endent rule after t"e
Sungas
de!line of t"e .auryas) T"eir rule lasted
T"e founder of t"e Sun&a dynasty ;as us"yamitra Sun&a,
for a4out D50 years) T"ey ;ere also 6no;n
;"o ;as t"e !ommander-in-!"ief under t"e .auryas) He
as t"e 0nd"ras) T"e uranas and
C58$S 5F S-T-+-H-$-S
assassinated t"e last .auryan ruler and usur#ed t"e t"rone) T"e
ins!ri#tions remain im#ortant sour!es for
most im#ortant !"allen&e to t"e Sun&a rule ;as to #rote!t nort"
t"e "istory of Satava"anas) 0mon& t"e ins!ri#tions, t"e 8asi6 and
India a&ainst t"e invasions of t"e :a!trian Gree6s from t"e nort";est)
8ana&"ad ins!ri#tions t"ro; mu!" li&"t on t"e rei&n of Gautami#utra
T"e Gree6s advan!ed u# to atali#utra and o!!u#ied it for
Sata6arni) T"e !oins issued 4y t"e Satava"anas are also "el#ful in
sometime) Ho;ever, us"yamitra su!!eeded in re&ainin& t"e lost
6no;in& t"e e!onomi! !onditions of t"at #eriod)
7D 75

T"e founder of t"e Satava"ana dynasty ;as Simu6a) He ;as Cu"tura" Contri!utions
su!!eeded 4y 1ris"na, ;"o e<tended t"e 6in&dom u# to 8asi6 in
T"e Satava"anas #atroniFed :udd"ism and :ra"manism) T"ey
t"e ;est) T"e t"ird 6in& ;as Sri Sata6arni) He !on>uered ;estern
4uilt !"aityas and vi"aras) T"ey also made &rants of villa&es and
.al;a and :erar) He also #erformed asvamed"a sa!rifi!es) T"e
lands to :udd"ist mon6s) @as"is"ta#utra ulamayi re#aired t"e old
seventeent" 6in& of t"e Satava"ana dynasty ;as Hala) He rei&ned
0maravat"i stu#a) T"eir ar!"ite!ture in 8a&ar2una6onda ;as also
for a #eriod of five years) Hala 4e!ame famous for "is 4oo6
nota4le) :ra"manism ;as revived 4y t"e Satava"anas alon& ;it"
Gat"asa#tasati, also !alled Sattasai) It !ontains 700 verses in ra6rit
t"e #erforman!e of asvamed"a and ra2asuya sa!rifi!es) T"ey also
lan&ua&e)
#atroniFed t"e ra6rit lan&ua&e and literature) Hala$s Sattasai is an
T"e &reatest ruler of t"e Satava"ana dynasty ;as Gautami#utra e<!ellent #ie!e of ra6rit literature)
Sata6arni) He ruled for a #eriod of 2D years from B0' to B(0 0)7)
Foreign 8nvasions of $orth%est 8ndia
His a!"ievements ;ere re!orded in t"e 8asi6 ins!ri#tion 4y "is
<actrians
mot"er Gautami :alasri) Gautami#utra Sata6arni !a#tured t"e ;"ole
of 7e!!an and e<#anded "is em#ire) His vi!tory over 8a&a#ana,
:a!tria and art"ia 4e!ame inde#endent from t"e Syrian
t"e ruler of .al;a ;as remar6a4le) He #atroniFed :ra"manism)
em#ire in t"e middle of t"e t"ird !entury :)%) 7emetrius, t"e Gree6
Yet, "e also &ave donations to :udd"ists)
ruler of :a!tria invaded 0f&"anistan and un2a4 and o!!u#ied t"em)
From Ta<ila, "e sent t;o of "is !ommanders, 0##olodotus and
Gautami#utra Sata6arni ;as su!!eeded 4y "is son
.enander for furt"er !on>uests) 0##olodotus !on>uered t"e Sind"
@as"is"ta#utra ulamayi) He e<tended t"e Satava"ana #o;er u# to
and mar!"ed u# to 322ain) .enander e<tended "is rule u# to .at"ura
t"e mout" of t"e 1ris"na river) He issued !oins on ;"i!" t"e ima&e
and from t"ere "e made attem#ts to !a#ture atali#utra) :ut "e
of s"i#s ;as ins!ri4ed) T"ey reveal t"e naval #o;er and maritime
;as sto##ed 4y t"e army of @asumitra, t"e &randson of us"yamitra
trade of t"e Satava"anas) T"e last &reat ruler of Satava"anas ;as
Sun&a)
Ya2na Sri Sata6arni)
.enander ;as also 6no;n as .ilinda and t"e !a#ital of "is
6conomic Condition
6in&dom ;as Sa6ala +Sial!ot,) He evin!ed mu!" interest in
T"ere ;as a remar6a4le #ro&ress in t"e fields of trade and
:udd"ism and "is dialo&ues ;it" t"e :udd"ist mon6 8a&asena ;as
industry durin& t"e Satava"ana rule) .er!"ants or&aniFed &uilds to
!om#iled in t"e ali ;or6, .ilinda#an"o +-uestions of .ilinda,)
in!rease t"eir a!tivities) T"e !raft &uilds or&aniFed 4y different
He also em4ra!ed :udd"ism) 0 Gree6 am4assador Heliodorus
!raftsmen su!" as #otters, ;eavers and oil #ressers also !ame into
4e!ame a @ais"navite and ere!ted t"e Garuda illar at :esna&ar)
e<isten!e) Silver !oins !alled 1ars"a#anas ;ere used for trade)
T"e Gree6 influen!e in India lasted for more t"an a !entury after t"e
T"e Satava"ana #eriod also ;itnessed overseas !ommer!ial a!tivity)
deat" .enander)
tolemy mentions many #orts in t"e 7e!!an) T"e &reatest #ort of
t"e Satava"anas ;as 1alyani on t"e ;est 7e!!an) Ganda6asela
and Gan2am on t"e east !oast ;ere t"e ot"er im#ortant sea#orts)
7' 77

Sakas *anishkaGs ConHuests
T"e Sa6as or t"e S!yt"ians atta!6ed :a!tria and art"ia and 0t t"e time of "is a!!ession "is em#ire
!a#tured t"em from t"e Gree6 rulers) Follo;in& t"e footste#s of in!luded 0f&"anistan, Gand"ara, Sind and
t"e Gree6s, t"e Sa6as &radually e<tended t"eir rule over un2a4) Su4se>uently "e !on>uered
nort";estern India) T"ere ;ere t;o different &rou#s of Sa6as G .a&ad"a and e<tended "is #o;er as far as
t"e 8ort"ern Satra#s rulin& from Ta<ila and t"e /estern satra#s atali#utra and :od" Gaya) 0!!ordin& to
rulin& over .a"aras"tra) 1al"ana, 1anis"6a invaded 1as"mir and
o!!u#ied it) His !oins are found in many
T"e founder t"e Sa6a rule in India in t"e first !entury :)%)
#la!es li6e .at"ura, Sravasti, 1ausam4i and
;as .aues) His son and su!!essor ;as 0Fes I, ;"o ;as !onsidered
:enares and t"erefore, "e must "ave !on-
to 4e t"e founder of t"e @i6rama era)
Head"ess statue
>uered t"e &reater #art of t"e Gan&eti! #lain)
of *anishka
Sa6as rulers of Ta<ila ;ere overt"ro;n 4y t"e art"ians)
He also fou&"t a&ainst t"e %"inese and a!>uired some
*ushanas
territories from t"em) 7urin& t"e first e<#edition "e ;as defeated
4y t"e %"inese &eneral an!"o) He undertoo6 a se!ond e<#edition
T"e 1us"anas ;ere a 4ran!" of Yu!"i tri4e, ;"ose ori&inal
in ;"i!" "e ;as su!!essful and "e s!ored a vi!tory over anyan&,
"ome ;as !entral 0sia) T"ey first !ame to :a!tria dis#la!in& t"e
t"e son of an!"o) 1anis"6a anne<ed t"e territories of 1as"&ar,
Sa6as) T"en t"ey &radually moved to
Yar6and and 1"otan into "is em#ire)
t"e 1a4ul valley and seiFed t"e
Gand"ara re&ion) T"e founder of t"e
T"e em#ire of 1anis"6a ;as a vast one e<tendin& from
1us"ana dynasty ;as 1u2ula
Gand"ara in t"e ;est to :enares in t"e east, and from 1as"mir in
1ad#"ises or 1ad#"ises I) He
t"e nort" to .al;a in t"e sout") His !a#ital ;as urus"a#ura or
.o"d Conins of
o!!u#ied t"e 1a4ul valley and issued
modern day es"a;ar) .at"ura ;as anot"er im#ortant !ity in "is
*ushanas
!oins in "is name) His son /ima
em#ire)
1ad#"ises or 1ad#"ises II !on>uered t"e ;"ole of nort";estern
*anishka and <uddhism
India as far as .at"ura) He issued &old !oins ;it" "i&"-soundin&
titles li6e t"e I*ord of t"e /"ole /orld$) He ;as a devotee of 1anis"6a em4ra!ed :udd"ism in t"e early #art of "is rei&n)
*ord Siva) Ho;ever, "is !oins e<"i4it t"e ima&es of not only :udd"a 4ut also
Gree6 and Hindu &ods) It refle!ts t"e 1anis"6a$s toleration to;ards
*anishka /EF > =&' -.D.0
ot"er reli&ions) In t"e a&e of 1anis"6a t"e .a"ayana :udd"ism
1anis"6a ;as t"e most im#ortant ruler of t"e 1us"ana
!ame into vo&ue) It is different in many res#e!ts from t"e reli&ion
dynasty) He ;as t"e founder of t"e Sa6a era ;"i!" starts from 7A
tau&"t 4y t"e :udd"a and #ro#a&ated 4y 0so6a) T"e :udd"a !ame
0)7) He ;as not only a &reat !on>ueror 4ut also a #atron of reli&ion
to 4e ;ors"i##ed ;it" flo;ers, &arments, #erfumes and lam#s) T"us
and art)
7A 7C

ima&e ;ors"i# and rituals develo#ed in .a"ayana :udd"ism) - .ouldin& "uman 4ody in a realisti! manner ;it" minute
attention to #"ysi!al features li6e mus!les, mousta!"e and
1anis"6a also sent missionaries to %entral 0sia and %"ina
!urtly "air)
for t"e #ro#a&ation of t"e ne; fait") :udd"ist !"aityas and vi"aras
;ere 4uilt in different #la!es) He #atronised :udd"ist s!"olars li6e - T"i!6 dra#ery ;it" lar&e and 4old fold lines)
@asumitra, 0sva&os"a and 8a&ar2una) He also !onvened t"e Fourt"
- Ri!" !arvin&, ela4orate ornamentation and sym4oli!
:udd"ist %oun!il to dis!uss matters relatin& to :udd"ist t"eolo&y
e<#ressions)
and do!trine) It ;as "eld at t"e 1undalavana monastery near Srina&ar
- T"e main t"eme ;as t"e ne; form of :udd"ism G .a"ayanism
in 1as"mir under t"e #residents"i# of @asumitra) 04out 500 mon6s
attended t"e %oun!il) T"e %oun!il #re#ared an aut"oritative
G and t"e evolution of an ima&e of :udd"a)
!ommentary on t"e Tri#ita6as and t"eMahayana do!trine ;as &iven
0 lar&e num4er of monasteries ;ere also 4uilt from first to
final s"a#e) 0sva&os"a ;as a &reat #"iloso#"er, #oet and dramatist)
fourt" !enturies 0)7) Ruins of a4out fifteen monasteries ;ere found
He ;as t"e aut"or of :udd"a!"arita) 8a&ar2una from sout" India
in and around es"a;ar and Ra;al#indi) T"e :udd"ist stu#as
adorned t"e !ourt of 1anis"6a) T"e famous #"ysi!ian of an!ient
ere!ted durin& t"is #eriod "ad Grae!o-Roman ar!"ite!tural im#a!t)
India %"ara6a ;as also #atroniFed 4y "im)
T"e "ei&"t of t"e stu#a ;as raised and ornamentation ;as added to
.andhara -rt
t"e stru!ture of t"e stu#a) T"ese !"an&es made t"e stu#a more
attra!tive)
T"e "ome of t"e Gand"ara s!"ool of art is t"e territory in and
around es"a;ar in nort";estern India) T"e 4est of t"e Gand"ara
1athura Schoo" of -rt
s!ul#ture ;as #rodu!ed durin& t"e first and
T"e s!"ool of art t"at develo#ed at .at"ura in modern 3ttar
se!ond !enturies 0)7) It ori&inated durin& t"e
rades" is !alled t"e .at"ura art) It flouris"ed in t"e first !entury
rei&n of Indo-Gree6 rulers 4ut t"e real #atrons
0)7) In its early #"ase, t"e .at"ura s!"ool of art develo#ed on
of t"is s!"ool of art ;ere t"e Sa6as and t"e
indi&enous lines) T"e :udd"a ima&es e<"i4it t"e s#iritual feelin& in
1us"anas, #arti!ularly 1anis"6a) Gand"ara art
"is fa!e ;"i!" ;as lar&ely a4sent in t"e Gand"ara s!"ool) T"e
;as a 4lend of Indian and Grae!o-Roman
.at"ura s!"ool also !arved out t"e ima&es of Siva and @is"nu alon&
elements) S#e!imens of Gand"ara s!ul#ture "ave
;it" t"eir !onsorts arvat"i and *a6s"mi) T"e female fi&ures of
4een found in Ta<ila, es"a;ar and in several
ya6s"inis and a#saras of t"e .at"ura s!"ool ;ere 4eautifully !arved)
#la!es of nort";est India) T"e Gand"ara s!"ool
Successors of *anishka and end of *ushana 4u"e made s!ul#tures of t"e :udd"a in various siFes,
s"a#es and #ostures) T"e reliefs de#i!t :udd"a$s
4 6P4 6S6 $T-T8 5 $ 5 F
T"e su!!essors of 1anis"6a ruled for anot"er one "undred TH 6 < 9D D H- 8$
4irt", "is renun!iation and "is #rea!"in&) T"e
.-$ DH-4- -4 T
and fifty years) Huvis"6a ;as t"e son of 1anis"6a and "e 6e#t t"e
salient features of Gand"ara art areH
em#ire inta!t) .at"ura 4e!ame an im#ortant !ity under "is rule)
A0 AB

*i6e 1anis"6a "e ;as also a #atron of :udd"ism) T"e last im#ortant
15D6; ?96ST85$S
1us"ana ruler ;as @asudeva) T"e 1us"ana em#ire ;as very mu!"
redu!ed in "is rule) .ost of "is ins!ri#tions are found in and around
.at"ura) He seems to "ave 4een a ;ors"i##er of Siva) 0fter B) T"e Sun&as ;ere su!!eeded 4y
@asudeva, #etty 1us"an #rin!es ruled for sometime in nort";estern
+a, .auryas +4, 1us"anas
India)
+!, 1anvas +d, Satava"anas
Learning Outcome
2) 8asi6 ins!ri#tion des!ri4es t"e a!"ievements of
+a, us"yamitra Sun&a +4, Gautami#utra Sata6arni
1. The reign of #ushyamitra and the importance of Sunga
+!, 1anis"6a +d, .enander
rule.
() T"e aut"or of :udd"a!"arita ;as
2. The Sata&ahana rule and !autami #utra Satakarni%s
+a, 8a&ar2una +4, 0sva&os"a
achie&ements.
+!, @asumitra +d, 8a&asena
. The socio-economic conditions of the Sata&ahana period
88. Fi"" in the !"anks. and also their cultural contributions.
B) T"e founder of t"e Satava"ana dynasty ;as JJ) ". :anishka and his military achie&ements.
2) T"e famous ra6rit 4oo6 Sattasai ;as ;ritten 4y J)) $. The role of :anishka in the spread of Mahayana
(uddhism.
() JJ ;as !onsidered to 4e t"e founder of t"e @i6rama era)
9. The salient features of the !andhara art and also
D) Sa6a era ;as founded 4y JJ) in t"e yearJ))
Mathura art.
5) T"e Garuda #illar at :esna&ar ;as ere!ted 4y J))
') T"e %"inese General ;"o ;as defeated 4y 1anis"6a ;as
J))
B) Sa6ala a, 0Fes I
2) urus"a#ura 4, us"yamitra Sun&a
() atali#utra !, .enander
D) Ta<ila d, 1anis"6a
A2 A(

;6SS5$ F 8+. Find out the correct statement. 5ne statement a"one is
right.
S-$.-1 -.6
a, T"e Sun&as #romoted t"e Sans6rit lan&ua&e)
4, T"e Satava"anas #atroniFed Telu&u lan&ua&e)
Learning Objectives
!, T"e .a"ayana :udd"ism ado#ted ali as its lan&ua&e)
d, T"e .at"ura s!"ool of art develo#ed on Indo-Gree6 style)
1. The Sangam literature and other sources for the Sangam
period.
Fa"se.
2. The political history of the Sangam period.
B) T"e Sun&as revived :ra"manism and "orse sa!rifi!e)
. The Sangam polity and society.
2) .enander ;as a :a!trian ruler)
". *eligion and the position of women in the Sangam period.
() 8asi6 ;as a &reat #ort on t"e east !oast durin& t"e rule of
$. The economic condition of the Sangam age.
Satava"anas)
D) Gand"ara art ;as a 4lend of Indian and Grae!o-Roman
T"e San&am 0&e !onstitutes an im#ortant !"a#ter in t"e "istory
elements)
of Sout" India) 0!!ordin& to Tamil le&ends, t"ere e<isted t"ree
San&ams +0!ademy of Tamil #oets, in an!ient Tamil 8adu #o#ularly
!alled .u!"!"an&am) T"ese San&ams flouris"ed under t"e royal
B) Gautami#utra Sata6arni)
#atrona&e of t"e andyas) T"e first San&am, "eld at T"en .adurai,
2) .enander)
;as attended 4y &ods and le&endary sa&es 4ut no literary ;or6 of
() 0sva&os"a)
t"is San&am ;as availa4le) T"e se!ond San&am ;as "eld at
D) .at"ura S!"ool of art)
1a#ada#uram 4ut t"e all t"e literary ;or6s "ad #eris"ed e<!e#t
Tolkappiyam ) T"e t"ird San&am at .adurai ;as founded 4y +88. -ns%er !rief"y /='' %ords0.
.udat"irumaran) It ;as attended 4y a lar&e num4er of #oets ;"o
B) 0ssess t"e im#ortan!e of t"e rule of Sun&as)
#rodu!ed voluminous literature 4ut only a fe; "ad survived) T"ese
2) .ention t"e !ultural !ontri4utions of Satava"anas)
Tamil literary ;or6s remain useful sour!es to re!onstru!t t"e "istory
of t"e San&am 0&e)
() E<amine t"e salient features of t"e Gand"ara art)
Sangam ;iterature
T"e !or#us of San&am literature in!ludes Tolkappiyam)
B) Give an a!!ount of t"e "istory of t"e Satava"anas)
8ttutogai) #attuppattu) #athinenkilkanakku) and t"e t;o e#i!s
2) 0ssess t"e a!"ievements of 1anis"6a)
AD A5

G Silappathigaram and Manimegalai ) Tolkappiyam aut"ored 4y Sen&uttuvan of t"e %"era dynasty ;ere !ontem#oraries) T"is is
Tol6a##iyar is t"e earliest of t"e Tamil literature) It is a ;or6 on !onfirmed 4y Silappathigaram as ;ell as t"e 'ipa&amsa and
Tamil &rammar 4ut it #rovides information on t"e #oliti!al and so!io- Maha&amsa ) 0lso t"e Roman !oins issued 4y Roman em#erors of
e!onomi! !onditions of t"e San&am #eriod) T"e 8ttutogaior Ei&"t t"e first !entury 0)7 ;ere found in #lenty in various #la!es of Tamil
0nt"olo&ies !onsist of ei&"t ;or6s G +ingurunooru) 1arrinai) 8adu) T"erefore, t"e most #ro4a4le date of t"e San&am literature
+ganaooru) #urananooru) :uruntogai) :alittogai) #aripadal "as 4een fi<ed 4et;een t"e t"ird !entury :)%) to t"ird !entury 0)7)
and #adirruppattu. T"e #attuppattu or Ten Idylls !onsist of ten on t"e 4asis of literary, ar!"aeolo&i!al and numismati! eviden!es)
;or6s G Thirumurugarruppadai) #orunararruppadai)
Po"itica" History
Sirupanarruppadai) #erumpanarruppadai) Mullaippattu)
T"e Tamil !ountry ;as ruled 4y t"ree dynasties namely t"e
1edunal&adai) Maduraikkan4i) :urin4ippatttu) #attinappalai
%"era, %"ola and andyas durin& t"e San&am 0&e) T"e #oliti!al
and Malaipadukadam) :ot" Ettuto&ai and attu##attu ;ere divided
"istory of t"ese dynasties !an 4e tra!ed from t"e literary referen!es)
into t;o main &rou#s G 0"am +love, and uram +valour,)
#athinenkilkanakku !ontains ei&"teen ;or6s mostly dealin& ;it" Cheras
et"i!s and morals) T"e most im#ortant amon& t"em is Tirukkural
T"e %"eras ruled over #arts of modern 1erala) T"eir !a#ital
aut"ored 4y T"iruvalluvar) Silappathigaram ;ritten 4y Elan&o
;as @an2i and t"eir im#ortant sea#orts ;ere Tondi and .usiri) T"ey
0di&al andManimegalai 4y Sittalai Sattanar also #rovides valua4le
"ad t"e #almyra flo;ers as t"eir &arland) T"e u&alur ins!ri#tion of
information on t"e San&am #olity and so!iety)
t"e first !entury 0)7 refers to t"ree &enerations of %"era rulers)
5ther Sources
#adirruppattu also #rovides information on %"era 6in&s) erum
Sorru 3d"iyan %"eralat"an, Imayavaram4an 8edum %"eralat"an
In addition to t"e San&am literature, t"e Gree6 aut"ors li6e
and %"eran Sen&uttuvan ;ere t"e famous rulers of t"is dynasty)
.e&ast"enes, Stra4o, liny and tolemy mention t"e !ommer!ial
!onta!ts 4et;een t"e /est and Sout" India) T"e 0so6an ins!ri#tions
%"eran Sen&uttuvan 4elon&ed to 2 !entury 0)7) His youn&er nd
mention t"e %"era, %"ola and andya rulers on t"e sout" of t"e
4rot"er ;as Elan&o 0di&al, t"e aut"or of Silappathigaram) 0mon&
.auryan em#ire) T"e Hat"i6um4"a ins!ri#tion of 1"aravela of
"is military a!"ievements, "is e<#edition to t"e Himalayas ;as
1alin&a also mentions a4out Tamil 6in&doms) T"e e<!avations at
remar6a4le) He defeated many nort" Indian monar!"s) Sen&uttuvan
0ri66amedu, oom#u"ar, 1odumanal and ot"er #la!es reveal t"e
introdu!ed t"e attini !ult or t"e ;ors"i# of 1anna&i as t"e ideal
overseas !ommer!ial a!tivities of t"e Tamils)
;ife in Tamil 8adu) T"e stone for ma6in& t"e idol of 1anna&i ;as
4rou&"t 4y "im after "is Himalayan e<#edition) T"e !onse!ration
Period of Sangam ;iterature
!eremony ;as attended 4y many #rin!es in!ludin& Ga2a4"a&u II
T"e !"ronolo&y of t"e San&am literature is still a dis#uted
from Sri *an6a)
to#i! amon& t"e s!"olars) T"e s"eet an!"or of San&am !"ronolo&y
lies in t"e fa!t t"at Ga2a4"a&u II of Sri *an6a and %"eran
A' A7

Cho"as in!ludin& t"e flouris"in& sea#ort of 1or6ai) T"e last famous andyan
6in& ;as 3&&ira eruvalud"i) T"e andyan rule durin& t"e San&am
T"e %"ola 6in&dom of t"e San&am #eriod e<tended from
0&e 4e&an to de!line due to t"e invasion of t"e 1ala4"ras)
modern Tiru!"i distri!t to sout"ern 0nd"ra rades") T"eir !a#ital
;as first lo!ated at 3raiyur and t"en s"ifted to u"ar) 1ari6ala ;as 1inor Chieftains
a famous 6in& of t"e San&am %"olas) #attinappalai #ortrays "is
T"e minor !"ieftains #layed a si&nifi!ant role in t"e San&am
early life and "is military !on>uests) In t"e :attle of @enni "e defeated
#eriod) 0mon& t"em ari, 1ari, Ori, 8alli, e&an, 0y and 0diyaman
t"e mi&"ty !onfedera!y !onsistin& of t"e %"eras, andyas and eleven
;ere #o#ular for t"eir #"ilant"ro#y and #atrona&e of Tamil #oets)
minor !"ieftains) T"is event is mentioned in many San&am #oems)
T"erefore, t"ey ;ere 6no;n as 1adai Yelu @allal&al) 0lt"ou&" t"ey
@a"ai##arandalai ;as anot"er im#ortant 4attle fou&"t 4y "im in ;"i!"
;ere su4ordinate to t"e %"era, %"ola and andya rulers, t"ey ;ere
nine enemy !"ieftains su4mitted 4efore "im) 1ari6ala$s military
#o;erful and #o#ular in t"eir res#e!tive re&ions)
a!"ievements made "im t"e overlord of t"e ;"ole Tamil !ountry)
Sangam Po"ity
Trade and !ommer!e flouris"ed durin& "is rei&n #eriod) He ;as
res#onsi4le for t"e re!lamation of forest lands and 4rou&"t t"em
Hereditary monar!"y ;as t"e form of &overnment durin& t"e
under !ultivation t"us addin& #ros#erity to t"e #eo#le) He also 4uilt
San&am #eriod) T"e 6in& "ad also ta6en t"e advi!e of "is minister,
1allanai a!ross t"e river 1averi and also !onstru!ted many irri&ation
!ourt-#oet and t"e im#erial !ourt or avai) T"e %"era 6in&s assumed
tan6s)
titles li6e @anavaram4an, @anavan, 1uttuvan, Irum#orai and @illavar,
t"e %"ola 6in&s li6e Senni, @alavan and 1illi and t"e andya 6in&s
Pandyas
T"ennavar and .inavar) Ea!" of t"e San&am dynasties "ad a royal
T"e andyas ruled over t"e #resent day sout"ern Tamil 8adu)
em4lem G !ar# for t"e andyas, ti&er for t"e %"olas and 4o; for
T"eir !a#ital ;as .adurai) T"e earliest 6in&s of t"e andyan dynasty
t"e %"eras) T"e im#erial !ourt or avai ;as attended 4y a num4er of
;ere 8ediyon, alya&asalai .udu6udumi eruvalud"i and
!"iefs and offi!ials) T"e 6in& ;as assisted 4y a lar&e 4ody of offi!ials
.udat"irumaran) T"ere ;ere t;o 8edun!"eliyans) T"e first one
;"o ;ere divided into five !oun!ils) T"ey ;ere ministers +amai!"ar,,
;as 6no;n as 0rya##adai 1adant"a 8edun!"eliyan +one ;"o ;on
#riests +ant"anar,, military !ommanders +sena#at"i,, envoys +t"ut"ar,
vi!tories over t"e 0ryan for!es,) He ;as res#onsi4le for t"e
and s#ies +orrar,) T"e military administration ;as also effi!iently
e<e!ution of 1ovalan for ;"i!" 1anna&i 4urnt .adurai) T"e ot"er
or&aniFed durin& t"e San&am 0&e) Ea!" ruler "ad a re&ular army
;as Talaiyalan&anattu %"eruvenra +He ;"o ;on t"e 4attle at
and t"eir res#e!tive 1odimaram +tutelary tree,)
Talaiyalan&anam, 8edun!"eliyan) He ;as #raised 4y 8a66irar and
*and revenue ;as t"e !"ief sour!e of state$s in!ome ;"ile
.an&udi .arut"anar) He ;ore t"is title after defeatin& "is enemies
!ustom duty ;as also im#osed on forei&n trade) T"e attina##alai
at t"e :attle of Talaiyalan&anam, ;"i!" is lo!ated in t"e Tan2ore
refers to t"e !ustom offi!ials em#loyed in t"e sea#ort of u"ar) :ooty
distri!t) :y t"is vi!tory 8edun!"eliyan &ained !ontrol over t"e entire
!a#tured in ;ars ;as also a ma2or in!ome to t"e royal treasury)
Tamil 8adu) Maduraikkan4i ;ritten 4y .an&udi .arut"anar
des!ri4es t"e so!io-e!onomi! !ondition of t"e andya !ountry
AA AC

Roads and "i&";ays ;ere ;ell maintained and &uarded ni&"t and t"e San&am #eriod ;ere .ayon +@is"nu,, @endan +Indiran,, @arunan
day to #revent ro44ery and smu&&lin&) and 1orravai) T"e Hero Stone or 8adu 1al ;ors"i# ;as si&nifi!ant
in t"e San&am #eriod) T"e Hero Stone ;as ere!ted in memory of
Sangam Society
t"e 4ravery s"o;n 4y t"e ;arrior in 4attle) .any "ero stones ;it"
Tol6a##iyam refers to t"e five-fold division of lands - 1urin2i
le&ends ins!ri4ed on t"em ;ere found in different #arts of Tamil
+"illy tra!6s,, .ullai +#astoral,, .arudam +a&ri!ultural,, 8eydal
8adu) T"is 6ind of ;ors"i##in& t"e de!eased "as a &reat anti>uity)
+!oastal, and alai +desert,) T"e #eo#le livin& in t"ese five divisions
Position of 7omen
"ad t"eir res#e!tive !"ief o!!u#ations as ;ell as &ods for ;ors"i#)
T"ere is a #lenty of information in t"e San&am literature to
N 1urin2i G !"ief deity ;as .uru&an G !"ief o!!u#ation,
tra!e t"e #osition of ;omen durin& t"e San&am a&e) /omen #oets
"untin& and "oney !olle!tion)
li6e 0vvaiyar, 8a!"!"ellaiyar, and 1a66ai#adiniyar flouris"ed in t"is
N .ullai G !"ief deity .ayon +@is"nu, G !"ief o!!u#ation,
#eriod and !ontri4uted to Tamil literature) T"e !oura&e of ;omen
!attle-rearin& and dealin& ;it" dairy #rodu!ts)
;as also a##re!iated in many #oems) 1ar#u or %"aste life ;as
!onsidered t"e "i&"est virtue of ;omen) *ove marria&e ;as a
N .arudam G !"ief deity Indira G !"ief o!!u#ation, a&ri!ulture)
!ommon #ra!ti!e) /omen ;ere allo;ed to !"oose t"eir life #artners)
N 8eydal G !"ief deity @arunan G !"ief o!!u#ation fis"in& and
Ho;ever, t"e life of ;ido;s ;as misera4le) T"e #ra!ti!e of Sati
salt manufa!turin&)
;as also #revalent in t"e "i&"er strata of so!iety) T"e !lass of dan!ers
N alai G !"ief deity 1orravai G !"ief o!!u#ation ro44ery)
;as #atroniFed 4y t"e 6in&s and no4les)
Tol6a##iyam also refers to four !astes namely arasar, ant"anar, Fine -rts
vani&ar and vellalar) T"e rulin& !lass ;as !alled arasar) 0nt"anars #layed
oetry, musi! and dan!in& ;ere #o#ular amon& t"e #eo#le of
a si&nifi!ant role in t"e San&am #olity and reli&ion) @ani&ars !arried on
t"e San&am a&e) *i4eral donations ;ere &iven to #oets 4y t"e 6in&s,
trade and !ommer!e) T"e vellalas ;ere a&ri!ulturists) Ot"er tri4al &rou#s
!"ieftains and no4les) T"e royal !ourts ;ere !ro;ded ;it" sin&in&
li6e arat"avar, anar, Eyinar, 1adam4ar, .aravar and ulaiyar ;ere
4ards !alled anar and @iraliyar) T"ey ;ere e<#erts in fol6 son&s
also found in t"e San&am so!iety) 0n!ient #rimitive tri4es li6e T"odas,
and fol6 dan!es) T"e arts of musi! and dan!in& ;ere "i&"ly
Irulas, 8a&as and @edars lived in t"is #eriod)
develo#ed) 0 variety of YaF"s and drums are referred to in t"e
4e"igion
San&am literature) 7an!in& ;as #erformed 4y 1ani&aiyar) 1oot"u
;as t"e most #o#ular entertainment of t"e #eo#le)
T"e #rimary deity of t"e San&am #eriod ;as Seyon or
.uru&an, ;"o is "ailed as Tamil God) T"e ;ors"i# of .uru&an
6conomy of the Sangam -ge
;as "avin& an an!ient ori&in and t"e festivals relatin& to God .uru&an
0&ri!ulture ;as t"e !"ief o!!u#ation) Ri!e ;as t"e !ommon
;as mentioned in t"e San&am literature) He ;as "onoured ;it" si<
!ro#) Ra&i, su&ar!ane, !otton, #e##er, &in&er, turmeri!, !innamon
a4odes 6no;n as 0ru#adai @eedu) Ot"er &ods ;ors"i##ed durin&
and a variety of fruits ;ere t"e ot"er !ro#s) Ea!6 fruit and #e##er
C0 CB

;ere famous in t"e %"era !ountry) addy ;as t"e !"ief !ro# in t"e 6nd of the Sangam -ge
%"ola and andya !ountry)
To;ards t"e end of t"e t"ird !entury 0)7), t"e San&am #eriod
T"e "andi!rafts of t"e San&am #eriod ;ere #o#ular) T"ey slo;ly ;itnessed its de!line) T"e 1ala4"ras o!!u#ied t"e Tamil
in!lude ;eavin&, metal ;or6s and !ar#entry, s"i# 4uildin& and !ountry for a4out t;o and a "alf !enturies) /e "ave little information
ma6in& of ornaments usin& 4eads, stones and ivory) T"ere ;as a a4out t"e 1ala4"ra rule) Eainism and :udd"ism 4e!ame #rominent
&reat demand for t"ese #rodu!ts, as t"e internal and e<ternal trade durin& t"is #eriod) T"e allavas in t"e nort"ern Tamil 8adu and
;as at its #ea6 durin& t"e San&am #eriod) S#innin& and ;eavin& of andyas in sout"ern Tamil 8adu drove t"e 1ala4"ras out of t"e
!otton and sil6 !lot"es attained a "i&" >uality) T"e #oems mention Tamil !ountry and esta4lis"ed t"eir rule)
t"e !otton !lot"es as t"in as a !loud of steam or a slou&" of a sna6e)
T"ere ;as a &reat demand in t"e ;estern ;orld for t"e !otton !lot"es Learning Outcome
;oven at 3raiyur)
:ot" internal and forei&n trade ;as ;ell or&aniFed and 4ris6ly
1. The Sources for the study of the Sangam period including
!arried on in t"e San&am 0&e) T"e San&am literature, Gree6 and the Sangam literature.
Roman a!!ounts and t"e ar!"aeolo&i!al eviden!es #rovide detailed
2. The /hera) /hola and #andya rulers of the Sangam
information on t"is su42e!t) .er!"ants !arried t"e &oods on t"e period and their achie&ements.
!arts and on animal-4a!6 from #la!e to #la!e) Internal trade ;as
. The Sangam polity including the administrati&e system
mostly 4ased on t"e 4arter system) and other details.
E<ternal trade ;as !arried 4et;een Sout" India and t"e Gree6
". The Sangam society) the fi&e di&isions of landscape) their
religious life and the position of women.
6in&doms) 0fter t"e as!endan!y of t"e Roman Em#ire, t"e Roman
trade assumed im#ortan!e) T"e #ort !ity of u"ar 4e!ame an
$. The economy during the Sangam period) particularly the
o&erseas commercial contacts during the Sangam period.
em#orium of forei&n trade, as 4i& s"i#s entered t"is #ort ;it"
#re!ious &oods) Ot"er #orts of !ommer!ial a!tivity in!lude Tondi,
.usiri, 1or6ai, 0ri66amedu and .ara66anam) T"e aut"or of
eri#lus #rovides t"e most valua4le information on forei&n trade)
lenty of &old and silver !oins issued 4y t"e Roman Em#erors li6e
0u&ustus, Ti4erius and 8ero ;ere found in all #arts of Tamil 8adu)
T"ey reveal t"e e<tent of t"e trade and t"e #resen!e of Roman
traders in t"e Tamil !ountry) T"e main e<#orts of t"e San&am a&e
;ere !otton fa4ri!s, s#i!es li6e #e##er, &in&er, !ardamom, !innamon
and turmeri!, ivory #rodu!ts, #earls and #re!ious stones) Gold,
"orses and s;eet ;ine ;ere t"e !"ief im#orts)
C2 C(

!, Horses and ;ine ;ere t"e !"ief e<#orts from Tamil 8adu)
15D6; ?96ST85$S
d, .adurai ;as t"e #ort-!ity of t"e San&am andyas)
B) attini !ult in Tamil 8adu ;as introdu!ed 4y
B) 0ri66amedu ;as a sea#ort durin& t"e San&am #eriod)
+a, andyan 8edun!"eliyan +4, %"eran Sen&uttuvan
2) *ord .uru&an ;as t"e #rimary deity of t"e San&am a&e)
+!, Elan&o 0di&al +d, .udat"irumaran
() 3raiyur ;as famous for #earls)
2) T"e andyan rule of t"e San&am a&e de!lined due to t"e
invasion of D) T"e sin&in& 4ards of t"e San&am a&e ;ere !alled as Irular)
+a, Satava"anas +4, %"olas +8. 7rite short notes /-ny three points0.
+!, 1ala4"ras +d, allavas B) attu#attu)
88. Fi"" in the !"anks. 2) Ettuto&ai)
B) T"e :attle of @enni ;as ;on 4y JJ () 1adaiyelu @allal&al
2) T"e earliest Tamil &rammar ;or6 of t"e San&am #eriod ;as D) /omen #oets of t"e San&am #eriod)
JJ
5) .u!"!"an&am)
() T"e t;o Tamil e#i!s of t"e San&am #eriod are JJ and JJ
B) 0ssess t"e a!"ievements of %"eran Sen&uttuvan)
B) T"ennavar a, %"eras
2) Give an estimate of 1ari6ala)
2) @anavar 4, %"olas
() /rite a note on t"e andya rulers of t"e San&am #eriod)
() Senni !, T ri4es
D) Eyinar d, andyas
B) Give an a!!ount of t"e #oliti!al administration of t"e San&am
8+. Find out the correct statement. 5ne statement a"one is #eriod)
right.
2) 7is!uss t"e so!io-e!onomi! !ondition of an!ient Tamil 8adu)
a, %oins issued 4y an!ient %"inese 6in&s are found in several
() 0ssess t"e si&nifi!an!e of t"e overseas !ommer!e durin& t"e
#arts of Tamil 8adu)
San&am a&e)
4, %otton te<tiles !onstitute t"e !"ief e<#ort to t"e Roman em#ire)
CD C5

;6SS5$ D a!"ievements) T"is ins!ri#tion is en&raved on an 0so6an #illar) It is
;ritten in !lassi!al Sans6rit, usin& t"e 8a&ari s!ri#t) It !onsists of
.9PT- 61P846
(( lines !om#osed 4y Harisena) It
des!ri4es t"e !ir!umstan!es of
Samudra&u#ta$s a!!ession, "is military
Learning Objectives
!am#ai&ns in nort" India and t"e
7e!!an, "is relations"i# ;it" ot"er
!ontem#orary rulers, and "is
1. The sources for the study of !uptas.
a!!om#lis"ments as a #oet and
2. Samudragupta%s achie&ements.
s!"olar) -""aha!ad Pi""ar
8nscription
. The achie&ements of /handragupta II.
T"e !oins issued 4y Gu#ta 6in&s
!ontain le&ends and fi&ures) T"ese !oins #rovide interestin& details ". The importance of ;ahien%s &isit to India.
a4out t"e titles and sa!rifi!es #erformed 4y t"e Gu#ta monar!"s)
$. !upta administration) society and economy.
Chandragupta 8 /(&' > ((' -.D.0
9. 3iterature) art) architecture and scientific de&elopment
T"e founder of t"e Gu#ta dynasty ;as Sri Gu#ta) He ;as during the !upta period.
su!!eeded 4y G"atot6a!"a) T"ese t;o ;ere !alled Mahara4as.
Sources .u!" information ;as not availa4le a4out t"eir rule) T"e ne<t ruler
;as %"andra&u#ta I and "e ;as t"e first to 4e !alled
T"ere are #lenty of sour!e materials to re!onstru!t t"e "istory
Mahara4adhira4a +t"e &reat 6in& of 6in&s,) T"is title indi!ates "is
of t"e Gu#ta #eriod) T"ey in!lude literary, e#i&ra#"i!al and
e<tensive !on>uests) He stren&t"ened "is #osition 4y a matrimonial
numismati! sour!es) T"e#uranas t"ro; li&"t on t"e royal &enealo&y
allian!e ;it" t"e *i!!"avis) He married 1umaradevi, a #rin!ess of
of t"e Gu#ta 6in&s) %ontem#orary literary ;or6s li6e t"e
t"at family) T"is added to t"e #o;er and #resti&e of t"e Gu#ta family)
'e&ichandraguptam and t"e Mudhrakshasam ;ritten 4y
T"e .e"erauli Iron illar ins!ri#tion mentions "is e<tensive
@isa6adatta #rovide information re&ardin& t"e rise of t"e Gu#tas)
!on>uests) %"andra&u#ta I is !onsidered to 4e t"e founder of t"e
T"e %"inese traveler Fa"ien, ;"o visited India durin& t"e rei&n of
Gu#ta era ;"i!" starts ;it" "is a!!ession in 0)7) (20)
%"andra&u#ta II, "as left a valua4le a!!ount of t"e so!ial, e!onomi!
and reli&ious !onditions of t"e Gu#ta em#ire) Samudragupta /(('-(F' -.D.0
0#art from t"ese literary sour!es, t"ere are ins!ri#tions li6e Samudra&u#ta ;as t"e &reatest of t"e rulers of t"e Gu#ta
t"e .e"erauli Iron illar Ins!ri#tion and t"e 0lla"a4ad illar dynasty) T"e 0lla"a4ad illar ins!ri#tion #rovides a detailed a!!ount
ins!ri#tion) T"e first refers to t"e a!"ievements of %"andra&u#ta I) of "is rei&n) It refers to t"ree sta&es in "is military !am#ai&nH
T"e most im#ortant sour!e for t"e rei&n of Samudra&u#ta is t"e
0lla"a4ad illar ins!ri#tion) It des!ri4es "is #ersonality and
C' C7

B) 0&ainst some rulers of 8ort" India
2) His famous 'akshinapatha e<#edition a&ainst Sout" Indian
rulers
() 0 se!ond !am#ai&n a&ainst some ot"er rulers of 8ort" India)
In t"e first !am#ai&n Samudra&u#ta defeated 0!"yuta and
8a&asena) 0!"yuta ;as #ro4a4ly a 8a&a ruler) 8a&asena 4elon&ed
to t"e 1ota family ;"i!" ;as rulin& over t"e u##er Gan&eti! valley)
T"ey ;ere defeated and t"eir states ;ere anne<ed) 0s a result of
t"is s"ort !am#ai&n, Samudra&u#ta "ad &ained !om#lete mastery
over t"e u##er Gan&eti! valley)
T"en Samudra&u#ta mar!"ed a&ainst t"e Sout" Indian
monar!"s) T"e 0lla"a4ad illar ins!ri#tion mentions t"at
Samudra&u#ta defeated t;elve rulers in "is Sout" Indian E<#edition)
T"ey ;ere .a"endra of 1osala, @ya&"rara2a of .a"a6ant"ara,
.antara2a of 1aurala, .a"endra&iri of is"ta#ura, S;amidatta of
1ottura, 7amana of Eranda#alla, @is"nu&u#ta of 1an!"i, 8ilara2a
of 0vamu6ta, Hastivarman of @en&i, 3&rasena of ala66a, 1u4era
of 7evaras"tra and 7"anan2aya of 1us"tala#ura) Samudra&u#ta$s
#oli!y in Sout" India ;as different) He did not destroy and anne<
t"ose 6in&doms) Instead, "e defeated t"e rulers 4ut &ave t"em 4a!6
t"eir 6in&doms) He only insisted on t"em to a!6no;led&e "is
suFerainty)
T"e t"ird sta&e of Samudra&u#ta$s !am#ai&n ;as to eliminate
"is remainin& nort" Indian rivals) He fou&"t a&ainst nine 6in&s,
u#rooted t"em and anne<ed t"eir territories) T"ey ;ere Rudradeva,
.atila, 8a&adatta, %"andravarman, Gana#at"ina&a, 8a&asena,
0!"yuta, 8andin and :alavarman) .ost of t"ese rulers ;ere
mem4ers of t"e 8a&a family, t"en rulin& over different #arts of nort"
India)
CA CC

