The Comprehensive L A T E X Symbol List

A
The Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List

Scott Pakin <scott+clsl@pakin.org>
9 November 2009
Abstract
A
This document lists 5913 symbols and the corresponding L TEX commands that produce them. Some of
A
these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every L TEX 2 system; others require fonts and packages that
may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed. All of the fonts and packages
used to prepare this documentas well as this document itselfare freely available from the Comprehensive
TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org/).
Contents
Contents
Introduction
1.1 Document Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Frequently Requested Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
9
9
Body-text symbols
A
Table 1:
L TEX 2 Escapable Special Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A
Table 2:
Predened L TEX 2 Text-mode Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A
Table 3:
L TEX 2 Commands Dened to Work in Both Math and Text Mode
Table 4:
AMS Commands Dened to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . .
Table 5:
Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters) . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 6:
Letters Used to Typeset African Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 7:
Letters Used to Typeset Vietnamese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 8:
Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 9:
pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 10: tipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 11: tipx Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 12: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 13: wasysym Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 14: phonetic Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 15: t4phonet Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 16: semtrans Transliteration Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 17: Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 18: tipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 19: extraipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 20: wsuipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 21: phonetic Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 22: metre Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 23: t4phonet Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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The original version of this document was written by David Carlisle, with several additional tables provided by Alexander Holt.
See Section 8.8 on page 129 for more information about who did what.
Table
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40:
41:
arcs Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . .

semtrans Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ogonek Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
combelow Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
wsuipa Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
textcomp Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
textcomp Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . .
marvosym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . .
wasysym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . .
C in
h A2e Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . .
teubner Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . .
eurosym Euro Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
fourier Euro Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
textcomp Legal Symbols . . . . . . . . . . .
cclicenses Creative Commons License Icons .
textcomp Old-style Numerals . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols
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Mathematical symbols
Table 42: Math-Mode Versions of Text Symbols . . . . .
Table 43: cmll Unary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 44: Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 45: AMS Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 46: stmaryrd Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 47: wasysym Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 48: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators . . . . . . .
Table 49: mathabx Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 50: MnSymbol Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . .
Table 51: mathdesign Binary Operators . . . . . . . . .
Table 52: cmll Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 53: shue Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 54: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators . . . . . . .
Table 55: mathabx Geometric Binary Operators . . . . .
Table 56: MnSymbol Geometric Binary Operators . . . .
Table 57: Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . .
Table 58: AMS Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . .
Table 59: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators . . .
Table 60: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators . . .
Table 61: mathabx Variable-sized Math Operators . . .
Table 62: txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators
Table 63: esint Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . .
Table 64: MnSymbol Variable-sized Math Operators . .
Table 65: mathdesign Variable-sized Math Operators . .
Table 66: cmll Large Math Operators . . . . . . . . . .
Table 67: Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 68: AMS Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 69: AMS Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . .
Table 70: stmaryrd Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 71: wasysym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 72: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations . . . . . . . .
Table 73: txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations . . .
Table 74: mathabx Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 75: mathabx Negated Binary Relations . . . . . .
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Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
76:
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129:
MnSymbol Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . .

MnSymbol Negated Binary Relations . . . . .
mathtools Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . .
turnstile Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . .
trsym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . .
trfsigns Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . .
cmll Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
colonequals Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . .
fourier Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . .
Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . .
AMS Subset and Superset Relations . . . . .
stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations . . . .
wasysym Subset and Superset Relations . . . .
txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations
mathabx Subset and Superset Relations . . . .
MnSymbol Subset and Superset Relations . .
Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
wasysym Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . .
mathabx Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MnSymbol Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . .
stmaryrd Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . .
mathabx Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . .
MnSymbol Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . .
Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
textcomp Text-mode Arrows . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
stmaryrd Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
txfonts/pxfonts Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mathabx Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mathabx Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . .
mathabx Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MnSymbol Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MnSymbol Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . .
MnSymbol Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MnSymbol Negated Harpoons . . . . . . . . .
harpoon Extensible Harpoons . . . . . . . . .
chemarrow Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
fge Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MnSymbol Spoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MnSymbol Pitchforks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MnSymbol Smiles and Frowns . . . . . . . . .
ulsy Contradiction Symbols . . . . . . . . . .
Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
stmaryrd Extension Characters . . . . . . . . .
txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters . . . . .
mathabx Extension Characters . . . . . . . . .
Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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56
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
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183:
C in
h A2e Number Sets . . . . . . . . . . .
Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . .
txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters . .
upgreek Upright Greek Letters . . . . . .
fourier Variant Greek Letters . . . . . . .
txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters . .
AMS Hebrew Letters . . . . . . . . . . .
MnSymbol Hebrew Letters . . . . . . . .
Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . .
txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols . . .
mathabx Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . .
MnSymbol Letter-like Symbols . . . . . .
trfsigns Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . .
mathdesign Letter-like Symbols . . . . .
fge Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . .
fourier Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . .
AMS Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
stmaryrd Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . .
mathabx Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . .
nath Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . .
Large, Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . .
AMS Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . .
stmaryrd Variable-sized Delimiters . . . .
mathabx Variable-sized Delimiters . . . .
MnSymbol Variable-sized Delimiters . . .
mathdesign Variable-sized Delimiters . .
nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Double) .
nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Triple) .
fourier Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . .
textcomp Text-mode Delimiters . . . . .
metre Text-mode Delimiters . . . . . . .
Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . .
MnSymbol Math-mode Accents . . . . .
fge Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . .
yhmath Math-mode Accents . . . . . . .
Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . .
overrightarrow Extensible Accents . . . .
yhmath Extensible Accents . . . . . . . .
AMS Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . .
MnSymbol Extensible Accents . . . . . .
mathtools Extensible Accents . . . . . .
mathabx Extensible Accents . . . . . . .
fourier Extensible Accents . . . . . . . .
esvect Extensible Accents . . . . . . . .
undertilde Extensible Accents . . . . . .
ushort Extensible Accents . . . . . . . .
AMS Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . .
mathtools Extensible Arrows . . . . . . .
chemarr Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . .
chemarrow Extensible Arrows . . . . . .
4
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56
57
57
57
58
58
58
58
58
59
59
59
59
59
59
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
61
61
61
62
62
62
63
64
64
64
65
65
65
65
65
65
66
66
66
66
67
67
67
67
68
68
68
68
68
69
69
69
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
4
184:
185:
186:
187:
188:
189:
190:
191:
192:
193:
194:
195:
196:
197:
198:
199:
200:
201:
202:
203:
204:
205:
206:
207:
208:
209:
210:
211:
212:
213:
extarrows Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . .

extpfeil Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DotArrow Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . .
trfsigns Extensible Transform Symbols . . . . . .
holtpolt Non-commutative Division Symbols . . .
Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
wasysym Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MnSymbol Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mathdots Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
yhmath Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
teubner Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mathcomp Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
marvosym Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
fge Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dozenal Base-12 Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mathabx Mayan Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A
Miscellaneous L TEX 2 Math Symbols . . . . . .
Miscellaneous AMS Math Symbols . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous wasysym Math Symbols . . . . . .
Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Math Symbols . . .
Miscellaneous mathabx Math Symbols . . . . . .
Miscellaneous MnSymbol Math Symbols . . . . .
Miscellaneous Internal MnSymbol Math Symbols
Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols
Miscellaneous marvosym Math Symbols . . . . . .