0fter t"ese military vi!tories, Chandragupta 88 /(F'-)=A -.D.0
Samudra&u#ta #erformed t"e
Samudra&u#ta ;as su!!eeded 4y "is son %"andra&u#ta II
as&amedha sa!rifi!e) He issued &old
@i6ramaditya) :ut a!!ordin& to some s!"olars, t"e immediate
and silver !oins ;it" t"e le&end
su!!essor of Samudra&u#ta ;as Rama&u#ta, t"e elder 4rot"er of
Irestorer of t"e as&amedha%. It is
%"andra&u#ta II) :ut t"ere is little "istori!al #roof for t"is) . 5;D C 5 8$ S 5F S -19 D 4-. 9PT-
4e!ause of "is military a!"ievements
%"andra&u#ta II in"erited t"e military &enius of "is fat"er and
Samudra&u#ta ;as "ailed as IIndian 8a#oleon$)
e<tended t"e Gu#ta Em#ire 4y "is o;n !on>uests)
6tant of SamudraguptaGs 6mpire
He a!"ieved t"is 4y a 2udi!ious !om4ination of t"e #oli!y of
0fter t"ese !on>uests, Samudra&u#ta$s rule e<tended over di#loma!y and ;arfare) T"rou&" matrimonial allian!es "e
t"e u##er Gan&eti! valley, t"e &reater #art of modern 3)), a #ortion stren&t"ened "is #oliti!al #o;er) He married 1u4erana&a, a 8a&a
of !entral India and t"e sout";estern #art of :en&al) T"ese terri- #rin!ess of !entral India) He &ave "is dau&"ter ra4"avati in marria&e
tories ;ere dire!tly administered 4y "im) In t"e sout" t"ere ;ere to t"e @a6ata6a #rin!e Rudrasena II) T"e #oliti!al im#ortan!e of
tri4utary states) T"e Sa6a and 1us"ana #rin!i#alities on t"e ;est t"is marria&e lies in t"e fa!t t"at t"e @a6ata6as o!!u#ied a
and nort";est ;ere ;it"in t"e s#"ere of "is influen!e) T"e 6in&doms &eo&ra#"i!ally strate&i! #osition in t"e 7e!!an) T"is allian!e served
on t"e east !oast of t"e 7e!!an, as far as t"e allava 1in&dom, a useful #ur#ose ;"en %"andra&u#ta-II undertoo6 "is !am#ai&n in
a!6no;led&ed "is suFerainty) ;estern India a&ainst t"e Sa6as)
6stimate of Samudragupta ConHuest of 7estern 8ndia
Samudra&u#ta$s military a!"ievements remain remar6a4le in T"e &reatest of t"e military a!"ievements of %"andra&u#ta II
t"e annals of "istory) He ;as e>ually &reat in "is ot"er #ersonal ;as "is ;ar a&ainst t"e Sa6a satraps of ;estern India) Rudrasim"a
a!!om#lis"ments) T"e 0lla"a4ad illar ins!ri#tion s#ea6s of "is III, t"e last ruler of t"e Sa6a satrap ;as defeated, det"roned and
ma&nanimity to "is foes, "is #olis"ed intelle!t, "is #oeti! s6ill and 6illed) His territories in ;estern .al;a and t"e 1at"ia;ar eninsula
"is #rofi!ien!y in musi!) It !alls "im 1avira2a 4e!ause of "is a4ility ;ere anne<ed into t"e Gu#ta Em#ire) 0fter t"is vi!tory "e #erformed
in !om#osin& verses) His ima&e de#i!tin& "im ;it" @eena is found t"e "orse sa!rifi!e and assumed t"e titleSakari) meanin&, Idestroyer
in t"e !oins issued 4y "im) It is t"e #roof of "is #rofi!ien!y and of Sa6as$) He also !alled "imself 2ikramaditya
interest in musi!) He ;as also a #atron of many #oets and s!"olars,
0s a result of t"e !on>uest of ;estern India, t"e ;estern
one of ;"om ;as Harisena) T"us "e must 4e !redited ;it" a s"are
4oundary of t"e Em#ire rea!"ed to t"e 0ra4ian Sea &ainin& a!!ess
in t"e #romotion of Sans6rit literature and learnin&, !"ara!teristi! of
to :roa!", So#ara, %am4ay and ot"er sea #orts) T"is ena4led t"e
"is dynasty) He ;as an ardent follo;er of @ais"navism 4ut ;as
Gu#ta em#ire to !ontrol trade ;it" t"e ;estern !ountries) 322ain
tolerant of ot"er !reeds) He evin!ed 6een interest in :udd"ism and
4e!ame an im#ortant !ommer!ial !ity and soon 4e!ame t"e
;as t"e #atron of t"e &reat :udd"ist s!"olar @asu4andu)
alternative !a#ital of t"e Gu#tas) T"e fine !otton !lot"es of :en&al,
B00 B0B

Indi&o from :i"ar, sil6 from :anares, t"e s!ents of t"e Himalayas t"e unsatisfa!tory state of some of t"e :udd"ist "oly #la!es li6e
and t"e sandal and s#e!ies from t"e sout" ;ere 4rou&"t to t"ese 1a#ilavastu and 1usina&ara) 0!!ordin& to "im t"e e!onomi!
#orts ;it"out any interferen!e) T"e ;estern traders #oured Roman !ondition of t"e em#ire ;as #ros#erous)
&old into India in return for Indian #rodu!ts) T"e &reat ;ealt" of t"e
0lt"ou&" "is a!!ount is valua4le in many res#e!ts, "e did not
Gu#ta Em#ire ;as manifest in t"e variety of &old !oins issued 4y
mention t"e name of %"andra&u#ta II) He ;as not interested in
%"andra&u#ta II)
#oliti!al affairs) His interest ;as #rimarily reli&ion) He assessed
5ther ConHuests everyt"in& from t"e :udd"ist an&le) His o4servations on so!ial
!onditions are found to 4e e<a&&erated) Yet, "is a!!ounts are useful
%"andra&u#ta II defeated a !onfedera!y of enemy !"iefs in
to 6no; t"e &eneral !ondition of t"e !ountry)
@an&a) He also !rossed t"e river Sind" and !on>uered :a!tria) T"e
1us"anas rulin& in t"is re&ion ;ere su4dued 4y "im) /it" t"ese 6stimate of Chandragupta 88
!on>uests, t"e Gu#ta em#ire e<tended in t"e ;est as far as ;estern
T"e #o;er and &lory of Gu#ta em#ire rea!"ed its #ea6 under
.al;a, Gu2arat and 1at"ia;ar) In t"e nort";est it e<tended 4eyond
t"e rule %"andra&u#ta II @i6ramaditya) He also !ontri4uted to t"e
t"e Hindu6us" u# to :a!tria) In t"e east, it in!luded even eastern
&eneral !ultural #ro&ress of t"e a&e and #atroniFed &reat literary
:en&al and in t"e sout" t"e 8armada river formed t"e 4oundary)
fi&ures li6e 1alidasa) He #romoted artisti! a!tivity) :e!ause of t"e
FahienGs +isit "i&" level of !ultural #ro&ress t"at ;as a!"ieved durin& t"is #eriod,
t"e Gu#ta #eriod is &enerally referred to as a &olden a&e) 0 detailed
T"e famous %"inese #il&rim, Fa"ien visited India durin& t"e
a!!ount of t"e !ultural #ro&ress in t"e Gu#ta a&e is &iven 4elo;)
rei&n of %"andra&u#ta II) Out of "is nine years stay in India, "e
s#ent si< years in t"e Gu#ta em#ire) He !ame to India 4y t"e land Successors of Chandragupta 88
route t"rou&" 1"otan, 1as"&ar, Gand"ara and un2a4) He visited
1umara&u#ta ;as t"e son and su!!essor of %"andra&u#ta
es"a;ar, .at"ura, 1anau2, Sravasti, 1a#ilavastu, 1usina&ara,
II) His rei&n ;as mar6ed 4y &eneral #ea!e and #ros#erity) He issued
atali#utra, 1asi and :od" Gaya amon& ot"er #la!es) He returned
a num4er of !oins and "is ins!ri#tions are found all over t"e Gu#ta
4y t"e sea route, visitin& on t"e ;ay %eylon and Eava) T"e main
em#ire) He also #erformed an as&amedha sa!rifi!e) .ost
#ur#ose of "is visit ;as to see t"e land of t"e :udd"a and to !olle!t
im#ortantly, "e laid t"e foundation of t"e 8alanda 3niversity ;"i!"
:udd"ist manus!ri#ts from India) He stayed in atali#utra for t"ree
emer&ed an institution of international re#utation) 0t t"e end of "is
years studyin& Sans6rit and !o#yin& :udd"ist te<ts)
rei&n, a #o;erful ;ealt"y tri4e !alled t"e Ius"yamitras$ defeated
Fa"ien #rovides valua4le information on t"e reli&ious, so!ial t"e Gu#ta army) 0 4ran!" of t"e Huns from %entral 0sia made
and e!onomi! !ondition of t"e Gu#ta em#ire) 0!!ordin& to "im, attem#ts to !ross t"e Hindu6us" mountains and invade India)
:udd"ism ;as in a flouris"in& !ondition in t"e nort";estern India
:ut it ;as "is su!!essor S6anda&u#ta ;"o really fa!ed t"e
4ut in t"e Gan&eti! valley it ;as in a state of ne&le!t) He refers to
Hun invasion) He fou&"t su!!essfully a&ainst t"e Huns and saved
t"e Gan&eti! valley as t"e Iland of :ra"manism$) Fa"ien mentions
t"e em#ire) T"is ;ar must "ave 4een a &reat strain on t"e
B02 B0(

&overnment$s resour!es) 0fter S6anda&u#ta$s deat", many of "is administration as "e ;as a4le to travel ;it"out any fear t"rou&"out
su!!essors li6e uru&u#ta, 8arasim"a&u#ta, :udd"a&u#ta and t"e Gan&eti! valley) On t"e ;"ole t"e administration ;as more li4eral
:aladitya !ould not save t"e Gu#ta em#ire from t"e Huns) 3ltimately, t"an t"at of t"e .auryas)
t"e Gu#ta #o;er totally disa##eared due to t"e Hun invasions and
Socia" ;ife
later 4y t"e rise of Yasod"arman in .al;a)
T"e #re-Gu#ta #eriod in India ;itnessed a series of forei&n
.upta -dministration
invasions) Indian so!iety "ad &iven ;ay to t"ose forei&ners ;"o
0!!ordin& ins!ri#tions, t"e Gu#ta 6in&s assumed titles li6e "ad 4e!ome #ermanent residents "ere) :ut durin& t"e Gu#ta #eriod,
#aramabhattaraka) Mahara4adhira4a) #arameswara) Samrat t"e !aste system 4e!ame ri&id) T"e :ra"mins o!!u#ied t"e to# ladder
and %hakra&artin ) T"e 6in& ;as assisted in "is administration 4y of t"e so!iety) T"ey ;ere &iven enormous &ifts 4y t"e rulers as ;ell
a !oun!il !onsistin& of a !"ief minister, a Sena#ati or !ommander- as ot"er ;ealt"y #eo#le) T"e #ra!ti!e of untou!"a4ility "ad slo;ly
in-!"ief of t"e army and ot"er im#ortant offi!ials) 0 "i&" offi!ial 4e&un durin& t"is #eriod) Fa"ien mentions t"at %"andalas ;ere
!alled Sandi&igraha;as mentioned in t"e Gu#ta ins!ri#tions, most se&re&ated from t"e so!iety) T"eir misera4le !ondition ;as
#ro4a4ly minister for forei&n affairs) ela4orated 4y t"e %"inese traveler)
T"e 6in& maintained a !lose !onta!t ;it" t"e #rovin!ial T"e #osition of ;omen "ad also 4e!ome misera4le durin& t"e
administration t"rou&" a !lass of offi!ials !alled :umaramatyas Gu#ta #eriod) T"ey ;ere #ro"i4ited from studyin& t"e reli&ious te<ts
and +yuktas) rovin!es in t"e Gu#ta Em#ire ;ere 6no;n as(huktis li6e t"e uranas) T"e su42e!tion of ;omen to men ;as t"orou&"ly
and #rovin!ial &overnors as <parikas ) T"ey ;ere mostly !"osen re&ulariFed) :ut it ;as insisted t"at t"ey s"ould 4e #rote!ted and
from amon& t"e #rin!es) (huktis ;ere su4divided into 2ishyas or &enerously treated 4y men) T"e #ra!ti!e of Swyam&ara;as &iven
distri!ts) T"ey ;ere &overned 4y 2ishyapatis ) 1agara Sreshtis u# and t"e .anusmriti su&&ested t"e early marria&e for &irls)
;ere t"e offi!ers loo6in& after t"e !ity administration) T"e villa&es
In t"e s#"ere of reli&ion, :ra"manism rei&ned su#reme durin&
in t"e distri!t ;ere under t"e !ontrol of !ramikas.
t"e Gu#ta #eriod) It "ad t;o 4ran!"es - @ais"navism and Saivism)
Fa"ien$s a!!ount on t"e Gu#ta administration #rovides useful .ost of t"e Gu#ta 6in&s ;ere @ais"navaites) T"ey #erformed
information) He !"ara!terises t"e Gu#ta administration as mild and +swamedha sa!rifi!es) T"e ;ors"i# of ima&es and !ele4ration of
4enevolent) T"ere ;ere no restri!tions on #eo#le$s movements and reli&ious festivals ;it" ela4orate rituals made t"ese t;o reli&ions
t"ey en2oyed a lar&e de&ree of #ersonal freedom) T"ere ;as no #o#ular) Reli&ious literature li6e t"e uranas ;as !om#osed durin&
state interferen!e in t"e individual$s life) unis"ments ;ere not severe) t"is #eriod) T"e #ro&ress of :ra"manism led to t"e ne&le!t of
Im#osin& a fine ;as a !ommon #unis"ment) T"ere ;as no s#y system) :udd"ism and Eainism) Fa"ien refers to t"e de!line of :udd"ism in
T"e administration ;as so effi!ient t"at t"e roads ;ere 6e#t safe t"e Gan&eti! valley) :ut a fe; :udd"ist s!"olars li6e @asu4and"u
for travelers, and t"ere ;as no fear of t"ieves) He mentioned t"at ;ere #atroniFed 4y Gu#ta 6in&s) In ;estern and sout"ern India
#eo#le ;ere &enerally #ros#erous and t"e !rimes ;ere ne&li&i4le) Eainism flouris"ed) T"e &reat Eain %oun!il ;as "eld at @ala4"i durin&
Fa"ien "ad also a##re!iated t"e effi!ien!y of t"e Gu#ta t"is #eriod and t"e Eain %anon of t"e S;etam4ras ;as ;ritten)
B0D B05

-rt and Cu"ture statue of :udd"a, ori&inally found at Sultan&an2 no; 6e#t at
:irmin&"am museum, ;as a4out seven and a "alf feet "ei&"t and
T"e Gu#ta #eriod ;itnessed a tremendous #ro&ress in t"e
nearly a ton ;ei&"t) T"e 7el"i Iron #illar of t"e Gu#ta #eriod is still
field of art, s!ien!e and literature and on a!!ount of t"is it "as 4een
free from rust t"ou&" !om#letely e<#osed to sun and rain for so
!alled =a &olden a&e?) 0 fe; s!"olars even !all t"is #eriod a #eriod
many !enturies)
of renaissan!e) :ut it s"ould 4e remem4ered t"at t"ere ;as no dar6
#eriod 4efore t"e Gu#ta rule) T"erefore t"e !ultural #ro&ress T"e #aintin&s of t"e Gu#ta #eriod are seen at :a&" !aves
;itnessed durin& t"e Gu#ta #eriod may 4e !alled t"e !ulmination of near G;alior) T"e mural #aintin&s of 02ant"a mostly illustrate t"e
Indian intelle!tual a!tivities) life of t"e :udd"a as de#i!ted in t"e Eata6a stories) T"e #aintin&s at
Si&iriya in Sri *an6a ;ere "i&"ly influen!ed 4y t"e 02ant"a style)
-rt and -rchitecture
T"e Gu#ta !oina&e ;as also remar6a4le) Samudra&u#ta
In t"e "istory of Indian art and ar!"ite!ture, t"e Gu#ta #eriod
issued ei&"t ty#es of &old !oins) T"e le&ends on t"em t"ro; mu!"
o!!u#ies an im#ortant #la!e) :ot" t"e 8a&ara and 7ravidian styles
li&"t on t"e a!"ievements of t"at marvelous 6in&) T"e fi&ures ins!ri4ed
of art evolved durin& t"is #eriod) :ut most of t"e ar!"ite!ture of t"is
on t"em are illustrative of t"e s6ill and &reatness of Gu#ta numismati!
#eriod "ad 4een lost due to forei&n invasions
art) %"andra&u#ta II and "is su!!essors "ad also issued &old, silver
li6e t"at of Huns) Yet, t"e remainin& tem#les,
and !o##er !oins of different varieties)
s!ul#tures and !ave #aintin&s #rovide an
idea a4out t"e &randeur of t"e Gu#ta art) ;iterature
T"e tem#le at 7eo&ar" near E"ansi T"e Sans6rit lan&ua&e 4e!ame #rominent durin& t"e Gu#ta
and t"e s!ul#tures in t"e tem#le at Gar";as #eriod) 8a&ari s!ri#t "ad evolved from t"e :ra"mi s!ri#t) 8umerous
near 0lla"a4ad remain im#ortant s#e!imen ;or6s in !lassi!al Sans6rit !ame to 4e ;ritten in t"e forms of e#i!,
of t"e Gu#ta art) T"ere ;as no influen!e of lyri!s, drama and #rose) T"e 4est of t"e Sans6rit literature 4elon&ed
Gand"ara style) :ut t"e 4eautiful statue of to t"e Gu#ta a&e)
T61P;6 -T D65.-4H
standin& :udd"a at .at"ura reveals a little
Himself a &reat #oet, Samudra&u#ta #atroniFed a num4er of
Gree6 style) T"e :udd"a statue uneart"ed
s!"olars in!ludin& Harisena) T"e !ourt of %"andra&u#ta II ;as
at Saranat" ;as uni>ue #ie!e of Gu#ta art)
adorned 4y t"e !ele4rated 8avratnas) 1alidasa remain t"e foremost
T"e :"itari monolit"i! #illar of S6anda&u#ta
amon& t"em) His master-#ie!e ;as t"e Sans6rit drama Shakuntala.
is also remar6a4le)
It is !onsidered one amon& t"e I"undred 4est 4oo6s of t"e ;orld$)
.etallur&y "ad also made a ;onderful He ;rote t;o ot"er #lays - t"e Mala&ikagnimitra and
#ro&ress durin& t"e Gu#ta #eriod) T"e 2ikramor&asiya. His t;o ;ell-6no;n e#i!s are *aghu&amsa and
!raftsmen ;ere effi!ient in t"e art of !astin& :umarasambha&a. *itusamhara and Meghaduta are "is t;o
metal statues and #illars) T"e &i&anti! !o##er lyri!s)
- P-8$ T 8$ . -T <-.H C-+6
B0' B07

@isa6adatta ;as anot"er !ele4rated aut"or of t"is #eriod) He In t"e field of medi!ine, @a&4"ata lived durin& t"is #eriod) He
;as t"e aut"or of t;o Sans6rit dramas, Mudrarakshasa and ;as t"e last of t"e &reat medi!al trio of an!ient India) T"e ot"er t;o
'e&ichandraguptam. Sudra6a ;as a reno;ned #oet of t"is a&e s!"olars %"ara6a and Susruta lived 4efore t"e Gu#ta a&e) @a&4"ata
and "is 4oo6 Mrichchakatika is ri!" in "umour and #at"os) ;as t"e aut"or +shtangasamgraha +Summary of t"e ei&"t 4ran!"es
:"aravi$s :ritar4uniya is t"e story of t"e !onfli!t 4et;een 0r2una of medi!ine,)
and Siva) 7andin ;as t"e aut"or of :a&yadarsa and
'asakumaracharita. 0not"er im#ortant ;or6 of t"is #eriod ;as
Learning Outcome
2asa&adatta ;ritten 4y Su4"and"u) T"e #anchatantra stories
;ere !om#osed 4y @is"nusarma durin& t"e Gu#ta #eriod) T"e
1. The sources for the history of !uptas like the +llahabad
:udd"ist aut"or 0marasim"a !om#iled a le<i!on !alled+marakosa.
#illar inscription and their importance.
T"e uranas in t"eir #resent form ;ere !om#osed durin& t"is
2. Samudragupta%s military achie&ements as well as his
#eriod) T"ere are ei&"teen uranas) T"e most im#ortant amon& t"em
personal accomplishments.
are t"e (haga&atha) 2ishnu) 2ayu and Matsya uranas) T"e
.a"a4"arat"a and t"e Ramayana ;ere &iven final tou!"es and . The conquests of /handragupta II and his other qualities
;ritten in t"e #resent form durin& t"is #eriod) including patron of art and literature.
Science ". !upta administration) society and economic progress as
described by ;ahien) who &isited India during this period.
T"e Gu#ta #eriod ;itnessed a 4rilliant a!tivity in t"e s#"ere
of mat"emati!s, astronomy, astrolo&y and medi!ine) 0rya4"atta ;as $. The growth of Sanskrit literature and the contribution of
a &reat mat"emati!ian and astronomer) He ;rote t"e 4oo6 scholars like :alidasa and 2isakadatta.
+ryabhatiya in DCC 0)7) It deals ;it" mat"emati!s and astronomy)
9. The art and architecture of the !upta period as well as
It e<#lains s!ientifi!ally t"e o!!urren!e of solar and lunar e!li#ses)
the progress in science including the contribution of
0rya4"atta ;as t"e first to de!lare t"at t"e eart" ;as s#"eri!al in
+ryabhatta and others.
s"a#e and t"at it rotates on its o;n a<is) Ho;ever, t"ese vie;s
;ere re2e!ted 4y later astronomers li6e @ara"ami"ira and
:ra"ma&u#ta)
@ara"ami"ira !om#osed #ancha Siddhantika , t"e five
astronomi!al systems) He ;as also a &reat aut"ority on astrolo&y)
His ;or6 (rihadsamhita is a &reat ;or6 in Sans6rit literature) It
deals ;it" a variety of su42e!ts li6e astronomy, astrolo&y, &eo&ra#"y,
ar!"ite!ture, ;eat"er, animals, marria&e and omens) His
(rihad4ataka is !onsidered to 4e a standard ;or6 on astrolo&y)
B0A B0C

15D6; ?96ST85$S
right.
a, Samudra&u#ta anne<ed all "is !on>uered territories of Sout"
B) T"e Gu#ta era starts from t"e year
India)
+a, (B0 0)7) +4, (20 0)7)
4, T"e 7a6s"ina#at"a e<#edition of Samudra&u#ta ;as
+!, ((0 0)7) +d, (00 0)7) mentioned 4y Fa"ien)
!, Samudra&u#ta defeated t"e Sout" Indian 6in&s 4ut &ave t"em 2) T"e founder of t"e 8alanda 3niversity
4a!6 t"eir 6in&doms)
+a, Samudra&u#ta +4, %"andra&u#ta II
d, T"e 8ort" Indian !on>uests of Samudra&u#ta did not result
+!, 1umara&u#ta +d, S6anda&u#ta
in t"e e<#ansion of t"e Gu#ta em#ire)
() T"e #"ysi!ian ;"o lived durin& t"e Gu#ta a&e
+a, @ara"ami"ira +4, @a&4at"a
B) T"e s!"olars 6no;n as 8avratnas lived durin& t"e rei&n of
+!, %"ara6a +d, Susruta
Samudra&u#ta)
2) T"e Gu#ta em#ire de!lined due to t"e invasion of t"e Huns)
B) T"e founder of t"e Gu#ta dynasty ;as JJ)
() T"e Gu#ta art ado#ted 4ot" t"e 8a&ara and 7ravidian styles)
2) T"e :udd"ist s!"olar @asu4and"u ;as #atroniFed 4y JJ)
D) T"e Gu#tas #atroniFed t"e Sans6rit lan&ua&e)
() T"e title ISa6ari$ ;as assumed 4y J))
D) T"e e#i!s ;ritten 4y 1alidasa are JJ) and JJ)
B) 0lla"a4ad illar Ins!ri#tion)
5) T"e aut"or of (rihatsamhita ;as J))
2) 7a6s"ina#at"a e<#edition of Samudra&u#ta)
() 0rya4"atta)
B) Meghaduta a, 7andin
D) .etal artifa!ts under t"e Gu#tas)
2) 'e&ichandraguptam 4, Sudra6a
() 'asakumaracharita !, 1alidasa
B) Evaluate t"e im#a!t of t"e !on>uest of ;estern India 4y
%"andra&u#ta II)
D) Mrichchakatika d, @isa6adatta
BB0 BBB

;6SS5$ =' 2) /rite a 4rief a!!ount of Fa"ien$s visit to India and "is
o4servation on India)
H-4SH-+-4DH-$- /B'B > B)E -.D.0
() E<amine t"e salient features of t"e Gu#ta administration)
Learning Objectives
B) Give an a!!ount of t"e a!"ievements of Samudra&u#ta)
2) 7es!ri4e t"e so!io-e!onomi! life under t"e rule of Gu#tas)
1. Sources for the study of Harsha.
() E<amine t"e !ultural !ontri4utions of t"e Gu#tas)
2. The early life of Harsha.
. The military acti&ities of Harsha.
". Harsha%s contribution to (uddhism.
$. 1alanda <ni&ersity.
T"e de!line of t"e Gu#ta Em#ire ;as follo;ed 4y a #eriod of
#oliti!al disorder and disunity in 8ort" India) It ;as only in t"e
4e&innin& of t"e sevent" !entury 0)7) t"at Hars"vard"ana
su!!eeded in esta4lis"in& a lar&er 6in&dom in nort" India)
T"e !"ief sour!es for tra!in& t"e "istory of Hars"a and "is
times are t"eHarshacharita;ritten 4y :ana and t"e Travel a!!ounts
of Hiuen Tsan&) :ana ;as t"e !ourt #oet of Hars"a) Hiuen Tsan&
;as t"e %"inese traveler ;"o visited India in t"e sevent" !entury
0)7) :esides t"ese t;o sour!es, t"e dramas ;ritten 4y Hars"a,
namely *atna&ali) 1agananda and #riyardarsika also #rovide
useful information) T"e .ad"u4en #late ins!ri#tion and t"e Son#at
ins!ri#tion are also "el#ful to 6no; t"e !"ronolo&y of Hars"a) T"e
:ans6"era ins!ri#tion !ontains t"e si&nature of Hars"a)
6ar"y ;ife of Harsha
T"e founder of t"e family of Hars"a ;as us"ya4"uti)
us"ya4"utis ;ere t"e feudatories of t"e Gu#tas) T"ey !alled
BB2 BB(

t"emselves 2ardhanas ) 0fter t"e Hun invasions t"ey assumed Hars"a led anot"er !am#ai&n a&ainst t"e ruler of Sind", ;"i!"
inde#enden!e) T"e first im#ortant 6in& of us"ya4"uti dynasty ;as ;as an inde#endent 6in&dom) :ut, it is dou4tful ;"et"er "is Sind
ra4"a6aravard"ana) His !a#ital ;as T"anes;ar, nort" of 7el"i) !am#ai&n ;as a su!!essful one) 8e#al "ad a!!e#ted Hars"a$s
He assumed t"e title .a"ara2ad"ira2a and arama4"attara6a) overlords"i#) Hars"a esta4lis"ed "is !ontrol over 1as"mir and its
ruler sent tri4utes to "im) He also maintained !ordial relations ;it"
0fter ra4"a6aravard"ana$s deat", "is elder son
:"as6aravarman, t"e ruler of 0ssam) Hars"a$s last military !am#ai&n
Ra2yavard"ana !ame to t"e t"rone) He "ad to fa!e #ro4lems ri&"t
;as a&ainst t"e 6in&dom of 1alin&a in Orissa and it ;as a su!!ess)
from t"e time of "is a!!ession) His sister, Ra2yasri "ad married t"e
.au6"ari ruler !alled Gri"avarman) T"e ruler of .al;a, 7eva&u#ta T"us Hars"a esta4lis"ed "is "old over t"e ;"ole of nort"
in lea&ue ;it" Sasan6a, t"e ruler of :en&al "ad 6illed Gri"avarman) India) T"e re&ions modern Ra2ast"an, un2a4, 3ttar rades", :i"ar
Immediately on "earin& t"is ne;s, Ra2yavard"ana mar!"ed a&ainst and Orissa ;ere under "is dire!t !ontrol) :ut "is s#"ere of influen!e
t"e 6in& of .al;a and routed "is army) :ut 4efore "e !ould return ;as mu!" more e<tensive) T"e #eri#"eral states su!" as 1as"mir,
to "is !a#ital, "e ;as trea!"erously murdered 4y Sasan6a) In t"e Sind, @ala4"i and 1amaru#a a!6no;led&ed "is soverei&nty)
meantime, Ra2yasri es!a#ed into forests) Hars"a no; su!!eeded
Harsha and <uddhism
"is 4rot"er at T"anes;ar) His first res#onsi4ility ;as to res!ue "is
In "is early life, Hars"a ;as a devout
sister and to aven&e t"e 6illin&s of "is 4rot"er and 4rot"er-in-la;)
Saiva 4ut later "e 4e!ame an ardent Hinayana
He first res!ued "is sister ;"en s"e ;as a4out to immolate "erself)
:udd"ist) Hiuen Tsan& !onverted "im to
HarshaGs 1i"itary ConHuests
.a"ayana :udd"ism) Hars"a #ro"i4ited t"e
In "is first e<#edition, Hars"a drove out Sasan6a from 1anau2) use of animal food in "is 6in&dom and #unis"ed
He made 1anau2 "is ne; !a#ital) T"is made "im t"e most #o;erful t"ose ;"o 6ill any livin& 4ein&) He ere!ted
ruler of nort" India) Hars"a fou&"t a&ainst 7"uruvasena II of @ala4"i t"ousands of stu#as and esta4lis"ed travellers$
and defeated "im) 7"uruvasena II 4e!ame a vassal) rests all over "is 6in&dom) He also ere!ted
monasteries at t"e sa!red #la!es of :udd"ists)
T"e most im#ortant military !am#ai&n of Hars"a ;as a&ainst
On!e in five years "e !onvened a &at"erin& of
HI3E8 TS08G
t"e /estern %"alu6ya ruler ula6esin II) :ot" t"e a!!ounts of Hiuen
re#resentatives of all reli&ions and "onoured
Tsan& and t"e ins!ri#tions of ula6esin II #rovide t"e details of t"is
t"em ;it" &ifts and !ostly #resents) He 4rou&"t t"e :udd"ist mon6s
!am#ai&n) Hars"a ;it" an am4ition to e<tend "is 6in&dom sout" of
to&et"er fre>uently to dis!uss and e<amine t"e :udd"ist do!trine)
t"e 8armada river mar!"ed a&ainst t"e %"alu6ya ruler) :ut t"e 0i"ole
ins!ri#tion of ula6esin II mentions t"e defeat of Hars"a 4y *anau, -ssem!"y
ula6esin, ;"o after t"is a!"ievement assumed t"e title
Hars"a or&aniFed a reli&ious assem4ly at 1anau2 to "onour
#arames&ara. Hiuen Tsan&$s a!!ounts also !onfirm t"e vi!tory of
t"e %"inese #il&rim Hiuen Tsan& to;ards t"e !lose of "is rei&n) He
ula6esin)
invited re#resentatives of all reli&ious se!ts) It ;as attended 4y 20
BBD BB5

6in&s, B000 s!"olars from t"e 8alanda 3niversity, (000 Hinayanists 6no;n as nilopitu and it ;as under t"e !ontrol of s#e!ial offi!ers)
and .a"ayanists, (000 :ra"mins and Eains) T"e 0ssem4ly ;ent :ot" &ood and 4ad events "a##ened durin& "is time "ad 4een
on !ontinuously for 2( days) Hiuen Tsan& e<#lained t"e values of re!orded)
.a"ayana do!trine and esta4lis"ed its su#eriority over ot"ers)
Society and 6conomy under Harsha
Ho;ever, violen!e 4ro6e out and t"ere ;ere a!ts of arson) T"ere
:ot" :ana and Hiuen Tsan& #ortray t"e so!ial life in t"e times
;as also an attem#t on t"e life of Hars"a) Soon, it ;as 4rou&"t
of Hars"a) T"e fourfold division of t"e so!iety G :ra"min, 1s"atriya,
under !ontrol and t"e &uilty ;ere #unis"ed) On t"e final day of t"e
@ysya and Sudra G ;as #revalent) T"e :ra"mins ;ere t"e #rivile&ed
0ssem4ly, Hiuen Tsan& ;as "onoured ;it" !ostly #resents)
se!tion of t"e so!iety and t"ey ;ere &iven land &rants 4y t"e 6in&s)
-""aha!ad Conference
T"e 1s"atriyas ;ere t"e rulin& !lass) T"e @ysyas ;ere mainly traders)
Hiuen Tsan& mentions in "is a!!ount a4out t"e !onferen!e Hiuen Tsan& mentions t"at t"e Sudras #ra!ti!ed a&ri!ulture) T"ere
"eld at 0lla"a4ad, 6no;n as raya&) It ;as t"e one amon& t"e e<isted many su4 !astes) T"e #osition of ;omen ;as not satisfa!tory)
!onferen!es routinely !onvened 4y Hars"a on!e in five years) Hars"a T"e institution of S;yamvara +t"e !"oi!e of !"oosin& "er "us4and,
&ave a;ay "is enormous ;ealt" as &ifts to t"e mem4ers of all reli&ious "ad de!lined) Remarria&e of ;ido;s ;as not #ermitted, #arti!ularly
se!ts) 0!!ordin& to Hiuen Tsan&, Hars"a ;as so lavis" t"at "e amon& t"e "i&"er !astes) T"e system of do;ry "ad also 4e!ome
em#tied t"e treasury and even &ave a;ay t"e !lot"es and 2e;els "e !ommon) T"e #ra!ti!e of sati ;as also #revalent) Hiuen Tsan&
;as ;earin&) His statement mi&"t 4e one of admirin& e<a&&eration) mentions t"ree ;ays of dis#osal of t"e dead G !remation, ;ater
4urial and e<#osure in t"e ;oods)
HarshaGs -dministration
T"e trade and !ommer!e "ad de!lined durin& Hars"a$s #eriod)
T"e administration of Hars"a ;as or&aniFed on t"e same lines
T"is is evident from t"e de!line of trade !entres, less num4er of
as t"e Gu#tas did) Hiuen Tsan& &ives a detailed #i!ture a4out t"is)
!oins, and slo; a!tivities of mer!"ant &uilds) T"e de!line of trade in
T"e 6in& ;as 2ust in "is administration and #un!tual in dis!"ar&in&
turn affe!ted t"e "andi!rafts industry and a&ri!ulture) Sin!e t"ere
"is duties) He made fre>uent visits of ins#e!tion t"rou&"out "is
;as no lar&e s!ale demand for &oods, t"e farmers 4e&an to #rodu!e
dominion) T"e day ;as too s"ort for "im) Ta<ation ;as also li&"t
only in a limited ;ay) T"is led to t"e rise of self-suffi!ient villa&e
and for!ed la4our ;as also rare) One si<t" of t"e #rodu!e ;as
e!onomy) In s"ort, t"ere ;as a s"ar# e!onomi! de!line as !om#ared
!olle!ted as land ta<) %ruel #unis"ments of t"e .auryan #eriod
to t"e e!onomy of t"e Gu#ta #eriod)
!ontinued in t"e times of Hars"a) Hiuen Tsan& !ondemned t"e trials
as 4ar4arous and su#erstitious) Hars"a$s army !onsisted of t"e Cu"tura" Progress
traditional four divisions G foot, "orse, !"ariot and ele#"ant) T"e
T"e art and ar!"ite!ture of Hars"a$s #eriod are very fe; and
num4er of !avalry ;as more t"an one la6" and t"e ele#"ants more
mostly follo;ed t"e Gu#ta style) Hiuen Tsan& des!ri4es t"e &lory of
t"an si<ty t"ousands) T"is ;as mu!" more t"an t"at of t"e .auryan
t"e monastery ;it" many storeys 4uilt 4y Hars"a at 8alanda) He
army) T"e maintenan!e of #u4li! re!ords ;as t"e salient feature of
also s#ea6s of a !o##er statue of :udd"a ;it" ei&"t feet in "ei&"t)
Hars"a$s administration) T"e ar!"ive of t"e Hars"a #eriod ;as
BB' BB7

T"e 4ri!6 tem#le of *a6s"mana at Sir#ur ;it" its ri!" ar!"ite!ture rulers) T"ou&" it ;as a .a"ayana 3niversity, different reli&ious
is assi&ned to t"e #eriod of Hars"a) su42e!ts li6e t"e @edas, Hinayana do!trine, San6"ya and Yo&a
#"iloso#"ies ;ere also tau&"t) In addition to t"at, &eneral su42e!ts
Hars"a ;as a &reat #atron of learnin&) His 4io&ra#"er
li6e lo&i!, &rammar, astronomy, medi!ine and art ;ere in t"e sylla4us)
:ana4"atta adorned "is royal !ourt) :esides Harshacharita) "e
It attra!ted students not only from different #arts of India 4ut from
;rote :adambari. Ot"er literary fi&ures in Hars"a$s !ourt ;ere
different !ountries of t"e east) 0dmission ;as made 4y means of an
.atan&a 7iva6ara and t"e famous :art"ri"ari, ;"o ;as t"e #oet,
entran!e e<amination) T"e entran!e test ;as so diffi!ult t"at not
#"iloso#"er and &rammarian) Hars"a "imself aut"ored t"ree #lays -
more t"an t"irty #er!ent of t"e !andidates ;ere su!!essful) 7is!i#line
*atna&ali) #riyadarsika and 1agananda. Hars"a #atronised t"e
;as very stri!t) .ore t"an le!tures, dis!ussion #layed an im#ortant
8alanda 3niversity 4y "is li4eral endo;ments) It attained
#art and t"e medium of instru!tion ;as Sans6rit)
international re#utation as a !entre of learnin& durin& "is rei&n) Hiuen
Tsan& visited t"e 8alanda 3niversity and remained as a student for Re!ent ar!"eolo&i!al e<!avations "ave 4rou&"t to li&"t t"e ruins
some time) of t"e 8alanda 3niversity) It s"o;s t"e &randeur of t"is !entre of learnin&
and !onfirms t"e a!!ount &iven 4y t"e %"inese #il&rims) It "ad numerous
$a"anda 9niversity
!lassrooms and a "ostel atta!"ed to it) 0!!ordin& to Itsin&, t"e %"inese
T"e %"inese travelers of an!ient India mentioned a num4er of
#il&rim, t"ere ;ere (000 students on its rolls) It "ad an o4servatory
edu!ational institutions) T"e most famous amon& t"em ;ere t"e
and a &reat li4rary "oused in t"ree 4uildin&s) Its fame rests on t"e fa!t
Hinayana 3niversity of @ala4"i and t"e .a"ayana 3niversity of
t"at it attra!ted s!"olars from various #arts of t"e ;orld) It ;as an
8alanda) Hiuen Tsan& &ives a very
institution of advan!ed learnin& and resear!")
valua4le a!!ount of t"e 8alanda
3niversity) T"e term 8alanda means
Learning Outcome
=&iver of 6no;led&e?) It ;as founded
4y 1umara&u#ta I durin& t"e Gu#ta
#eriod) It ;as #atronised 4y "is
1. The sources for the study of Harsha such as Harshacharita
su!!essors and later 4y Hars"a) T"e
and the tra&el accounts of Hiuen Tsang.
#rofessors of t"e 3niversity ;ere
2. Harsha%s early life and his military ad&entures. 49 8$ S 5F $-;-$ D- 9 $8 +64 S8 TY
!alled panditas. Some of its
reno;ned #rofessors ;ere 7in&na&a, 7"arma#ala, St"iramati and
. Harsha and his ser&ices to (uddhism like the :anau4
Sila4ad"ra) 7"arma#ala ;as a native of 1an!"i#uram and "e
+ssembly and +llahabad /onference.
4e!ame t"e "ead of t"e 8alanda 3niversity)
". Socio-economic condition and cultural de&elopment
8alanda 3niversity ;as a residential university and edu!ation
under the rule of Harsha.
;as free in!ludin& t"e 4oardin& and lod&in&) It ;as maintained ;it"
$. The 1alanda <ni&ersity and its international reputation.
t"e revenue derived from B00 to 200 villa&es endo;ed 4y different
BBA BBC

!, 1anau2 assem4ly ;as an assem4ly !onvened 4y Hars"a on!e
15D6; ?96ST85$S
in five years)
d, T"e 1anau2 assem4ly ;ent on #ea!efully ;it"out any reli&ious
B) T"e ori&inal !a#ital of Hars"avard"ana ;as
strife)
+a, atali#utra +4, es"avar
+!, T"anes";ar +d, 7el"i Fa"se.
B) :as6aravarman ;as t"e ruler of 1as"mir) 2) T"e :ans6"era ins!ri#tion !ontains t"e si&nature of
2) Hars"a #atroniFed t"e Hinayana se!t of :udd"ism) +a, Hiuen Tsan& +4, :ana
+!, Hars"a +d, ula6esin II () T"ere ;as all-round e!onomi! #ros#erity durin& t"e rei&n of
Hars"a)
B) T"e ne; !a#ital esta4lis"ed 4y Hars"a ;as JJ
B) Sour!es for t"e study of Hars"a)
2) T"e ar!"ive of t"e Hars"a #eriod ;as 6no;n as JJ
2) Travel a!!ounts of Hiuen Tsan&)
() 7"uruvasena II ;as t"e ruler of J))
() 1anua2 0ssem4ly)
D) 0lla"a4ad %onferen!e)
B) :ana a, 0ut"or of t"ree #lays
2) 7"arma#ala 4, oet and #"iloso#"er
B) :rin& out t"e !ultural #ro&ress under t"e rule of Hars"a)
() :"art"ri"ari !, :io&ra#"er of Hars"a
2) /rite a 4rief a!!ount of t"e 8alanda 3niversity)
D) Hars"a d, Head of t"e 8alanda 3niversity
B) Give an a!!ount of t"e life and a!"ievements of right.
Hars"avard"ana)
a, T"e 1anau2 assem4ly ;as or&aniFed 4y Hars"a to "onour
Hiuen Tsan&) 2) Estimate t"e !ontri4utions of Hars"a to :udd"ism)
4, Re#resentatives of .a"ayana :udd"ism ;ere alone invited () 7es!ri4e t"e administration and so!iety under Hars"a as
to t"e 1anau2 assem4ly) e<#lained 4y Hiuen Tsan&)
B20 B2B

;6SS5$ == T"erefore, t"e vie; t"at t"e allavas ;ere t"e natives of
Tondaimandalam itself ;as ;idely a!!e#ted 4y s!"olars) T"ey are
S59TH 8$D8-$ *8$.D51S > 8
also identi!al ;it" t"e ulindas mentioned in t"e ins!ri#tions of
P-;;-+-S
0so6a) /"en Tondaimandalam ;as !on>uered 4y t"e Satava"anas,
t"e allavas 4e!ame t"eir feudatories) 0fter t"e fall of t"e
Learning Objectives
Satava"anas in t"e t"ird !entury 0)7), t"ey 4e!ame inde#endent)
T"e allavas issued t"eir earlier ins!ri#tions in ra6rit and Sans6rit
4e!ause of t"eir Satava"ana !onne!tions, and also #atronised
1. .rigin of the #alla&as.
:ra"manism)
2. +chie&ements of Mahendra&arman I) 1arasimha&arman I
Po"itica" History
and *a4asimha.
T"e early allava rulers from 250 0)7) to (50 0)7) issued
. +dministration of the #alla&as.
t"eir !"arters in ra6rit) Im#ortant amon& t"em ;ere
". 8ducation and 3iterature under the #alla&as.
Sivas6andavarman and @i2ayas6andavarman) T"e se!ond line of
$. +rt and architecture of the #alla&as.
allava rulers ;"o ruled 4et;een (50 0)7) and 550 0)7) issued
t"eir !"arters in Sans6rit) T"e most im#ortant ruler of t"is line ;as
0fter t"e de!line of t"e San&am 0&e in t"e Tamil !ountry, t"e @is"nu&o#a ;"o ;as defeated 4y Samudra&u#ta durin& "is Sout"
1ala4"ra rule lasted for a4out 250 years) T"ereafter, t"e allavas Indian e<#edition) T"e rulers of t"e t"ird line ;"o ruled from 575
esta4lis"ed t"eir 6in&dom in Tondaimandalam ;it" its !a#ital at 0)7) to t"eir ultimate fall in t"e nint" !entury issued t"eir !"arters
1an!"i#uram) T"eir rule !ontinued till Tondaimandalam ;as !a#tured 4ot" in Sans6rit and Tamil) Sim"avis"nu ;as t"e first ruler of t"is
and anne<ed 4y t"e Im#erial %"olas in t"e 4e&innin& of t"e tent" line) He destroyed t"e 1ala4"ras and firmly esta4lis"ed t"e allava
!entury 0)7) rule in Tondaimandalam) He also defeated t"e %"olas and e<tended
t"e allava territory u# to t"e river 1averi) Ot"er &reat allava rulers
5rigin of the Pa""avas
of t"is line ;ere .a"endravarman I, 8arasim"avarman I, and
T"ere are different vie;s on t"e ori&in of t"e allavas) T"ey
8arasim"avarman II)
;ere e>uated ;it" t"e art"ians, t"e forei&ners ;"o ruled ;estern
1ahendravarman 8 /B'' > B(' -.D.0
India) 0not"er vie; ;as t"at t"e allavas ;ere a 4ran!" of t"e
:ra"min royal dynasty of t"e @a6ata6as of t"e 7e!!an) T"e t"ird T"e lon&-dra;n allava G %"alu6ya %onfli!t 4e&an durin&
vie; relates t"e allavas ;it" t"e des!endents of t"e %"ola #rin!e "is #eriod) ula6esin II mar!"ed a&ainst t"e allavas and !a#tured
and a 8a&a #rin!ess ;"ose native ;as t"e island of .ani#allavam) t"e nort"ern #art of t"eir 6in&dom) 0lt"ou&" a allava ins!ri#tion
:ut t"ese t"eories on t"e ori&in of t"e allavas ;ere not su##orted refers to t"e vi!tory of .a"endravarman I at ullalur, "e ;as not
4y ade>uate eviden!es) a4le to re!over t"e lost territory)
B22 B2(

.a"endravarman I ;as a follo;er of Eainism in t"e early #art monasteries in ;"i!" a4out B0,000 :udd"ist mon6s lived) 0!!ordin&
of "is !areer) He ;as !onverted to Saivism 4y t"e influen!e of t"e to "is a!!ount t"e #eo#le of 1an!"i esteemed &reat learnin& and
Saiva saint, T"irunavu66arasar alias 0##ar) He 4uilt a Siva tem#le t"e G"ati6a at 1an!"i served as a &reat !entre of learnin&)
at Tiruvadi) He assumed a num4er of titles li6e Guna4"ara, 8arasim"avarman I ;as t"e founder of .amalla#uram and t"e
Satyasand"a, %"etta6ari +4uilder of tem#les, %"itra6ara#uli, monolit"i! rat"as ;ere ere!ted durin& "is rei&n)
@i!"itra!"itta and .attavilasa)
$arasimhavarman 88 or 4a,asimha /BDA -E&& -.D.0
He ;as a &reat 4uilder of !ave tem#les) T"e .anda&a##attu
8arasim"avarman I ;as su!!eeded 4y .a"endravarman II
ins!ri#tion "ails "im as @i!"itra!"itta ;"o !onstru!ted a tem#le for
and arames;arvarman I and t"e allava G %"alu6ya !onfli!t
:ra"ma, @is"nu and Siva ;it"out t"e use of 4ri!6s, tim4er, metal
!ontinued durin& t"eir rei&n) T"ereafter, 8arasim"avarman II
and mortar) His ro!6-!ut tem#les are found in a num4er of #la!es
4e!ame t"e ruler of t"e allava 6in&dom) He ;as also 6no;n as
li6e @allam, .a"endravadi, 7alavanur, allavaram, .anda&a##attu
Ra2asim"a) His re&ime ;as #ea!eful and "e evin!ed more interest
and Tiru!"ira##alli) He "ad also aut"ored t"e Sans6rit ;or6
in develo#in& t"e art and ar!"ite!ture) T"e S"ore tem#le at
.attavilasa ra"asanam) His title %"itra6ara#uli reveals "is talents
.amalla#uram and t"e 1ailasanat"a tem#le at 1an!"i#uram ;ere
in #aintin&) He is also re&arded as an e<#ert in musi!) T"e musi!
4uilt in t"is #eriod) He ;as also a &reat #atron of art and letters)
ins!ri#tion at 1udumianmalai is as!ri4ed to "im)
T"e famous Sans6rit s!"olar 7andin is said to "ave adorned "is
$arasimhavarman 8 /B('-BBF -.D.0 !ourt) He sent em4assies to %"ina and t"e maritime trade flouris"ed
durin& "is rei&n) Ra2asim"a assumed titles li6e San6ara4"a6ta,
8arasim"avarman I ;as also 6no;n as .amalla, ;"i!" means
@ad"yavidyad"ara and 0&ama#riya)
I&reat ;restler$) He ;anted to ta6e aven&e t"e defeat of "is fat"er
at t"e "ands of %"alu6yan ruler ula6esin II) His vi!tory over He ;as su!!eeded 4y arames;aravarman II and
ula6esin II in t"e :attle of .animan&alam near 1an!"i is mentioned 8andivarman II) T"e allava rule lasted till t"e end of t"e nint"
in 1uram !o##er #lates) T"e allava army under General aran2ot"i !entury 0)7) T"e %"ola 6in& 0ditya I defeated t"e last allava
#ursued t"e retreatin& %"alu6ya army, entered %"alu6ya territory, ruler 0#ara2ita and seiFed t"e 1an!"i re&ion) /it" t"is, t"e rule of
!a#tured and destroyed t"e !a#ital !ity of @ata#i) 8arasim"avarman allava dynasty !ame to an end)
I assumed t"e title I@ata#i6onda$) He re&ained t"e lost territory)
-dministration of the Pa""avas
0not"er nota4le a!"ievement of 8arasim"avarman I ;as "is naval
T"e allavas "ad a ;ell or&aniFed administrative system) T"e
e<#edition to Sri *an6a) He restored t"e t"rone to "is friend and
allava state ;as divided into :ottams ) T"e :ottam ;as
Sri *an6an #rin!e .anavarma)
administered 4y offi!ers a##ointed 4y t"e 6in&) T"e 6in& ;as at t"e
7urin& "is rei&n, Hiuen Tsan& visited t"e allava !a#ital
!entre of administration in ;"i!" "e ;as assisted 4y a4le ministers)
1an!"i#uram) His des!ri#tion of 1an!"i is vivid) He !alls it a 4i&
He ;as t"e fountain of 2usti!e) He maintained a ;ell-trained army)
and 4eautiful !ity, si< miles in !ir!umferen!e) It "ad B00 :udd"ist
He #rovided land-&rants to t"e tem#les 6no;n as 'e&adhana and
B2D B25

also to t"e :ra"mans 6no;n as (rahmadeya ) It ;as also t"e a4road) T"e founder of t"e 1adam4a dynasty, .ayurasarman
res#onsi4ility of t"e !entral &overnment to #rovide irri&ation fa!ilities studied @edas at 1an!"i) 7in&ana&a, a :udd"ist ;riter !ame to
to t"e lands) 0 num4er of irri&ation tan6s ;ere du& 4y t"e allava study at 1an!"i) 7"arma#ala, ;"o later 4e!ame t"e Head of t"e
6in&s) T"e irri&ation tan6s at .a"endravadi and .amandoor ;ere 8alanada 3niversity, 4elon&ed to 1an!"i) :"aravi, t"e &reat Sans6rit
du& durin& t"e rei&n of .a"endravarman I) 7etailed information on s!"olar lived in t"e time of Sim"avis"nu) 7andin, anot"er Sans6rit
t"e ta< system !ould also 4e tra!ed from t"e allava ins!ri#tions) ;riter adorned t"e !ourt of 8arasim"avarman II) .a"endravaraman
*and ta< ;as t"e #rimary sour!e of t"e &overnment revenue) T"e I !om#osed t"e Sans6rit #lay Matta&ilasaprahasanam. Tamil
(rahmadeya and 'e&adhana lands ;ere e<em#ted from ta<) literature "ad also develo#ed) T"e 8ayanmars and 0l;ars !om#osed
Traders and artisans su!" as !ar#enters, &oldsmit"s, ;as"er-men, reli&ious "ymns in Tamil) T"e 'e&aram!om#osed 4y 8ayanmars
oil-#ressers and ;eavers #aid ta<es to t"e &overnment) T"e allava and t"e 1alayradi&yaprabandam !om#osed 4y 0l;ars re#resent
ins!ri#tions t"ro; mu!" li&"t on t"e villa&e assem4lies !alled sabhas t"e reli&ious literature of t"e allava #eriod) erundevanar ;as
and t"eir !ommittees) T"ey maintained re!ords of all villa&e lands, #atroniFed 4y 8andivarman II and "e translated t"e .a"a4"arata
loo6ed after lo!al affairs and mana&ed tem#les) as (haratha&enba in Tamil) 1andikkalambagam ;as anot"er
im#ortant ;or6 4ut t"e name of t"e aut"or of t"is ;or6 is not 6no;n)
Society under the Pa""avas
.usi! and dan!e also develo#ed durin& t"is #eriod)
T"e Tamil so!iety ;itnessed a &reat !"an&e durin& t"e allava
Pa""ava -rt and -rchitecture
#eriod) T"e !aste system 4e!ame ri&id) T"e :ra"mins o!!u#ied a
"i&" #la!e in t"e so!iety) T"ey ;ere &iven land-&rants 4y t"e 6in&s It ;as a &reat a&e of tem#le 4uildin&) T"e allavas introdu!ed
and no4les) T"ey ;ere also &iven t"e res#onsi4ility of loo6in& after t"e art of e<!avatin& tem#les from t"e ro!6) In fa!t, t"e 7ravidian
t"e tem#les) T"e allava #eriod also ;itnessed t"e rise of Saivism style of tem#le ar!"ite!ture 4e&an ;it"
and @ais"navism and also t"e de!line of :udd"ism and Eainism) T"e t"e allava rule) It ;as a &radual
Saiva 8ayanmars and t"e @ais"nava 0l;ars !ontri4uted to t"e evolution startin& from t"e !ave
&ro;t" of Saivism and @ais"navism) T"is is 6no;n as t"e :a6t"i tem#les to monolit"i! rathasand
.ovement) T"ey !om#osed t"eir "ymns in t"e Tamil lan&ua&e) T"ese !ulminated in stru!tural tem#les) T"e
"ymns revealed t"e im#ortan!e of devotion or :a6t"i) T"e develo#ment of tem#le ar!"ite!ture
!onstru!tion of tem#les 4y t"e allava 6in&s #aved t"e ;ay for t"e under t"e allavas !an 4e seen in four
s#read of t"ese t;o reli&ions) sta&es) 4athas at 1ama""apuram
6ducation and ;iterature .a"endravarman I introdu!ed t"e ro!6-!ut tem#les) T"is style
of allava tem#les are seen at #la!es li6e .anda&a##attu,
T"e allavas ;ere &reat #atrons of learnin&) T"eir !a#ital
.a"endravadi, .amandur, 7alavanur, Tiru!"ira##alli, @allam,
1an!"i ;as an an!ient !entre of learnin&) T"e !hatika at 1an!"i
Siyaman&alam and Tiru6alu66unram)
;as #o#ular and it attra!ted students from all #arts of India and
B2' B27

T"e se!ond sta&e of allava ar!"ite!ture is re#resented 4y as t"e t"eme of t"ese s!ul#tures su!"
t"e monolit"i! rathas and .anda#as found at .amalla#uram) as t"e fi&ures of li!e-#i!6in& mon6ey,
8arasim"avarman I too6 t"e !redit for t"ese ;onderful ar!"ite!tural ele#"ants of "u&e siFe and t"e fi&ure
monuments) T"e five rathas , #o#ularly !alled as t"e of t"e Ias!eti! !at$ standin& ere!t
#anchapanada&a rathas , si&nifies five different styles of tem#le remain t"e #roof for t"e talent of t"e
ar!"ite!ture) T"e manda#as !ontain 4eautiful s!ul#tures on its ;alls) s!ul#tor)
The Fa"" of .anges
T"e most #o#ular of t"ese manda#as are .a"is"asuramard"ini
Fine -rts
.anda#a, Tirumurt"i .anda#am and @ara"a .ada#am)
.usi!, dan!e and #aintin& "ad also develo#ed under t"e
In t"e ne<t sta&e, Ra2asim"a
#atrona&e of t"e allavas) T"e .amandur ins!ri#tion !ontains a
introdu!ed t"e stru!tural tem#les)
note on t"e notation of vo!al musi!) T"e 1udumianmalai ins!ri#tion
T"ese tem#les ;ere 4uilt 4y usin&
referred to musi!al notes and instruments) T"e 0l;ars and
t"e soft sand ro!6s) T"e
8ayanmars !om#osed t"eir "ymns in various musi!al notes) 7an!e
1ailasanat"a tem#le at 1an!"i and
and drama also develo#ed durin& t"is #eriod) T"e s!ul#tures of t"is
t"e S"ore tem#le at .amalla#uram
#eriod de#i!t many dan!in& #ostures) T"e Sittannavasal #aintin&s
remain t"e finest e<am#les of t"e
4elon&ed to t"is #eriod) T"e !ommentary !alled 'akshinchitra;as
early stru!tural tem#les of t"e
!om#iled durin& t"e rei&n of .a"endravarman I, ;"o "ad t"e title *ai"asanatha temp"e at
allavas) T"e 1ailasanat"a tem#le
*anchipuram
%"ittira66ara#uli)
at 1an!"i is t"e &reatest
ar!"ite!tural master #ie!e of t"e allava art)
Learning Outcome
T"e last sta&e of t"e allava art is also re#resented 4y stru!tural
tem#les 4uilt 4y t"e later allavas) T"e @ai6unda#erumal tem#le,
.u6t"ees;ara tem#le and .ata&ens;ara tem#les at 1an!"i#uram
1. The different theories about the origin of the #alla&as.
4elon& to t"is sta&e of ar!"ite!ture)
2. The political history of the #alla&as and their military
T"e allavas "ad also !ontri4uted to t"e develo#ment of
accomplishments
s!ul#ture) 0#art from t"e s!ul#tures found
. +dministrati&e system under the #alla&as.
in t"e tem#les, t"e IO#en 0rt Gallery$ at
.amalla#uram remains an im#ortant ". Their cultural contributions.
monument 4earin& t"e s!ul#tural 4eauty of
$. +rchitectural achie&ements of the #alla&as.
t"is #eriod) T"e 7es!ent of t"e Gan&es or
t"e enan!e of 0r2una is !alled a fres!o
Shore Temp"e at
#aintin& in stone) T"e minute details as ;ell
1ama""apuram
B2A B2C

d, :ot" @ais"navism and Saivism flouris"ed durin& allava
15D6; ?96ST85$S
#eriod)
B) T"e allava ruler ;"o destroyed t"e 1ala4"ras
Fa"se.
+a, @is"nu&o#a +4, Sim"avis"nu
B) T"e San&am a&e ;as follo;ed 4y t"e allava rule)
+!, .a"endravarman I +d, Ra2asim"a
2) .a"endravarman I ;as a follo;er of Eainism in t"e early #art
2) Hiuen Tsan& visited 1an!"i durin& t"e rei&n of of "is !areer)
() .onolit"i! rat"as ;ere ere!ted at 1an!"i#uram 4y
+a, .a"endravarman I +4, 8arasim"avarman I
8arasim"avarman I)
+!, Ra2asim"a +d, 8andivarman III
B) Ori&in of t"e allavas)
B) T"e Saiva saint ;"o !onverted .a"endravarman I to Saivism
2) G"ati6a at 1an!"i)
;as JJ
() allava %"alu6ya !onfli!t)
2) T"e !ommander of t"e allava army ;"o destroyed @ata#i
D) :a6t"i .ovement) JJ
5) Fine arts under t"e allavas) () T"e title .amalla ;as assumed 4y JJ
888. 1atch the fo""o%ing. +88. -ns%er !rief"y /='' %ords0.
B) erundevanar a, 8alayiradivya#ra4andam B) Give an a!!ount of t"e rei&n of .a"endravarman I)
2) /rite a 4rief a!!ount on t"e military a!!om#lis"ments of 2) 0l;ars 4, 7evaram
8arasim"avarman I)
() 8ayanmars !, .attavilasa#ra6asanam
() E<amine t"e administration system of t"e allavas)
D) .a"endravarman I d, :"arat"aven4a
D) /rite a note on t"e so!ial life under t"e allavas)
right. +888. -ns%er in detai" /&'' %ords0.
B) Give an a!!ount of t"e #oliti!al "istory of t"e allavas) a, allava #eriod ;itnessed t"e de!line of t"e Sans6rit lan&ua&e)
2) 0ssess t"e !ultural !ontri4utions of t"e allavas) 4, Ra2asim"a destroyed @ata#i and assumed t"e title
@ata#i6ondan)
() .ention t"e salient features of t"e allava art)
!, .a"endravarman introdu!ed t"e style of 4uildin& stru!tural
tem#les)
B(0 B(B

;6SS5$ =& He fou&"t ;it" t"e 1adam4as of :anavasi and t"e Gan&as of
.ysore and esta4lis"ed "is suFerainty) 7urvinita, t"e Gan&a ruler
S59TH 8$D8-$ *8$.D51S > 88
a!!e#ted "is overlords"i# and even &ave "is dau&"ter in marria&e
CH-;9*Y-S -$D 4-SHT4-*9T-S
to ula6esin II) 0not"er nota4le a!"ievement of ula6esin II ;as
t"e defeat of Hars"avard"ana on t"e 4an6s of t"e river 8armada)
Learning Objectives
He #ut a !"e!6 to t"e am4ition of Hars"a to !on>uer t"e sout") In
"is first e<#edition a&ainst t"e allavas, ula6esin II emer&ed
vi!torious) :ut "e suffered a "umiliatin& defeat at t"e "ands of
1. The achie&ements of /halukya ruler #ulakesin II.
8arasim"avarman I near 1an!"i) Su4se>uently, t"e %"alu6ya !a#ital
2. +dministration) social life and art and architecture under
@ata#i ;as !a#tured and destroyed 4y t"e allavas) T"e most
the /halukyas.
im#ortant event in t"e rei&n of ula6esin II ;as t"e visit of Hiuen
. #olitical history of the *ashtrakutas.
Tsan& to "is 6in&dom)
". +dministration and society under the *ashtrakutas.
T"e su!!essor of ula6esin II ;as @i6ramaditya) He on!e a&ain
$. +rt and architecture of the *ashtrakutas.
!onsolidated t"e %"alu6ya 6in&dom and #lundered t"e allava !a#ital,
1an!"i) T"us "e "ad aven&ed "is fat"er$s defeat and deat" at t"e "ands
of t"e allavas) 1irtivarman II ;as t"e last of t"e rulers of t"e %"alu6yas)
:esides t"e allavas, t"e /estern %"alu6yas and t"e
He ;as defeated 4y 7antidur&a, t"e founder of t"e Ras"tra6uta dynasty)
Ras"tra6utas in t"e 7e!!an !onstitute im#ortant #oliti!al for!es)
:ot" t"ese 6in&doms "ad t"eir rivals in t"e far sout", namely t"e -dministration and Socia" ;ife under the Cha"ukyas
allavas and later t"e %"olas) T"eir #eriod "as also 4een im#ortant
T"e %"alu6ya administration ;as "i&"ly !entraliFed unli6e t"at
in t"e "istory of India for t"eir !ultural !ontri4utions)
of t"e allavas and t"e %"olas) @illa&e autonomy ;as a4sent under
Cha"ukyas /A)( > EAA -.D.0 t"e %"alu6yas) T"e %"alu6yas "ad a &reat maritime #o;er) ula6esin
II "ad B00 s"i#s in "is navy) T"ey also "ad a small standin& army)
T"e /estern %"alu6yas ruled over an e<tensive area in t"e
7e!!an for a4out t;o !enturies after ;"i!" t"e Ras"tra6utas 4e!ame T"e :adami %"alu6yas ;ere :ra"mani!al Hindus 4ut t"ey
#o;erful) T"e family of /estern %"alu6yas "ad its offs"oots li6e &ave res#e!t to ot"er reli&ions) Im#ortan!e ;as &iven to @edi! rites
t"e Eastern %"alu6yas of @en&i and t"e %"alu6yas of 1alyani) and rituals) T"e founder of t"e dynasty ula6esin I #erformed t"e
ula6esin I ;as t"e founder of t"e %"alu6ya dynasty) He esta4lis"ed as&amedha sa!rifi!e) 0 num4er of tem#les in "onour of @is"nu,
a small 6in&dom ;it" @ata#i or :adami as its !a#ital) Siva and ot"er &ods ;ere also 4uilt durin& t"is #eriod) Hiuen Tsan&
mentioned a4out t"e de!line of :udd"ism in ;estern 7e!!an) :ut
Pu"akesin 88 /B'F-B)& -.D.0
Eainism ;as steadily on t"e #at" of #ro&ress in t"is re&ion) Ravi6irti,
T"e most im#ortant ruler of t"is dynasty ;as ula6esin II)
t"e !ourt #oet of ula6esin II ;"o !om#osed t"e 0i"ole ins!ri#tion
T"e 0i"ole ins!ri#tion issued 4y "im &ives t"e details of "is rei&n)
;as a Eain)
B(2 B((

-rt and -rchitecture T"e se!ond sta&e is
re#resented 4y t"e tem#les at
T"e %"alu6yas ;ere &reat #atrons
attada6al) T"ere are ten tem#les
of art) T"ey develo#ed t"e&esarastyle
"ere, four in t"e nort"ern style and
in t"e 4uildin& of stru!tural tem#les)
t"e remainin& si< in t"e 7ravidian
Ho;ever, t"e &esarastyle rea!"ed its
style) T"e a#anat"a tem#le is t"e
!ulmination only under t"e Ras"tra6utas
most nota4le in t"e nort"ern style)
and t"e Hoysalas) T"e stru!tural tem#les
+irupaksha temp"e at
T"e San&amesvara tem#le and t"e Pattadakka"
of t"e %"alu6yas e<ist at 0i"ole, :adami
C-+6 T 6 1P;6 -T -C-$ T-
@iru#a6s"a tem#le are famous for t"eir 7ravidian style) T"e
and attada6al) %ave tem#le ar!"ite!ture ;as also famous under t"e
@iru#a6s"a tem#le is 4uilt on t"e model of t"e 1ailasanat"a tem#le
%"alu6yas) T"eir !ave tem#les are found in 02anta, Ellora and 8asi6)
at 1an!"i#uram) It ;as 4uilt 4y one of t"e >ueens of @i6ramaditya
T"e 4est s#e!imens of %"alu6ya #aintin&s !an 4e seen in t"e :adami
II) S!ul#tors 4rou&"t from 1an!"i ;ere em#loyed in its !onstru!tion)
!ave tem#le and in t"e 02anta !aves) T"e re!e#tion &iven to a ersian
em4assy 4y ula6esin II is de#i!ted in a #aintin& at 02ant"a) 4ashtrakutas /EAA > DEA -.D.0
T"e %"alu6ya tem#les may 4e divided into t;o sta&es) T"e T"e Ras"tra6utas ;ere of 1annada ori&in and 1annada
first sta&e is re#resented 4y t"e tem#les at 0i"ole and :adami) lan&ua&e ;as t"eir mot"er ton&ue) 7antidur&a ;as t"e founder of
0mon& t"e seventy tem#les found at 0i"ole, four are im#ortant) t"e Ras"tra6uta dynasty) He defeated t"e Gur2aras and !a#tured
.al;a from t"em) T"en "e anne<ed t"e %"alu6ya 6in&dom 4y
B) *ad" 1"an tem#le is a lo;, flat-roofed stru!ture
defeatin& 1irtivarman II) T"us, t"e Ras"tra6utas 4e!ame a
!onsistin& of a #illared "all)
#aramount #o;er in t"e 7e!!an)
2) 7ur&a tem#le resem4les a :udd"a /haitya )
His su!!essor 1ris"na I ;as also a &reat !on>ueror) He
() Hu!"imalli&udi tem#le)
defeated t"e Gan&as and t"e eastern %"alu6yas of @en&i) He 4uilt
t"e ma&nifi!ent ro!6-!ut monolit"i! 1ailasa tem#le at Ellora) T"e
D) T"e Eain tem#le at .e&uti)
ne<t im#ortant 6in& of t"is dynasty ;as Govinda III) He a!"ieved
0mon& t"e tem#les at :adami,
vi!tories over nort" Indian 6in&doms)
t"e .u6t"ees;ara tem#le and t"e
His su!!essor 0mo&"avars"a I +AB5- AA0 0)7), ruled for a
.ela&utti Sivalaya are nota4le for
lon& #eriod of 'D years) He "ad lost !ontrol over .al;a and
t"eir ar!"ite!tural 4eauty) 0 &rou# of
Gan&avadi) Yet, "is rei&n ;as #o#ular for t"e !ultural develo#ment)
four ro!6-!ut tem#les at :adami are
He ;as a follo;er of Eainism) Einasena ;as "is !"ief #re!e#tor) He
mar6ed 4y "i&" ;or6mans"i#) T"e
;as also a #atron of letters and "e "imself ;rote t"e famous 1annada
;alls and #illared "alls are adorned
;or6, 1avira2amar&a) He "ad also 4uilt t"e Ras"tra6uta !a#ital,
4y 4eautiful ima&es of &ods and
Cave Temp"e at <adami
t"e !ity of .al6"ed or .anya6"eda)
"uman 4ein&s)
B(D B(5

0mon& t"e su!!essors of 0mo&"avars"a I, 1ris"na III +C('- Cu"tura" Contri!utions
C'A 0)7), ;as famous for "is e<#editions) He mar!"ed a&ainst t"e
T"e Ras"tra6utas ;idely #atroniFed t"e Sans6rit literature)
%"olas and defeated t"em at Ta66olam) He mar!"ed furt"er sout"
T"ere ;ere many s!"olars in t"e Ras"tra6uta !ourt) Trivi6rama ;rote
and !a#tured Tan2ore) He ;ent as far as Rames;aram and o!!u#ied
1alachampu and t"e :a&irahasya ;as !om#osed 4y Halayud"a
it for sometime) He 4uilt several tem#les in t"e !on>uered territories
durin& t"e rei&n of 1ris"na III) T"e Eain literature flouris"ed under
in!ludin& t"e 1ris"nes;ara tem#le at Rames;aram) T"rou&"out "is
t"e #atrona&e of t"e Ras"tra6utas) 0mo&avars"a I, ;"o ;as a Eain
rei&n "e #ossessed t"e Tondaimandalam re&ion in!ludin& t"e !a#ital
#atroniFed many Eain s!"olars) His tea!"er Einasena !om#osed
1an!"i) 0fter "is deat", t"e #o;er of t"e Ras"tra6utas de!lined)
#ars&abhudaya , a 4io&ra#"y of arsva in verses) 0not"er s!"olar
-dministration
Guna4"adra ;rote t"e +dipurana , t"e life stories of various Eain
saints) Sa6atayana ;rote t"e &rammer ;or6 !alled +moga&ritti ) T"e Ras"tra6uta Em#ire ;as divided into several #rovin!es !alled
T"e &reat mat"emati!ian of t"is #eriod, @ira!"arya ;as t"e aut"or rashtrasunder t"e !ontrol ofrashtrapatis) T"ey ;ere furt"er divided
into &ishayas or distri!ts &overned 4y &ishayapatis ) T"e ne<t of Ganitasaram)
su4division ;asbhukti!onsistin& of 50 to 70 villa&es under t"e !ontrol
T"e 1annada literature sa; its 4e&innin& durin& t"e #eriod of
of bhogapatis) T"ese offi!ers ;ere dire!tly a##ointed 4y t"e !entral
t"e Ras"tra6utas) 0mo&avars"a$s :a&ira4amarga ;as t"e first
&overnment) T"e villa&e administration ;as !arried on 4y t"e villa&e
#oeti! ;or6 in 1annada lan&ua&e) am#a ;as t"e &reatest of t"e
"eadmen) Ho;ever, t"e villa&e assem4lies #layed a si&nifi!ant role in
1annada #oets) His famous ;or6 ;as
t"e villa&e administration)
2ikramasena&i4aya. onna ;as anot"er
Society and 6conomy
famous 1annada #oet and "e ;rote
Santipurana )
T"e Hindu se!ts of @ais"navism and Saivism flouris"ed durin&
t"e #eriod of Ras"tra6utas) Yet, t"ey did not affe!t t"e #ro&ress of
Eainism under t"e #atrona&e of Ras"tra6uta 6in&s and offi!ers) 0lmost
T"e art and ar!"ite!ture of t"e
one t"ird of t"e #o#ulation of t"e 7e!!an ;ere Eains) T"ere ;ere some
Ras"tra6utas ;ere found at Ellora and
#ros#erous :udd"ist settlements at #la!es li6e 1an"eri, S"ola#ur and
Ele#"anta) 0t Ellora, t"e most remar6a4le
7"ar;ar) T"ere ;as "armony amon& various reli&ions) T"ere ;as a
tem#le is t"e 1ailasa tem#le) It ;as e<!avated
!olle&e at Salato&i, situated in modern :i2a#ur distri!t) 0n ins!ri#tion
durin& t"e rei&n of 1ris"na I) It is !arved out of
&ives details of t"is edu!ational !entre) It ;as run 4y t"e in!ome from
a massive 4lo!6 of ro!6 200 feet lon&, and B00
*-8;-S- T61P;6
t"e endo;ments made 4y t"e ri!" as ;ell as 4y all t"e villa&ers on
-T 6;;54-
feet in 4readt" and "ei&"t) T"e tem#le !onsists
o!!asions of fun!tions and festivals)
of four #arts - t"e main s"rine, t"e entran!e &ate;ay, an intermediate
T"e e!onomy ;as also in a flouris"in& !ondition) T"ere ;as an
s"rine for 8andi and manda#a surroundin& t"e !ourtyard) T"e tem#le
a!tive !ommer!e 4et;een t"e 7e!!an and t"e 0ra4s) T"e Ras"tra6uta
stands on a lofty #lint" 25 feet "i&") T"e !entral fa!e of t"e #lint" "as
6in&s #romoted t"e 0ra4 trade 4y maintainin& friends"i# ;it" t"em)
B(' B(7

im#osin& fi&ures of ele#"ants and lions &ivin& t"e im#ression t"at t"e
15D6; ?96ST85$S
entire stru!ture rests on t"eir 4a!6) It "as a t"ree-tiered sikhara or
to;er resem4lin& t"e sikhara of t"e .amalla#uram rathas) In t"e
interior of t"e tem#le t"ere is a #illared "all ;"i!" "as si<teen s>uare
B) 0i"ole ins!ri#tion ;as issued 4y
#illars) T"e 1ailasa tem#leis an ar!"ite!tural marvel ;it" it 4eautiful
+a, 0mo&"avars"a I +4, ula6esin II
s!ul#tures) T"e s!ul#ture of t"e Goddess 7ur&a is s"o;n as slayin& t"e
:uffalo demon) In anot"er s!ul#ture Ravana ;as ma6in& attem#ts to +!, Govinda III +d, 7antidur&a
lift .ount 1ailasa, t"e a4ode of Siva) T"e s!enes of Ramayana ;ere
2) /"o amon& t"e follo;in& defeated t"e %"olas at Ta66olamL
also de#i!ted on t"e ;alls) T"e &eneral !"ara!teristi!s of t"e 1ailasa
+a, ula6esin II +4, 0mo&"avars"a I
tem#le are more 7ravidian)
+!, @i6ramaditya I +d, 1ris"na III
Ele#"anta is an island near :om4ay) It ;as ori&inally !alled
Sri#uri) T"e ortu&uese after seein& t"e lar&e fi&ure of an ele#"ant named
it Ele#"anta) T"e s!ul#tural art of t"e Ras"tra6utas rea!"ed its Fenit" in
B) JJ ;as t"e !a#ital of Ras"tra6utas)
t"is #la!e) T"ere is a !lose similarity 4et;een t"e s!ul#tures at Ellora
and t"ose in Ele#"anta) T"ey mi&"t "ave 4een !arved 4y t"e same
2) T"e founder of t"e Ras"tra6uta dynasty ;as J))
!raftsmen) 0t t"e entran!e to t"e san!tum t"ere are "u&e fi&ures of
() Sri#uri ;as renamed as Ele#"anta 4y JJ
dwara-palakas. In t"e ;alls of t"e #ra6ara around t"e san!tum t"ere
are ni!"es !ontainin& t"e ima&es of S"iva in various forms - 8atara2a, 888. 1atch the fo""o%ing.
Gan&ad"ara, 0rd"anareesvara and Somas6anda) T"e most im#osin&
B) Ravi6irti a, @i6ramasenavi2aya
fi&ure of t"is tem#le isTrimurthi. T"e s!ul#ture is si< metre "i&") It is
2) 0mo&"avars"a I 4, Ganitasaram
said to re#resent t"e t"ree as#e!ts of S"iva as %reator, reserver and
7estroyer)
() am#a !, 0i"ole ins!ri#tion
D) @ira!"arya d, 1avira2amar&a
Learning Outcome
right.
1. The political history of the /halukyas of (adami.
a, Ellora is an island near :om4ay)
2. +rt and architecture of the /halukyas.
4, T"e 1ailasa tem#le is at Ellora)
. +chie&ements of the *ashtrakuta rulers.
!, T"e tem#les at Ellora ;ere 4uilt durin& t"e %"alu6ya rule)
". /ultural contributions of the *ashtrakutas.
d, T"e 1ailasa tem#le at Ellora ;as 4uilt 4y ula6esin II)
$. 3iterary de&elopments during the *ashtrakuta rule.
B(A B(C

;6SS5$ =( +. State %hether the fo""o%ing statements are True or
Fa"se.
81P648-; CH5;-S
B) iuen Tsan& visited t"e 7e!!an durin& t"e rei&n of
0mo&"avars"a I)
Learning Objectives
2) T"e 4e&innin& of 1annada literature !ommen!ed durin& t"e
Ras"tra6uta rule) Students will acquire knowledge about
() 7antidur&a ;as t"e last ruler of t"e %"alu6yas) 1. + brief history of early /holas.
+8. 7rite short notes /-ny three points0. 2. Military conquests and other achie&ements of *a4ara4a I.
B) 0i"ole ins!ri#tion . /ampaigns of *a4endra I and his accomplishments.
2) attada6al ". Salient features of the /hola administration.
() Ellora $. 3iterature) +rt and architecture of the /holas.
D) Ele#"anta
0fter t"e de!line of t"e San&am #eriod, t"e %"olas 4e!ame
feudatories in 3raiyur) T"ey 4e!ame #rominent in t"e nint" !entury
B) Give a 4rief a!!ount of t"e a!"ievements of ula6esin II)
and esta4lis"ed an em#ire !om#risin& t"e ma2or #ortion of Sout"
2) Give an estimate of 0mo&"avars"a I) India) T"eir !a#ital ;as Tan2ore) T"ey also e<tended t"eir s;ay in
Sri *an6a and t"e .alay eninsula) T"erefore, t"ey are !alled as
t"e Im#erial %"olas) T"ousands of ins!ri#tions found in t"e tem#les
B) Give an a!!ount of t"e develo#ment of art and ar!"ite!ture
#rovide detailed information re&ardin& t"e administration, so!iety,
under t"e %"alu6yas of :adami)
e!onomy and !ulture of t"e %"ola #eriod)
2) Evaluate t"e !ultural !ontri4utions of t"e Ras"tra6utas)
T"e founder of t"e Im#erial %"ola line ;as @i2ayalaya) He
!a#tured Tan2ore from .uttaraiyars in AB5 0)7) and 4uilt a tem#le
for 7ur&a) His son 0ditya #ut an end to t"e allava 6in&dom 4y
defeatin& 0#ara2ita and anne<ed Tondaimandalam) aranta6a I ;as
one of t"e im#ortant early %"ola rulers) He defeated t"e andyas
and t"e ruler of %eylon) :ut "e suffered a defeat at t"e "ands of t"e
Ras"tra6utas in t"e famous 4attle of Ta66olam) aranta6a I ;as a
&reat 4uilder of tem#les) He also #rovided t"e&imanaof t"e famous
BD0 BDB

8atara2a tem#le at %"idam4aram ;it" a &olden roof) T"e t;o famous 7) Ra2ara2a$s last military a!"ievement ;as a naval e<#edition
3ttiramerur ins!ri#tions t"at &ive a detailed a!!ount of t"e villa&e a&ainst t"e .aldive Islands ;"i!" ;ere !on>uered)
administration under t"e %"olas 4elon& to "is rei&n) 0fter a &a# of
:y t"ese !on>uests, t"e e<tent of t"e %"ola em#ire under
t"irty years, t"e %"olas re&ained t"eir su#rema!y under Ra2ara2a I)
Ra2ara2a I in!luded t"e andya, %"era and t"e Tondaimandalam
4a,ara,a 8 /DFA > ='=) -.D.0 re&ions of Tamil 8adu and t"e Gan&avadi, 8olam4a#adi and t"e
Telu&u %"oda territories in t"e 7e!!an and t"e nort"ern #art of
It ;as under Ra2ara2a I and "is son Ra2endra
%eylon and t"e .aldive Islands 4eyond India) Ra2ara2a assumed a
I t"at t"e %"ola #o;er rea!"ed its "i&"est #oint of
num4er of titles li6e .ummidi %"ola, Eayan6onda and
&lory) His military !on>uests ;ereH
Siva#adase6ara) He ;as a devout follo;er of Saivism) He
B) T"e defeat of t"e %"era ruler
!om#leted t"e !onstru!tion of t"e famous Ra2ara2es;ara tem#le or
:"as6araravivarman in t"e naval 4attle of
:ri"adees;ara tem#le at Tan2ore in B0B0 0)7) He also "el#ed in
1andalursalai and t"e destru!tion of t"e
t"e !onstru!tion of a :udd"ist monastery at 8a&a#attinam)
ST-T9T6 5F
%"era navy)
4-C-4-C-
4a,endra 8 /='=&-=')) -.D.0
2) T"e defeat of t"e andya ruler, 0mara4"u2an&a and
Ra2endra "ad demonstrated "is military a4ility 4y #arti!i#atin&
esta4lis"ment of %"ola aut"ority in t"e andya !ountry)
in "is fat"er$s !am#ai&ns) He !ontinued "is fat"er$s #oli!y of
() T"e !on>uest of Gan&avadi, Tadi&ai#adi and 8olam4a#adi
a&&ressive !on>uests and e<#ansion) His im#ortant ;ars ;ereH
lo!ated in t"e .ysore re&ion)
B) .a"inda @, t"e 6in& of Sri *an6a attem#ted to re!over from
D) T"e invasion of Sri *an6a ;"i!" ;as entrusted to "is son
t"e %"olas t"e nort"ern #art of %eylon) Ra2endra defeated
Ra2endra I) 0s t"e Sri *an6an 6in& .a"inda @ fled a;ay
"im and seiFed t"e sout"ern Sri *an6a) T"us t"e ;"ole of Sri
from "is !ountry, t"e %"olas anne<ed t"e nort"ern Sri *an6a)
*an6a ;as made #art of t"e %"ola Em#ire)
T"e !a#ital ;as s"ifted from 0nurad"a#ura to olanaruva
2) He reasserted t"e %"ola aut"ority over t"e %"era and andya
;"ere a S"iva tem#le ;as 4uilt
!ountries)
5) T"e %"ola vi!tory over t"e &ro;in& #o;er of t"e /estern
() He defeated Eayasim"a II, t"e /estern %"alu6ya 6in& and
%"alu6yas of 1alyani) Satyasraya ;as defeated and Ra2ara2a
t"e river Tun&a4ad"ra ;as re!o&nised as t"e 4oundary 4et-
I !a#tured t"e Rai!"ur 7oa4, :anavasi and ot"er #la!es)
;een t"e %"olas and %"alu6yas)
Hen!e t"e %"ola #o;er e<tended u# to t"e river Tun&a4ad"ra)
D) His most famous military enter#rise ;as "is e<#edition to nort"
') T"e restoration of @en&i t"rone to its rulers Sa6tivarman and
India) T"e %"ola army !rossed t"e Gan&es 4y defeatin& a
@imaladitya 4y defeatin& t"e Telu&u %"odas) Ra2ara2a &ave
num4er of rulers on its ;ay) Ra2endra defeated .a"i#ala I of
"is dau&"ter 1undavai in marria&e to @imaladitya)
:en&al) To !ommemorate t"is su!!essful nort"-Indian
BD2 BD(

!am#ai&n Ra2endra founded t"e !ity of
Gan&ai6onda!"ola#uram and !onstru!ted t"e famous
Ra2esvaram tem#le in t"at !ity) He also e<!avated a lar&e
Cho"as
irri&ation tan6 !alled %"ola&an&am on t"e ;estern side of t"e
!ity)
5) 0not"er famous venture of Ra2endra ;as "is naval e<#edition
to 1adaram or Sri @i2aya) It is diffi!ult to #in #oint t"e real
o42e!t of t"e e<#edition) /"atever its o42e!ts ;ere, t"e naval
e<#edition ;as a !om#lete su!!ess) 0 num4er of #la!es ;ere
Yadavas
o!!u#ied 4y %"ola for!es) :ut it ;as only tem#orary and no
#ermanent anne<ation of t"ese #la!es ;as !ontem#lated) He
Sa66ara66ottam
assumed t"e title 1adaram6ondan)
/) %"alu6yas
1alyani
') Ra2endra I "ad #ut do;n all re4ellions and 6e#t "is em#ire in
.al6"ed
Ra2a"mundry ta!t)
0t t"e deat" of Ra2endra I t"e e<tent of t"e %"ola Em#ire
1adan4as
;as at its #ea6) T"e river Tun&a4ad"ra ;as t"e nort"ern 4oundary)
:ay of :en&al
T"e andya, 1erala and .ysore re&ions and also Sri *an6a formed
:avanasi
#art of t"e em#ire) He &ave "is dau&"ter 0mman&adevi to t"e @en&i
8ellore
%"alu6ya #rin!e and furt"er !ontinued t"e matrimonial allian!e
Gan&avadi
initiated 4y "is fat"er) Ra2endra I assumed a num4er of titles, t"e Ta66olam
0ri4ian Sea
1an!"i
most famous 4ein& .udi6ondan, Gan&ai6ondan, 1adaram 1ondan
3tiramerur
and andita %"olan) *i6e "is fat"er "e ;as also a devout Saiva and
4uilt a tem#le for t"at &od at t"e ne; !a#ital Gan&ai6onda!"ola#uram) Gan&ai6onda!"ola#uram
3raiyur T"an2avur
He made li4eral endo;ments to t"is tem#le and to t"e *ord 8atara2a
tem#le at %"idam4aram) He ;as also tolerant to;ards t"e @ais"nava .adurai
and :udd"ist se!ts)
1or6i
0fter Ra2endra I, t"e &reatness of t"e %"ola #o;er ;as
#reserved 4y rulers li6e 1ulottun&a I and 1ulottun&a III) 1ulottun&a
Indian O!ean
I ;as t"e &randson of Ra2endra I t"rou&" "is dau&"ter 0mman&adevi)
He su!!eeded t"e %"ola t"rone and t"us united t"e @en&i 6in&dom
;it" t"e %"ola Em#ire) 7urin& "is rei&n Sri *an6a 4e!ame
BDD BD5

inde#endent) Su4se>uently, @en&i and t"e .ysore re&ion ;ere t"e "ard times, t"ere ;ere remission of ta<es and 1ulottun&a I
!a#tured 4y t"e ;estern %"alu6yas) 1ulottun&a I sent a lar&e 4e!ame famous 4y a4olis"in& tolls and earned t"e title G Sungam
em4assy of 72 mer!"ants to %"ina and maintained !ordial relations Ta&irtta /holan ) T"e main items of &overnment e<#enditure ;ere
;it" t"e 6in&dom of Sri @i2aya) 3nder 1ulottun&a III t"e !entral t"e 6in& and "is !ourt, army and navy, roads, irri&ation tan6s and
aut"ority 4e!ame ;ea6) T"e rise of t"e feudatories li6e t"e !anals)
1adavarayas and t"e emer&en!e of t"e andya #o;er as a !"allen&e
Military Administration
to %"ola su#rema!y !ontri4uted to t"e ultimate do;nfall of t"e %"ola
T"e %"olas maintained a re&ular standin& army !onsistin& of
Em#ire) Ra2endra III ;as t"e last %"ola 6in& ;"o ;as defeated 4y
ele#"ants, !avalry, infantry and navy) 04out seventy re&iments ;ere
Eatavarman Sundara#andya II) T"e %"ola !ountry ;as a4sor4ed
mentioned in t"e ins!ri#tions) T"e royal troo#s ;ere !alled
into t"e andya Em#ire)
:aikkolaperumpadai ) /it"in t"is t"ere ;as a #ersonal troo# to
Cho"a -dministration
defend t"e 6in& 6no;n as 2elaikkarar ) 0ttention ;as &iven to t"e
Central Government trainin& of t"e army and military !antonments !alled kadagams
e<isted) T"e %"olas #aid s#e!ial attention to t"eir navy) T"e naval
T"e %"olas "ad an e<!ellent system of administration) T"e
a!"ievements of t"e Tamils rea!"ed its !lima< under t"e %"olas)
em#eror or 6in& ;as at t"e to# of t"e administration) T"e e<tent
T"ey !ontrolled t"e .ala4ar and %oromandal !oasts) In fa!t, t"e
and resour!es of t"e %"ola Em#ire in!reased t"e #o;er and #resti&e
:ay of :en&al 4e!ame a %"ola la6e for sometime)
of monar!"y) T"e 4i& !a#ital !ities li6e Tan2ore and
Gan&ai6onda!"ola#uram, t"e lar&e royal !ourts and e<tensive &rants Provincial Administration
to t"e tem#les reveal t"e aut"ority of t"e 6in&) T"ey undertoo6 royal
T"e %"ola Em#ire ;as divided into mandalams and ea!"
tours to in!rease t"e effi!ien!y of t"e administration) T"ere ;as
mandalam into &alanadus and nadus) In ea!" nadut"ere ;ere a
ela4orate administrative ma!"inery !om#risin& various offi!ials !alled
num4er of autonomous villa&es) T"e royal #rin!es or offi!ers ;ere
perundanam and sirudanam )
in !"ar&e of mandalams ) T"e &alanadu ;as under periyanattar
Revenue and naduunder nattar ) T"e to;n ;as 6no;n as nagaram and it
;as under t"e administration of a !oun!il !alled nagarattar )
T"e land revenue de#artment ;as ;ell or&aniFed) It ;as !alled
as pura&u&arithinaikkalam ) 0ll lands ;ere !arefully surveyed and Village Assemblies
!lassified for assessment of revenue) T"e residential #ortion of t"e
T"e system of villa&e autonomy ;it" sabhas and t"eir
villa&e ;as !alled ur nattam) T"ese and ot"er lands su!" as t"e
!ommittees develo#ed t"rou&" t"e a&es and rea!"ed its !ulmination
lands 4elon&in& to tem#les ;ere e<em#ted from ta<) :esides land
durin& t"e %"ola rule) T;o ins!ri#tions 4elon&in& to t"e #eriod of
revenue, t"ere ;ere tolls and !ustoms on &oods ta6en from one
aranta6a I found at 3ttiramerur #rovide details of t"e formation
#la!e to anot"er, various 6inds of #rofessional ta<es, dues levied
and fun!tions of villa&e !oun!ils) T"at villa&e ;as divided into t"irty
on !eremonial o!!asions li6e marria&es and 2udi!ial fines) 7urin&
BD' BD7

;ards and ea!" ;as to nominate its mem4ers to t"e villa&e !oun!il) :ra"mins and 1s"atriyas en2oyed s#e!ial #rivile&es) T"e ins!ri#tions
T"e >ualifi!ations to 4e!ome a ;ard mem4er ;ereH of t"e later #eriod of t"e %"ola rule mention a4out t;o ma2or
divisions amon& t"e !astes G2alangaiand Idangai!astes) Ho;ever,
a) O;ners"i# of at least one fourt" &eli of land)
t"ere ;as !oo#eration amon& various !astes and su4-!astes in so!ial
4) O;n residen!e)
and reli&ious life) T"e #osition of ;omen did not im#rove) T"e
#ra!ti!e of Isati$ ;as #revalent amon& t"e royal families) T"e !) 04ove t"irty years and 4elo; seventy years of a&e)
de&adasisystem or dan!in& &irls atta!"ed to tem#les emer&ed durin&
d) 1no;led&e of @edas)
t"is #eriod)
Ho;ever, !ertain norms of dis>ualifi!ation ;ere also
:ot" Saivism and @ais"navism !ontinued to flouris" durin&
mentioned in t"e ins!ri#tions) T"ey ;ereH
t"e %"ola #eriod) 0 num4er of tem#les ;ere 4uilt ;it" t"e #atrona&e
a) T"ose ;"o "ad 4een mem4ers of t"e !ommittees for
of %"ola 6in&s and >ueens) T"e tem#les remained !entres of
t"e #ast t"ree years)
e!onomi! a!tivity durin& t"is #eriod) T"emathas"ad &reat influen!e
durin& t"is #eriod) :ot" a&ri!ulture and industry flouris"ed)
4) T"ose ;"o "ad failed to su4mit a!!ounts as !ommittee
Re!lamation of forest lands and t"e !onstru!tion
mem4ers)
and maintenan!e of irri&ation tan6s led to
!) T"ose ;"o "ad !ommitted sins)
a&ri!ultural #ros#erity) T"e ;eavin& industry,
d) T"ose ;"o "ad stolen t"e #ro#erty of ot"ers) #arti!ularly t"e sil6-;eavin& at 1an!"i
flouris"ed) T"e metal ;or6s develo#ed o;in&
From t"e #ersons duly nominated, one ;as to 4e !"osen for
to &reat demand of ima&es for tem#les and
ea!" ;ard 4y kuda&olai system for a year) T"e names of eli&i4le
utensils) %ommer!e and trade ;ere 4ris6 ;it"
#ersons ;ere ;ritten on #alm-leaves and #ut into a #ot) 0 youn&
trun6 roads or peru&a0hisand mer!"ant &uilds)
4oy or &irl ;ould ta6e out t"irty names ea!" for one ;ard) T"ey
.5;D C58$ 5F
Gold, silver and !o##er !oins ;ere issued in
4-C-4-C-CH5;-
;ere divided into si< &ariyams su!" as sam&atsara&ariyam)
#lenty at various denominations) %ommer!ial
eri&ariyam) thotta &ariyam) pancha &ariyam) pon &ariyam and
!onta!ts 4et;een t"e %"ola Em#ire and %"ina, Sumatra, Eava and
pura&u&ari &ariyamto ta6e u# si< different fun!tions of t"e villa&e
0ra4ia ;ere e<tensively #revalent) 0ra4ian "orses ;ere im#orted
administration) T"e !ommittee mem4ers ;ere !alled
in lar&e num4ers to stren&t"en t"e !avalry)
&ariyapperumakkal ) T"ey usually met in t"e tem#le or under a
tree and #assed resolutions) T"e num4er of !ommittees and ;ard 6ducation and ;iterature
mem4ers varied from villa&e to villa&e)
Edu!ation ;as also &iven im#ortan!e) :esides t"e tem#les
and mathasas edu!ational !entres, several edu!ational institutions Socio-economic ;ife
also flouris"ed) T"e ins!ri#tion at Ennayiram, T"irumu66udal and
%aste system ;as ;idely #revalent durin& t"e %"ola #eriod)
T"iru4"uvanai #rovide details of t"e !olle&es e<isted in t"ese #la!es)
BDA BDC

0#art from t"e @edas and E#i!s, su42e!ts li6e mat"emati!s and ar!"ite!ture is t"e Siva tem#le at
medi!ine ;ere tau&"t in t"ese institutions) Endo;ment of lands ;as Gan&ai6onda!"ola#uram 4uilt 4y
made to run t"ese institutions) Ra2endra I) T"e 0iravat"esvara tem#le
at 7arasuram in Tan2ore 7istri!t and t"e
T"e develo#ment of Tamil literature rea!"ed its #ea6 durin& t"e
1am#a"aresvara
%"ola #eriod) Si&akasintamani ;ritten 4y T"irut"a66adevar and
tem#le at
1undala6esi 4elon&ed to B0 !entury) T"e Ramayana !om#osed 4y t"
Darasuram Scu"ptures
Tri4"uvanam are
1am4an and t"e#eriyapuranamor Tiruttondarpuranam4y Se66ilar
e<am#les of later %"ola tem#les)
are t"e t;o master-#ie!es of t"is a&e) Eayan6ondar$s
:alingattupparanides!ri4es t"e 1alin&a ;ar fou&"t 4y 1ulotun&a I) T"e %"olas also made ri!" !ontri4utions
T"e Moo&arula;ritten 4y Otta6ut"ar de#i!ts t"e life of t"ree %"ola to t"e art of s!ul#ture) T"e ;alls of t"e %"ola
6in&s) T"e1ala&enba;as ;ritten 4y u&alendi) T"e ;or6s on Tamil tem#les su!" as t"e Tan2ore and
&rammar li6e :alladam 4y 1alladanar, =apperungalam 4y Gan&ai6onda!"ola#uram tem#les !ontain
0mirt"asa&arar, a Eain, 1annul4y avanand"i and 2irasoliyam 4y numerous i!ons of lar&e siFe ;it" fine
:udd"amitra ;ere t"e #rodu!ts of t"e %"ola a&e) e<e!ution) T"e 4ronFes of t"e %"ola #eriod
are ;orld-famous) T"e 4ronFe statues of
8atara2a or dan!in& Siva are master #ie!es)
.angaikonda
T"e 7ravidian style of art and
T"e %"ola #aintin&s ;ere found on t"e ;alls
Cho"apuram Temp"e
ar!"ite!ture rea!"ed its #erfe!tion under
of 8art"amalai and Tan2ore tem#les)
t"e %"olas) T"ey 4uilt enormous
tem#les) T"e !"ief feature of t"e %"ola
Learning Outcome
tem#le is t"e
vimana) T"e early +fter learning this lesson the students will be able to e,plain
%"ola tem#les
Pragadees%ara Temp"e#
1. The rise of the Imperial /holas.
Tan,ore
;ere found at
2. The military accomplishments of *a4ara4a I and his
8art"amalai and 1odum4alur in udu6ottai distri!t
personality.
and at Srinivasanallur in Tiru!"ira##alli distri!t) T"e
:i& Tem#le at Tan2ore 4uilt 4y Ra2ara2a I is a
. *a4endra I and his military conquests.
master-#ie!e of Sout" Indian art and ar!"ite!ture)
". 2illage administration of the /holas and its significance.
It !onsists of t"e &imana) ardhamandapa)
mahamandapa and a lar&e #avilion in t"e front $. /ultural achie&ements of the Imperial /holas.
Cho"a <ron@e
6no;n as t"e 1andimandapa) 0not"er nota4le
$atara,a
!ontri4ution made 4y t"e %"olas to tem#le
B50 B5B

!, Sout"ern #art of Sri *an6a ;as anne<ed 4y Ra2ara2a I)
15D6; ?96ST85$S
d, Sri *an6a de!lared its inde#enden!e durin& t"e rei&n of
Ra2endra I)
B) T"e %"ola ruler ;"o fa!ed a defeat at t"e :attle of Ta66olam
+a, 0ditya I +4, Ra2ara2a II
Fa"se.
+!, @i2ayalaya +d, aranta6a I
B) Ra2ara2a I "el#ed to !onstru!t a :udd"ist monastery at
Tan2ore) 2) 0ut"or of t"e 4oo6 @irasoliyam
2) Ra2endra I !a#tured t"e 6in&dom of Sri @i2aya) +a, :"avanand"i +4, :udd"amitra
+!, u&alendi +d, Otta6uttar () Eayan6ondar $s :alingattupparani des!ri4es t"e 1alin&a ;ar
fou&"t 4y 1ulotun&a I
B) T"e naval 4attle of 1andalursalai too6 #la!e durin& t"e rei&n
B) :ri"adees;aram) of JJ
2) T"e irri&ation tan6 %"ola&an&am ;as !onstru!ted at JJ 4y 2) Gan&ai6onda!"ola#uram)
J))
() 1udavolai system)
() 1udavolai system ;as des!ri4ed in t"e ins!ri#tions found at
D) 7evelo#ment of edu!ational institutions under t"e %"olas)
JJ
B) 7es!ri4e t"e so!iety and e!onomy under t"e Im#erial %"olas)
B) 3ttiramerur ins!ri#tions a, Ra2ara2a I
2) /rite t"e develo#ment of Tamil literature under t"e %"olas)
2) Sun&am Tavirtta %"ola 4, Ra2endra I
() .udi6ondan !, 1ulottun&a I
B) E<amine t"e a!"ievements of Ra2ara2a I)
D) Eayan6ondan d, aranta6a I
2) 0ssess t"e military !on>uests of Ra2endra I)
() 7es!ri4e t"e salient features of t"e %"ola$s administration)
right.
a, Ra2ara2a I too6 an e<#edition to Sri @i2aya)
4, Ra2ara2a I s"ifted "is !a#ital to Gan&ai6onda!"ola#uram)
B52 B5(

;6SS5$ =) Sans6rit te<ts and :udd"ist monasteries ;ere found in t"ese #la!es)
Indian !ultural influen!e !ontinued in t"is re&ion till ei&"t" !entury)
TH6 SP46-D 5F 8$D8-$ C9;T946 8$ 5TH64
Indian !ulture "ad also s#read to Ti4et and %"ina t"rou&" %entral
-S8-$ C59$T486S
0sia)
8ndia and China
Learning Objectives
%"ina ;as influen!ed 4ot" 4y land route #assin& t"rou&" Students will acquire knowledge about
%entral 0sia and t"e sea route t"rou&" :urma) :udd"ism rea!"ed
1. The spread of Indian culture in central +sia.
%"ina in t"e 4e&innin& of t"e first !entury 0)7) 0 num4er of %"inese
2. Indian cultural influence in /hina) Tibet and Sri 3anka.
#il&rims li6e Fa"ien and Hiuen Tsan& visited India) On t"e ot"er
side, "undreds of :udd"ist mon6s li6e Guna4"adra, @a2ra4ot"i,
. Indian cultural influence o&er the South 8ast +sia.
7"armadeva and 7"arma&u#ta visited %"ina) Indian s!"olars
". /ultural contacts between India and Myanmar.
translated many Sans6rit ;or6s at t"e re>uest of %"inese em#erors)
$. +rt and architecture in the countries of South 8ast +sia.
T"is !onta!t ;it" %"ina !ontinued even in t"e t"irteent" !entury
;"en t"e .on&ols esta4lis"ed t"eir em#ire in %"ina) %"inese art
"ad also 4een influen!ed 4y Indian art)
T"e s#read of Indian !ulture and !iviliFation to t"e ot"er #arts
8ndia and Ti!et
of 0sia !onstitutes an im#ortant !"a#ter in t"e "istory of India) India
Ti4et ;as influen!ed 4y India from t"e sevent" !entury) T"e "ad esta4lis"ed !ommer!ial !onta!ts ;it" ot"er !ountries from t"e
famous :udd"ist 6in& Gam#o founded t"e !ity of *"asa and earliest times) It "ad inevita4ly resulted in t"e s#read of Indian
introdu!ed :udd"ism) T"e Ti4etan al#"a4et ;as devised ;it" t"e lan&ua&es, reli&ions, art and ar!"ite!ture, #"iloso#"y, 4eliefs, !ustoms
"el# of Indian s!"olars) *ater, t"e Indian s!"olars "el#ed for t"e and manners) Indian #oliti!al adventurers even esta4lis"ed Hindu
esta4lis"ment of *amaism in Ti4et) In t"e elevent" !entury t"e ala 6in&doms in some #arts of Sout" East 0sia) Ho;ever, t"is did not
dynasty of :en&al "ad !lose !onta!ts ;it" Ti4et) /"en :en&al ;as lead to any 6ind of !olonialism or im#erialism in t"e modern sense)
atta!6ed 4y t"e .uslim rulers, many :udd"ist On t"e ot"er "and t"ese !olonies in t"e ne; lands ;ere free from
mon6s sou&"t s"elter in Ti4et) t"e !ontrol of t"e mot"er !ountry) :ut t"ey ;ere 4rou&"t under "er
!ultural influen!e)
8ndia and Sri ;anka
Centra" -sia
7es#ite "avin& different #oliti!al "istory,
Sri *an6a e<#erien!ed a &reat !ultural influen!e
%entral 0sia ;as a &reat !entre of Indian !ulture in t"e early
from India) :udd"ist missionaries "ad s#read
!enturies of t"e %"ristian era) Several monuments "ave 4een
not only t"e reli&ious fait" 4ut also !ultural
uneart"ed in t"e eastern #art of 0f&"anistan) 1"otan and 1as"6ar
traditions) T"e art of stone !arvin& ;ent to Sri
remained t"e most im#ortant !entres of Indian !ulture) Several
S8.848Y-P-8$T8$.
B5D B55

*an6a from India) In t"e fift" !entury, :udd"a G"os"a visited Sri #eninsula) 8umerous Sans6rit ins!ri#tions &ive us a detailed "istory
*an6a and !onsolidated t"ere t"e Hinayana :udd"ism) T"e famous of its 6in&s) 0 num4er of Hindu literary ;or6s li6e t"e @edas, t"e
#aintin&s of Si&iriya ;ere modeled on t"e 02ant"a #aintin&s) *amayana) t"e Mahabharata) anini$s &rammar, Hindu
#"iloso#"i!al treatises ;ere all 6no;n to t"e #eo#le of %am4odia)
8ndian Cu"ture in South 6ast -sia
*i6e t"e allava 6in&s, t"ey ;ere !alled @armans) Yasovarman
Indian !ulture "ad e<tended its mi&"ty influen!e in t"e Sout"
and Suryavarman II ;ere t;o ;ell-6no;n rulers) Tem#les ;ere
East 0sian re&ion !onsistin& of t"e .alay 0r!"i#ela&o and Indo-
4uilt in Sout" Indian style) T"ere are #lenty of Sans6rit ins!ri#tions)
%"ina) T"ey are lo!ated a!ross t"e :ay of :en&al) :ein& fertile and
T"e most famous of t"ese tem#les ;as t"e tem#le +;at, of @is"nu
ri!" in minerals, t"ese lands attra!ted t"e attention of t"e Indians)
4uilt 4y Suryavarman II in "is !a#ital !ity 0n&6or) It ;as #o#ularly
.oreover, t"e east !oast of India is studded ;it" numerous #orts
!alled as t"e 0n&6or;at Tem#le) It is standin& on to# of a terra!ed
and Indians undertoo6 fre>uent voya&es to t"ese lands) T"e an!ient
stru!ture) Ea!" terra!e is a sort of a !overed &allery ;"i!" !ontains
traditions refer to traders$ voya&es to Su&arnabhumi) +t"e land of
numerous relief s!ul#tures) T"e tem#le is !onstru!ted on t"e
&old, a name &enerally &iven to all t"e !ountries of t"e East 0sia)
7ravidian style and t"e s!ul#tures de#i!t e#isodes from t"e
Indians 4e&an to !oloniFe t"e East 0sia in t"e Gu#ta #eriod) It ;as
*amayana and t"eMahabharata. T"e 1am4"o2a 6in&dom de!lined
furt"er en!oura&ed 4y t"e allavas) T"e Indian !olonists esta4lis"ed
only in fifteent" !entury)
&reat 6in&doms and some of t"em lasted for more t"an a t"ousand
years) 0 num4er of dynasties ;it" Indian names ruled in various Champa
#arts) Till t"e arrival of Islam in t"e fifteent" !entury, Indian !ulture
%"am#a or Sout" 0nnam is situated to t"e east of %am4odia)
dominated t"is re&ion)
T"e first Hindu dynasty ;as esta4lis"ed 4y Sri .ara in t"e se!ond
Cambodia !ambhoja" !entury 0)7) 0 num4er of Sans6rit ins!ri#tions t"ro; li&"t on t"e
"istory of %"am#a) T;elve Indian dynasties ruled over %"am#a
%am4odia ;as !olonised 4y Indians in t"e first !entury 0)7)
and 4y t"e t"irteent" !entury %"am#a ;as anne<ed to %am4odia)
T"ey influen!ed t"e
3nder its Hindu rulers t"e Hindu reli&ion and !ulture, !ustoms and
native #eo#le !alled t"e
manners ;ere introdu!ed in %"am#a) Saivism and @ais"navism
1"emers) T"e rulin&
flouris"ed) :udd"ism also e<isted side 4y side) @arious ;or6s on
dynasty ;as 6no;n as
Hindu #"iloso#"y, &rammar, fine arts and astrolo&y ;ere ;ritten)
1am4o2as and t"eir
!ountry ;as 1am4o2a #iam or $hailand
or modern %am4odia)
T"ere ;ere several states in Siam follo;in& Indian !ulture)
3nder t"e early rulers
-$.*547-T T61P;6
T"ai s!ri#t ;as develo#ed ;it" t"e "el# of Indian s!"olars) T"e
Saivism and
traditional la;s of t"at !ountry ;ere !om#osed on t"e model of
@ais"navism made steady #ro&ress) T"e 1am4o2a em#ire at its
'harmasastras ) T"e tem#les at :an&6o6 !ontain many s!ul#tures
&reatest e<tent in!luded *aos, Siam, #art of :urma and t"e .alay
de#i!tin& t"e Ramayana)
B5' B57

#umatra and %ava 4as-reliefs +small !arved stone fi&ures, illustratin& various in!idents
in t"e life of t"e :udd"a) T"e lo;er #arts are ri!" in de!oration
T"e .alay 0r!"i#ela&o "ad remained an im#ortant lin6
;"ile t"e u##er #ortions are #lain and unadorned) :oro4udur is
4et;een India and t"e Far East) Several Hindu 6in&doms e<isted
des!ri4ed as an e#i! in stone, t"e most ;onderful :udd"ist stu#a in
"ere 4et;een fift" to fifteent" !enturies 0)7) T"e most im#ortant
t"e ;orld)
Hindu 6in&dom in t"e 4i& island of Sumatra ;as Sri @i2aya) It ;as a
&reat !entre of trade and !ulture in t"e sevent" !entury) Su4se>uently, In t"e t;elft" !entury, eastern Eava ;it" :adiri as its !a#ital
t"e Sri @i2aya 6in&dom develo#ed into a #o;erful maritime and develo#ed into t"e leadin& 6in&dom of Eava) In t"e t"irteent" and
!ommer!ial #o;er 6no;n as t"e Sailendra em#ire e<tendin& its s;ay fourteent" !enturies ;"i!" mar6ed t"e &olden a&e of Eavanese
over t"e nei&"4ourin& islands of Eava, :ali, :orneo and over %am- !ulture, .a2a#a"it 4e!ame t"e !a#ital of t"e far-flun& Eavanese
4odia) T"e Sailendra rulers ;ere .a"ayana :udd"ists and em#ire ;"i!" in!luded t"e nei&"4ourin& islands) Indian art and
maintained !ordial relations ;it" t"e Indian 6in&doms of t"e alas literature flouris"ed in Eava to an e<tent un6no;n else;"ere) Still,
of :en&al and t"e %"olas of Tamil 8adu) Ra2ara2a %"ola allo;ed ruins of "undreds of tem#les and manus!ri#ts 4ased on t"e Sans6rit
t"e Sailendra 6in& .aravi2ayottun&avarman to 4uild a :udd"ist lan&ua&e are found in Eava) T"e *amayana and t"e Mahabharata
monastery at 8a&a#attinam) His son Ra2endra !on>uered t"e ;ere #o#ular and even today furnis" t"e t"eme for t"eir #o#ular
Sailendra 6in&dom for sometime) *ater t"ey 4e!ame inde#endent) s"ado;-#lay) T"e fall of .a2a#a"it 4rou&"t to an end all artisti!
T"e Sailendra em#ire !ontinued inta!t till t"e elevent" !entury 0)7) a!tivity in Eava)
0 Hindu 6in&dom ;as esta4lis"ed in Eava as early as t"e fourt" &ali
!entury 0)7) In %entral Eava arose t"e 6in&dom of .ataram ;"i!"
:ali !ame under t"e rule of Hindu dynasties as early as t"e
4e!ame a stron& !entre of Hindu reli&ion and !ulture) It ;as
si<t" !entury) I-Tsin& refers to t"e #revalen!e of :udd"ism t"ere in
!on>uered 4y t"e Sailendras of Sumatra) Till t"e nint" !entury Eava
t"e sevent" !entury) T"e stone and !o##er #late ins!ri#tions from
!ontinued to 4e a #art of t"e Sailendra em#ire) *ater it re&ained its
t"at island s"o; t"at it ;as !olonised dire!tly from India) *ater it
inde#enden!e) Eava attained &reatness and s#lendour in art under
4e!ame su4ordinate to Eava) Its #eo#le !ontinue to 4e Hindus and
Sailendra rule)
even today ;e find t"e #revalen!e of t"e !aste system t"ere)
T"e &reatest monument of Indo-
Myanmar
Eava art is t"e (orobudur ;"i!" ;as
T"e !ultural !onta!ts 4et;een India and :urma +no;
4uilt durin& 0)7) 750-A50 under t"e
.yanmar, dates 4a!6 to t"e #eriod of 0so6a, ;"o sent "is
#atrona&e of t"e Sailendras) It is
missionaries t"ere to #rea!" :udd"ism) .any Hindu 6in&doms
situated on t"e to# of a "ill) It !onsists
e<isted in :urma) ali and Sans6rit ;ere t"e lan&ua&es of :urma till
<545<9D94
of nine su!!essive terra!es, !ro;ned
15$916$T
t"irteent" !entury) :ot" Hinayana and .a"ayana :udd"ism ;ere
4y a 4ell-s"a#ed stu#a at t"e !entre of
follo;ed 4y t"e :urmese)
t"e to#most terra!e) T"e o#en &alleries in t"e terra!es !ontain 2000
B5A B5C

T"us for nearly fifteen "undred years Hindu 6in&s ;ere rulin&
15D6; ?96ST85$S
over numerous islands of t"e .alay 0r!"i#ela&o and over t"e Indo-
%"ina #eninsula) Indian reli&ions and Indian !ulture moulded t"e
lives of t"e #rimitive in"a4itants of t"ese re&ions ;"o ;ere elevated B) T"e %"ola 6in& ;"o #ermitted t"e Sailendras to 4uild
to a "i&"er #lan of !iviliFation) monastery in 8a&a#attinam
+a, @i2ayalaya +4, Ra2ara2a
Learning Outcome
+!, 1ulottun&a +d, Ra2endra
2) T"e Hindu 1in&dom in Sumatra Island ;as
1. India%s influence o&er /entral +sia.
+a, 1"am4o2a +4, Sri @i2aya
2. /ultural contacts between India and /hina.
+!, %"am#a +d, 0nnam
. India and Sri 3anka through the ages.
". Spread of Indian culture in the /ountries of South 8ast
B) T"e !ity of *"asa ;as founded 4y JJ
+sia such as Indo-/hina) Malay +rchipelago and
2) T"e !a#ital of eastern Eava JJ Myanmar.
888. 1atch the fo""o%ing. $. Hindu temples in South 8ast +sia and their architecture.
B) 0n&6or;at tem#le a, Sailendras
2) :oro4udur 4, Sri *an6a
() Si&iriya !, Sout" 0nnam
D) %"am#a d, Suryavarman II
right.
a, :oro4udur is t"e &reatest monument of Indo-Eava art)
4, :oro4udur ;as a @as"navite tem#le)
!, Sailendra rulers ;ere Saivites)
d, T"e s!enes from Ramayana are !arved in :oro4udur)
B'0 B'B

;6SS5$ =A +. State %hether the fo""o%ing statements are True or
Fa"se.
6-4;Y 16D86+-; 8$D8-
B) T"e first Hindu dynasty of %"am#a ;as esta4lis"ed 4y Sri
.ara)
Learning Objectives
2) T"e 6in&dom of :ali ;as influen!ed 4y :udd"ism)
1. + brief history of the *a4put kingdoms.
B) 0n&6or;at
2. /auses and results of the +rab conquest of Sind.
2) :oro4udur
. Mahmud of !ha0ni and his in&asions.
() %ultural !onta!ts 4et;een India and .yanmar
". Mahmud of !hori%s in&asions.
D) India and :ali)
$. /auses for the failure of Hindu states.
B) Tra!e t"e !ultural !onta!ts 4et;een India and %"ina)
0fter t"e deat" of Hars"a, t"ere ;as no #oliti!al unity in nort"
2) /rite a s"ort note on Indo-Eava 0rt)
India for a4out five !enturies) T"e !ountry ;as s#lit u# into a num4er
of states ;"i!" ;ere !onstantly fi&"tin& and !"an&in& t"eir frontiers)
B) Give an a!!ount of t"e s#read of Indian !ulture in Sout" East T"e im#ortant 6in&doms in nort" India ;ere 1as"mir, Gand"ara,
0sia) Sind, Gu2arat, 1anau2, 02mir, .al;a, :en&al and 0ssam) In t"e
early ei&"t" !entury 1as"mir ;as dominant) T"en, t"e alas of
2) 0ssess t"e im#a!t of Indian !ultural influen!e in ot"er #arts of
:en&al rei&ned su#reme till t"e rati"aras 4e!ame t"e most #o;erful
0sia
rulers of nort" India) :ut in t"e tent" !entury, t"e Ras"tra6utas of
7e!!an tried to e<tend t"eir #o;er in nort" India 4ut ultimately
failed in t"eir attem#t)
4a,put *ingdoms
T"e dominan!e of Ra2#uts 4e&an from t"e sevent" and ei&"t"
!enturies and lasted till t"e .uslim !on>uest in t"e t;elft" !entury)
Even after t"at, many Ra2#ut states !ontinued to survive for a lon&
time) In t"e #eriod of .uslim a&&ression, t"e Ra2#uts ;ere t"e main
defenders of t"e Hindu reli&ion and !ulture)
B'2 B'(

T"ere are several t"eories a4out t"e ori&in of Ra2#uts) T"ey 0)7), ;"i!" ;as t"e startin& #oint of t"e .uslim !alendar and t"e
;ere !onsidered as t"e des!endents of t"e forei&n invaders and t"e .uslim era !alled "i2ra) 0fter ei&"t years "e returned to .e!!a
Indian 1s"atriyas) T"e forei&n invaders ;ere IndianiFed and ;it" "is follo;ers) He died in '(2 0)7)
a4sor4ed into Indian so!iety) .any le&ends of Ra2#uts su##ort t"is
T"e follo;ers of .u"ammad set u# an em#ire !alled t"e
t"eory) T"erefore, it !an 4e said t"at diverse elements !onstitute in
%ali#"ate) T"e 3mayyads and t"e 044asids ;ere !alled t"e !ali#"s)
t"e s"a#in& of t"e Ra2#ut !lan) T"ey 4e!ame "omo&enous 4y !onstant
T"ey e<#anded t"eir rule 4y !on>uests and s#read t"eir reli&ion
intermarria&e and 4y ado#tin& !ommon !ustoms) T"ey made ;ar
Islam) In 7B2 0)7), .u"ammad 4in -asim invaded Sind) He ;as
as t"eir !"ief o!!u#ation) Ho;ever, trade and a&ri!ulture also
t"e !ommander of t"e 3mayyad 6in&dom) -asim defeated 7a"ir,
#ros#ered) T"e 0ra4 travellers refer to t"e #ros#erity of t"e land
t"e ruler of Sind and 6illed "im in a ;ell-!ontested 4attle) His !a#ital
and t"e &reat trade of t"e !ities) T"ey 4uilt stron& forts)
0ror ;as !a#tured) -asim e<tended "is !on>uest furt"er into .ultan)
T"e Gur2ara-rati"aras ;ere t"e earliest of t"e Ra2#ut rulers) -asim or&aniFed t"e administration of Sind) T"e #eo#le of Sind
Its first &reat leader ;as Haris!"andra) He !on>uered e<tensive ;ere &iven t"e status of 0immis +#rote!ted su42e!ts,) T"ere ;as no
territory in Ra2a#utana and ruled ;it" "is !a#ital at :"inmal) T"e interferen!e in t"e lives and #ro#erty of t"e #eo#le) Soon, -asim
Gur2aras ;ere in different 4ran!"es) One 4ran!" ruled Gu2arat and ;as re!alled 4y t"e %ali#")
anot"er at 0vant"i) T"e rati"aras involved t"emselves in a t"ree-
Ho;ever, Sind !ontinued to 4e under t"e 0ra4s) :ut t"e
!ornered !ontest ;it" t"e alas of :en&al and t"e Ras"tra6utas of
.uslims !ould not e<#and t"eir aut"ority furt"er into India due to
7e!!an) *ater t"e rati"aras 4e!ame ;ea6) T"e %"au"ans, t"e most
t"e #resen!e of t"e #o;erful rati"ara 6in&dom in ;estern India)
valiant of t"e Ra2#ut ra!es, ruled 02mir) @i&ra"ara2 ;as t"eir most
0lt"ou&" t"e !on>uest of Sind did not lead to furt"er !on>uests
im#ortant 6in&, ;"o o!!u#ied 7el"i) T"erefore t"e %"au"ans fa!ed
immediately, it "ad resulted in t"e diffusion of Indian !ulture a4road)
t"e onslau&"t of t"e .uslims under .u"ammad of G"ori) T"e
.any 0ra4 travelers visited Sind) Indian medi!ine and astronomy
aramaras ;ere also im#ortant Ra2#ut rulers of t"is #eriod) T"e
;ere !arried to far off lands t"rou&" t"e 0ra4s) T"e Indian numerals
most im#ortant 6in& ;as :"o2a) His military !on>uests as ;ell as
in t"e 0ra4i! form ;ent to Euro#e t"rou&" t"em)
!ultural !ontri4utions remain nota4le in t"e "istory of Ra2#uts)
Sin!e Sind ;as a #art of t"e 0ra4 em#ire, t"e
%onstant fi&"tin& ;ea6ened t"e Ra2#uts) 0lso, t"ey never inflo; of Indian 6no;led&e ;as &reat)
united a&ainst a !ommon enemy) T"eir la!6 of #oliti!al foresi&"t
1ahmud of .ha@ni and his 8nvasions
and !onstant rivalries #revented any !om4ined o##osition to t"e
:y t"e end of t"e nint" !entury 0)7), t"e
.uslim invaders)
044asid %ali#"ate de!lined) T"e Tur6is"
-ra! ConHuest of Sind /E=& -.D.0
&overnors esta4lis"ed inde#endent 6in&doms and
T"e reli&ion Islam ;as 4orn at .e!!a in 0ra4ia) Its founder t"e %ali#" 4e!ame only a ritual aut"ority) One
;as ro#"et .u"ammad) :ut "is tea!"in&s made t"e ;ealt"y #eo#le amon& t"em ;as 0l#ti&in ;"ose !a#ital ;as
P54 T4 -8T 5F
of .e!!a "is enemies) T"erefore, "e mi&rated to .edina in '22 G"aFni) His su!!essor and son-in-la; Sa4u6ti&in 1-H19 D 5F .H-2$ 8
B'D B'5

;anted to !on>uer India from t"e nort"-;est) He su!!eeded in t"e ;est and from Samar6and in t"e nort" to Gu2arat in t"e sout") T"e
!a#turin& es"a;ar from Eaya#ala) :ut "is raids did not #rodu!e a G"aFnavid em#ire rou&"ly in!luded ersia, Trans-o<yana, 0f&"anistan
lastin& effe!t) He ;as su!!eeded 4y "is son, .a"mud and un2a4) His a!"ievements ;ere due to "is leaders"i# and restless
a!tivity) .a"mud ;as !onsidered a "ero of Islam 4y medieval "istorians)
1ahmud of .ha@ni /-.D. DDE-='('0.
He also #atroniFed art and literature) Firdausi ;as t"e #oet-laureate in
.a"mud is said to "ave made seventeen raids into India) 0t
t"e !ourt of .a"mud) He ;as t"e aut"or of S"a" 8ama") 0l4eruni
t"at time, 8ort" India ;as divided into a num4er of Hindu states)
stayed in .a"mud$s !ourt and ;rote t"e famous :itab-i-Hind, an
On t"e frontier of India, t"ere e<isted t"e Hindu S"a"i 6in&dom
a!!ount on India) His !on>uest of un2a4 and .ultan !om#letely
;"i!" e<tended from t"e un2a4 to 1a4ul) T"e ot"er im#ortant
!"an&ed t"e #oliti!al situation in India) He #aved t"e ;ay for t"e Tur6s
6in&doms of nort" India ;ere 1anau2, Gu2arat, 1as"mir, 8e#al,
and 0f&"ans for furt"er !on>uests and ma6e dee#er in!ursions into t"e
.al;a and :undel6"and) T"e initial raids ;ere a&ainst t"e Hindu
Gan&eti! valley at any time) He drained t"e resour!es of India 4y "is
S"a"i 6in&dom in ;"i!" its 6in& Eaya#ala ;as defeated in B00B)
re#eated raids and de#rived India of "er man#o;er) T"e e<"austion of
0fter t"is defeat, Eaya#ala immolated "imself 4e!ause "e t"ou&"t
India$s e!onomi! resour!es and man #o;er "ad its adverse effe!t on
t"at "is defeat ;as a dis&ra!e) His su!!essor 0nanda#ala fou&"t
t"e #oliti!al future of India) T"e Hindu S"a"i 6in&dom ;as &uardin& t"e
a&ainst .a"mud 4ut "e ;as also defeated in t"e :attle of /ai"ind,
&ates of India a&ainst forei&n invaders) .a"mud destroyed it and t"us
t"e Hind S"a"i !a#ital near es"a;ar in B00A) In t"is 4attle,
India$s frontiers 4e!ame defen!eless) T"e in!lusion of un2a4 and
0nanda#ala ;as su##orted 4y t"e rulers of 1anau2 and Ra2ast"an)
0f&"anistan in G"aFni$s 6in&dom made t"e su4se>uent .uslim !on>uests
0s a result of "is vi!tory at /ai"ind, .a"mud e<tended "is rule
of India !om#aratively easy)
over most of t"e un2a4)
1uhammad .hori
T"e su4se>uent raids of .a"mud into India ;ere aimed at
T"e G"oris started as vassals of G"aFni 4ut 4e!ame
#lunderin& t"e ri!" tem#les and !ities of nort"ern India) In B0BB, "e
inde#endent after t"e deat" of .a"mud) Ta6in& advanta&e of t"e
raided 8a&ar6ot in t"e un2a4 "ills and T"anes";ar near 7el"i) In
de!line of t"e G"aFnavid em#ire, .uiFFuddin .u"ammad #o#ularly
B0BA, .a"mud #lundered t"e "oly !ity of .at"ura and also atta!6ed
6no;n as .u"ammad G"ori 4rou&"t G"aFni under t"eir !ontrol)
1anau2) T"e ruler of 1anau2, Ra2ya#ala a4andoned 1anau2 and
Havin& made "is #osition stron& and se!ure at G"aFni, .u"ammad
later died) .a"mud returned via 1alin2ar ;it" fa4ulous ri!"es) His
G"ori turned "is attention to India) 3nli6e .a"mud of G"aFni, "e
ne<t im#ortant raid ;as a&ainst Gu2arat) In B02D, .a"mud mar!"ed
;anted to !on>uer India and e<tend "is em#ire in t"is dire!tion)
from .ultan a!ross Ra2a#utana, defeated t"e Solan6i 1in&
:"imadeva I, #lundered 0n"il;ad and sa!6ed t"e famous tem#le In BB75, .u"ammad G"ori !a#tured .ultan and o!!u#ied
of Somanat"a) T"en, "e returned t"rou&" t"e Sind desert) T"is ;as ;"ole of Sind in "is su4se>uent e<#editions) In BBA' "e atta!6ed
"is last !am#ai&n in India) .a"mud died in B0(0 0)7) un2a4, !a#tured it from 1"usru .ali6 and anne<ed it to "is domin-
ions) T"e anne<ation of un2a4 !arried "is dominion east;ard to
.a"mud ;as not a mere raider and #lunderer of ;ealt") He
t"e Sutle2 and led "is invasion of t"e %"au"an 6in&dom)
4uilt a ;ide em#ire from t"e un2a4 in t"e east to t"e %as#ian sea on
B'' B'7

The <att"e of Tarain /==D=-==D&0 of Tarain and %"anda;ar !ontri4uted to t"e esta4lis"ment of Tur6is"
rule in India)
Realisin& t"eir &rave situation, t"e Hindu
#rin!es of nort" India formed a !onfedera!y Causes for the fai"ure of Hindu kingdoms
under t"e !ommand of rit"ivira2 %"au"an)
T"e !auses for t"e do;nfall of Hindu states "ave to 4e analysed
rit"vira2 rose to t"e o!!asion, and defeated
"istori!ally) T"e most im#ortant !ause ;as t"at t"ey la!6ed unity)
G"ori in t"e 4attle of Tarain near 7el"i in BBCB
T"ey ;ere divided 4y fa!tions) T"e Ra2#ut #rin!es e<"austed one
0)7) .u"ammad G"ori felt &reatly "umiliated
anot"er 4y t"eir mutual !onfli!ts) Se!ondly, many Hindu states ;ere
P 54T 4-8T 5F P 48 T H8+84-C
4y t"is defeat) To aven&e t"is defeat "e made
de!linin& in #o;er) T"eir military met"ods ;ere out of date and far
C H-9H-$
serious #re#arations and &at"ered an army of B,20,000 men) He
inferior to t"ose of .uslims) Indians !ontinued to rely on ele#"ants
!ame ;it" t"is lar&e for!e to *a"ore via es"a;ar and .ultan) He
;"ile t"e .uslims #ossessed >ui!6-movin& !avalry) T"e .uslims
sent a messa&e to rit"vira2 as6in& "im to a!6no;led&e "is
soldiers "ad 4etter or&aniFation and a4le leaders) T"eir reli&ious
su#rema!y and 4e!ome a .uslim) rit"vira2 re2e!ted t"is #ro#osal
Feal and t"eir &reed for t"e &reater ;ealt" of India #rovided stimulus
and #re#ared to meet t"e invader) He &at"ered a lar&e for!e
to t"em) 0mon& t"e Hindus, t"e duty of fi&"tin& ;as !onfined to a
!onsistin& of (,00,000 "orses, (000 ele#"ants and a lar&e 4ody of
#arti!ular !lass, t"e 1s"atriyas) .oreover, t"e Hindus ;ere al;ays
foot soldiers) .any Hindu ra2as and !"ieftains also 2oined "im) In
on t"e defensive, ;"i!" ;as al;ays a ;ea6 #osition)
t"e ensuin& Se!ond :attle of Tarain in BBC2, .u"ammad G"ori
t"orou&"ly routed t"e army of rit"ivira2, ;"o ;as !a#tured and
Learning Outcome
6illed)
T"e se!ond 4attle of Tarain ;as a de!isive 4attle) It ;as a
1. + brief history of the *a4put kingdoms in northern India.
ma2or disaster for t"e Ra2#uts) T"eir #oliti!al #resti&e suffered a
serious set4a!6) T"e ;"ole %"au"an 6in&dom no; lay at t"e feet 2. +rab /onquest of Sind and its results.
of t"e invader) T"e first .uslim 6in&dom ;as t"us firmly esta4lis"ed
. /auses and results of the Mahmud of !ha0ni%s in&asion
in India at 02mer and a ne; era in t"e "istory of India 4e&an) 0fter
of India.
"is 4rilliant vi!tory over rit"ivira2 at Tarain, .u"ammad G"ori
". Mahmud of !hori and his capture of Indian territories.
returned to G"aFni leavin& 4e"ind "is favourite &eneral -ut4-ud-
din 0i4a6 to ma6e furt"er !on>uests in India) 0i4a6 !onsolidated $. /auses for the failure of the Hindu states against Muslim
"is #osition in India 4y o!!u#yin& #la!es li6e 7el"i and .eerut) In in&asions.
BBC( "e #re#ared t"e &round for anot"er invasion 4y .u"ammad
G"ori) T"is invasion ;as dire!ted a&ainst t"e Ga"adavala ruler
Eaya!"andra) .u"ammad routed Eaya!"andra$s for!es) 1anau2 ;as
o!!u#ied 4y t"e .uslims after t"e 4attle of %"anda;ar) T"e :attles
B'A B'C

!, Ra2#uts stood united a&ainst t"e .uslim invasions)
15D6; ?96ST85$S
d, .a"mud of Ga"Fni "anded over t"e Indian #ossessions to
0i4a6)
B) T"e Se!ond :attle of Tarain ;as fou&"t in t"e year
+a, BBC0 +4, BBCB
Fa"se.
+!, BBC2 +d, B2C2
B) T"e G"oris ori&inally remained vassals under t"e G"aFni rulers)
2) T"e aut"or of 1ita4-i-Hind
2) rit"ivira2 %"au"un defeated .a"mud of G"ori in t"e first
:attle of Tarain) +a, Firdausi +4, :arani
+!, .a"mud +d, 0l4eruni +8. 7rite short notes /-ny three points0.
B) .u"ammad 4in -asim) 88. Fi"" in the !"anks.
2) Se!ond :attle of Tarain) B) T"e ruler of Sind durin& t"e invasion of .u"ammad 4in -asim
J))
() Gur2ara#rati"aras
2) T"e first .uslim 6in&dom in India ;as firmly esta4lis"ed at
D) 0l4eruni
JJ
B) 0ssess t"e im#a!t of t"e 0ra4 !on>uest of Sind)
B) Gur2ara#rati"aras a, 1anau2
2) :rin& out t"e !auses for t"e de!line of Ra2#ut 6in&doms)
2) Ra2ya#ala 4, :"inmal
() 0nalyse t"e !auses for t"e failure of Hindu states a&ainst t"e
() Solan6is !, 0ror
.uslim invasions)
D) 7a"ir d, 0n"il;ad
B) Give an a!!ount of t"e invasions of .a"mud of G"aFni)
right.
2) E<amine t"e military !on>uests of .a"mud of G"ori)
a, T"e im#ortant !ause for t"e defeat of Hindu states ;as la!6
of unity amon& t"em)
4, Indians #ossessed effi!ient !avalry to fi&"t a&ainst t"e
.uslims)
B70 B7B

;6SS5$ =B () Se!ond Il4ari dynasty +B2''-B2C0, founded 4y :al4an)
?ut!uddin -i!ak /=&'B-=&='0
D6;H8 S9;T-$-T6
-ut4uddin 0i4a6 ;as a slave of
.u"ammad G"ori, ;"o made "im t"e Governor
Learning Objectives
of "is Indian #ossessions) He set u# "is military
"ead>uarters at Indra#rasta, near 7el"i) He raised Students will acquire knowledge about
a standin& army and esta4lis"ed "is "old over nort"
1. #olitical History of 'elhi Sultanate.
India even durin& t"e life time of G"ori) 0fter t"e
2. Sla&e 'ynasty > +ibak) Iltutmish) *a0iya) (alban.
deat" of G"ori in B20', 0i4a6 de!lared "is ?ut!uddin -i!ak
inde#enden!e) He severed all !onne!tions ;it"
. :hal4is > +lauddin :hal4i%s achie&ements.
t"e 6in&dom of G"ori and t"us founded t"e Slave dynasty as ;ell as t"e
". Tughlaqs > Mahmud-bin-Tughlaq and his e,periments.
7el"i Sultanate) He assumed t"e title Sultan and made *a"ore "is !a#ital)
$. ;iro0 Tughlaq and his administration.
His rule lasted for a s"ort #eriod of four years) .uslim ;riters !all
0i4a6 3akh (akshor &iver of la6"s 4e!ause "e &ave li4eral donations
9. Sayyids and 3odis.
to t"em) 0i4a6 #atroniFed t"e &reat s!"olar Hasan 8iFami) He also
started t"e !onstru!tion of after t"e name of a famous Sufi saint 1";a2a
-ut4uddin :a6t"iyar) It ;as later !om#leted 4y Iltutmis") 0i4a6 died T"e .uslim invasions into India "ad ultimately resulted in t"e
suddenly ;"ile #layin& chaugan +"orse #olo, in B2B0) He ;as esta4lis"ment of 7el"i Sultanate ;"i!" e<isted from 0)7) B20' to
su!!eeded 4y "is son 0ram :a6s", ;"o ;as re#la!ed 4y Iltutmis" B52') Five different dynasties G t"e Slave, 1"al2i, Tu&"la>, Sayyids
after ei&"t mont"s) and *odis G ruled under t"e 7el"i Sultanate) 8ot only t"ey e<tended
t"eir rule over 8ort" India, 4ut also t"ey #enetrated into t"e 7e!!an
8"tutmish /=&==-=&(B0
and Sout" India) T"eir rule in India resulted in far-rea!"in& !"an&es
Iltutmis" 4elon&ed to t"e Il4ari tri4e and
in so!iety, administration and !ultural life)
"en!e "is dynasty ;as named as Il4ari dynasty)
S"ave Dynasty
His "alf 4rot"ers sold "im as a slave to 0i4a6,
;"o made "im "is-son-in la; 4y &ivin& "is T"e Slave dynasty ;as also !alled .amlu6 dynasty) .amlu6
dau&"ter in marria&e to "im) *ater 0i4a6 ;as t"e -urani! term for slave) T"e Slave dynasty ruled 7el"i from
a##ointed "im as i>tadar of G;alior) In B2BB 0)7) B20' to B2C0) In fa!t, t"ree dynasties ;ere esta4lis"ed durin&
Iltutmis" defeated 0ram :a6s" and 4e!ame t"is #eriod) T"ey ;ere
Sultan) He s"ifted "is !a#ital from *a"ore to
B) -ut4i dynasty +B20'-B2BB, founded 4y -ut4uddin 0i4a6)
7el"i) 7urin& t"e first ten years of "is rei&n "e
?9T< 18$-4
2) First Il4ari dynasty +B2BB- B2'', founded 4y Iltutmis")
!on!entrated on se!urin& "is t"rone from "is
B72 B7(

rivals) In t"e meantime, Temu2in #o#ularly 6no;n Iltutmis" introdu!ed t"e 0ra4i! !oina&e into India and t"e silver tanka
as %"en&iF 1"an, t"e leader of t"e .on&ols, ;ei&"in& B75 &rams 4e!ame a standard !oin in medieval India) T"e
started invadin& %entral 0sia) He defeated silver tankaremained t"e 4asis of t"e modern ru#ee) Iltutmis" "ad also
Ealaluddin .an&a4arni, t"e ruler of 1;ariFam) !reated a ne; !lass of rulin& elite of forty #o;erful military leaders, t"e
.an&a4arni !rossed t"e river Indus and sou&"t Forty)
asylum from Iltutmis") Iltutmis" refused to &ive "im
4a@iya /=&(B-=&)'0
s"elter in order to save "is em#ire from t"e
0lt"ou&" Iltutmis" nominated "is dau&"ter RaFiya as "is
onslau&"t of t"e .on&ols) Fortunately for
su!!essor, t"e -aFi of 7el"i and /aFir #ut Ru6nuddin FeroF on t"e
Iltutmis", %"en&iF 1"an retuned "ome ;it"out
t"rone) /"en t"e &overnor of .ultan revolted, Ru6nuddin mar!"ed
enterin& into India) In fa!t, t"e .on&ol #oli!y of
P54T4-8T 5F
to su##ress t"at revolt) 3sin& t"is o##ortunity, RaFiya ;it" t"e
CH6$.82 *H-$
Iltutmis" saved India from t"e ;rat" of %"en&iF
su##ort of 0mirs of 7el"i seiFed t"e t"rone of 7el"i Sultanate) S"e
1"an)
a##ointed an 04yssinian slave Ya6ut" as .aster of t"e Royal
Horses) 0lso, RaFiya dis!arded t"e female a##arel and "eld t"e Iltutmis" mar!"ed a&ainst :en&al and :i"ar and reasserted
!ourt ;it" "er fa!e unveiled) S"e even ;ent for "untin& and led t"e
"is !ontrol over t"em) He also anne<ed Sind and .ultan into t"e
army) T"is aroused resentment amon& t"e Tur6is" no4les) In B2D0,
7el"i Sultanate) He su##ressed t"e Ra2#ut revolts and re!overed
0ltunia, t"e &overnor of :"atinda revolted a&ainst "er) S"e ;ent in
Rant"am#ur, Ealor, 02mir and G;alior) He led an e<#edition a&ainst
#erson to su##ress t"e revolt 4ut 0ltunia 6illed Ya6ut" and too6
t"e aramaras of .al;a 4ut it ;as not su!!essful)
RaFiya #risoner) In t"e meantime, t"e Tur6is" no4les #ut :a"ram,
Iltutmis" ;as a &reat statesman) He re!eived t"e mansur, t"e
anot"er son of Iltutmis" on t"e t"rone) Ho;ever, RaFiya ;on over
letter of re!o&nition, from t"e "er !a#tor, 0ltunia, and after marryin& "im #ro!eeded to 7el"i) :ut
044asid %ali#" in B22C 4y ;"i!" "e s"e ;as defeated and 6illed)
4e!ame t"e le&al soverei&n ruler of
T"e fall of RaFiya #aved t"e ;ay for t"e as!endan!y of t"e
India) *ater "e nominated "is
Forty) In t"e ne<t si< years, :a"ram and .asud ruled 7el"i) T"ere
dau&"ter RaFiya as "is su!!essor)
ensued a stru&&le for su#rema!y 4et;een t"e Sultans and t"e no4les)
T"us t"e "ereditary su!!ession to
In B2D' :al4an su!!eeded in #uttin& 8asiruddin .a"mud, a
7el"i Sultanate ;as initiated 4y youn&er son of Iltutmis", as Sultan)
S8;+64 T-$*-5F 8;T9T18SH
Iltutmis") He #atroniFed many s!"olars and a num4er Sufi saints !ame
6ra of <a"!an /=&)B-=&FE0
to India durin& "is rei&n) .in"a2-us-Sira2, Ta2-ud-din), 8iFam-ul-mul6
G"iyasuddin :al4an, ;"o ;as also 6no;n as 3lu&" 1"an,
.u"ammad Eanaidi, .ali6 -ut4-ud-din Hasan and Fa6"rul-.ul6 Isami
served as 8ai4 or re&ent to Sultan 8asiruddin .a"mud) He also
;ere "is !ontem#orary s!"olars ;"o added &randeur to "is !ourt) 0#art
stren&t"ened "is #osition 4y marryin& "is dau&"ter to t"e Sultan)
from !om#letin& t"e !onstru!tion of -ut4 .inar at 7el"i, t"e tallest
:al4an ;as all #o;erful in t"e administration 4ut "e "ad to fa!e t"e
stone to;er in India +2(A ft),, "e 4uilt a ma&nifi!ent mos>ue at 02mir)
B7D B75

intri&ues of "is rivals in t"e royal !ourt) He "ad over!ome all t"e In B27C, Tu&"ril 1"an, t"e &overnor of :en&al revolted a&ainst
diffi!ulties) In B2'' 8asiruddin .a"mud died ;it"out issues and :al4an) It ;as su##ressed and "e ;as 4e"eaded) In t"e nort";est
:al4an as!ended t"e t"rone) t"e .on&ols rea##eared and :al4an sent "is son rin!e .a"mud
a&ainst t"em) :ut t"e #rin!e ;as 6illed in t"e 4attle and it ;as a
:al4an$s e<#erien!e as t"e re&ent made "im to understand
moral 4lo; to t"e Sultan) :al4an died in B2A7) He ;as undou4tedly
t"e #ro4lems of 7el"i Sultanate) He 6ne; t"at t"e real t"reat to t"e
one of t"e main ar!"ite!ts of t"e 7el"i Sultanate) He en"an!ed t"e
monar!"y ;as from t"e no4les !alled t"e Forty) He ;as !onvin!ed
#o;er of t"e monar!"y) Ho;ever, "e !ould not fully safe&uard India
t"at only 4y en"an!in& t"e #o;er and aut"ority of t"e monar!"y "e
from t"e .on&ol invasions)
!ould fa!e t"e #ro4lems) 0!!ordin& to :al4an t"e Sultan ;as God$s
s"ado; on eart" and t"e re!i#ient of divine &ra!e) :al4an introdu!ed /"en :al4an died, one of "is &randsons 1ai>u4ad ;as made
ri&orous !ourt dis!i#line and ne; !ustoms su!" as #rostration and t"e Sultan of 7el"i) 0fter four years of in!om#etent rule, Ealaluddin
6issin& t"e Sultan$s feet to #rove "is su#eriority over t"e no4les) He 1"al2i !a#tured t"e t"rone of 7el"i in B2C0)
also introdu!ed t"e ersian festival of 1auro0 to im#ress t"e no4les
The *ha",i Dynasty /=&D'-=(&'0
and #eo#le ;it" "is ;ealt" and #o;er) He stood fort" as t"e
T"e advent of t"e 1"al2i dynasty mar6ed t"e Fenit" of .uslim
!"am#ion of Tur6is" no4ility) 0t t"e same time "e did not s"are
im#erialism in India) T"e founder of t"e 1"al2i dynasty ;as Ealaluddin
#o;er ;it" ot"er no4les) Indian .uslims ;ere not &iven im#ortant
1"al2i) He ;as seventy years old ;"en "e !ame to #o;er) He ;as
#ost in t"e &overnment) He a##ointed s#ies to monitor t"e a!tivities
&enerous and lenient) .ali6 %""a22u, ne#"e; of :al4an ;as allo;ed
of t"e no4les)
to remain t"e &overnor of 1ara) His lenien!y ;as misunderstood as
:al4an ;as determined to 4rea6 t"e #o;er of t"e Forty, t"e
;ea6ness) /"en %""a22u revolted, it ;as su##ressed 4ut "e ;as
Tur6is" no4les) He s#ared only t"e most o4edient no4les and
#ardoned) /"en t"e t"u&s +ro44ers, looted t"e !ountry, t"ey ;ere
eliminated all ot"ers 4y fair or foul means) .ali6 :a>4a>, t"e
allo;ed to &o after a severe ;arnin&) In B2C2 ;"en .ali6 %""a22u
&overnor of :adaun, ;as #u4li!ly flo&&ed for "is !ruelty to;ards
revolted for t"e se!ond time, "e ;as re#la!ed 4y "is son-in-la;,
"is servants) Hay4at 1"an, t"e &overnor of Oud", ;as also #unis"ed
0lauddin 1"al2i) In B2C' 0lauddin 1"al2i too6
for 6illin& a man ;"o ;as drun6) S"er 1"an, t"e &overnor of
an e<#edition to 7eva&iri and returned to 1ara)
:"atinda ;as #oisoned) Instead of e<#andin& "is 6in&dom, :al4an
7urin& t"e re!e#tion t"ere, 0lauddin 1"al2i
#aid more attention to t"e restoration of la; and order) He
trea!"erously murdered "is fat"er-in-la;
esta4lis"ed a se#arate military de#artment - diwan-i-ar0 G and
Ealaluddin 1"al2i and usur#ed t"e t"rone of
reor&aniFed t"e army) T"e outs6irts of 7el"i ;ere often #lundered
7el"i)
4y t"e .e;atis) :al4an too6 severe a!tion a&ainst t"em and
-"auddin *ha",i /=&DB-=(=B0
#revented su!" ro44eries) Ro44ers ;ere mer!ilessly #ursued and
#ut to deat") 0s a result, t"e roads 4e!ame safe for travel)
0lauddin 1"al2i made enormous &ifts to
-"auddin *ha",i
t"e "ostile no4les and 0mirs of 7el"i to ;in
B7' B77

over t"em to "is side) T"ose ;"o still o##osed "im a!!ession ;ere
#unis"ed severely) He framed re&ulations to !ontrol t"e no4les) He
;as !onvin!ed t"at t"e &eneral #ros#erity of t"e no4les, inter-
marria&es 4et;een no4le families, ineffi!ient s#y-system and drin6in&
6mpire of
li>uor ;ere t"e 4asi! reasons for t"e re4ellions) T"erefore, "e #assed
-"auddin *hi",i
1a4ul four ordinan!es) He !onfis!ated t"e #ro#erties of t"e no4les) T"e
es"avar intelli&en!e system ;as reor&aniFed and all t"e se!ret a!tivities of
t"e no4les ;ere immediately re#orted to t"e Sultan) T"e #u4li! sale
of li>uor and dru&s ;as totally sto##ed) So!ial &at"erin&s and
.ultan festivities ;it"out t"e #ermission of Sultan ;ere for4idden) :y su!"
"ars" measures "is rei&n ;as free from re4ellions)
7el"i Oud"
4eforms of -"auddin *ha",i
0lauddin 1"al2i maintained a lar&e #ermanent standin& army
%"itore raya& Gaur
:en&al and #aid t"em in !as" from t"e royal treasury) 0!!ordin& t"e Feris"ta,
0n"ilvara
"e re!ruited D,75,000 !avalrymen) He introdu!ed t"e system of
dagh+4randin& of "orses, and #re#ared huliya+des!ri#tive list of
soldiers,) In order to ensure ma<imum effi!ien!y, a stri!t revie; of
7aulada4ad army from time to time ;as !arried out)
/aran&al
T"e introdu!tion of #ayin& salaries in !as" to t"e soldiers led
0ri4ian Sea :ay of :en&al
to #ri!e re&ulations #o#ularly !alled as .ar6et Reforms) 0lauddin
1"al2i esta4lis"ed four se#arate mar6ets in 7el"i, one for &rainM
anot"er for !lot", su&ar, dried fruits, 4utter and oilM a t"ird for "orses,
7;arasamudra
slaves and !attleM and a fourt" for mis!ellaneous !ommodities) Ea!"
mar6et ;as under t"e !ontrol of a "i&" offi!er !alled Shahna-i-
Mandi ) T"e su##ly of &rain ;as ensured 4y "oldin& sto!6s in
.adurai
&overnment store-"ouses) Re&ulations ;ere issued to fi< t"e #ri!e
of all !ommodities) 0 se#arate de#artment !alled 7i;ani Riyasat
;as !reated under an offi!er !alled 1aib-i-*iyasat) Every mer!"ant
Indian O!ean
;as re&istered under t"e .ar6et de#artment) T"ere ;ere se!ret
a&ents !alled munhiyans ;"o sent re#orts to t"e Sultan re&ardin&
t"e fun!tionin& of t"ese mar6ets) T"e Sultan also sent slave 4oys to
B7A B7C

4uy various !ommodities to !"e!6 #ri!es) @iolation of re&ulations 0lauddin ne<t turned a&ainst %"ittor) It ;as t"e #o;erful state in
;as severely #unis"ed) Hars" #unis"ment ;as &iven if any s"o#- Ra2ast"an) T"e sie&e lasted for several mont"s) In B(0( 0lauddin
6ee#er !"ar&ed a "i&"er #ri!e, or tried to !"eat 4y usin& false ;ei&"ts stormed t"e %"ittor fort) Ra2a Ratan Sin&" and "is soldiers fou&"t
and measures) Even durin& t"e famine t"e same #ri!e ;as maintained) valiantly 4ut su4mitted) T"e Ra2#ut ;omen in!ludin& Rani admini
/e are not sure ;"et"er t"e mar6et re&ulations in 7el"i ;ere also #erformed 4auhar) T"is admini e#isode ;as &ra#"i!ally mentioned
a##lied in t"e #rovin!ial !a#itals and to;ns) in t"e 4oo6 #adma&ath ;ritten 4y Eayasi)
0#art from mar6et reforms, 0lauddin 1"al2i too6 im#ortant 0lauddin 1"al2i$s &reatest a!"ievement ;as t"e !on>uest of
ste#s in t"e land revenue administration) He ;as t"e first Sultan of 7e!!an and t"e far sout") T"is re&ion ;as ruled 4y four im#ortant
7el"i ;"o ordered for t"e measurement of land) Even t"e 4i& dynasties G Yadavas of 7eva&iri, 1a6atiyas of /aran&al, Hoysalas of
landlords !ould not es!a#e from #ayin& land ta<) *and revenue ;as 7;arasamudra and t"e andyas of
!olle!ted in !as" in order to ena4le t"e Sultan to #ay t"e soldiers in .adurai) In 0lauddin sent .ali6 1afur
!as") His land revenue reforms #rovided a 4asis for t"e future a&ainst t"e ruler of 7eva&iri,
reforms of S"er S"a" and 064ar) Rama!"andra 7eva, ;"o su4mitted and
#aid ri!" tri4utes) In B(0C .ali6 1afur
1i"itary Campaigns
laun!"ed "is !am#ai&n a&ainst /aran&al)
0lauddin 1"al2i sent "is army si< times a&ainst t"e .on&ols) T"e
Its ruler rata4arudra 7eva ;as defeated
first t;o ;as su!!essful) :ut t"e t"ird .on&ol invader 1";a2a !ame
and enormous 4ooty ;as !olle!ted from
-;-8 D-47-2-
u# to 7el"i 4ut t"ey ;ere #revented from enterin& into t"e !a#ital !ity)
"im) .ali6 1afur$s ne<t tar&et ;as t"e
T"e ne<t t"ree .on&ol invasions ;ere also dealt ;it"
Hoysala ruler @ira :allala III) He ;as defeated and a vast >uantity of
severely) T"ousands of .on&ols ;ere 6illed) T"e
4ooty ;as seiFed and sent to 7el"i) 1afur ne<t mar!"ed a&ainst t"e
nort";estern frontier ;as fortified and GaFi .ali6
andyas) @ira andya fled t"e !a#ital .adurai and 1afur seiFed
;as a##ointed to as t"e /arden of .ar!"es to #rote!t
enormous ;ealt" from t"e andya 6in&dom and returned to 7el"i)
t"e frontier)
0lauddin 1"al2i died in B(B') 0lt"ou&" t"e Sultan ;as illiterate,
T"e military !on>uests of 0lauddin 1"al2i
"e #atroniFed #oets li6e 0mir 1"usrau and 0mir Hasan) He also
in!lude "is e<#edition a&ainst Gu2arat, .e;ar and
4uilt a famous &ate;ay 6no;n as +lai 'arwa0a and !onstru!ted a
t"e 7e!!an) He sent 8usrat 1"an and 3lu&" 1"an
ne; !a#ital at Siri)
to !a#ture Gu2arat in B2CC) T"e 6in& and "is
4ani Padmini
.u4ara6 S"a" and 1"usru S"a" ;ere t"e su!!essors of
dau&"ter es!a#ed ;"ile t"e >ueen ;as !au&"t and
0lauddin 1"al2i) G"aFi .ali6, t"e &overnor of 7i#al#ur, 6illed t"e
sent to 7el"i) 1afur, an eunu!", ;as also ta6en to 7el"i and later
Sultan 1"usru S"a" and as!ended t"e t"rone of 7el"i under t"e
"e ;as made t"e .ali6 8ai4 G military !ommander) T"en in B(0B,
title of G"iyasuddin Tu&"la> in B(20)
0lauddin mar!"ed a&ainst Rant"am#ur and after a t"ree mont"$s
sie&e it fell) T"e Ra2#ut ;omen !ommitted 4auharor self-immolation)
BA0 BAB

The Tugh"aH Dynasty /=(&'-=)=)0 Token Currency
T"e founder of t"e Tu&"la> dynasty ;as G"iyasuddin Tu&"la>) In B(2C-(0 .u"ammad 4in
G"iyasuddin Tu&"la> sent "is son Euna 1"an to fi&"t a&ainst Tu&"la> introdu!ed a to6en !urren!y)
/aran&al) He defeated rata4arudra and returned ;it" ri!" 4ooty) T"ere ;as a s"orta&e of silver t"rou&"
G"iyasuddin laid t"e foundation for Tu&"la>a4ad near 7el"i) 3lu&" out t"e ;orld in t"e fourteent"
C5PP64 C58$S 5F
1"an ;as said to "ave trea!"erously 6illed "is fat"er and as!ended !entury) 1u4lai 1"an issued #a#er
19H-11-D <8$ T9.H;-?
t"e t"rone ;it" t"e title .u"ammad 4in Tu&"la> in B(25) money in %"ina) In t"e same manner, .u"ammad 4in Tu&"la> issued
!o##er !oins at #ar ;it" t"e value of t"e silver tanka !oins) :ut "e
1uhammad !in Tugh"aH /=(&A-=(A=0
;as not a4le to #revent for&in& t"e ne; !oins) T"e &oldsmit"s 4e&an
He ;as a very attra!tive !"ara!ter in t"e "istory of medieval
to for&e t"e to6en !oins on a lar&e s!ale) Soon t"e ne; !oins ;ere
India o;in& to "is am4itious s!"emes and novel e<#eriments) His
not a!!e#ted in t"e mar6ets) Finally, .u"ammad 4in Tu&"la>
enter#rises and novel e<#eriments ended in misera4le failures
sto##ed t"e !ir!ulation of to6en !urren!y and #romised to e<!"an&e
4e!ause t"ey ;ere all far a"ead of t"eir time) He ;as very tolerant
silver !oins for t"e !o##er !oins) .any #eo#le e<!"an&ed t"e ne;
in reli&ious matters) He maintained di#lomati! relations ;it" far off
!oins 4ut t"e treasury 4e!ame em#ty) 0!!ordin& t"e :arani, t"e
!ountries li6e E&y#t, %"ina and Iran) He also introdu!ed many li4eral
"ea# of !o##er !oins remained lyin& on roadside in Tu&"la>a4ad)
and 4enefi!ial reforms) :ut all "is reforms failed) %ontem#orary
Taation in Doa!
;riters li6e Isami, :arani and I4n :attuta" ;ere una4le to &ive a
!orre!t #i!ture a4out "is #ersonality) :ut, .u"ammad 4in Tu&"la> T"e failure of t"ese t;o e<#eriments affe!ted t"e #resti&e of
;as t"e only 7el"i Sultan ;"o "ad re!eived a !om#re"ensive literary, t"e Sultan and enormous money ;as ;asted) In order to over!ome
reli&ious and #"iloso#"i!al edu!ation) finan!ial diffi!ulties, .u"ammad 4in Tu&"la> in!reased t"e land
revenue on t"e farmers of 7oa4 +land 4et;een Gan&es and Yamuna
Transfer of Capita"
rivers,) It ;as an e<!essive and ar4itrary ste# on t"e farmers) 0
.u"ammad 4in Tu&"la> ;anted to ma6e 7eva&iri "is se!ond
severe famine ;as also rava&in& t"at re&ion at t"at time) It "ad
!a#ital so t"at "e mi&"t 4e a4le to !ontrol Sout" India 4etter) In
resulted in a serious #easant revolts) T"ey fled from t"e villa&es 4ut
B(27 "e made e<tensive #re#arations for t"e transfer of royal
.u"ammad 4in Tu&"la> too6 "ars" measures to !a#ture and #unis"
"ouse"old and t"e ulemas and Sufis from 7el"i to 7eva&iri, ;"i!"
t"em) T"e revolts ;ere !rus"ed)
;as renamed as 7aulata4ad) /"en t"ey resisted t"e Sultan enfor!ed
-gricu"tura" 4eforms
"is orders rut"lessly and !aused &reat "ards"i# of t"e #o#ulation of
7el"i) T"e distan!e 4et;een t"ese t;o #la!es ;as more t"an B500 Ho;ever, t"e Sultan realiFed later t"at ade>uate relief measures
6ilometres) .any #eo#le died durin& t"e ri&orous 2ourney in t"e and t"e #romotion of a&ri!ulture ;ere t"e real solution to t"e
summer) 0fter t;o years, t"e Sultan a4andoned 7aulata4ad and #ro4lem) He laun!"ed a s!"eme 4y ;"i!" takka&i loans +loans for
as6ed t"em to return to 7el"i) !ultivation, ;ere &iven to t"e farmers to 4uy seed and to e<tend
BA2 BA(

!ultivation) 0 se#arate de#artment for a&ri!ulture, 'iwan- i- :ohi 7el"i Sultanate) FiroF led a !am#ai&n a&ainst Ea2na&ar +modern
;as esta4lis"ed) .odel farm under t"e state ;as !reated in an area Orissa,) He returned ;it" ri!" 4ooty a!>uired from t"e tem#les) He
of 'D s>uare miles for ;"i!" t"e &overnment s#ent seventy la6" mar!"ed a&ainst 8a&ar6ot and made its ruler to #ay tri4utes) 7urin&
tankas) T"is e<#eriment ;as furt"er !ontinued 4y FiroF Tu&"la>) t"is !am#ai&n t"e Sultan !olle!ted B(00 Sans6rit manus!ri#ts from
t"e Ea;alamu6"i tem#le li4rary and &ot t"em translated into ersian)
4e!e""ions
FiroF ne<t mar!"ed a&ainst T"atta in t"e Sind re&ion and !rus"ed a
T"e latter #art of .u"ammad 4in Tu&"la>$s rei&n ;itnessed a
re4ellion t"ere)
s#ate of re4ellions 4y t"e no4les and #rovin!ial &overnors) T"e
-dministrative 4eforms
re4ellion of Hasan S"a" resulted in t"e esta4lis"ment of t"e .adurai
Sultanate) In B((' t"e @i2ayana&ar 6in&dom ;as founded) In B(D7 T"e rei&n of FiroF Tu&"la> ;as more nota4le for "is
:"amini 6in&dom ;as esta4lis"ed) T"e &overnors of Oud", .ultan administration) He stri!tly follo;ed t"e advi!e of t"e ulemas in
and Sind revolted a&ainst t"e aut"ority of .u"ammad 4in Tu&"la>) runnin& t"e administration) He #leased t"e no4les and assured
In Gu2arat Ta&"i rose in revolt a&ainst t"e Sultan ;"o s#ent nearly "ereditary su!!ession to t"eir #ro#erties) T"us t"e i>ta system ;as
t"ree years in !"asin& "im) .u"ammad 4in Tu&"la>$s "ealt" 4e!ame not only revived 4ut also it ;as made "ereditary) 0s #er t"e Islami!
;orse and "e died in B(5B) 0!!ordin& to :aduani, t"e Sultan ;as la; "e levied t"e ta<es) EiFiya ;as stri!tly im#osed on non-.uslims)
freed from "is #eo#le and t"e #eo#le from t"e Sultan) 0!!ordin& to He ;as t"e first Sultan to im#ose irri&ation ta<) :ut at t"e same time
:arani, .u"ammad 4in Tu&"la> ;as a mi<ture of o##osites) His "e du& irri&ation !anals and ;ells) T"e lon&est !anal ;as a4out 200
rei&n mar6ed t"e 4e&innin& of t"e #ro!ess of its de!line) 6ilometres from Sutle2 to Hansi) 0not"er !anal ;as 4et;een Yamuna
and Hissar) T"ere ;ere a4out B200 fruit &ardens in and around
Firo@ Tugh"aH /=(A=-=(FF0
7el"i yieldin& more revenue) T"e s#e!ial ta< on 2A items ;as
0fter t"e deat" of .u"ammad-4in-Tu&"la> in B(5B FiroF
a4olis"ed 4y "im sin!e t"ey ;ere a&ainst t"e Islami! la;) He also
Tu&"la> "ad t"e uni>ue distin!tion of 4ein& !"osen as sultan 4y t"e
develo#ed royal fa!tories !alled karkhanas in ;"i!" t"ousands of
no4les) He a##ointed :han-i-7ahan .a>4al, a Telu&u :ra"min
slaves ;ere em#loyed) 04out (00 ne; to;ns ;ere 4uilt durin& "is
!onvert as ;aFir +#rime minister,) T"e ;aFir "el#ed t"e Sultan in "is
rei&n) T"e famous amon& t"em ;as FiroFa4ad near Red Fort in
administration and maintained t"e #resti&e of t"e Sultanate durin&
7el"i, no; !alled FiroF S"a" 1otla) Old monuments li6e Eama
t"is #eriod)
.as2id and -ut4-.inar ;ere also re#aired)
1i"itary Campaigns
0 ne; de#artment !alled 'iwan-i-:hairat ;as !reated to
ta6e !are of or#"ans and ;ido;s) Free "os#itals and marria&e
0fter "is a!!ession FiroF "ad to fa!e t"e #ro4lem of #reventin&
4ureaus for #oor .uslims ;ere also esta4lis"ed) FiroF #atroniFed
t"e disinte&ration of t"e 7el"i Sultanate) He tried to safe&uard "is
s!"olars li6e :arani and 0fif) 0s "e ;as &uided 4y t"e ulemas, "e
aut"ority over nort" India instead of reassertin& "is aut"ority over
;as intolerant to;ards S"ia .uslims and Sufis) He treated Hindus
t"e 7e!!an and sout" India) He led t;o e<#editions to :en&al 4ut
as se!ond &rade !itiFens and im#osed EiFiya) In t"is res#e!t "e ;as
t"ey ;ere not su!!essful) :en&al 4e!ame free from t"e !ontrol of
BAD BA5

t"e #re!ursor of Si6andar *odi and 0uran&aFe4) 0lso "e in!reased to !on!lude a treaty ;it" "im, and e<tended "is em#ire from t"e un2a4
t"e num4er of slaves 4y !a#turin& t"e defeated soldiers and youn& to :i"ar) He ;as a &ood administrator) Roads ;ere laid and many
#ersons) In "is re&ime t"e num4er of slaves "ad in!reased to one irri&ational fa!ilities ;ere #rovided for t"e 4enefit of t"e #easantry)
la6" ei&"ty t"ousand) /"en FiroF died in B(AA t"e stru&&le for #o;er 7es#ite !ertain lauda4le >ualities, "e ;as a 4i&ot) He destroyed many
4et;een t"e Sultan and t"e no4les started on!e a&ain) His su!!essors Hindu tem#les and im#osed many restri!tions on t"e Hindus) Yet, "e
"ad to fa!e t"e re4ellion of t"e slaves !reated 4y FiroF) ;as one of t"e &reat *odi sultans ;"o made t"e sultanate stron& and
#o;erful)
In t"e follo;in& years, t"e 7el"i Sultanate "ad disinte&rated
furt"er) .any #rovin!es li6e .al;a and Gu2arat de!lared t"eir Si6andar *odi ;as su!!eeded 4y "is eldest son I4ra"im *odi
inde#enden!e) T"e invasion of Timur in B(CA "ad ;orsened t"e ;"o ;as arro&ant) He insulted "is no4les o#enly in !ourt and "umiliated
situation) /"en Timur entered 7el"i t"ere ;as no o##osition and t"em) T"ose no4les ;"o revolted ;ere #ut to deat") His o;n un!le,
"e sa!6ed 7el"i for t"ree days murderin& t"ousands of #eo#le and 0lauddin revolted) 7aulat 1"an *odi, t"e &overnor of t"e un2a4 ;as
lootin& enormous ;ealt") He ;it"dre; from India in B(CC and "is insulted and disaffe!tion 4et;een 6in& and !ourtier 4e!ame very
invasion in fa!t delivered a deat" 4lo; to t"e Tu&"la> dynasty) !ommon) Greatly dis#leased 4y t"e arro&an!e of I4ra"im, 7aulat 1"an
*odi invited :a4ur to invade India) :a4ur mar!"ed a&ainst 7el"i and
Sayyids /=)=)-=)A=0
defeated and 6illed I4ra"im *odi in t"e first 4attle of ani#at +B52',)
:efore "is de#arture from India, Timur a##ointed 1"iFr 1"an as
T"e 0f&"an 6in&dom lasted for only seventy-five years)
&overnor of .ultan) He !a#tured 7el"i and founded t"e Sayyid dynasty
in BDBD) He tried to !onsolidate t"e 7el"i Sultanate 4ut in vain) He died
Learning Outcome
in BD2B and ;as su!!eeded 4y "is son, .u4ara6 S"a") .u"ammad
S"a" ;"o su!!eeded "im ;as al;ays 4usy a&ainst !ons#irators and +fter learning this lesson the students will be able to e,plain
&radually lost !ontrol over "is no4les) :u"lul 1"an *odi dominated 1. #olitical History of 'elhi Sultanate from 12?9 to 1$29
everyt"in&) .u"ammad S"a" died in BDD5 and ;as su!!eeded 4y "is
+.'.
son 0lam S"a" +BDD5-BD5B, t"e ;ea6est of t"e Sayyid #rin!es) He
2. The rulers of Sla&e 'ynasty > +ibak) Iltutmish) *a0iya)
(alban > and their achie&ements.
"anded over t"e t"rone to :u"lul *odi and retired to :adaun)
. :hal4i 'ynasty > +lauddin :hal4i%s military achie&ements
;odis /=)A=-=A&B0 and reforms.
". Tughlaq 'ynasty > Mahmud-bin-Tughlaq%s achie&ements
T"e *odis, ;"o su!!eeded Sayyids, ;ere 0f&"ans) :u"lul
and his administrati&e e,periments.
*odi ;as t"e first 0f&"an ruler ;"ile "is #rede!essors ;ere all Tur6s)
$. ;iro0 Tughlaq and his administration.
He died in BDAC and ;as su!!eeded 4y "is son, Si6andar *odi)
9. Sayyids and 3odis and the decline of 'elhi Sultanate.
Si6andar *odi +BDAC-B5B7, ;as t"e &reatest of t"e t"ree *odi
soverei&ns) He 4rou&"t t"e ;"ole of :i"ar under "is !ontrol, many
Ra2#ut !"iefs ;ere defeated) He atta!6ed :en&al and for!ed its ruler
BA' BA7

4, 0lai 7ar;aFa ;as 4uilt 4y .a"mud-4in-Tu&"la>)
15D6; ?96ST85$S
!, T"e de#artment !alled 'iwan-i-:hairat;as !reated 4y FiroF
Tu&"la> to ta6e !are of or#"ans and ;ido;s)
B) 0ra4i! !oina&e of tanka ;as introdu!ed in India 4y
d, Iltutmis" introdu!ed t"e ersian festival of 1auro0 to im#ress
+a, 0lauddin 1"al2i +4, Iltutmis"
t"e no4les and #eo#le)
+!, .a"mud-4in Tu&"la> +d, FiroF Tu&"la>
Fa"se. 2) T"e !ommander of t"e Sout" Indian e<#edition under 0lauddin
1"al2i
B) Tu&"ril 1"an, t"e &overnor of :en&al revolted a&ainst :al4an)
+a, 0lauddin 1"al2i +4, -ut4uddin 0i4a6
2) FiroF Tu&"la> #atroniFed #oets li6e 0mir 1"usrau)
+!, .ali6 1afur +d, Ealaluddin 1"al2i
() 7aulat 1"an *odi invited :a4ur to invade India)
B) Rama!"andra 7eva ;as t"e ruler of JJ
B) RaFiya
2) 0ut"or of t"e 4oo6 #adma&athi ;as J))
2) T"e Forty
() JJ !olle!ted Sans6rit manus!ri#ts from t"e li4rary at
() To6en %urren!y
Ea;alamu6"i tem#le)
D) Sayyids
D) T"e last ruler of t"e 7el"i Sultanate ;as JJ
5) *odis
B) .a"mud-4in-Tu&"la> a, T"eory of 1in&s"i#
B) 0ssess t"e a!"ievements of -ut4uddin 0i4a6)
2) 0lauddin 1"al2i 4, Hasan 8iFami
2) E<amine t"e .ar6et reforms of 0lauddin 1"al2i)
() :al4an !, .ar6et Reforms
() /rite a note on t"e Sout" Indian e<#edition of .ali6 1afur)
D) -ut4uddin 0i4a6 d, To6en %urren!y
B) Give an estimate of t"e a!"ievements of Iltutmis")
right.
2) E<amine t"e rule of :al4an and "is t"eory of 6in&s"i#)
a, T"e a&ri!ultural de#artment, 'iwan-i-:ohi ;as esta4lis"ed
() Evaluate t"e #ersonality of .u"ammad-4in-Tu&"la>)
4y 0lauddin 1"al2i)
D) /rite an essay on t"e reforms of FiroF Tu&"la>)
BAA BAC

;6SS5$ =E le&al and #oliti!al a!tivities) T"ere ;as no !lear la; of su!!ession
durin& t"is #eriod) 0ll t"e sons "ad e>ual !laim to t"e t"rone) Iltutmis"
8$D8- 9$D64 TH6 D6;H8 S9;T-$-T6
even nominated "is dau&"ter in #referen!e to "is sons) :ut su!"
nominations or su!!essions ;ere to 4e a!!e#ted 4y t"e no4les)
Sometimes ulemas#layed !ru!ial role in a!!e#tin& t"e su!!ession
Learning Objectives
to t"e t"rone) Ho;ever, t"e military su#eriority remained t"e main
fa!tor in matters of su!!ession)
1. +dministration under the 'elhi Sultanate.
Centra" .overnment
2. 8conomic /ondition under the 'elhi Sultanate.
T"e Sultan ;as assisted 4y a num4er of de#artments and
offi!ials in "is administration) T"e #ost of 1aib;as t"e most #o;erful
. Social 3ife under the 'elhi Sultanate.
one) T"e 1aib#ra!ti!ally en2oyed all t"e #o;ers of t"e Sultan and
". +rt and architecture of the 'elhi Sultanate.
e<er!ised &eneral !ontrol over all t"e de#artments) 8e<t to "im ;as
$. 3iterary 'e&elopment.
t"e @a0ir;"o ;as "eadin& t"e finan!e de#artment !alled 'iwani
@i0arat )
T"e military de#artment ;as !alled 'iwani +ri0 ) It ;as
-dministration
"eaded 4y +ri0-i-mumalik ) He ;as res#onsi4le for re!ruitin& t"e
T"e esta4lis"ment and e<#ansion of t"e 7el"i Sultanate led to
soldiers and administerin& t"e military de#artment) He ;as not t"e
t"e evolution of a #o;erful and effi!ient administrative system) 0t
!ommander-in-!"ief of t"e army) T"e Sultan "imself ;as t"e
its Fenit" t"e aut"ority of 7el"i Sultan "ad e<tended as far sout" as
!ommander-in-!"ief of t"e army) T"e military de#artment ;as first
.adurai) 0lt"ou&" t"e 7el"i Sultanate "ad disinte&rated, t"eir
set u# 4y :al4an and it ;as furt"er im#roved 4y 0lauddin 1"al2i
administrative system made a #o;erful im#a!t on t"e Indian
under ;"om t"e stren&t" of t"e army !rossed t"ree la6" soldiers)
#rovin!ial 6in&doms and later on t"e .u&"al system of administration)
0lauddin introdu!ed t"e system of 4randin& of t"e "orses and
T"e 7el"i Sultanate ;as an Islami! state ;it" its reli&ion Islam) #ayment of salary in !as") %avalry ;as &iven im#ortan!e under t"e
T"e Sultans !onsidered t"emselves as re#resentatives of t"e %ali#") 7el"i Sultanate)
T"ey in!luded t"e name of t"e %ali#" in t"e khutbaor #rayer and
'iwani *asalat ;as t"e de#artment of reli&ious affairs) It
ins!ri4ed it on t"eir !oins) 0lt"ou&" :al4an !alled "imself t"e s"ado;
;as "eaded 4y !"ief Sadr) Grants ;ere made 4y t"is de#artment
of God, "e !ontinued to #ra!ti!e of in!ludin& t"e name of %ali#" in
for t"e !onstru!tion and maintenan!e of mos>ues, tom4s and
t"e khutbaand !oins) Iltutmis", .u"ammad 4in Tu&"la> and FiroF
madrasas ) T"e "ead of t"e 2udi!ial de#artment ;as t"e !"ief Aa0i)
Tu&"la> o4tained mansuror letter of #ermission from t"e %ali#")
Ot"er 2ud&es or qa0is ;ere a##ointed in various #arts of t"e
T"e offi!e of t"e Sultan ;as t"e most im#ortant in t"e Sultanate) .uslim #ersonal la; or sharia;as follo;ed in !ivil
administrative system) He ;as t"e ultimate aut"ority for t"e military,
BC0 BCB

matters) T"e Hindus ;ere &overned 4y t"eir o;n #ersonal la; and ta<es and al;ays led a "and-to-mout" livin&) Fre>uent famines made
t"eir !ases ;ere dis#ensed 4y t"e villa&e panchayats) T"e !riminal t"eir lives more misera4le)
la; ;as 4ased on t"e rules and re&ulations made 4y t"e Sultans)
Ho;ever, Sultans li6e .u"ammad 4i Tu&"la> and FiroF
T"e de#artment of !orres#onden!e ;as !alled 'iwani Insha ) 0ll
Tu&"la> too6 efforts to en"an!e a&ri!ultural #rodu!tion 4y #rovidin&
t"e !orres#onden!e 4et;een t"e ruler and t"e offi!ials ;as dealt
irri&ational fa!ilities and 4y #rovidin& takka&i loans) T"ey also
;it" 4y t"is de#artment)
en!oura&ed t"e farmers to !ultivate su#erior !ro# li6e ;"eat instead
;oca" -dministration of 4arley) FiroF en!oura&ed t"e &ro;t" of "orti!ulture) .u"ammad
4in Tu&"la> !reated a se#arate a&ri!ultural de#artment, 'iwani
T"e #rovin!es under t"e 7el"i Sultanate ;ere !alled iqtas )
:ohi )
T"ey ;ere initially under t"e !ontrol of t"e no4les) :ut t"e &overnors
of t"e #rovin!es ;ere !alled t"e muqtis or walis ) T"ey ;ere to 7urin& t"e Sultanate #eriod, t"e #ro!ess of ur4aniFation &ained
maintain la; and order and !olle!t t"e land revenue) T"e #rovin!es momentum) 0 num4er of !ities and to;ns "ad &ro;n durin& t"is
;ere divided into shiqsand t"e ne<t division ;as pargana ) T"e #eriod) *a"ore, .ultan, :roa!", 0n"il;ara, *a6nauti, 7aulata4ad,
shiq;as under t"e !ontrol of shiqdar ) T"e pargana !om#risin& a 7el"i and Eaun#ur ;ere im#ortant amon& t"em) 7el"i remained t"e
num4er of villa&es ;as "eaded 4y amil ) T"e villa&e remained t"e lar&est !ity in t"e East) T"e &ro;t" of trade and !ommer!e ;as
4asi! unit of t"e administration) T"e villa&e "eadman ;as 6no;n as des!ri4ed 4y !ontem#orary ;riters) India e<#orted a lar&e num4er
muqaddamor chaudhri ) T"e villa&e a!!ountant ;as !alledpatwari) of !ommodities to t"e !ountries on t"e ersian Gulf and /est 0sia
and also to Sout" East 0sian !ountries) Overseas trade ;as under
6conomy
t"e !ontrol of Multanis and 0f&"an .uslims) Inland trade ;as
0fter !onsolidatin& t"eir #osition in India, t"e 7el"i Sultans
dominated 4y t"e Gu2arat Marwari mer!"ants and .uslim (ohra
introdu!ed reforms in t"e land revenue administration) T"e lands
mer!"ants) %onstru!tion of roads and t"eir maintenan!e fa!ilitated
;ere !lassified into t"ree !ate&oriesH
for smoot" trans#ort and !ommuni!ation) arti!ularly t"e royal roads
;ere 6e#t in &ood s"a#e) Sarais or rest "ouses on t"e "i&";ays
1. iqta land G lands assi&ned to offi!ials as iqtas instead of
;ere maintained for t"e !onvenien!e of t"e travelers)
#ayment for t"eir servi!es)
%otton te<tile and sil6 industry flouris"ed in t"is #eriod)
2. khalisa land G land under t"e dire!t !ontrol of t"e Sultan and
Seri!ulture ;as introdu!ed on a lar&e s!ale ;"i!" made India less
t"e revenues !olle!ted ;ere s#ent for t"e maintenan!e of royal
de#endent on ot"er !ountries for t"e im#ort of ra; sil6) a#er
!ourt and royal "ouse"old)
industry "ad &ro;n and t"ere ;as an e<tensive use of #a#er from
. inam land G land assi&ned or &ranted to reli&ious leaders or
BD and B5 !enturies) Ot"er !rafts li6e leat"er-ma6in&, metal-!rafts t" t"
reli&ious institutions)
and !ar#et-;eavin& flouris"ed due to t"e in!reasin& demand) T"e
T"e #easantry #aid one t"ird of t"eir #rodu!e as land revenue, royal karkhanas su##lied t"e &oods needed to t"e Sultan and "is
and sometimes even one "alf of t"e #rodu!e) T"ey also #aid ot"er "ouse"old) T"ey manufa!tured !ostly arti!les made of &old, silver
BC2 BC(

and &old ;are) T"e no4les also a#ed t"e life style of Sultans and or #rote!ted #eo#le for ;"i!" t"ey ;ere for!ed to #ay a ta< !alled
indul&ed in lu<urious life) T"ey ;ere ;ell #aid and a!!umulated 4i0iya ) In t"e 4e&innin& 4i0iya ;as !olle!ted as #art of land ta<)
enormous ;ealt") FiroF Tu&"la> se#arated it from t"e land revenue and !olle!ted4i0iya
as a se#arate ta<) Sometimes :ra"mins ;ere e<em#ted from #ayin&
T"e system of !oina&e "ad also develo#ed durin& t"e 7el"i
4i0iya.
Sultanate) Iltutmis" issued several ty#es of silvertankas) One silver
tanka;as divided into DA 2itals durin& t"e 1"al2i rule and 50 4itals -rt and -rchitecture
durin& t"e Tu&"la> rule) Gold !oins ordinars4e!ame #o#ular durin&
T"e art and ar!"ite!ture of t"e 7el"i Sultanate #eriod ;as
t"e rei&n of 0lauddin 1"al2i after "is Sout" Indian !on>uests) %o##er
distin!t from t"e Indian style) T"e Tur6s
!oins ;ere less in num4er and dateless) .u"ammad 4in Tu&"la>
introdu!ed ar!"es, domes, lofty to;ers
"ad not only e<#erimented to6en !urren!y 4ut also issued several
or minarets and de!orations usin& t"e
ty#es of &old and silver !oins) T"ey ;ere minted at ei&"t different
0ra4i! s!ri#t) T"ey used t"e s6ill of t"e
#la!es) 0t least t;enty five varieties of &old !oins ;ere issued 4y
Indian stone !utters) T"ey also added
"im)
!olour to t"eir 4uildin&s 4y usin&
Socia" ;ife mar4les, red and yello; sand stones)
? 977-T-9 ;-8S ;-1 15S? 96
T"ere ;as little !"an&e in t"e stru!ture of t"e Hindu so!iety In t"e 4e&innin&, t"ey !onverted tem#les and ot"er stru!tures
durin& t"is #eriod) Traditional !aste system ;it" t"e :ra"mins on demolis"ed into mos>ues) For e<am#le, t"e Auwwat-ul-Islam
t"e u##er strata of t"e so!iety ;as #revalent) T"e su4servient #osition mos>ue near Autub Minarin 7el"i ;as 4uilt 4y usin& t"e materials
of ;omen also !ontinued and t"e #ra!ti!e of sati ;as ;idely o4tained from destroyin& many Hindu and Eain tem#les) :ut later,
#revalent) T"e se!lusion of ;omen and t"e ;earin& of purdah t"ey 4e&an to !onstru!t ne; stru!tures) T"e most ma&nifi!ent 4uildin&
4e!ame !ommon amon& t"e u##er !lass ;omen) T"e 0ra4s and of t"e B( !entury ;as t"e Autub Minar ;"i!" ;as founded 4y t"
Tur6s 4rou&"t t"e purdah system into India and it 4e!ame 0i4e6 and !om#leted 4y Iltutmis") T"is seventy one metre to;er
;ides#read amon& t"e Hindu ;omen in t"e u##er !lasses of nort" ;as dedi!ated to t"e Sufisaint -ut4uddin :a6t"iyar 1a6i) T"e
India) 4al!onies of t"is to;er ;ere #ro2e!ted from t"e main 4uildin& and it
;as t"e #roof of t"e ar!"ite!tural s6ills of t"at #eriod) *ater, 0lauddin
7urin& t"e Sultanate #eriod, t"e .uslim so!iety remained
1"al2i added an entran!e to t"e Autub Minar!alled +lai 'arwa0a)
divided into several et"ni! and ra!ial &rou#s) T"e Tur6s, Iranians,
T"e dome of t"is ar!" ;as 4uilt on s!ientifi! lines)
0f&"ans and Indian .uslims develo#ed e<!lusively and t"ere ;ere
no intermarria&es 4et;een t"ese &rou#s) Hindu !onverts from lo;er T"e 4uildin&s of t"e Tu&"la> #eriod ;ere !onstru!ted 4y
!astes ;ere also not &iven e>ual res#e!t) T"e .uslim no4les !om4inin& ar!" and dome) T"ey also used t"e !"ea#er and easily
o!!u#ied "i&" offi!es and very rarely t"e Hindu no4les ;ere &iven availa4le &rey !olour stones) T"e #ala!e !om#le< !alled Tu&"la>a4ad
"i&" #osition in t"e &overnment) T"e Hindus ;ere !onsidered 0immis ;it" its 4eautiful la6e ;as 4uilt durin& t"e #eriod of G"yasuddin
BCD BC5

Tu&"la>) .u"ammad 4in Tu&"la> 4uilt t"e tom4 of G"yasuddin on 0mir 1"usrau +B252-B(25, ;as t"e famous ersian ;riter of
a "i&" #latform) T"e 1otla fort at 7el"i ;as t"e !reation of FiroF t"is #eriod) He ;rote a num4er of #oems) He e<#erimented ;it" several
Tu&"la>) T"e *odi &arden in 7el"i ;as t"e e<am#le for t"e #oeti!al forms and !reated a ne; style of ersian #oetry !alled Sabaq-
ar!"ite!ture of t"e *odis) i-Hindor t"e Indian style) He also ;rote some Hindi verses) 0mir
1"usrau$s :ha0ain-ul-;utuhs#ea6s a4out 0lauddin$s !on>uests) His
1usic
famous ;or6Tughlaq 1amadeals ;it" t"e rise of G"yiasuddin Tu&"la>)
8e; musi!al instruments su!" as sarangi and rabab ;ere
Sans6rit and ersian fun!tioned as lin6 lan&ua&es in t"e 7el"i
introdu!ed durin& t"is #eriod) 0mir 1"usrau introdu!ed many ne;
Sultanate) Kia 8a6s"a4i ;as t"e first to translate Sans6rit stories into
ragas su!" as ghoraand sanam) He evolved a ne; style of li&"t
ersian) T"e 4oo6 Tutu 1ama or :oo6 of t"e arrot 4e!ame #o#ular
musi! 6no;n as qwalis 4y 4lendin& t"e Hindu and Iranian systems)
and translated into Tur6is" and later into many Euro#ean lan&ua&es)
T"e invention ofsitar;as also attri4uted to "im) T"e Indian !lassi!al
T"e famous*a4atarangini;ritten 4y 1al"ana 4elon&ed to t"e #eriod
;or6 *agadarpan ;as translated into ersian durin& t"e rei&n of
of Kain-ul-04idin, t"e ruler of 1as"mir) .any Sans6rit ;or6s on
FiroF Tu&"la>) ir :"odan, a Sufi saint ;as one of t"e &reat
medi!ine and musi! ;ere translated into ersian)
musi!ians of t"is #eriod) Ra2a .an Sin&" of G;alior ;as a &reat
lover of musi!) He en!oura&ed t"e !om#osition of a &reat musi!al In 0ra4i!, 0l4eruni$s :itab-ul-Hind is t"e most famous ;or6)
;or6 !alled Man :autuhal ) Re&ional lan&ua&es also develo#ed durin& t"is #eriod) %"and :aradi
;as t"e famous Hindi #oet of t"is #eriod) :en&ali literature "ad also
;iterature
develo#ed and 8usrat S"a" #atroniFed t"e translation of Mahabaratha
T"e 7el"i Sultans #atroniFed learnin& and literature) .any of
into :en&ali) T"e :a6t"i !ult led to develo#ment of Gu2arati and .arat"i
t"em "ad &reat love for 0ra4i! and ersian literature) *earned men
lan&ua&es) T"e @i2ayana&ar Em#ire #atroniFed Telu&u and 1annada
!ame from ersia and ersian lan&ua&e &ot en!oura&ement from
literature)
t"e rulers) :esides t"eolo&y and #oetry, t"e
;ritin& of "istory ;as also en!oura&ed) Some Learning Outcome
of t"e Sultans "ad t"eir o;n !ourt "istorians)
T"e most famous "istorians of t"is #eriod ;ere
1. /entral go&ernment and 3ocal administration under the
Hasan 8iFami, .in"a2-us-Sira2, Kiauddin
'elhi Sultanate.
:arani, and S"ams-Sira2 0fif) :arani$s Tarikh-
2. 8conomic life of the people of India under the 'elhi
i-;iro0 Shahi !ontains t"e "istory of Tu&"la> Sultanate.
dynasty) .in"a2-us-Sira2 ;rote Tabaqat-i- . Social condition and the impact of Muslim rule on Indian
society.
1asari , a &eneral "istory of .uslim dynasties
-184 *H9S4-9
". +rchitectural contributions of the 'elhi Sultanate.
u# to B2'0)
$. #ersian and other scholars li&ed during the 'elhi
Sultanate and their contribution.
BC' BC7

!, Inam land is t"e land assi&ned to soldiers for t"eir servi!es in
15D6; ?96ST85$S
;ars)
d, 7i;an-i-1o"i ;as t"e de#artment of *and Revenue)
B) T"e &overnors of t"e #rovin!es in 7el"i Sultanate ;ere !alled
t"e
Fa"se.
+a, S"i6dars +4, .u>tis
B) T"e finan!e de#artment under t"e 7el"i Sultanate ;as !alled
+!, at;aris +d, %"audris
7i;ani /iFarat)
2) T"e 1otla fort at 7el"i ;as t"e !reation of
2) T"e Indian !lassi!al ;or6 Ra&adar#an ;as translated into
Sans6rit) +a, FiroF Tu&"la> +4, Iltutmis"
+!, 0lauddin 1"al2i +d, Si66andar *odi () T"e Hindus ;ere !onsidered Fimmis and t"ey ;ere for!ed to
#ay a ta< !alled 2iFiya)
B) T"e military de#artment under t"e 7el"i Sultanate ;as !alled
B) 7i;ani /iFarat JJ
2) 8e; ra&as su!" as &"ora and sanam ;ere introdu!ed 4y JJ) 2) %oina&e under t"e 7el"i Sultanate)
() 0mir 1"usrau 888. 1atch the fo""o%ing.
D) -utu4 .inar B) .in"a2-us-Sira2 a, Ra2ataran&ini
2) 0mir 1"usrau 4, Ta4a>at-i-8asari +88. -ns%er !rief"y /='' %ords0.
B) Give a 4rief a!!ount of lo!al administration under t"e 7el"i () 1al"ana !, 1ita4-ul-Hind
Sultanate)
D) 0l4eruni d, Sa4a>-i-Hind
2) Tra!e t"e e!onomi! !ondition under t"e 7el"i Sultanate)
right. +888. -ns%er in detai" /&'' %ords0.
B) E<amine t"e administration of t"e 7el"i Sultanate) a, I>ta land is t"e land assi&ned to offi!ials instead of #ayment
for t"eir servi!es)
2) Evaluate t"e !ultural !ontri4utions of t"e Sultans of 7el"i)
4, 1"alisa land is t"e land under t"e dire!t !ontrol of villa&e
!oun!ils)
BCA BCC

;6SS5$ =F Sufism
Sufism ;as a li4eral reform movement ;it"in Islam) It "ad its
<H-*T8 15+616$T 8$ 16D86+-; 8$D8-
ori&in in ersia and s#read into India in t"e elevent" !entury) T"e
first Sufi saint S"ai6" Ismail of *a"ore started #rea!"in& "is ideas)
T"e most famous of t"e Sufi saints of India ;as 1";a2a .uinuddin
Learning Objectives
%"is"ti, ;"o settled in 02mer ;"i!" 4e!ame t"e !entre of "is
a!tivities) He "ad a num4er of dis!i#les ;"o are !alled Sufis of t"e
1. *ise and spread of (hakti Mo&ement in India.
%"is"ti order) 0not"er ;ell 6no;n Sufi saint ;as :a"auddin
Ka6ariya ;"o !ame under t"e influen!e of anot"er famous mysti!
2. Sufism and its de&elopment in India.
S"i"a4uddin Su"ra;ardi) His 4ran!" of Sufi saints ;as 6no;n as
. (hakti saints like Sankara) *amanu4a and others.
t"e Sufis of t"e Su"ra;ardi Order) Yet anot"er famous Sufi saint
;as 8iFamuddin 0uliya ;"o 4elon&ed to t"e %"is"ti order and ;"o ". *amananda) :abir and !uru 1anak and their teachings.
;as a mi&"ty s#iritual for!e) T"ese Sufi saints are revered even
$. (hakti Mo&ement in (engal and Maharashtra.
today 4y not only .uslims 4ut 4y a lar&e num4er of Hindus) T"eir
9. Importance of (hakti Mo&ement.
tom4s "ave 4e!ome #o#ular #la!es of #il&rima&e for 4ot"
!ommunities)
/e "ave already studied t"e rise of :"a6ti !ult in Tamil 8adu
Sufism stressed t"e elements of love and devotion as effe!tive
durin& t"e sevent" and ei&"t !enturies) T"e Saivaite 8ayanmars and
means of t"e realisation of God) *ove of God meant love of "umanity
@as"navaite 0l;ars #rea!"ed t"e :"a6ti !ult under t"e allavas,
and so t"e Sufis 4elieved servi!e to "umanity ;as tantamount to
andyas and %"olas) :ut, t"e s#read of :"a6ti movement in
servi!e to God) In Sufism, self dis!i#line ;as !onsidered an essential
medieval India is a different 6ind) T"is medieval
!ondition to &ain 6no;led&e of God 4y sense of #er!e#tion) /"ile
:"a6ti movement ;as t"e dire!t result of t"e
ort"odo< .uslims em#"asise e<ternal !ondu!t, t"e Sufis lay stress
influen!e of t"e s#read of Islam in India)
on inner #urity) /"ile t"e ort"odo< 4elieve in 4lind o4servan!e of
.onot"eism or 4elief in one God, e>uality and
rituals, t"e Sufis !onsider love and devotion as t"e only means of
4rot"er"ood of man and re2e!tion of rituals and
attainin& salvation) 0!!ordin& to t"em one must "ave t"e &uidan!e
!lass divisions are t"e distin!tive !"ara!teristi!s
of a #ir orguru) ;it"out ;"i!" s#iritual develo#ment is im#ossi4le)
of Islam) T"ese Islami! ideas !reated a #rofound
Sufism also in!ul!ated a s#irit of toleran!e amon& its follo;ers) Ot"er
im#a!t on t"e reli&ious leaders of t"is #eriod)
ideas em#"asised 4y Sufism are meditation, &ood a!tions,
.oreover, t"e #rea!"in& of Sufi tea!"ers s"a#ed
re#entan!e for sins, #erforman!e of #rayers and #il&rima&es, fastin&,
*h%a,a
t"e t"in6in& of :"a6ti reformers li6e Ramananda,
!"arity and su##ression of #assions 4y as!eti! #ra!ti!es)
1uinuddin Chishti
1a4ir and 8ana6)
200 20B

In t"e t"irteent" !entury, 1adhava from 1annada re&ion T"ese li4eral and unort"odo< features of Sufism "ad a
#ro#a&ated '&aita or dualism of 7i&atma and #aramatma.
#rofound influen!e on medieval :"a6ti saints) In t"e later #eriod,
0!!ordin& to "is #"iloso#"y, t"e ;orld is not an illusion 4ut a reality)
064ar, t"e .u&"al em#eror, a##re!iated Sufi do!trines ;"i!"
God, soul, matter are uni>ue in nature) $im!arka and
s"a#ed "is reli&ious outloo6 and reli&ious #oli!ies) /"en t"e Sufi
+a""a!hacharya ;ere also ot"er #rea!"ers of @ais"navite :"a6ti
movement ;as 4e!omin& #o#ular in India, a4out t"e same time t"e
in t"e Telun&ana re&ion) Surdas ;as t"e dis!i#le of @alla4"a!"arya
:"a6ti !ult ;as &ainin& stren&t" amon& t"e Hindus) T"e t;o #arallel
and "e #o#ulariFed 1ris"na !ult in nort" India)1ira!ai;as a &reat
movements 4ased on t"e do!trines of love and selfless devotion
devotee of 1ris"na and s"e 4e!ame #o#ular in Ra2ast"an for "er
!ontri4uted a &reat deal to 4rin&in& t"e t;o !ommunities !loser
4"a2ans) Tu"sidas ;as a ;ors"i##er of Rama and !om#osed t"e
to&et"er) Ho;ever, t"is trend did not last lon&) famous *amcharitmanas , t"e Hindi version of Ramayana)
<hakti 1ovement In t"e fourteent" and fifteent" !enturies,4amananda# *a!ir
and $anakremained &reat a#ostles of t"e :"a6ti !ult) T"ey dre;
In t"e nint" !entury Sankara started a
ins#iration from old masters 4ut s"o;ed a ne; #at") T"ey "el#ed
Hindu revivalist movement &ivin& a ne;
t"e !ommon #eo#le to s"ed a&e-old su#erstitions and attain salvation
orientation to Hinduism) He ;as 4orn in 1aladi
t"rou&" (hakti or #ure devotion) 3nli6e t"e early reformers, t"ey
in 1erala) His do!trine of +d&aita or .onism
;ere not lin6ed ;it" any #arti!ular reli&ious !reed and did not 4elieve
;as too a4stra!t to a##eal to t"e !ommon man) in rituals and !eremonies) T"ey !ondemned #olyt"eism and 4elieved
in one &od) T"ey also denoun!ed all forms of idolatry) T"ey stron&ly .oreover, t"ere ;as a rea!tion a&ainst t"e
4elieved in (hakti as t"e only means of salvation) T"ey also
+d&aita !on!e#t of 1irgunabrahman +God
em#"asised t"e fundamental unity of all reli&ions)
;it"out attri4utes, ;it" t"e emer&en!e of t"e
S-$*-4-
idea ofSagunabrahman +God ;it" attri4utes,)
4amananda
In t"e t;elft" !entury, 4amanu,a , ;"o ;as 4orn at
Ramananda ;as 4orn at 0lla"a4ad) He ;as ori&inally a
Sri#erum4udur near modern %"ennai, #rea!"ed 2isishtad&aita )
follo;er of Ramanu2a) *ater "e founded "is o;n se!t and #rea!"ed
0!!ordin& to "im God is Sagunabrahman ) T"e
"is #rin!i#les in Hindi at :anaras and 0&ra) He ;as a ;ors"i##er
!reative #ro!ess and all t"e o42e!ts in !reation
of Rama) He ;as t"e first to em#loy t"e verna!ular medium to
are real 4ut not illusory as ;as "eld 4y
#ro#a&ate "is ideas) Sim#lifi!ation of ;ors"i# and eman!i#ation of
San6ara!"arya) T"erefore, God, soul, matter are
#eo#le from t"e traditional !aste rules ;ere "is t;o im#ortant
real) :ut God is inner su4stan!e and t"e rest are
!ontri4utions to t"e (hakti movement) He o##osed t"e !aste system
"is attri4utes) He also advo!ated prabattimarga
and !"ose "is dis!i#les from all se!tions of so!iety disre&ardin& !aste)
or #at" of self-surrender to God) He invited t"e
His dis!i#les ;ereH a, 1a4ir, a .uslim ;eaver 4, Raidasa, a !o44ler
do;ntrodden to @ais"navism)
!, Sena, a 4ar4er d, Sad"ana, a 4ut!"er e, 7"anna, a Eat farmer
f, 8ara"arai, a &oldsmit" and &, i#a, a Ra2#ut #rin!e) 4amanu,a
202 20(

*a!ir and 6indness) I04ide #ure amidst t"e im#urities of t"e ;orld$ ;as
one of "is famous sayin&s) His life ;as dedi!ated to esta4lis"in&
0mon& t"e dis!i#les of Ramananda t"e most famous ;as
"armony 4et;een Hindus and .uslims) His follo;ers ;ere 6no;n
1a4ir) He ;as 4orn near :anaras to a 4ra"min ;ido;) :ut "e ;as
as Si6"s)
4rou&"t u# 4y a .uslim !ou#le ;"o ;ere ;eavers 4y #rofession)
He #ossessed an in>uirin& mind and ;"ile in Chaitanya ;as anot"er ;ell-6no;n saint and reformer of
:enares learnt mu!" a4out Hinduism) He :en&al ;"o #o#ularised t"e 1ris"na !ult) He renoun!ed t"e ;orld,
4e!ame familiar ;it" Islami! tea!"in&s also and 4e!ame an as!eti! and ;andered all over t"e !ountry #rea!"in& "is
Ramananda initiated "im into t"e "i&"er ideas) He #ro!laimed t"e universal 4rot"er"ood of man and !on-
6no;led&e of Hindu and .uslim reli&ious and demned all distin!tion 4ased on reli&ion and !aste) He em#"asised
#"iloso#"i!al ideas) 1a4ir$s o42e!t ;as to love and #ea!e and s"o;ed &reat sym#at"y to t"e sufferin&s of
re!on!ile Hindus and .uslims and esta4lis" ot"er #eo#le, es#e!ially t"at of t"e #oor and t"e ;ea6) He 4elieved
"armony 4et;een t"e t;o se!ts) He denoun!ed t"at t"rou&" love and devotion, son& and dan!e, a devotee !an feel
idolatry and rituals and laid &reat em#"asis on t"e #resen!e of God) He a!!e#ted dis!i#les from all !lasses and
t"e e>uality of man 4efore God) He em#"asised !astes and "is tea!"in&s are ;idely follo;ed in :en&al even today) *-<84
t"e essential oneness of all reli&ions 4y des!ri4in&
.nanadeva ;as t"e founder of t"e :"a6ti .ovement in
Hindus and .uslims Ias #ots of t"e same !lay$) To "im Rama and
.a"aras"tra in t"e t"irteent" !entury) It ;as !alled .a"aras"tra
0lla", tem#le and mos>ue ;ere t"e same) He re&arded devotion to
d"arma) He ;rote a !ommentary of (haga&at !ita !alled
&od as an effe!tive means of salvation and ur&ed t"at to a!"ieve t"is
!naneswari ) $amadeva #rea!"ed t"e &os#el of love) He o##osed
one must "ave a #ure "eart, free from !ruelty, dis"onesty, "y#o!risy
idol ;ors"i# and #riestly domination) He also o##osed t"e !aste
and insin!erity) He is re&arded as t"e &reatest of t"e mysti! saints
system) In t"e si<teent" !entury, 6kanatha o##osed !aste
and "is follo;ers are !alled 1a4ir#ant"is)
distin!tions and sym#at"eti! to;ards t"e lo;er !astes) He !om#osed
.uru $anak many lyri!s and "is 4"a2ans and 6irtans ;ere famous) 0not"er :"a6ti
saint of .a"aras"tra ;as Tukaram, a !ontem#orary of Siva2i) He
0not"er ;ell-6no;n saint-#rea!"er of
;as res#onsi4le for !reatin& a 4a!6&round for .arat"a nationalism)
t"e medieval #eriod ;as Guru 8ana6, founder
He o##osed all so!ial distin!tions)
of t"e Si6" reli&ion and a dis!i#le of 1a4ir)
He ;as 4orn in Tal;andi near *a"ore) He 8mportance of the <hakti 1ovement
denoun!ed !aste distin!tions and rituals li6e
T"e im#ortan!e of t"e :"a6ti movement ;as very &reat)
4at"in& in "oly rivers) His !on!e#tion of
@arious #rea!"ers s#o6e and ;rote in t"e re&ional lan&ua&es) So,
reli&ion ;as "i&"ly #ra!ti!al and sternly
t"e :"a6ti movement #rovided an im#etus for t"e develo#ment of .949 $-$-*
et"i!al) He e<"orted #eo#le to &ive u# selfis"-
re&ional lan&ua&es su!" as Hindi, .arat"i, :en&ali, 1annada, et!)
ness, false"ood and "y#o!risy and to lead a life of trut", "onesty
T"rou&" t"ese lan&ua&es t"ey made dire!t a##eal to t"e masses) 0s
20D 205

t"e !aste system ;as !ondemned 4y t"e :"a6ti saints, t"e lo;er
15D6; ?96ST85$S
!lasses ;ere raised to a #osition of &reat im#ortan!e) T"e
im#ortan!e of ;omen in so!iety ;as also in!reased 4e!ause t"e
:"a6ti movement &ave e>ual im#ortan!e to t"em) .oreover, t"e B) T"e most famous dis!i#le of Ramananda
:"a6ti movement &ave to t"e #eo#le a sim#le reli&ion, ;it"out
+a, 1a4ir +4, Ramadas
!om#li!ated rituals) T"ey ;ere re>uired to s"o; sin!ere devotion
+!, 8amadeva +d, %"aitanya
to God) T"e ne; idea of a life of !"arity and servi!e to fello; #eo#le
develo#ed)
2) .ad"va #rea!"ed "is #rin!i#les in
+a, Tamil +4, :en&ali
Learning Outcome
+!, 1annada +d, .arat"i
1. .rigin and spread of (hakti Mo&ement in medie&al India.
B) 02mer ;as t"e !entre of t"e a!tivities of t"e Sufi saint JJ)
2. Sufism and its different orders such as /hishti and
Suhrwardi .rders.
2) 8im4ar6a and @alla4"a!"arya #rea!"ed t"eir tea!"in&s in
JJ re&ion)
. 8arly (hakti saints like Sankara) *amanu4a and others.
() Tu6aram ;as a !ontem#orary of JJ
". The teachings of *amananda) :abir and !uru 1anak.
$. (hakti Mo&ement in (engal and Maharashtra.
B) San6ara a, 0lla"a4ad
9. Importance of (hakti Mo&ement.
2) Ramanu2a 4, 1aladi
() 8ana6 !, Sri#erum4udur
D) Ramananda d, Tal;andi
right.
a, Gnanadeva ;as t"e founder of :"a6ti movement in :en&al)
4, He ;rote a !ommentary of (haga&at !ita !alled
!naneswari )
!, He ;as a !ontem#orary of Siva2i)
d, He ;as a dis!i#le of Guru 8ana6)
20' 207

;6SS5$ =D +. State %hether the fo""o%ing statements are True or
Fa"se.
+8C-Y-$-.-4 -$D <-H1-$8 *8$.D51S
B) 8iFamuddin 0uliya 4elon&ed to t"e %"is"ti order)
2) %"aitanya ;as a ;ell-6no;n :"a6ti saint and reformer of
Learning Objectives
.a"aras"tra)
() Ramanu2a$s #"iloso#"y ;as 6no;n as @is"istadvaida)
1. Sources for the study of 2i4ayanagar 8mpire.
2. #olitical History of the 2i4ayanagar 8mpire.
B) %"is"ti Order
. +dministration and Social life.
2) Ramanu2a
". 8conomic /ondition and /ultural contributions.
() Guru 8ana6
$. + brief history of the (ahmani kingdom.
D) 1a4ir
+8C-Y-$-.-4 61P846
B) Tra!e t"e s#read of Sufism in India)
Sources
2) :rin& out t"e im#ortan!e of :"a6ti .ovement in medieval
T"e "istory of @i2ayana&ar Em#ire !onstitutes an im#ortant India)
!"a#ter in t"e "istory of India) Four dynasties G San&ama, Saluva,
Tuluva and 0ravidu G ruled @i2ayana&ar from 0)7) B((' to B'72)
B) Give an a!!ount of t"e rise and s#read of :"a6ti movement
T"e sour!es for t"e study of @i2ayana&ar are varied su!" as literary,
in medieval India)
ar!"aeolo&i!al and numismati!s) 1ris"nadevaraya$s
0mu6t"amalyada, Gan&adevi$s .aduravi2ayam and 0llasani
eddanna$s .anu!"aritam are some of t"e indi&enous literature of
t"is #eriod)
.any forei&n travelers visited t"e @i2ayana&ar Em#ire and
t"eir a!!ounts are also valua4le) T"e .oro!!an traveler, I4n :attuta,
@enetian traveler 8i!olo de %onti, ersian traveler 04dur RaFFa6
and t"e ortu&uese traveler 7omin&o aes ;ere amon& t"em ;"o
left valua4le a!!ounts on t"e so!io-e!onomi! !onditions of t"e
@i2ayana&ar Em#ire)
20A 20C

T"e !o##er #late ins!ri#tions su!" as t"e dra;n !onfli!t) T"e &reatest ruler of t"e San&ama dynasty ;as 7eva
Sriran&am !o##er #lates of 7evaraya II #rovide Raya II) :ut "e !ould not ;in any !lear vi!tory over t"e :a"mani
t"e &enealo&y and a!"ievements of @i2ayana&ar Sultans) 0fter "is deat", San&ama dynasty 4e!ame ;ea6) T"e ne<t
rulers) T"e Ham#i ruins and ot"er monuments of dynasty, Saluva dynasty founded 4y Saluva 8arasim"a rei&ned only
@i2ayana&ar #rovide information on t"e !ultural for a 4rief #eriod +BDA'-B50C,)
!ontri4utions of t"e @i2ayana&ar rulers) T"e
*rishna Deva 4aya /=A'D > =A('0
numerous !oins issued 4y t"e @i2ayana&ar rulers
T"e Tuluva dynasty ;as founded 4y @ira 8arasim"a) T"e
!ontain fi&ures and le&ends e<#lainin& t"eir tittles
8<$ <-TT9T-
&reatest of t"e @i2ayana&ar rulers, 1ris"na 7eva Raya 4elon&ed to
and a!"ievements)
t"e Tuluva dynasty) He #ossessed &reat military a4ility) His im#osin&
Po"itica" History
#ersonality ;as a!!om#anied 4y "i&" intelle!tual >uality) His first
@i2ayana&ar ;as founded in B((' 4y Hari"ara and :u66a of tas6 ;as to !"e!6 t"e invadin& :a"mani for!es)
t"e San&ama dynasty) T"ey ;ere ori&inally served under t"e 1a6atiya :y t"at time t"e :a"mani 6in&dom ;as re#la!ed
rulers of /aran&al) T"en t"ey ;ent to 1am#ili ;"ere t"ey ;ere 4y 7e!!an Sultanates) T"e .uslim armies ;ere
im#risoned and !onverted to Islam) *ater, t"ey returned to t"e Hindu de!isively defeated in t"e 4attle of 7i;ani 4y
fold at t"e initiative of t"e saint @idyaranya) T"ey also #ro!laimed 1ris"na 7eva Raya) T"en "e invaded Rai!"ur
t"eir inde#enden!e and founded a ne; !ity on t"e sout" 4an6 of t"e 7oa4 ;"i!" "ad resulted in t"e !onfrontation ;it"
Tun&a4"adra river) It ;as !alled @i2ayana&ar meanin& !ity of vi!tory) t"e Sultan of :i2a#ur, Ismail 0dil S"a") :ut,
1ris"na 7eva Raya defeated "im and !a#tured
*48SH$-
T"e de!line of t"e Hoysala 6in&dom ena4led Hari"ara and
t"e !ity of Rai!"ur in B520) From t"ere "e mar!"ed
D6+- 4-Y-
:u66a to e<#and t"eir ne;ly founded 6in&dom) :y B(D', t"ey
on :idar and !a#tured it)
4rou&"t t"e ;"ole of t"e Hoysala 6in&dom under t"eir !ontrol) T"e
stru&&le 4et;een @i2ayana&ar and Sultanate of .adurai lasted for 1ris"na 7eva Raya$s Orissa !am#ai&n ;as also su!!essful)
a4out four de!ades) 1umara6am#ana$s e<#edition to .adurai ;as He defeated t"e Ga2a#at"i ruler rata#arudra and !on>uered t"e
des!ri4ed in t"e .aduravi2ayam) He destroyed t"e .adurai Sultans ;"ole of Telun&ana) He maintained friendly relations ;it" t"e
and as a result, t"e @i2ayana&ar Em#ire !om#rised t"e ;"ole of ortu&uese) 0l4u>uer>ue sent "is am4assadors to 1ris"na 7eva
Sout" India u# to Rames;aram) Raya)
T"e !onfli!t 4et;een @i2ayana&ar Em#ire and t"e :a"mani T"ou&" a @ais"navaite, "e res#e!ted all reli&ions) He ;as a
6in&dom lasted for many years) T"e dis#ute over Rai!"ur 7oa4, &reat #atron of literature and art and "e ;as 6no;n as 0nd"ra :"o2a)
t"e re&ion 4et;een t"e rivers 1ris"na and Tun&a4"adra and also Ei&"t eminent s!"olars 6no;n as 0s"tadi&&a2as ;ere at "is royal
over t"e fertile areas of 1ris"na-Godavari delta led to t"is lon&- !ourt) 0llasani eddanna ;as t"e &reatest and "e ;as !alled
2B0 2BB

0nd"ra6avita itama&a) His im#ortant ;or6s in!lude T"e Em#ire ;as divided into different administrative units
Manucharitam and Harikathasaram ) in&ali Suranna and Tenali !alled .andalams, 8adus, sthalas and finally into &ramas) T"e
Rama6ris"na ;ere ot"er im#ortant s!"olars) 1ris"na 7eva Raya &overnor of .andalam ;as !alled .andales;ara or 8aya6)
"imself aut"ored a Telu&u ;or6, +mukthamalyadha and Sans6rit @i2ayana&ar rulers &ave full #o;ers to t"e lo!al aut"orities in t"e
;or6s, 7amba&ati :alyanam and <shaparinayam ) administration)
He re#aired most of t"e tem#les of sout" India) He also 4uilt :esides land revenue, tri4utes and &ifts from vassals and feudal
t"e famous @ittalas;amy and HaFara Ramas;amy tem#les at !"iefs, !ustoms !olle!ted at t"e #orts, ta<es on various #rofessions
@i2ayana&ar) He also 4uilt a ne; !ity !alled 8a&ala#uram in memory ;ere ot"er sour!es of in!ome to t"e &overnment) *and revenue
of "is >ueen 8a&aladevi) :esides, "e 4uilt a lar&e num4er of ;as fi<ed &enerally one si<t" of t"e #rodu!e) T"e e<#enditure of
Raya&o#urams) t"e &overnment in!ludes #ersonal e<#enses of 6in& and t"e !"arities
&iven 4y "im and military e<#enditure) In t"e matter of 2usti!e, "ars"
0fter "is deat", 0!"utadeva and @en6ata su!!eeded t"e
#unis"ments su!" as mutilation and t"ro;in& to ele#"ants ;ere
t"rone) 7urin& t"e rei&n of Rama Raya, t"e !om4ined for!es of
follo;ed)
:i2a#ur, 0"madna&ar, Gol6onda and :idar defeated "im at t"e :attle
of Talai6otta in B5'5) T"is 4attle is also 6no;n as Ra6sasa T"e @i2ayana&ar army ;as ;ell-or&aniFed and effi!ient) It
T"an&adi) Rama Raya ;as im#risoned and e<e!uted) T"e !ity of !onsisted of t"e !avalry, infantry, artillery and ele#"ants) Hi&"-4reed
@i2ayana&ar ;as destroyed) T"is 4attle ;as &enerally !onsidered "orses ;ere #ro!ured from forei&n traders) T"e to#-&rade offi!ers
to mar6 t"e end of t"e @i2ayana&ar Em#ire) Ho;ever, t"e of t"e army ;ere 6no;n as 8aya6s or oli&ars) T"ey ;ere &ranted
@i2ayana&ar 6in&dom e<isted under t"e 0ravidu dynasty for a4out land in lieu of t"eir servi!es) T"ese lands ;ere !alled amaram)
anot"er !entury) T"irumala, Sri Ran&a and @en6ata II ;ere t"e Soldiers ;ere usually #aid in !as")
im#ortant rulers of t"is dynasty) T"e last ruler of @i2ayana&ar 6in&dom
Socia" ;ife
;as Sri Ran&a III)
0llasani eddanna in "is .anu!"aritam refers t"e e<isten!e
-dministration
of four !astes G :ra"mins, 1s"atriyas, @aisyas and Sudras - in t"e
T"e administration under t"e @i2ayana&ar Em#ire ;as ;ell @i2ayana&ar so!iety) Forei&n travelers left vivid a!!ounts on t"e
or&aniFed) T"e 6in& en2oyed a4solute aut"ority in e<e!utive, 2udi!ial s#lendour of 4uildin&s and lu<urious so!ial life in t"e !ity of
and le&islative matters) He ;as t"e "i&"est !ourt of a##eal) T"e @i2ayana&ar) Sil6 and !otton !lot"es ;ere mainly used for dress)
su!!ession to t"e t"rone ;as on t"e #rin!i#le of "ereditary) erfumes, flo;ers and ornaments ;ere used 4y t"e #eo#le) aes
Sometimes usur#ation to t"e t"rone too6 #la!e as Saluva 8arasim"a mentions of t"e 4eautiful "ouses of t"e ri!" and t"e lar&e num4er of
!ame to #o;er 4y endin& t"e San&ama dynasty) T"e 6in& ;as t"eir "ouse"old servants) 8i!olo %onti refers to t"e #revalen!e of
assisted 4y a !oun!il of ministers in "is day to day administration) slavery) 7an!in&, musi!, ;restlin&, &am4lin& and !o!6-fi&"tin& ;ere
some of t"e amusements)
2B2 2B(

T"e San&ama rulers ;ere !"iefly Saivaites and @iru#a6s"a !oin ;as t"e &araha 4ut ;ei&"ts and measures varied from #la!e
;as t"eir family deity) :ut ot"er dynasties ;ere @ais"navites) to #la!e) Inland, !oastal and overseas trade led to t"e &eneral
Srivais"navism of Ramanu2a ;as very #o#ular) :ut all 6in&s ;ere #ros#erity) T"ere ;ere a num4er of sea#orts on t"e .ala4ar !oast,
tolerant to;ards ot"er reli&ions) :or4osa referred to t"e reli&ious t"e !"ief 4ein& %annanore) %ommer!ial !onta!ts ;it" 0ra4ia, ersia,
freedom en2oyed 4y everyone) .uslims ;ere em#loyed in t"e Sout" 0fri!a and ortu&al on t"e ;est and ;it" :urma, .alay
administration and t"ey ;ere freely allo;ed to 4uild mos>ues and #eninsula and %"ina on t"e east flouris"ed) T"e !"ief items of e<#orts
;ors"i#) 0 lar&e num4er of tem#les ;ere 4uilt durin& t"is #eriod ;ere !otton and sil6 !lot"es, s#i!es, ri!e, iron, salt#eter and su&ar)
and numerous festivals ;ere !ele4rated) T"e E#i!s and t"e uranas T"e im#orts !onsisted of "orses, #earls, !o##er, !oral, mer!ury,
;ere #o#ular amon& t"e masses) %"ina sil6 and velvet !lot"es) T"e art of s"i#4uildin& "ad develo#ed)
T"e #osition of ;omen "ad not im#roved) Ho;ever, some of Cu"tura" Contri!utions
t"em ;ere learned) Gan&adevi, ;ife of 1umara6am#ana aut"ored
T"e tem#le 4uildin& a!tivity furt"er &ained momentum durin&
t"e famous ;or6 Madura&i4ayam) Hannamma and T"irumalamma
t"e @i2ayana&ar rule) T"e !"ief !"ara!teristi!s of t"e @i2ayana&ara
;ere famous #oets of t"is #eriod) 0!!ordin& to 8uniF, a lar&e num4er
ar!"ite!ture ;ere t"e !onstru!tion of tall Raya Go#urams or
of ;omen ;ere em#loyed in royal #ala!es as dan!ers, domesti!
&ate;ays and t"e 1alyanamanda#am ;it" !arved #illars in t"e
servants and #alan>uin 4earers) T"e atta!"ment of dan!in& &irls to
tem#le #remises) T"e s!ul#tures on t"e #illars ;ere !arved ;it"
tem#les ;as in #ra!ti!e) aes refers to t"e flouris"in& de&adasi
distin!tive features) T"e "orse ;as t"e most !ommon animal found
system) oly&amy ;as #revalent amon& t"e royal families) Sati ;as
in t"ese #illars) *ar&e manda#ams !ontain one "undred #illars as
"onoured and 8uniF &ives a des!ri#tion of it)
;ell as one t"ousand #illars in some 4i& tem#les) T"ese manda#ams
6conomic Condition ;ere used for seatin& t"e deity on festival o!!asions) 0lso, many
0mman s"rines ;ere added to t"e already e<istin& tem#les durin&
0!!ordin& to t"e a!!ounts of t"e forei&n travelers, t"e
t"is #eriod)
@i2ayana&ar Em#ire ;as one of t"e ;ealt"iest #arts of t"e ;orld at
t"at time) 0&ri!ulture !ontinued to 4e t"e !"ief o!!u#ation of t"e T"e most im#ortant tem#les of t"e
#eo#le) T"e @i2ayana&ar rulers #rovided a stimulus to its furt"er @i2ayana&ar style ;ere found in t"e Ham#i
&ro;t" 4y #rovidin& irri&ation fa!ilities) 8e; tan6s ;ere 4uilt and ruins or t"e !ity of @i2ayana&ar)
dams ;ere !onstru!ted a!ross t"e rivers li6e Tun&"a4adra) 8uniF @ittalas;amy and HaFara Ramas;amy
refers to t"e e<!avation of !anals) tem#les ;ere t"e 4est e<am#les of t"is style)
T"e @arad"ara2a and E6am#aranat"a
T"ere ;ere numerous industries and t"ey ;ere or&aniFed into
tem#les at 1an!"i#uram stand as e<am#les
&uilds) .etal ;or6ers and ot"er !raftsmen flouris"ed durin& t"is
for t"e ma&nifi!en!e of t"e @i2ayana&ara
#eriod) 7iamond mines ;ere lo!ated in 1urnool and 0nanta#ur
style of tem#le ar!"ite!ture) T"e Raya
distri!t) @i2ayana&ar ;as also a &reat !entre of trade) T"e !"ief &old
Go#urams at T"iruvannamalai and
6-ST 64$ .5 P94-1 5F
+-4-DH -4-C -P6 491-; T 61 P;6
2BD 2B5

1ahmud .a%an %"idam4aram s#ea6 t"e &lorious
e#o!" of @i2ayana&ar) T"ey ;ere
T"e :a"mani 6in&dom rea!"ed its #ea6 under t"e &uidan!e of
!ontinued 4y t"e 8aya6 rulers in
.a"mud Ga;an) He ;as a ersian mer!"ant) He !ame to India at t"e
t"e later #eriod) T"e metal ima&es
a&e of forty t;o and 2oined t"e servi!es of :a"mani 6in&dom) Slo;ly
of 1ris"na 7eva Raya and "is "e 4e!ame t"e !"ief minister due to "is #ersonal >ualities) He remained
>ueens at Tiru#ati are e<am#les loyal to t"e 6in&dom) He lived a sim#le life and ;as ma&nanimous) He
;as also a learned #erson) He #ossessed a &reat 6no;led&e of for !astin& of metal ima&es) .usi!
mat"emati!s) He made endo;ments to 4uild a !olle&e at :idar ;"i!"
and dan!in& ;ere also #atroniFed 6"ephant Chariot > Hampi 4uins
;as 4uilt in t"e ersian style of ar!"ite!ture) He ;as also a military
4y t"e rulers of @i2ayana&ar)
&enius) He ;a&ed su!!essful ;ars a&ainst @i2ayana&ar, Orissa and t"e
7ifferent lan&ua&es su!" as Sans6rit, Telu&u, 1annada and
sea #irates on t"e 0ra4ian sea) His !on>uests in!lude 1on6an, Goa
Tamil flouris"ed in t"e re&ions) T"ere ;as a &reat develo#ment in
and 1ris"na-Godavari delta) T"us "e e<#anded t"e :a"mani Em#ire
Sans6rit and Telu&u literature) T"e #ea6 of literary a!"ievement ;as
t"rou&" "is !on>uests)
rea!"ed durin& t"e rei&n of 1ris"na 7eva Raya) He "imself ;as a
His administrative reforms ;ere also im#ortant) T"ey ;ere aimed
s!"olar in Sans6rit and Telu&u) His famous !ourt #oet 0llasani
to in!rease t"e !ontrol of Sultan over t"e no4les and #rovin!es) Royal
eddanna ;as distin&uis"ed in Telu&u literature) T"us t"e !ultural
offi!ers ;ere a##ointed in ea!" #rovin!e for t"is #ur#ose) .ost of t"e
!ontri4utions of t"e @i2ayana&ar rulers ;ere many-sided and
forts ;ere under t"e !ontrol of
remar6a4le)
t"ese offi!ers) 0llo;an!es ;ere
redu!ed to t"e no4les ;"o s"ir6ed
<ahmani *ingdom
t"eir res#onsi4ility) T"is ;as
T"e founder of t"e :a"mani 6in&dom ;as 0lauddin :a"man
disli6ed 4y t"e no4les) So, t"e
S"a" also 6no;n as Hasan Gan&u in B(D7) Its !a#ital ;as Gul4ar&a)
7e!!ani no4les or&anised a #lot
T"ere ;ere a total of fourteen Sultans rulin& over t"is 6in&dom)
a&ainst Ga;an) T"ey indu!ed t"e
0mon& t"em, 0lauddin :a"man S"a", .u"ammad S"a" I and FiroF
Sultan to #unis" "im ;it" deat"
S"a" ;ere im#ortant) 0"mad /ali S"a" s"ifted t"e !a#ital from
senten!e) 0fter t"e e<e!ution of
4uins of .o"konda Fort
Gul4ar&a to :idar) T"e #o;er of t"e :a"mani 6in&dom rea!"ed its
Ga;an, t"e :a"mani 6in&dom
#ea6 under t"e rule of .u"ammad S"a" III) It e<tended from t"e
4e&an to de!line) .u"ammad S"a" ;as su!!eeded 4y ;ea6 Sultans)
0ra4ian sea to t"e :ay of :en&al) On t"e ;est it e<tended from
7urin& t"is #eriod t"e #rovin!ial &overnors de!lared t"eir inde#enden!e)
Goat to :om4ay) On t"e east, it e<tended from 1a6inada to t"e
:y t"e year B52', t"e :a"mani 6in&dom "ad disinte&rated into five
mout" of t"e river 1ris"na) T"e su!!ess of .u"ammad S"a" ;as
inde#endent sultanates) T"ey ;ere 0"madna&ar, :i2a#ur, :erar,
due to t"e advi!e and servi!es of "is minister .a"mud Ga;an)
Gol6onda and :idar and 6no;n as 7e!!an Sultanates)
2B' 2B7

1. 3iterary and other sources for the study of 2i4ayanagar
B) T"e family deity of San&ama rulers ;as
8mpire.
2. ;our dynasties of 2i4ayanagar and :rishna 'e&a *aya%s
+a, 7ur&a +4, @ittala
accomplishments.
+!, @iru#a6s"a +d, Rama
. +dministrati&e system and social life under the
2i4ayanagar 8mpire.
2) .a"mud Ga;an ;as a trader from
". 8conomic conditions under the 2i4ayanagar 8mpire.
+a, 0ra4ia +4, .oro!!o
$. 3iterature) art and architecture of the 2i4ayanagar
8mpire.
+!, ortu&al +d, ersia
9. (ahmani kingdom and Mahmud !awan%s achie&ements.
B) 1ris"na 7eva Raya 4elon&ed to J)) dynasty)
2) HaFara Ramas;amy tem#le ;as 4uilt at J))
() T"e founder of t"e :a"mani 6in&dom J))
B) 04dur RaFFa6 a, @eni!e
2) I4n :attuta 4, ersia
() 7omin&o aes !, .oro!!o
D) 8i!olo de %onti d, ortu&al
right.
a, T"e :a"mani !a#ital ;as s"ifted from Gul4ar&a to :erar)
4, T"e :a"mani !a#ital ;as s"ifted from Gul4ar&a to :idar)
!, T"e :a"mani !a#ital ;as s"ifted from :idar to Gul4ar&a)
d, T"e :a"mani !a#ital ;as s"ifted from :erar to Gul4ar&a)
2BA 2BC

;6SS5$ &' +. State %hether the fo""o%ing statements are True or
Fa"se.
TH6 19.H-; 61P846
B) 1umara6ama#ana ;rote Madura&i4ayam.
2) 0llasani eddanna ;as a 1annada s!"olar)
Learning Objectives
() +mukthamalyadha ;as ;ritten 4y 1ris"na 7eva Raya in
Telu&u lan&ua&e)
1. #olitical History of the Mughal 8mpire.
2. (abur and his achie&ements.
B) San&ama dynasty
. Humayuns% difficulties and the Sur interregnum.
2) rovin!ial administration under t"e @i2ayana&ar)
". +kbar and his achie&ements > *eligious policy.
() Hasan Gan&u)
$. 7ahangir and Shah 7ahan.
D) osition of ;omen in @i2ayana&ar Em#ire)
9. +uranga0eb and his religious policy.
B. /auses for the decline of the Mughal empire.
B) /rite a note on t"e forei&n travelers ;"o visited t"e
@i2ayana&ar Em#ire)
Po"itica" History
2) E<amine t"e &ro;t" of literature under t"e @i2ayana&ar rule)
<a!ur /=A&B-=A('0
:a4ur ;as t"e founder of t"e .u&"al Em#ire in India) His
B) Estimate t"e a!"ievements of 1ris"na 7eva Raya)
ori&inal name ;as Ka"iruddin .u"ammad) He
2) E<amine t"e !ultural !ontri4utions of t"e @i2ayana&ar rulers) ;as related to Timur from "is fat"er$s side and
to %"en&iF 1"an t"rou&" "is mot"er) :a4ur
() Give an estimate of .a"mud Ga;an)
su!!eeded "is fat"er 3mar S"ai6" .irFa as t"e
ruler of Far&"ana) :ut "e ;as soon defeated 4y
"is distant relative and as a result lost "is
6in&dom) He 4e!ame a ;anderer for sometime
till "e !a#tured 1a4ul from one of "is un!les)
<-<94
T"en, :a4ur too6 interest in !on>uerin& India
and laun!"ed four e<#editions 4et;een B5BC and B52()
220 22B

1i"itary ConHuests Humayun /=A('-=A)'0
On t"e eve of :a4ur$s invasion of India, t"ere ;ere five Humayun ;as t"e eldest son of :a4ur)
#rominent .uslim rulers G t"e Sultans of 7el"i, Gu2arat, .al;a, Humayun means =fortune? 4ut "e remained t"e
:en&al and t"e 7e!!an G and t;o #rominent Hindu rulers G Rana most unfortunate ruler of t"e .u&"al Em#ire)
San&"a of .e;ar and t"e @i2ayana&ar Em#ire) On!e a&ain 4y t"e Humayun "ad t"ree 4rot"ers, 1amran, 0s6ari
end of B525, :a4ur started from 1a4ul to !on>uer India) He and Hindal) Humayun divided t"e em#ire amon&
o!!u#ied *a"ore easily 4y defeatin& its &overnor, 7aulat 1"an *odi) "is 4rot"ers 4ut t"is #roved to 4e a &reat 4lunder
T"en "e #ro!eeded a&ainst 7el"i ;"ere I4ra"im *odi ;as t"e Sultan) on "is #art) 1amran ;as &iven 1a4ul and
On 2B 0#ril B52' t"e first :attle of ani#at too6 #la!e 4et;een 1anda"ar) Sam4"al and 0l;ar ;ere &iven to st
H91-Y9$
:a4ur and I4ra"im *odi, ;"o ;as 6illed in t"e 4attle) :a4ur$s 0s6ari and Hindal)
su!!ess ;as due "is !avalry and artillery) :a4ur o!!u#ied 7el"i
/"en Humayun ;as 4usy ;it" fi&"tin& t"e 0f&"ans in t"e
and sent "is son Humayun to seiFe 0&ra) :a4ur #ro!laimed "imself
east, "e &ot t"e ne;s t"at :a"adur S"a" of Gu2arat ;as advan!in&
as =Em#eror of Hindustan?)
to;ards 7el"i) T"erefore, "e "astily !on!luded a treaty ;it" t"e
His su4se>uent vi!tories over Rana San&"a and t"e 0f&"ans 0f&"an leader S"er 1"an +later S"er S"a", and #ro!eeded to;ards
se!ured "is #osition as t"e ruler of India) Rana San&"a of .e;ar Gu2arat)
;as a &reat Ra2#ut ;arrior) He mar!"ed a&ainst :a4ur and in t"e
Humayun !a#tured Gu2arat from :a"adur S"a" and a##ointed
:attle of 1"anua +near 0&ra, "eld in B527 :a4ur ;on a de!isive
0s6ari as its &overnor) :ut soon :a"adur S"a" re!overed Gu2arat
vi!tory over "im) :a4ur assumed t"e title G"aFi)
from 0s6ari ;"o fled from t"ere) In t"e meantime S"er 1"an 4e!ame
In B52A, :a4ur !a#tured %"anderi from anot"er Ra2#ut ruler #o;erful in t"e east) Humayun mar!"ed a&ainst "im and in t"e :attle
.edini Rai) In t"e ne<t year, :a4ur defeated t"e 0f&"ans in t"e of %"ausa, "eld in B5(C, S"er 1"an destroyed t"e .u&"al army
:attle of Go&ra in :i"ar) :y t"ese vi!tories, :a4ur !onsolidated "is and Humayun es!a#ed from t"ere) Humayun rea!"ed 0&ra to
#o;er in India) :a4ur died at 0&ra in B5(0 at t"e a&e of forty ne&otiate ;it" "is 4rot"ers) :ut as t"ey ;ere not !oo#erative,
seven) Humayun ;as for!ed to fi&"t ;it" S"er 1"an alone in t"e :attle of
:il&ram in B5D0) T"is 4attle ;as also 6no;n as :attle of 1anau2)
6stimate of <a!ur
Humayun ;as t"orou&"ly defeated 4y S"er 1"an) 0fter losin& "is
:a4ur ;as a &reat statesman and a man of solid a!"ievements)
6in&dom, Humayun 4e!ame an e<ile for t"e ne<t fifteen years)
He ;as also a &reat s!"olar in 0ra4i! and ersian lan&ua&es) Tur6i
Sur 8nterregnum /=A)'-=AAA0
;as "is mot"er ton&ue) He ;rote "is memoirs, Tu0uk-i-(aburi in
Tur6i lan&ua&e) It #rovides a vivid a!!ount of India) He fran6ly T"e founder of t"e Sur dynasty ;as S"er S"a", ;"ose ori&inal
!onfesses "is o;n failures ;it"out su##ressin& any fa!ts) He ;as name ;as Farid) He ;as t"e son of Hasan 1"an, a 2a&irdar of
also a naturalist and des!ri4ed t"e flora and fauna of India) Sasaram in :i"ar) *ater, Farid served under t"e 0f&"an ruler of
222 22(

:i"ar, ;"o &ave "im t"e title S"er 1"an for "is 4ravery) /e "ave T"e land revenue administration ;as ;ell or&aniFed under
already seen "o; "e defeated Humayun at t"e :attle of %"ausa S"er S"a") *and survey ;as !arefully done) 0ll !ultiva4le lands
and 4e!ame t"e ruler of 7el"i in B5D0) ;ere !lassified into t"ree !lasses G &ood, middle and 4ad) T"e state$s
s"are ;as one t"ird of t"e avera&e #rodu!e and it ;as #aid in !as"
Sher Shah Sur /=A)'-=A)A0
or !ro#) His revenue reforms in!reased t"e revenue of t"e state)
S"er S"a" ;a&ed e<tensive ;ars ;it" t"e
S"er S"a" introdu!ed ne; silver !oins !alled =7am? and t"ey ;ere
Ra2#uts and e<#anded "is em#ire) His !on>uests
in !ir!ulation till BA(5)
in!lude un2a4, .al;a, Sind, .ultan and
S"er S"a" "ad also im#roved t"e !ommuni!ations 4y layin&
:undel6"and) His em#ire !onsisted of t"e ;"ole of
four im#ortant "i&";ays) T"ey ;ereH B) Sonar&aon to Sind 2) 0&ra
8ort" India e<!e#t 0ssam, 8e#al, 1as"mir and
to :ur"am#ur () Eod"#ur to %"ittor and D) *a"ore to .ultan) Rest
Gu2arat)
"ouses ;ere 4uilt on t"e "i&";ays for t"e !onvenien!e of t"e
Sher ShahGs -dministration
travelers) oli!e ;as effi!iently reor&aniFed and !rime ;as less durin& SH64 SH-H
S94
"is re&ime)
0lt"ou&" "is rule lasted for five years, "e
or&aniFed a 4rilliant administrative system) T"e !entral &overnment
T"e military administration ;as also effi!iently reor&aniFed
!onsisted of several de#artments) T"e 6in& ;as assisted 4y four
and S"er S"a" 4orro;ed many ideas li6e t"e 4randin& of "orses
im#ortant ministersH
from 0lauddin 1"al2i)
1. 'iwan >i- @i0arat G also !alled as @a0ir- in !"ar&e
6stimate of Sher Shah
of Revenue and Finan!e)
S"er S"a" remained a #ious .uslim and &enerally tolerant
2. 'iwan-i-+ri0 G in !"ar&e of 0rmy)
to;ards ot"er reli&ions) He em#loyed Hindus in im#ortant offi!es)
He ;as also a #atron of art and ar!"ite!ture) He 4uilt a ne; !ity on
. 'iwan-i-*asalat - Forei&n .inister)
t"e 4an6s of t"e river Yamuna near 7el"i) 8o; t"e old fort !alled
". 'iwan-i-Insha - .inister for %ommuni!ations)
urana -ila and its mos>ue is alone survivin&) He also 4uilt a
S"er S"a"$s em#ire ;as divided into forty seven sarkars )
.ausoleum at Sasaram, ;"i!" is !onsidered as one of t"e master
%"ief Shiqdar +la; and order, and %"ief Munsif+2ud&e, ;ere t"e
#ie!es of Indian ar!"ite!ture) S"er S"a" also #atroniFed t"e learned
t;o offi!ers in !"ar&e of t"e administration in ea!" sarkar ) Ea!"
men) .ali6 .u"ammad Eayasi ;rote t"e famous Hindi ;or6
sarkar ;as divided into several parganas. Shiqdar +military
admavat durin& "is rei&n)
offi!er,, +min +land revenue,, ;otedar +treasurer, :arkuns
0fter S"er S"a"$s deat" in B5D5 "is su!!essors ruled till B555
+a!!ountants, ;ere in !"ar&e of t"e administration of ea!"pargana)
;"en Humayun re!on>uered India)
T"ere ;ere also many administrative units !alled iqtas.
22D 225

Humayun /=AAA-=AAB0
/"en Humayun left India in B5D0, "e married Hamida :anu
:e&um on "is ;ay to Sind) /"en t"ey stayed in 0mor6ot, a Hindu
6in&dom ruled 4y Rana rasad, 064ar ;as 4orn in B5D2) Humayun
t"en #ro!eeded to Iran and sou&"t "el# from its ruler) He later defeated
"is 4rot"ers, 1amran and 0s6ari) In t"e meantime t"e Sur dynasty in
India ;as de!linin& ra#idly) In B555, Humayun defeated t"e 0f&"ans
and re!overed t"e .u&"al t"rone) 0fter si< mont"s, "e died in B55'
due to "is fall from t"e stair!ase of "is li4rary) 0lt"ou&" Humayun ;as
not a &ood General and ;arrior, "e ;as 6ind and &enerous) He ;as
also learned and a student of mat"emati!s, astronomy and astrolo&y)
He also loved #aintin& and ;rote #oetry in ersian lan&ua&e)
-k!ar /=AAB-=B'A0
064ar ;as one of t"e &reatest monar!"s of India) He
su!!eeded t"e t"rone after "is fat"er Humayun$s deat") :ut "is
#osition ;as dan&erous 4e!ause 7el"i ;as seiFed
4y t"e 0f&"ans) T"eir !ommander-in-%"ief, Hemu,
;as in !"ar&e of it) In t"e se!ond :attle of ani#at
in B55', Hemu ;as almost on t"e #oint of vi!tory)
:ut an arro; #ier!ed "is eye and "e 4e!ame
un!ons!ious) His army fled and t"e fortune
favoured 064ar) T"e .u&"al vi!tory ;as de!isive)
7urin& t"e first five years of 064ar $s rei&n, -*<-4
:airam 1"an a!ted as "is re&ent) He !onsolidated t"e .u&"al
em#ire) 0fter five years "e ;as removed 4y 064ar due to !ourt
intri&ues and sent to .e!!a) :ut on "is ;ay :airam ;as 6illed 4y
an 0f&"an)
064ar$s military !on>uests ;ere e<tensive) He !on>uered
nort"ern India from 0&ra to Gu2arat and t"en from 0&ra to :en&al)
He stren&t"ened t"e nort";est frontier) *ater, "e ;ent to t"e 7e!!an)
22' 227

4e"ations %ith 4a,puts in B5'2, "e a4olis"ed 2iFiya) He allo;ed "is Hindu ;ives to ;ors"i#
t"eir o;n &ods) *ater, "e 4e!ame a s6e#ti!al .uslim) In B575, "e
T"e Ra2#ut #oli!y of 064ar ;as nota4le) He married t"e
ordered for t"e !onstru!tion of I4adat 1"ana +House of ;ors"i#,
Ra2#ut #rin!ess, t"e dau&"ter of Ra2a :"aramal) It ;as a turnin&
at "is ne; !a#ital Fate#ur Si6ri) 064ar invited learned s!"olars from
#oint in t"e "istory of .u&"als) Ra2#uts served t"e .u&"als for four
all reli&ions li6e Hinduism, Eainism, %"ristianity and Koroastrianism)
&enerations) .any of t"em rose to t"e #ositions of military &enerals)
He disli6ed t"e interferen!e of t"e .uslim 3lemas in #oliti!al
Ra2a :"a&a;an 7as and Ra2a .an Sin&" ;ere &iven senior #ositions
matters) In B57C, "e issued t"e =Infalli4ility 7e!ree? 4y ;"i!" "e
in t"e administration 4y 064ar) One 4y one, all Ra2#ut states
asserted "is reli&ious #o;ers)
su4mitted to 064ar)
In B5A2, "e #romul&ated a ne; reli&ion !alled 'in Ilahi or
:ut t"e Ranas of .e;ar !ontinued to defy des#ite several
7ivine Fait") It 4elieves in one God) It !ontained &ood #oints of all
defeats) In t"e :attle of Haldi&"ati, Rana rata# Sin&" ;as severely
reli&ions) Its 4asis ;as rational) It u#"olds no do&ma) It ;as aimed
defeated 4y t"e .u&"al army led 4y .an Sin&" in B57') Follo;in&
at 4rid&in& t"e &ulf t"at se#arated different reli&ions) Ho;ever, "is
t"e defeat of .e;ar, most of t"e leadin& Ra2#ut rulers "ad a!!e#ted
ne; fait" #roved to 4e a failure) It fiFFled out after "is deat") Even
064ar $s suFerainty)
durin& "is life time, it "ad only fifteen follo;ers in!ludin& :ir4al)
064ar$s Ra2#ut #oli!y ;as !om4ined ;it" a 4road reli&ious
064ar did not !om#el anyone to "is ne; fait")
toleration) He a4olis"ed t"e #il&rim ta< and later t"e 2iFiya) T"e Ra2#ut
;and 4evenue -dministration
#oli!y of 064ar #roved to 4e 4enefi!ial to t"e .u&"al state as ;ell
as to t"e Ra2#uts) T"e allian!e se!ured to t"e .u&"als t"e servi!es 064ar made some e<#eriments in t"e land revenue
of t"e 4ravest ;arriors) On t"e ot"er "and it ensured #ea!e in administration ;it" t"e "el# of Ra2a Todar .al) T"e land revenue
Ra2ast"an and a num4er of Ra2#uts ;"o 2oined t"e .u&"al servi!e system of 064ar ;as !alled Cabti or (andobast system) It ;as
rose to im#ortant #ositions) furt"er im#roved 4y Ra2a Todar .al) It ;as 6no;n as 'ahsala
System ;"i!" ;as !om#leted in B5A0) :y t"is system, Todar .al
4e"igious Po"icy
introdu!ed a uniform system of land measurement) T"e revenue ;as
064ar rose to fame in t"e #a&es of "istory due to "is reli&ious
fi<ed on t"e avera&e yield of land assessed on t"e 4asis of #ast ten
#oli!y) @arious fa!tors ;ere res#onsi4le for "is reli&ious ideas) T"e
years) T"e land ;as also divided into four !ate&ories G #ola4
most im#ortant amon& t"em ;ere "is early !onta!ts ;it" t"e sufi
+!ultivated every year,, #arauti+on!e in t;o years,, /hachar +on!e
saints, t"e tea!"in&s of "is tutor 04dul *atif, "is marria&e ;it" Ra2#ut
in t"ree or four years, and (an4ar +on!e in five or more years,)
;omen, "is asso!iation ;it" intelle!tual &iants li6e S"ai6" .u4ara6
ayment of revenue ;as made &enerally in !as")
and "is t;o illustrious sons G 04ul FaiFi and 04ul FaFl G and "is
1ansa!dari System
am4ition to esta4lis" an em#ire in Hindustan)
064ar introdu!ed t"e .ansa4dari system in "is administration)
In t"e 4e&innin& of "is life, 064ar ;as a #ious .uslim) Soon
3nder t"is system every offi!er ;as assi&ned a ran6 +mansa4,) T"e
after marryin& Eod" :ai of 0m4er, "e a4olis"ed t"e #il&rim ta< and
22A 22C

lo;est ran6 ;as B0 and t"e "i&"est ;as 5000 for t"e no4les) rin!es T"is drove S"a" Ea"an into re4ellion a&ainst "is fat"er in B'22, sin!e
of royal 4lood re!eived even "i&"er ran6s) T"e ran6s ;ere divided "e felt t"at Ea"an&ir ;as !om#letely under 8ur Ea"an$s influen!e)
into t;o G 0at and sawar ) Catmeans #ersonal and it fi<ed t"e Ho;ever, t"is vie; is not a!!e#ted 4y some ot"er "istorians) Till
#ersonal status of a #erson) Sawarran6 indi!ated t"e num4er of Ea"an&ir 4e!ame ;ea6 due to ill "ealt", "e only too6 im#ortant
!avalrymen of a #erson ;"o ;as re>uired to maintain) Everysawar #oliti!al de!isions) It is revealed from "is auto4io&ra#"y)
"ad to maintain at least t;o "orses) T"e mansa4 ran6 ;as not
Ho;ever, it is !lear t"at 8ur Ea"an dominated t"e royal
"ereditary) 0ll a##ointments and #romotions as ;ell as dismissals
"ouse"old and set ne; fas"ions 4ased on ersian traditions) S"e
;ere dire!tly made 4y t"e em#eror)
en!oura&ed ersian art and !ulture in t"e !ourt) S"e ;as a !onstant
Cahangir /=B'A-=B&E0 !om#anion of Ea"an&ir and even 2oined "im in "is "untin&)
/"en 064ar died, rin!e Salim T"e rise of S"a" Ea"an ;as due to "is #ersonal am4itions) He
su!!eeded ;it" t"e title Ea"an&ir +%on>ueror rose in revolt a&ainst "is fat"er ;"o ordered "im to &o to 1anda"ar)
of /orld, in B'05) Ea"an&ir$s rule ;itnessed a T"is re4ellion distra!ted t"e a!tivities of t"e em#ire for four years)
s#ate of re4ellions) His son 1"usrau revolted 0fter Ea"an&ir$s deat" in B'27, S"a" Ea"an rea!"ed 0&ra ;it" t"e
4ut ;as defeated and im#risoned) One of "is su##ort of t"e no4les and t"e army) 8ur Ea"an ;as &iven a #ension
su##orters, Guru 0r2un, t"e fift" Si6" Guru, ;as and lived a retired life till "er deat" ei&"teen years later)
4e"eaded)
Shah Cahan /=B&E-=BAF0
$ur Cahan
S"a" Ea"an laun!"ed a #rolon&ed C-H-$.84
In B'BB, Ea"an&ir married .e"runnisa ;"o ;as 6no;n as !am#ai&n in t"e nort";est frontier to re!over
8ur Ea"an +*i&"t of /orld,) Her fat"er Itimaduddauala ;as a 1anda"ar and ot"er an!estral lands) T"e
res#e!ta4le #erson) He ;as &iven t"e #ost .u&"al army lost more t"an five t"ousand lives
of !"ief di;an) Ot"er mem4ers of "er family durin& t"e su!!essive invasions 4et;een B'(C
also 4enefited from t"is allian!e) 8ur Ea"an$s and B'D7) T"en S"a" Ea"an realiFed t"e futility
elder 4rot"er 0saf 1"an ;as a##ointed as of "is am4ition and sto##ed fi&"tin&)
1"an-i-Saman, a #ost reserved for t"e
S H-H C -H-$ -$ D
His 7e!!an #oli!y ;as more su!!essful)
19 1T-C > - P-8 $T 8$ .
no4les) In B'B2, 0saf 1"an$s dau&"ter,
He defeated t"e for!es of 0"madna&ar and anne<ed it) :ot" :i2a#ur
0r2umand :anu :e&um +later 6no;n as
and Gol6onda si&ned a treaty ;it" t"e em#eror) S"a" Ea"an !arved
$94 C-H-$
.umta2,, married Ea"an&ir $s t"ird son, #rin!e
four .u&"al #rovin!es in t"e 7e!!an G 1"andes", :erar, Telun&ana
1"urram +later S"a" Ea"an,)
and 7aulata4ad) T"ey ;ere #ut under t"e !ontrol of "is son
It ;as 4elieved 4y some "istorians t"at 8ur Ea"an formed a 0uran&aFe4)
&rou# of =2unta? and t"is led to t;o fa!tions in t"e .u&"al !ourt)
2(0 2(B

7ar of Succession
-urang@e!Gs 6mpire
1a4ul
T"e last years of S"a" Ea"an$s rei&n ;ere !louded 4y a 4itter
es"a;ar
;ar of su!!ession amon& "is four sons G 7ara S"i6o" +!ro;n
#rin!e,, S"u2a +&overnor of :en&al,, 0uran&aFe4 +&overnor of
7e!!an, and .urad :a6s" +&overnor of .al;a and Gu2arat,)
To;ards t"e end of B'57, S"a" Ea"an fell ill at 7el"i for some time ani#at
4ut later re!overed) :ut t"e #rin!es started fi&"tin& for t"e .u&"al
Eats 7eli
t"rone) Ra2#uts
0&ra
Ra2a#uts
0uran&aFe4 emer&ed vi!torious in t"is stru&&le) He entered
0lla"a4ad
t"e 0&ra fort after defeatin& 7ara) He for!ed S"a" Ea"an to surrender)
atna
S"a" Ea"an ;as !onfined to t"e female a#artments in t"e 0&ra fort
and stri!tly #ut under vi&il) :ut "e ;as not ill-treated) S"a" Ea"an
Gond;ana lived for ei&"t lon& years lovin&ly nursed 4y "is dau&"ter Ea"anara)
He died in B''' and 4uried 4eside "is ;ife$s &rave in t"e Ta2 .a"al)
7iu
.um4ai
-uranga@e! /=BAF-=E'E0
.arat"as
0uran&aFe4 ;as one of t"e a4lest of t"e
0ri4ian Sea
.u&"al 6in&s) He assumed t"e title 0lam&ir, /orld
:ay of :en&al
%on>ueror) His military !am#ai&ns in "is first ten
Goa
years of rei&n ;ere a &reat su!!ess) He
su##ressed t"e minor revolts) :ut "e fa!ed serious
diffi!ulties in t"e latter #art of "is rei&n) T"e Eats
%ali!ut and Satnamis and also t"e Si6"s revolted a&ainst -94-$.-26<
"im) T"ese revolts ;ere indu!ed 4y "is "ars"
%o!"in oly&ars
reli&ious #oli!y)
Deccan Po"icy
Indian O!ean
T"e 7e!!an #oli!y of t"e .u&"als started from t"e rei&n of
064ar, ;"o !on>uered 1"andes" and :erar) Ea"an&ir fou&"t a&ainst
.ali6 0m4er of 0"madna&ar) 7urin& t"e S"a" Ea"an$s rei&n,
0uran&aFe4, as &overnor of 7e!!an, follo;ed an a&&ressive 7e!!an
#oli!y) /"en "e 4e!ame t"e .u&"al em#eror, for t"e first t;enty
2(2 2((

five years, "e !on!entrated on t"e nort";est frontier) 0t t"at time, He ;as also a&ainst t"e Si6"s and "e e<e!uted t"e nint" Si6" Guru
t"e .arat"a ruler, Siva2i !arved out an inde#endent .arat"a Te2 :a"adur) T"is "ad resulted in t"e transformation of Si6"s into a
6in&dom in t"e territories of nort" and sout" 1on6an) ;arrin& !ommunity)
To !ontain t"e s#read of t"e .arat"as, 0uran&aFe4 de!ided His reli&ious #oli!y ;as res#onsi4le for turnin& t"e Ra2#uts,
to invade :i2a#ur and Gol6onda) He defeated Si6andar S"a" of t"e .arat"as and Si6"s into t"e enemies of .u&"al em#ire) It "ad
:i2a#ur and anne<ed "is 6in&dom) T"en, "e #ro!eeded a&ainst also resulted in t"e re4ellions of t"e Eats of .at"ura and t"e Satnamis
Gol6onda and eliminated t"e 1ut4 S"a"i dynasty) It ;as also of .e;ar) T"erefore, 0uran&aFe4 ;as "eld res#onsi4le for t"e
anne<ed 4y "im) In fa!t, t"e destru!tion of t"e 7e!!an 6in&doms de!line of t"e .u&"al em#ire)
;as a #oliti!al 4lunder on t"e #art of 0uran&aFe4) T"e 4arrier
Persona"ity and Character of -uranga@e!
4et;een t"e .u&"als and t"e .arat"as ;as removed and t"ere
In "is #rivate life, 0uran&aFe4 ;as industrious and dis!i#lined)
ensued a dire!t !onfrontation 4et;een t"em) 0lso, "is 7e!!an
He ;as very sim#le in food and dress) He earned money for "is
!am#ai&ns e<"austed t"e .u&"al treasury) 0!!ordin& to E)8) Sar6ar,
#ersonal e<#enses 4y !o#yin& -uran and sellin& t"ose !o#ies) He
t"e 7e!!an ul!er ruined 0uran&aFe4)
did not !onsume ;ine) He ;as learned and #rofi!ient in 0ra4i! and
4e"igious Po"icy
ersian lan&ua&es) He ;as a lover of 4oo6s) He ;as devoted to "is
0uran&aFe4 ;as a staun!" and ort"odo< .uslim in "is reli&ion and !ondu!ted #rayers five times a day) He stri!tly o4served
#ersonal life) His ideal ;as to transform India into an Islami! state) t"e RamFan fastin&)
He !reated a se#arate de#artment to enfor!e moral !odes under a
In t"e #oliti!al field, 0uran&aFe4 !ommitted serious mista6es)
"i&"-#o;ered offi!er !alled .u"tasi4) 7rin6in& ;as #ro"i4ited)
He misunderstood t"e true nature of t"e .arat"a movement and
%ultivation and use of 4"an& and ot"er dru&s ;ere 4anned)
anta&oniFed t"em) 0lso, "e failed to solve t"e .arat"a #ro4lem
0uran&aFe4 for4ade musi! in t"e .u&"al !ourt) He dis!ontinued
and left an o#en sore) His #oli!y to;ards S"ia 7e!!an Sultanates
t"e #ra!ti!e of Earo6"adars"an) He also dis!ontinued t"e !ele4ration
also #roved to 4e a ;ron& #oli!y)
of 7asara" and royal astronomers and astrolo&ers ;ere also
His reli&ious #oli!y ;as also not su!!essful) 0uran&aFe4 ;as
dismissed from servi!e)
an ort"odo< Sunni .uslim) :ut "is move to a##ly "is reli&ious
Initially 0uran&aFe4 4anned t"e !onstru!tion of ne; Hindu
t"ou&"t ri&idly in a non-.uslim so!iety ;as a failure) His anta&onisti!
tem#les and re#air of old tem#les) T"en "e 4e&an a #oli!y of
#oli!ies to;ards non-.uslims did not "el# "im to rally t"e .uslims
destroyin& Hindu tem#les) T"e !ele4rated tem#les at .at"ura and
to "is side) On t"e ot"er "and it "ad stren&t"ened #oliti!al enemies
:enares ;ere redu!ed to ruins) In B'7C, "e reim#osed 2iFiya and
of t"e .u&"al Em#ire)
#il&rim ta<) He ;as also not tolerant of ot"er .uslim se!ts) T"e
!ele4ration of .u"arram ;as sto##ed) His invasions a&ainst t"e
7e!!an sultanates ;ere #artly due to "is "atred of t"e S"ia fait")
2(D 2(5

Causes for the Do%nfa"" of the 1ugha"s
15D6; ?96ST85$S
T"e .u&"al Em#ire de!lined ra#idly after t"e deat" of
0uran&aFe4) T"e .u&"al !ourt 4e!ame t"e s!ene of fa!tions amon&
B) :a4ur ;rote TuFu6-i-:a4uri in t"e lan&ua&e of
t"e no4les) T"e ;ea6ness of t"e em#ire ;as e<#osed ;"en 8adir
S"a" im#risoned t"e .u&"al Em#eror and looted 7el"i in B7(C) +a, ersian +4, Hindi
T"e !auses for t"e do;nfall of t"e .u&"al Em#ire ;ere varied) To
+!, 0ra4i! +d, Tur6i
some e<tent, t"e reli&ious and 7e!!an #oli!ies of 0uran&aFe4
2) T"e ori&inal name of S"a" Ea"an ;as
!ontri4uted to its de!line) T"e ;ea6 su!!essors and demoraliFation
of t"e .u&"al army also #aved t"e ;ay for it) T"e vastness of t"e
+a, Salim +4, 1"urram
em#ire 4e!ame un;ieldy) T"e finan!ial diffi!ulties due to !ontinuous
+!, 7ara S"i6o" +d, Farid
;ars led to t"e de!line) T"e ne&le!t of t"e sea #o;er 4y t"e .u&"als
88. Fi"" in the !"anks. ;as felt ;"en t"e Euro#eans 4e&an to settle in India) Furt"er, t"e
invasions of 8adir S"a" and 0"mad S"a" 04dali ;ea6ened t"e
B) T"e :attle of %"ausa too6 #la!e 4et;een J)) and JJ in
.u&"al state) T"us t"e de!line and do;nfall of t"e .u&"al Em#ire
t"e year J))
;as due to t"e !om4ination of #oliti!al, so!ial and e!onomi! fa!tors)
2) In t"e :attle of Haldi&"ati JJ)) ;as defeated 4y t"e .u&"al
army led 4y JJ)
Learning Outcome
() 7urin& t"e last years of "is life S"a" Ea"an ;as lovin&ly nursed
4y "is dau&"ter JJ)
1. #olitical History of the Mughal 8mpire from (abur to
888. 1atch the fo""o%ing. +uranga0eb.
B) :attle of Haldi&"ati a, B5D0
2. +chie&ements of (abur and the difficulties of Humayun.
2) Se!ond :attle of ani#at 4, B5(C
. Sur interregnum > Sher Shah%s administration.
() :attle of %"ausa !, B57'
". The reign of +kbar > his administration) Mansabdari
system and religious policy.
D) :attle of :il&ram d, B55'
$. 7ahangir) Shah 7ahan and the @ar of Succession.
right.
9. 'eccan policy of +uranga0eb and his religious policy.
a, T"e 7e!!an #oli!y of 064ar led to t"e de!line of t"e .u&"als)
B. 'ecline of the Mughal empire
4, T"e reli&ious #oli!y of 0uran&aFe4 ;as one amon& t"e !auses
for t"e de!line of t"e .u&"al em#ire)
2(' 2(7

!, 0uran&aFe4 "ad su##orted t"e .uslim Sultanates of 7e!!an)
d, T"e anta&onisti! #oli!ies of 0uran&aFe4 to;ards non-.uslims
"el#ed "im to rally t"e .uslims to "is side)
Fa"se.
B) :a4ur defeated t"e Ra2#uts in t"e :attle of Go&ra in :i"ar)
2) T"e Ka4ti system ;as furt"er im#roved 4y Ra2a Todar .al)
() S"a" Ea"an e<e!uted t"e nint" Si6" Guru Te2 :a"adur)
B) TuFu6-i-:a4uri)
2) Sur Interre&num)
() Ra2a Todar .al)
D) 7in Ila"i)
5) 8ur Ea"an)
B) :rin& out t"e a!"ievements of :a4ur)
2) /rite a 4rief not on t"e /ar of Su!!ession in t"e last years of
S"a" Ea"an)
() 0nalyse t"e !auses for t"e de!line of t"e .u&"al Em#ire)
B) Give an a!!ount of t"e salient features of t"e administration
of S"er S"a")
2) 0ssess t"e a!"ievements of 064ar)
() Evaluate t"e reli&ious #oli!y of 0uran&aFe4)
2(A

;6SS5$ &=
8$D8- 9$D64 TH6 19.H-;S
Learning Objectives
1. The /auses for the 2ellore Mutiny.
1. 8conomic and Social life under the Mughal 8mpire.
2. Mughal nobility and their way of life.
. +griculture and Trade.
". /ultural 'e&elopment > +rt and +rchitecture.
$. Mughal paintings and 3iterature.
6conomic and Socia" ;ife
T"e .u&"al #eriod sa; im#ortant so!ial and e!onomi!
develo#ments) 7urin& t"is #eriod, many Euro#ean travelers and
traders !ame to India and t"eir a!!ounts !ontain a mine of information
a4out t"e so!io-e!onomi! !onditions of India) In &eneral, t"ey
des!ri4ed t"e ;ealt" and #ros#erity of India and also t"e lu<urious
life of t"e aristo!rati! !lasses) On t"e ot"er side, t"ey also mentioned
t"e #overty and sufferin&s of t"e ordinary #eo#le su!" as #easants
and artisans)
1ugha" $o!i"ity
T"e no4les of t"e .u&"al #eriod formed a #rivile&ed !lass)
.ost of t"em ;ere forei&ners su!" as Tur6s and 0f&"ans) :ut t"ere
;as tussle 4et;een t"em t"rou&"out t"is #eriod) Ho;ever, many of
t"em settled do;n in India and made it t"eir #ermanent "ome) T"ey
2(C

readily assimilated t"emselves into t"e Indian so!iety and !ulture) red !"illies !ame later in t"e ei&"teent" !entury) :ut, no ne;
0t t"e same time t"ey retained some of t"eir #ersonal traits) From a&ri!ultural te!"ni>ue ;as introdu!ed durin& t"is #eriod) Ho;ever,
t"e time of 064ar, t"e Hindus, #arti!ularly t"e Ra2#uts ;ere in!luded India ;as a4le to e<#ort food items li6e ri!e and su&ar to t"e
in t"e no4ility) For e<am#le, mention may 4e made a4out Ra2a .an nei&"4ourin& !ountries)
Sin&", Ra2a :ir4al and Ra2a Todar .al) *ater, t"e .arat"as also
.ro%th of Trade
2oined t"e .u&"al servi!e and rose to t"e #osition of no4les)
T"e Indian tradin& !lasses ;ere lar&e in num4ers and s#read
T"e .u&"al no4les ;ere #aid "i&" salaries 4ut t"eir e<#enses
t"rou&"out t"e !ountry) T"ey ;ere ;ell or&aniFed and "i&"ly #rofessional)
;ere also very "i&") Ea!" no4le maintained a lar&e num4er of
Set", 4o"ra traders s#e!ialiFed in lon& distan!e trade ;"ile lo!al traders
servants, "orses, ele#"ants, et!) T"e no4les tried follo; t"e lu<urious
;ere !alled 4ani6) 0not"er !lass of traders ;as 6no;n as 4an2aras,
life style of t"e .u&"al em#erors) T"ey ;ore fine !lot"es and ate
;"o s#e!ialiFed in !arryin& 4ul6 &oods) T"e 4an2aras used to move to
im#orted fruits) %ostly 2e;els ;ere ;orn 4y men and ;omen) T"ey
lon& distan!es ;it" t"eir &oods on t"e 4a!6 of o<en) :ul6 &oods ;ere
also made !ostly #resents to t"e em#erors)
also ta6en t"rou&" rivers on 4oats) T"e tradin& !ommunity did not 4elon&
4ura" 1asses to one !aste or reli&ion) T"e Gu2arat"i mer!"ants in!luded t"e Hindus,
Eains and .uslims) In Ra2ast"an, Os;als, .a"es";aris and 0&ar;als
/"ile t"e ;ealt"y #eo#le ;ore sil6 and !otton !lot"es, t"e
!ame to 4e !alled t"e .ar;aris) .ultanis, 1"atris and 0f&"anis
#oor #eo#le ;ore t"e minimum !lot"s) T"ey suffer from insuffi!ient
!ondu!ted trade ;it" !entral 0sia) In sout" India, t"e %"ettis on t"e
!lot"in& even durin& t"e ;inter) 8i6itin o4served t"at t"e #eo#le of
%oramandal !oast and t"e .uslim mer!"ants of .ala4ar ;ere t"e
7e!!an ;ere 4are-footed) It mi&"t 4e due to "i&" !ost of leat"er)
most im#ortant tradin& !ommunities)
Ri!e, millets and #ulses ;ere t"e sta#le food of t"e !ommon #eo#le)
Fis" ;as #o#ular on t"e !oastal re&ion) /"ile &"ee and oil ;ere :en&al e<#orted su&ar, ri!e as ;ell as deli!ate muslin and
!"ea#er, salt and su&ar ;ere more e<#ensive) 0s #lenty of !attle sil6) T"e %oramandal !oast 4e!ame a !entre of te<tile #rodu!tion)
;ere 6e#t 4y t"e rural #eo#le, mil6 and mil6 #rodu!ts ;ere availa4le Gu2arat ;as an entry #oint of forei&n &oods) From t"ere, fine te<tiles
in #lenty) and sil6 ;ere ta6en to nort" India) Indi&o and food &rains ;ere
e<#orted from nort" India t"rou&" Gu2arat) It ;as also t"e distri4ution
-gricu"ture
!entre for t"e lu<ury #rodu!ts of 1as"mir su!" as s"a;ls and !ar#ets)
0n estimate !laims t"at t"e #o#ulation of India at t"e 4e&innin&
T"e ma2or im#orts into India ;ere !ertain metals su!" as tin and
of t"e seventeent" !entury ;as a4out B25 million) 0s #lenty of land
!o##er, ;ar "orses and lu<ury items su!" as ivory) T"e 4alan!e of
;as availa4le for !ultivation, a&ri!ulture ;as #ros#erous) 0 lar&e
trade ;as maintained 4y t"e im#ort of &old and silver) T"e &ro;t"
variety of !ro#s su!" as ;"eat, ri!e, &ram, 4arley, #ulses ;ere
of forei&n trade "ad resulted in t"e in!reased im#ort of &old and
!ultivated) %ommer!ial !ro#s su!" as !otton, indi&o, su&ar!ane and
silver in t"e seventeent" !entury) T"e 7ut!" and En&lis" traders ;"o
oil-seeds ;ere also !ultivated) 7urin& t"e seventeent" !entury t;o
!ame to Gu2arat durin& t"e seventeent" !entury, found t"at Indian
ne; !ro#s, namely, to4a!!o and maiFe ;ere added) otato and
traders ;ere alert and 4ris6)
2D0 2DB

Cu"tura" Deve"opment under the 1ugha"s 064ar also 4uilt a #ala!e-
!um-fort !om#le< at Fate#ur
T"e .u&"al #eriod ;itnessed a si&nifi!ant and ;ides#read
Si6ri +%ity of @i!tory,, ('
develo#ment in !ultural a!tivity) It ;as manifest in t"e s#"ere of art
6ilometres from 0&ra) .any
and ar!"ite!ture, #aintin&, musi! and literature) In t"is !ultural
4uildin&s in Gu2arat"i and
develo#ment, Indian traditions ;ere 4lended ;it" Tur6o-Iranian
:en&ali styles are found in t"is
!ulture ;"i!" ;as 4rou&"t into India 4y t"e .u&"als)
!om#le<) Gu2arat"i style
4uildin&s ;ere #ro4a4ly 4uilt for
Fatepur Sikri
"is Ra2#ut ;ives) T"e most T"e ar!"ite!ture of t"e .u&"als in!ludes t"e ma&nifi!ent forts,
ma&nifi!ent 4uildin& in it is t"e Eama .as2id #ala!es, #u4li! 4uildin&s, mos>ues
and t"e &ate;ay to it !alled :uland 7ar;aFa and mausoleums) T"e .u&"als
or t"e *ofty Gate) T"e "ei&"t of t"e &ate;ay ;ere fond of layin& &ardens ;it"
is B7' feet) It ;as 4uilt to !ommemorate runnin& ;ater) Some of t"e
064ar$s vi!tory over Gu2arat) Ot"er .u&"al &ardens su!" as t"e 8is"at
im#ortant 4uildin&s at Fate#ur Si6ri are Eod" :a&" in 1as"mir, t"e S"alimar
:ai$s #ala!e and an!" .a"al ;it" five :a&" at *a"ore and t"e in2ore
storeys) &arden in t"e un2a4 "ave survived
even today) 7urin& t"e rei&n of
7urin& 064ar $s rei&n, t"e Humayun$s Purana ?i"a
S"er S"a", t"e mausoleum at
tom4 ;as 4uilt at 7el"i and it "ad a massive
Sasaram in :i"ar and t"e urana -ila near 7el"i ;ere 4uilt) T"ese
dome of mar4le) It may 4e !onsidered t"e
P-$CH 1-H-;
t;o monuments are !onsidered as t"e ar!"ite!tural marvels of
#re!ursor of t"e Ta2 .a"al) 064ar$s tom4 at
medieval India)
Si6andara near 0&ra ;as !om#leted 4y Ea"an&ir) 8ur Ea"an 4uilt
t"e tom4 of Itimaddaula" at 0&ra) It ;as !onstru!ted ;"olly of
*ar&e s!ale !onstru!tion of 4uildin&s started ;it" t"e advent
;"ite mar4le ;it" floral desi&ns
of 064ar) He 4uilt many forts and t"e
made of semi-#re!ious stones on
most famous one ;as t"e 0&ra Fort)
t"e ;alls) T"is ty#e of de!oration
It ;as 4uilt in red sandstone) His ot"er
;as !alled pietra dura ) T"is
forts are at *a"ore and 0lla"a4ad)
met"od 4e!ame more #o#ular
T"e !lima< of fort-4uildin& rea!"ed its
durin& t"e rei&n of S"a" Ea"an) T"e
!lima< durin& t"e rei&n of S"a" Ea"an)
#ietra dura met"od ;as used on a
T"e famous Red Fort at 7el"i ;it" its
lar&e s!ale in t"e Ta2 .a"al 4y
Ran& .a"al, 'iwan-i-+m and
D87-$-8-*H-S
<u"and Dar%a@a
'iwan-i-:has ;as "is !reation)
2D2 2D(

S"a" Ea"an) Ta2 .a"al is !onsidered Illustrations of ersian versions of .a"a4"arata and Ramayana
a 2e;el of t"e 4uilder$s art) It ;ere #rodu!ed in miniature form) .any ot"er Indian fa4les 4e!ame
!ontains all t"e ar!"ite!tural forms t"e miniature #aintin&s in t"e 0rt Studio esta4lis"ed 4y 064ar)
develo#ed 4y t"e .u&"als) T"e Histori!al ;or6s su!" as 064ar 8ama also remained t"e main t"emes
!"ief &lory of t"e Ta2 is t"e massive of .u&"al #aintin&s) T"e most im#ortant ;or6 is HamFnama, ;"i!"
dome and t"e four slender minarets) !onsisted B200 #aintin&s) Indian !olours su!" as #ea!o!6 4lue,
T"e de!orations are 6e#t to t"e Indian red 4e&an to 4e used)
minimum)
.u&"al #aintin&s rea!"ed its !lima< durin& t"e rei&n of
T-C 1-H-;
.os>ue 4uildin& "ad rea!"ed its #ea6 durin& S"a" Ea"an$s Ea"an&ir) He em#loyed a num4er of #ainters li6e 04ul Hasan, :is"an
rei&n) T"e .oti .as2id at 0&ra ;as 4uilt entirely in ;"ite mar4le) 7as, .ad"u, 0nant, .ano"ar, Govard"an and 3stad .ansur) 0#art
T"e Eama .as2id at 7el"i ;as 4uilt in red stone) from #aintin& t"e s!enes of "untin&, 4attles and royal !ourts, #ro&ress
;as made in #ortrait #aintin& and #aintin&s of animals) .any al4ums
T"e .u&"al ar!"ite!tural traditions !ontinued in t"e ei&"teent"
!ontainin& #aintin&s and !alli&ra#"y ;ere #rodu!ed durin& t"e
and early nineteent" !entury) T"eir influen!e in t"e #rovin!ial
.u&"al #eriod) *ater, t"e influen!e of Euro#ean #aintin& !ould 4e
6in&doms is !learly visi4le) .any features of .u&"al tradition !an
seen)
4e seen in t"e Golden Tem#le at 0mritsar)
.usi! "ad also develo#ed under t"e .u&"als) 064ar
Paintings and 1usic
#atroniFed Tansen of G;alior) Tansen !om#osed many ra&as)
T"e !ontri4ution of .u&"als to t"e
Ea"an&ir and S"a" Ea"an ;ere also fond of musi!)
art of #aintin& ;as remar6a4le) T"e
;anguage and ;iterature
foundation for t"e .u&"al #aintin& ;as laid
4y Humayun ;"en "e ;as stayin& in ersia) ersian lan&ua&e 4e!ame ;ides#read in t"e .u&"al Em#ire
He 4rou&"t ;it" "im t;o #ainters G .ir 4y t"e time of 064ar$s rei&n) 04ul FaFl ;as a &reat s!"olar and
Sayyid 0li and 04dal Samad to India) "istorian of "is #eriod) He set a style of #rose ;ritin& and it ;as
T"ese t;o #ainters 4e!ame famous durin& follo;ed 4y many &enerations) .any "istori!al ;or6s ;ere ;ritten
064ar$s rei&n) 064ar !ommissioned t"e durin& t"is #eriod) T"ey in!lude +in-i-+kbari and +kabar 1ama
illustrations of several literary and reli&ious aut"ored 4y 04ul FaFl) T"e leadin& #oet of t"at #eriod ;as "is
te<ts) He invited a lar&e num4er of #ainters 4rot"er 04ul FaiFi) T"e translation of .a"a4"arata into t"e ersian
from different #arts of t"e !ountry to "is lan&ua&e ;as done under "is su#ervision) 3t4i and 8aFiri ;ere t"e
1ugha" .emstone
!ourt) :ot" Hindus and .uslims 2oined in t;o ot"er leadin& ersian #oets) Painting
t"is ;or6) :as;an, .is6ina and 7as;ant attained &reat #ositions
Ea"an&ir $s auto4io&ra#"y, Tu0uk-i-7ahangiri ;as famous for
as 06a4ar$s !ourt artists)
its style) He also #atroniFed many s!"olars li6e G"iyas :e&, 8a>i4
2DD 2D5

1"an and 8iamatulla") S"a" Ea"an also #atroniFed many ;riters
15D6; ?96ST85$S
and "istorians li6e 04dul Hamid *a"ori, aut"or of ads"a" 8ama
and Inayat 1"an ;"o ;rote S"a" Ea"an 8ama) His son 7ara S"i6o"
translated t"e :"a&avat Gita and 3#anis"ads into t"e ersian B) an!" .a"al is at
lan&ua&e) .any "istori!al ;or6s ;ere ;ritten durin& t"e rei&n of
+a, 7el"i +4, 0&ra
0uran&aFe4) Famous di!tionaries of t"e ersian lan&ua&e ;ere also
+!, *a"ore +d, Fate#ur Si6ri
!om#iled durin& t"e .u&"al #eriod)
2) Tansen 4elon&ed to
Re&ional lan&ua&es su!" as :en&ali, Oriya, Ra2ast"ani and
Gu2arat"i "ad also develo#ed durin& t"is #eriod) .any devotional
+a, ersia +4, Gu2arat
;or6s in!ludin& t"e Ramayana and .a"a4"arata ;ere translated
+!, 02mer +d, G;alior
into re&ional lan&ua&es) From t"e time of 064ar, Hindi #oets ;ere
88. Fi"" in the !"anks. atta!"ed to t"e .u&"al !ourt) T"e most influential Hindi #oet ;as
Tulsidas, ;"o ;rote t"e Hindi version of t"e *amayana) t"e
B) HamFanama is a !om#ilation of JJ)
*amcharitmanas.
2) 064ar #atroniFed t"e musi!ian !alled JJ
Learning Outcome
B) 04ul FaFl a, ads"anama
2) Inayat 1"an 4, 064ar 8ama
1. Socio-economic life under the Mughals.
() 04dul Hamid *a"ori !, Translation of
2. The social and economic life of the nobles and also the
.a"a4"arata into ersian
rural masses.
D) 04ul FaiFi d, S"a" Ea"an 8ama
. +griculture and trade under the Mughals > chief e,ports
and imports.
right.
". /ultural de&elopment during the Mughals.
a, 8e; a&ri!ultural te!"ni>ue ;as introdu!ed durin& t"e .u&"al
$. +rt and architecture) palaces) forts) mosques and Mughal
#eriod)
gardens.
4, 8e; !ro#s li6e to4a!!o and maiFe ;ere introdu!ed in t"e
9. 'e&elopment of Mughal #aintings and their significance.
seventeent" !entury)
B. !rowth of language and literature.
!, Salt and su&ar ;ere !"ea#er in t"e .u&"al #eriod)
d, Ri!e, 4arley and #ulses ;ere t"e !ommer!ial !ro#s)
2D' 2D7

;6SS5$ && +. State %hether the fo""o%ing statements are True or
Fa"se.
TH6 1-4-TH-S
B) T"e .u&"al no4les ;ere #aid very lo; salary)
2) .il6 and mil6 #rodu!ts ;ere availa4le in #lenty durin& t"e
Learning Objectives
.u&"al #eriod)
B) T"e .u&"al 8o4ility)
1. The rise of the Marathas.
2. 3ife and achie&ements of Shi&a4i.
2) Fate#ur Si6ri)
() 04ul FaFl)
. Shi&a4i%s administration.
D) ietra dura)
". *ise of the #eshwas.
B) .ention t"e e!onomi! !ondition of t"e rural masses durin&
The 4ise of the 1arathas
t"e .u&"al #eriod)
@arious fa!tors !ontri4uted to t"e rise of .arat"as in t"e
2) /rite a note on t"e internal and forei&n trade under t"e
si<teent" and seventeent" !enturies) T"e #"ysi!al environment of
.u&"als)
t"e .arat"a !ountry s"a#ed !ertain #e!uliar >ualities amon& t"e
.arat"as) T"e mountainous re&ion and dense forests made t"em +888. -ns%er in detai" /&'' %ords0.
4rave soldiers and ado#t &uerilla ta!ti!s) T"ey 4uilt a num4er of
B) Give an a!!ount of t"e !ultural develo#ment under t"e
forts on t"e mountains) T"e s#read of t"e :"a6ti movement in
.u&"als)
.a"aras"tra in!ul!ated a s#irit of reli&ious unity amon& t"em) T"e
2) E<amine t"e salient features of t"e .u&"al art and ar!"ite!ture)
s#iritual leaders li6e Tu66aram, Ramdas, @aman andit and E6nat"
fostered so!ial unity) T"e #oliti!al unity ;as !onferred 4y S"iva2i)
() Tra!e t"e &ro;t" of lan&ua&e and literature under t"e .u&"al
T"e .arat"as "eld im#ortant #ositions in t"e administrative and
rule)
military systems of 7e!!an Sultanates of :i2a#ur and 0"madna&ar)
T"ere ;ere a num4er of influential .arat"a families su!" as t"e
.ores and 8im4al6ers) :ut t"e !redit of esta4lis"in& a #o;erful
.arat"a state &oes to S"a"2i :"onsle and "is son S"iva2i)
2DA 2DC

Shiva,i /=B&E-=BF'03 His ;ife and ConHuests of urander ;as si&ned in B''5) 0!!ordin& to t"e treaty, S"iva2i
"ad to surrender 2( forts to t"e .u&"als out of (5 forts "eld 4y
S"iva2i ;as 4orn at S"ivner in B'27) His fat"er ;as S"a"2i
"im) T"e remainin& B2 forts ;ere to 4e left to S"iva2i on !ondition
:"onsle and mot"er Ei2a :ai) He in"erited t"e 2a&ir of oona from
of servi!e and loyalty to .u&"al em#ire) On t"e ot"er "and, t"e
"is fat"er in B'(7) 0fter t"e deat" of "is
.u&"als re!o&niFed t"e ri&"t of S"iva2i to "old !ertain #arts of t"e
&uardian, 7ada2i 1ondadev in B'D7, S"iva2i
:i2a#ur 6in&dom) 0s S"iva2i as6ed to e<em#t "im from #ersonal
assumed full !"ar&e of "is 2a&ir) Even 4efore
servi!e to t"e .u&"als, "is minor son S"am4a2i ;as &ranted a
t"at "e !on>uered Rai&ar", 1ondana and
mansa4 of 5000)
Torna from t"e ruler of :i2a#ur)
S"iva2i visited 0&ra in B''' 4ut "e ;as im#risoned t"ere)
He !a#tured Eavli from a .arat"a
:ut, "e mana&ed to es!a#e from #rison and made military
!"ief, %"anda Rao .ore) T"is made "im t"e
#re#arations for anot"er four years) T"en "e rene;ed "is ;ars
master of .avala re&ion) In B'57, "e
a&ainst t"e .u&"als) Surat ;as #lundered 4y "im for t"e se!ond SH8+-C8
atta!6ed t"e :i2a#ur 6in&dom and !a#tured
time in B'70) He also !a#tured all "is lost territories 4y "is !on>uests)
a num4er of "ill forts in t"e 1on6an re&ion) T"e Sultan of :i2a#ur
In B'7D S"iva2i !ro;ned "imself at Rai&ar" and assumed t"e title
sent 0fFal 1"an a&ainst S"iva2i) :ut 0fFal 1"an ;as murdered 4y
%"atra#at"i) T"en "e led an e<#edition into t"e %arnati! re&ion and
S"iva2i in B'5C in a darin& manner)
!a#tured Gin2ee and @ellore) 0fter "is return from t"is e<#edition,
S"iva2i$s military !on>uests made "im a le&endary fi&ure in
S"iva2i died in B'A0)
t"e .arat"a re&ion) .any !ame for;ard to 2oin "is army) T"e
Shiva,iGs -dministration
.u&"al em#eror 0uran&aFe4 ;as an<iously ;at!"in& t"e rise of
.arat"a #o;er under S"iva2i) He sent t"e .u&"al &overnor of t"e S"iva2i ;as also a &reat administrator) He laid t"e foundations
7e!!an, S"aista 1"an a&ainst S"iva2i) S"iva2i suffered a defeat at of a sound system of administration) T"e 6in& ;as t"e #ivot of t"e
t"e "ands of t"e .u&"al for!es and lost oona) :ut S"iva2i on!e &overnment) He ;as assisted 4y a !oun!il of ministers !alled
a&ain made a 4old atta!6 on S"aista 1"an$s military !am# at oona 0s"ta#rad"an) Ho;ever, ea!" minister ;as dire!tly res#onsi4le to
in B''(, 6illed "is son and ;ounded 1"an) T"is darin& atta!6 S"iva2i)
affe!ted t"e #resti&e of 1"an and "e ;as re!alled 4y 0uran&aFe4)
B) es";a G Finan!e and &eneral administration) *ater "e 4e!ame
In B''D, S"iva2i atta!6ed Surat, t"e !"ief #ort of t"e .u&"als and
t"e #rime minister)
#lundered it)
2. Sar-i-1aubat or Sena#ati G .ilitary !ommander, a "onorary
T"is time 0uran&aFe4 sent Ra2a Eai Sin&" of 0m4er to fi&"t
#ost)
a&ainst S"iva2i) He made ela4orate #re#arations and su!!eeded in
() 0matya G 0!!ountant General)
4esie&in& t"e urander fort ;"ere S"iva2i lod&ed "is family and
treasure) S"iva2i o#ened ne&otiations ;it" Eai Sin&" and t"e Treaty
250 25B

D) /a>enavis G Intelli&en!e, #osts and "ouse"old affairs) T"e forts #layed an im#ortant role in t"e military o#erations
of t"e .arat"as) :y t"e end of "is rei&n, S"iva2i "ad a4out 2D0
5) Sa!"iv G %orres#onden!e)
forts) Ea!" fort ;as #ut under t"e !"ar&e of t"ree offi!ers of e>ual
') Sumanta G .aster of !eremonies)
ran6 as a #re!aution a&ainst trea!"ery)
7) 8yayadis" G Eusti!e)
S"iva2i ;as really a !onstru!tive &enius and nation-4uilder)
His rise from 2a&irdar to %"atra#at"i ;as s#e!ta!ular) He unified
A) anditarao G %"arities and reli&ious administration)
t"e .arat"as and remained a &reat enemy of t"e .u&"al em#ire)
.ost of t"e administrative reforms of S"iva2i ;ere 4ased on
He ;as a darin& soldier and a 4rilliant administrator)
t"e #ra!ti!es of t"e 7e!!an sultanates) For e<am#le, es";a ;as
Successors of Shiva,i
t"e ersian title)
T"ere ensued a ;ar of su!!ession after t"e deat" of S"iva2i
T"e revenue system of S"iva2i ;as 4ased on t"at of .ali6
4et;een "is sons, S"am4a2i and Ra2aram) S"am4a2i emer&ed
0m4er of 0"madna&ar) *ands ;ere measured 4y usin& t"e measurin&
vi!torious 4ut later "e ;as !a#tured and e<e!uted 4y t"e .u&"als)
rod !alled kathi ) *ands ;ere also !lassified into t"ree !ate&ories G
Ra2aram su!!eeded t"e t"rone 4ut t"e .u&"als made "im to flee to
#addy fields, &arden lands and "illy tra!6s) He redu!ed t"e #o;ers
t"e Gin2ee fort) He died at Satara) He ;as su!!eeded 4y "is minor
of t"e e<istin& deshmuks and kulkarnis. He a##ointed "is o;n
son S"iva2i II ;it" "is mot"er Tara :ai as re&ent) T"e ne<t ruler ;as
revenue offi!ials !alled karkuns.
S"a"u in ;"ose rei&n t"e es";as rose to #o;er)
%"aut" and sardes"mu6"i ;ere t"e ta<es !olle!ted not in t"e
The Pesh%as /=E=(-=F=F0
.arat"a 6in&dom 4ut in t"e nei&"4ourin& territories of t"e .u&"al
em#ire or 7e!!an sultanates) %"aut" ;as one fourt" of t"e land
<a"a,i +is%anath /=E=(-=E&'0
revenue #aid to t"e .arat"as in order to avoid t"e .arat"a raids)
:ala2i @is;anat" 4e&an "is !areer as a small revenue offi!ial
Sardes"mu6"i ;as an additional levy of ten #er!ent on t"ose lands
and 4e!ame es";a in B7B() 0s es";a, "e made "is #osition t"e
;"i!" t"e .arat"as !laimed "ereditary ri&"ts)
most im#ortant and #o;erful as ;ell as "ereditary) He #layed a
S"iva2i ;as a man of military &enius and "is army ;as ;ell
!ru!ial role in t"e !ivil ;ar and finally made S"a"u as t"e .arat"a
or&aniFed) T"e re&ular army !onsisted of a4out (0000 to D0000
ruler) He sou&"t t"e su##ort of all .arat"a leaders for S"a"u) In
!avalry su#ervised 4y ha&aildars ) T"ey ;ere &iven fi<ed salaries)
B7BC, :ala2i @is;anat" &ot !ertain ri&"ts from t"e t"en .u&"al
T"ere ;ere t;o divisions in t"e .arat"a !avalry G B) bargirs ,
em#eror, Faru6" Siyar) First, t"e .u&"al em#eror re!o&niFed S"a"u
e>ui##ed and #aid 4y t"e stateM and 2) silahdars) maintained 4y t"e
as t"e .arat"a 6in&) Se!ond, "e allo;ed S"a"u to !olle!t %"aut"
no4les) In t"e infantry, t"e .avli foot soldiers #layed an im#ortant
and Sardes"mu6"i from t"e si< .u&"al #rovin!es of t"e 7e!!an
role) S"iva2i also maintained a navy)
in!ludin& t"e %arnati! and .ysore)
252 25(

<a,i 4ao 8 /=E&'-=E)'0 0fter t"e de!line of t"e .u&"al Em#ire, t"e .arat"as emer&ed
a &reat #o;er in India 4ut t"ey !ould not su!!eed in #reventin& t"e
:a2i Rao ;as t"e eldest son of :ala2i @is;anat") He
esta4lis"ment of :ritis" #o;er in India) T"e im#ortant !auses for
su!!eeded "is fat"er as es";a at t"e a&e youn& a&e of t;enty)
t"e do;nfall ;ere t"at t"ere ;as la!6 of unity amon& t"e .arat"a
T"e .arat"a #o;er rea!"ed its Fenit" under "im) He initiated t"e
!"iefs li6e Hol6ar, S!india and :"onsle) 0lso, t"e su#eriority of t"e
system of !onfedera!y amon& t"e .arat"a !"iefs) 3nder t"is system,
:ritis" army and fi&"tin& met"ods ultimately ;on)
ea!" .arat"a !"ief ;as assi&ned a territory ;"i!" !ould 4e
administered autonomously) 0s a result, many .arat"a families
4e!ame #rominent and esta4lis"ed t"eir aut"ority in different #arts Learning Outcome
of India) T"ey ;ere t"e Gae6;ad at :aroda, t"e :"onsle at 8a&#ur,
Students will understand
t"e Hol6ars at Indore, t"e S!indias at G;alior, and t"e es";as at
oona)
1. /auses for the rise of the Marathas.
<a"a,i <a,i 4ao /=E)'-=EB=0
2. 8arly career and military achie&ements of Shi&a4i.
:ala2i :a2i Rao su!!eeded "is fat"er as es";a at t"e youn&
a&e of nineteen) T"e .arat"a 6in& S"a"u died in B7DC ;it"out issue)
. Salient features of the Maratha administration under
His nominated su!!essor Ramra2a ;as im#risoned 4y t"e es";a
Shi&a4i.
:ala2i :a2i Rao at Satara) T"e full !ontrol of t"e .arat"a 6in&dom
". The rise of #eshwas and the significance of the Third
!ame under t"e es";a)
(attle of #anipat.
es";a entered into an a&reement ;it" t"e .u&"al Em#eror
in B752) 0!!ordin& to it t"e es";a &ave assuran!e to t"e .u&"al
Em#eror t"at "e ;ould #rote!t t"e .u&"al Em#ire from internal
and e<ternal enemies for ;"i!" t"e %"aut" of t"e nort";est #rovin!es
and t"e total revenue of t"e 0&ra and 02mer #rovin!es ;ould 4e
!olle!ted 4y t"e .arat"as)
T"us ;"en 0"mad S"a" 04dali invaded India, it 4e!ame t"e
res#onsi4ility of t"e .arat"as to #rote!t India) T"e .arat"as fou&"t
very 4ravely a&ainst 0"mad S"a" 04dali in t"e T"ird :attle of
ani#at in B7'B) :ut t"ey &ot defeated) .any .arat"a leaders and
t"ousands of soldiers died in t"is 4attle) :ala2i :a2i Rao also died
on "earin& t"e sad end of t"is 4attle) 0lso, t"is 4attle &ave a deat"
4lo; to t"e .arat"a #o;er) T"ereafter, t"e .arat"a !onfedera!y
;ea6ened due to internal !onfli!ts amon& t"e .arat"a !"iefs)
25D 255

d, S"iva2i in!reased t"e #o;ers of t"e e<istin& revenue offi!ials)
15D6; ?96ST85$S
Fa"se.
B) S"iva2i ;as 4orn at
B) /"en 0"mad S"a" 04dali invaded t"e .u&"al Em#eror fa!ed
+a, Satara +4, oona
"im)
+!, S"ivner +d, :i2a#ur
2) In t"e T"ird :attle of ani#at 8adir S"a" defeated t"e
.arat"a for!es) 2) T"e Treaty of urander ;as !on!luded in
() .ores and 8im4al6ers 4elon&ed to .arat"a family) +a, B''0 +4, B''5
+!, B'70 +d, B'75 +8. 7rite short notes /-ny three points0.
B) Treaty of urander) 88. Fi"" in the !"anks.
2) 0s"ta#rad"an) B) T"e &uardian of S"iva2i ;as J))
2) T"e immediate su!!essor of S"iva2i ;as J) () T"ird :attle of ani#at)
+88. -ns%er !rief"y /='' %ords0. () T"e T"ird :attle of ani#at too6 #la!e in t"e year J) 4et;een
JJand JJ
B) Tra!e t"e !auses for t"e rise of .arat"as)
2) /rite a note on :ala2i @is;anat")
B) es";a a, G;alior
2) S!india 4, oona
B) Give an a!!ount of t"e life and a!"ievements of S"iva2i)
() Hol6ar !, Indore
2) .ention t"e salient features of t"e administration of S"iva2i)
D) :"onsle d, 8a&#ur
() E<amine t"e rise of t"e es";as and t"eir a!"ievements)
right.
a, T"e revenue system of S"iva2i ;as 4ased on t"at of %"olas)
4, *ands ;ere measured 4y usin& t"e measurin& rod !alled kathi)
!, *ands ;ere !lassified into four !ate&ories as under t"e
.arat"as)
25' 257

;6SS5$ &( t"e ruler of %ali!ut) He returned to ortu&al in t"e ne<t year) edro
0lvareF %a4ral arrived in B500 and @as!o da Gama also made a
TH6 C518$. 5F 6945P6-$S
se!ond tri# in B502) T"ey esta4lis"ed tradin& stations at %ali!ut,
%annanore and %o!"in)
T"e first &overnor of t"e ortu&uese in India ;as Fran!is de
Learning Objectives
0lmeida) *ater in B50C 0l4u>uer>ue ;as made t"e &overnor of t"e
ortu&uese territories in India) In B5B0, "e !a#tured Goa from t"e
ruler of :i2a#ur) T"ereafter, Goa 4e!ame t"e !a#ital of t"e 1. The coming of the #ortuguese to India.
ortu&uese settlements in India) 0l4u>uer>ue !a#tured .ala!!a and
2. 8stablishment of the 'utch) ;rench) 8nglish and 'anish
%eylon) He also 4uilt a fort at %ali!ut) He en!oura&ed "is !ountrymen
Trading centres in India.
to marry Indian ;omen) 0l4u>uer>ue died in B5B5 leavin& t"e
. The +nglo-;rench *i&alry in the /arnatic region.
ortu&uese as t"e stron&est naval #o;er in India)
". *ise of (ritish power in (engal.
T"e su!!essors of 0l4u>uer>ue esta4lis"ed ortu&uese
settlements at 7aman, Salsette and :om4ay on t"e ;est !oast and
at San T"ome near .adras and Hu&li in :en&al on t"e east !oast)
T"e !ommer!ial !onta!ts 4et;een India and Euro#e ;ere
Ho;ever, t"e ortu&uese #o;er de!lined in India 4y t"e end of t"e
very old via t"e land route eit"er t"rou&" t"e O<us valley or Syria
si<teent" !entury) T"ey lost all t"eir #ossessions in India e<!e#t Goa,
or E&y#t) :ut, t"e ne; sea route via t"e %a#e
7iu and 7aman in t"e ne<t !entury)
of Good Ho#e ;as dis!overed 4y @as!o da
The Dutch Gama in BDCA) T"ereafter, many tradin&
!om#anies !ame to India and esta4lis"ed t"eir
T"e 7ut!" East India %om#any ;as esta4lis"ed in B'02) T"e
tradin& !entres) T"ey entered India as traders
mer!"ants of t"is !om#any !ame to India and esta4lis"ed t"eir
at t"e outset 4ut 4y t"e #assa&e of time
settlements at .asuli#attinam, uli!at, Surat, 1arai6al,
indul&ed in t"e #oliti!s of India and finally
8a&a#attinam, %"insura and 1asim4aFar) In t"e seventeent" !entury
esta4lis"ed t"eir !olonies) T"e !ommer!ial
t"ey ;on over t"e ortu&uese and emer&ed t"e most dominant #o;er
rivalry amon& t"e Euro#ean #o;ers led to
in Euro#ean trade in t"e East) uli!at ;as t"eir main !entre in India
#oliti!al rivalry) 3ltimately, t"e :ritis" +-SC5 D-.-1-
and later it ;as re#la!ed 4y 8a&a#attinam) In t"e middle of t"e
su!!eeded in esta4lis"in& t"eir rule India)
seventeent" !entury t"e En&lis" 4e&an to emer&e as a 4i& !olonial
#o;er) T"e 0n&lo-7ut!" rivalry lasted for a4out seven de!ades The Portuguese
durin& ;"i!" #eriod t"e 7ut!" lost t"eir settlements to t"e :ritis"
T"e ortu&uese traveler @as!o da Gama rea!"ed t"e #ort of
one 4y one)
%ali!ut on B7 .ay BDCA and "e ;as ;armly re!eived 4y Kamorin,
25A 25C

The 6ng"ish The Danes
T"e En&lis" East India %om#any ;as esta4lis"ed in B'00 and 7enmar6 also esta4lis"ed trade settlements in India) T"eir
t"e %"arter ;as issued 4y -ueen EliFa4et" of En&land) %a#tain settlement at Tran>ue4ar ;as founded in B'20) 0not"er im#ortant
Ha;6ins arrived at t"e royal !ourt of Ea"an&ir in B'0C to see6 7anis" settlement in India ;as Seram#ore in :en&al) Seram#ore
#ermission to esta4lis" En&lis" tradin& !entre at Surat) :ut it ;as ;as t"eir "ead>uarters in India) T"ey failed to stren&t"en t"emselves
refused 4y t"e .u&"al Em#eror due to ortu&uese #ressure) *ater in India and t"ey sold all t"eir settlement in India to t"e :ritis" in
in B'B2, Ea"an&ir issued a farman +#ermission letter, to t"e En&lis" BAD5)
and t"ey esta4lis"ed a tradin& fa!tory at Surat in B'B()
-ng"o-French 4iva"ry
Sir T"omas Roe !ame to India as am4assador of Eames I, t"e
In t"e 4e&innin& of t"e ei&"teent" !entury, t"e En&lis" and t"e
6in& of En&land to t"e .u&"al !ourt in B'B5) He o4tained #ermission
Fren!" ;ere !om#etin& ;it" ea!" ot"er to esta4lis" t"eir su#rema!y
from Ea"an&ir to esta4lis" En&lis" tradin& fa!tories in different #arts
in India) :ot" of t"em used t"e #oliti!al turmoil #revalent in India as
of India)
a result of t"e de!line of t"e .u&"al Em#ire in t"eir favour and
T"e En&lis" esta4lis"ed t"eir fa!tories at 0&ra, 0"mada4ad, indul&ed in internal #oliti!s) T"e 0n&lo-Fren!" rivalry in India ;as
:aroda and :roa!" 4y B'BC) T"e En&lis" East India %om#any manifest in t"e %arnati! re&ion and in :en&al)
a!>uired :om4ay from %"arles II, t"e t"en 6in& of En&land) In B'(C,
The Carnatic 7ars
Fran!is 7ay founded t"e !ity of .adras ;"ere t"e Fort St) Geor&e
T"e do;nfall of t"e .u&"al Em#ire led to t"e inde#enden!e
;as 4uilt) In B'C0, an En&lis" fa!tory ;as esta4lis"ed at a #la!e
of 7e!!an under 8iFam-ul-.ul6) T"e %arnati! re&ion also formed
!alled Sutanuti 4y Eo4 %"arno!6) *ater it develo#ed into t"e !ity of
#art of t"e 8iFam$s dominion) T"e ruler of
%al!utta ;"ere Fort /illiam ;as 4uilt) *ater, %al!utta 4e!ame t"e
t"e %arnati! a!!e#ted t"e suFerainty of t"e
!a#ital of :ritis" India) T"us :om4ay, .adras, %al!utta 4e!ame
8iFam) In B7D0, t"e 0ustrian /ar of
t"ree #residen!y to;ns of t"e En&lis" settlements in India)
Su!!ession 4ro6e out in Euro#e) In t"at ;ar
The French
En&land and Fran!e ;ere in t"e o##osite
T"e Fren!" East India %om#any ;as formed in B''D 4y !am#s) T"ey !ame into !onfli!t in India also)
%ol4ert, a .inister under *ouis 9I@) T"e first Fren!" fa!tory in T"e Fren!" &overnor of ondi!"erry,
India ;as esta4lis"ed at Surat 4y Fran!is %aron) *ater, .ara!ara 7u#lei< o#ened atta!6 on t"e En&lis" in
D9P;68:
set u# a fa!tory at .asuli#attinam) Fran!ois .artin founded B7D' and t"us 4e&an t"e First %arnati! /ar
ondi!"erry in B'7() Ot"er Fren!" fa!tories in India ;ere +B7D'-B7DA,) T"e En&lis" sou&"t "el# from t"e 8a;a4 of %arnati!,
%"andrana&ore, .a"e and 1arai6al) Fran!ois .artin ;as t"e first 0n;ar 3ddin) :ut t"e Fren!" !on!luded a treaty ;it" "is rival
&overnor of ondi!"erry, t"e "ead>uarters of t"e Fren!" #ossessions %"anda Sa"i4) T"e En&lis" army !rus"ed a defeat on t"e Fren!" in
in India) t"e :attle of 0dyar, near .adras) In t"e meantime, t"e Treaty of
2'0 2'B

0i<-la-%"a##elle ;as !on!luded in B7DA to end t"e 0ustrian () Fren!" "ad su##ort only in t"e 7e!!an 4ut t"e En&lis" "ad a
Su!!ession /ar) T"us t"e First %arnati! /ar !ame to an end) stron& 4ase in :en&al)
:ut t"e En&lis" and Fren!" !ontinued to ta6e o##osite sides D) En&lis" "ad t"ree im#ortant #orts G %al!utta, :om4ay and
in t"e internal #oliti!s of India) T"is "ad resulted in t"e Se!ond .adras 4ut Fren!" "ad only ondi!"erry)
%arnati! /ar +B7DC-B75D,) 7u#lei< su##orted t"e !ause of .uFafar
5) 7ifferen!e of o#inion 4et;een t"e Fren!" Generals)
Ean&, ;"o ;anted to 4e!ome t"e 8iFam of Hydera4ad and %"anda
') En&land$s vi!tory in t"e Euro#ean ;ars de!ided t"e destiny
Sa"i4, an as#irant for t"e t"rone of 0r!ot) T"e troo#s of t"ese t"ree
of t"e Fren!" in India)
defeated 0n;ar 3ddin, ;"o ;as ;it" t"e :ritis" in t"e First %arnati!
/ar, and 6illed "im in t"e :attle of 0m4ur in B7DC) 0fter t"is vi!tory,
6sta!"ishment of <ritish Po%er in <enga"
.uFafar Eun& 4e!ame t"e 8iFam and %"anda Sa"i4 t"e 8a;a4 of
:en&al remained one of t"e fertile and ;ealt"y re&ions of India)
0r!ot) .u"ammad 0li, son of 0n;ar 3ddin es!a#ed to
T"e En&lis" as!endan!y in :en&al #roved to 4e t"e 4asis for t"e
Tiru!"ira##alli) T"e En&lis" sent troo#s in su##ort of "im) In t"e
e<#ansion of En&lis" rule in India) T"e
meantime, t"e :ritis" !ommander Ro4ert %live !a#tured 0r!ot) He
!onfli!t 4et;een t"e 8a;a4 of :en&al,
also infli!ted a severe defeat on t"e Fren!" at 1averi#a66am)
Sira2-ud-7aula and t"e En&lis" led to t"e
%"anda Sa"i4 ;as !a#tured and 4e"eaded in Tan2ore) .ean;"ile
:attle of lassey "eld on 2( Eune B757)
7u#lei< ;as re#la!ed 4y Gode"eu as t"e Fren!" &overnor) T"e
Ro4ert %live, t"e %ommander of t"e :ritis"
;ar !ame to an end 4y t"e Treaty of ondi!"erry in B75D)
troo#s emer&ed vi!torious 4y defeatin& t"e
T"e out4rea6 of t"e Seven Years /ar +B75'-B7'(, in Euro#e
8a;a4$s army) T"e easy En&lis" vi!tory
led to t"e T"ird %arnati! /ar +B75A-B7'(,) %ount de *ally ;as
;as due to t"e trea!"ery of .ir Ea4ar, t"e
t"e !ommander of t"e Fren!" troo#s) T"e :ritis" General Sir Eyre
%ommander of 8a;a4$s army) Ho;ever,
%oote defeated "im at /andi;as" in B7'0) In t"e ne<t year,
t"e vi!tory of t"e :ritis" in t"e :attle of
ondi!"erry ;as !a#tured and destroyed 4y t"e :ritis" troo#s) T"e
lassey mar6ed t"e foundation of t"e :ritis"
Seven Years /ar !ame to an end 4y t"e Treaty of aris inB7'()
4o!ert C"ive
rule in India)
T"e T"ird %arnati! /ar also ended) T"e Fren!" a&reed to !onfine
In B7'D, t"e En&lis" on!e a&ain defeated t"e !om4ined for!es
its a!tivities in ondi!"erry, 1arai66al, .a"e and Yenam) T"us t"e
of t"e 8a;a4 of Oud", t"e .u&"al Em#eror and t"e 8a;a4 of
0n&lo-Fren!" rivalry !ame to a !lose ;it" :ritis" su!!ess and Fren!"
:en&al in t"e :attle of :u<ar) T"e En&lis" military su#eriority ;as
failure)
de!isively esta4lis"ed) In B7'5, Ro4ert %live ;as a##ointed as t"e
T"e !auses for t"e Fren!" failure !an 4e summed u# as follo;sH
Governor of :en&al) In t"e same year, t"e Treaty of 0lla"a4ad ;as
!on!luded 4y ;"i!" t"e .u&"al Em#eror &ranted t"e 7i;ani ri&"ts
B) %ommer!ial and naval su#eriority of t"e En&lis")
to t"e En&lis" East India %om#any) T"us t"e :ritis" #o;er in India
2) *a!6 of su##ort from t"e Fren!" &overnment)
;as t"orou&"ly esta4lis"ed)
2'2 2'(

B) T"e first ortu&uese &overnor in India 1. !rowth and decline of #ortuguese power in India.
+a, @as!o da Gama +4, 0lmaida 2. 'utch) 8nglish) ;rench and 'anish settlements in India.
+!, 0l4u>uer>ue +d, Fran!ois .artin . +nglo-;rench *i&alry and the three /arnatic wars.
2) T"e :attle of lassey too6 #la!e in ". !rowth of (ritish #ower in (engal and the (attle of
#lassey.
+a, B7'7 +4, B757
+!, B7'D +d, B7D7
B) %a#tain Ha;6ins arrived at t"e royal !ourt ofJJ)
2) Seram#ur ;as a J)) settlement)
() T"e Treaty of aris led to end of JJ))%arnati! /ar)
B) Eo4 %"arno!6 a, Tran>ue4ar
2) T"e 7anes 4, %al!utta
() Fran!is 7ay !, ondi!"erry
D) Fran!ois .artin d, .adras
right.
a, T"e 0ustrian Su!!ession /ar led to T"ird %arnati! /ar)
4, T"e Seven Years /ar led to t"e Se!ond %arnati! /ar)
!, Ro4ert %live ;on t"e :attle of lassey)
d, T"e Fren!" ;ere eliminated from :en&al due to t"e %arnati!
/ars)
2'D 2'5

T816 ;8$6 +. State %hether the fo""o%ing statements are True or
Fa"se.
From =A'' -.D to =B'' -.D.
B) Sir T"omas Roe !ame to India as am4assador of %"arles II)
O
B 3nit B0 Years
B500
2) 7u#lei< ;as re#la!ed 4y Gode"eu as t"e Fren!" &overnor)
B) @as!o 7a Gama
2) 0l4u>uer>ue
() 7ut!" settlements in India
D) :attle of lassey
B5B0 - T"e ortu&uese %a#tured Goa
B) Tra!e t"e rise and fall of ortu&uese #o;er in India)
2) /rite a note on t"e rise of :ritis" #o;er in :en&al)
B) Give an a!!ount of t"e 0n&lo-Fren!" rivalry in India)
B520
B52' - First :attle of ani#at
B5(0 - 7eat" of :a4ur
2'' 2'7

B575 - %onstu!tion of I4atat 1"ana
B5D0 - :attle of 1anau2
B5A0
B5A2 - 7in ila"i
B550
B5C0
B555 - 7eat" of Humayun
B55' - Se!ond attle of ani#at
B5'0
B'00
B5'5 - :attle of Talai6otta
B570
2'A 2'C

T816 ;8$6
From 3 =B'' -.D to =E'' -.D.
O
B 3nit B0 Years
B'(C - Fran!is 7ay founded t"e %ity of .adras
B'00 G Esta4lis"ment of En&lis" East
B'D0 Indian %om#any
B'05 - Ea"an&ir !ame to #o;er
B'0A - %a#tain Ha;6ins arrived India
B'50
B'B0
B'B5 - 0rrival of Sir T"omas Roa
B''0
B'20
B''5 - Treaty of urandar
B'27 - :irt" of S"iva2i
B'70
B'(0
270 27B

B'7D - %oronation of S"iva2i
B'A0
B'C0
B700
272

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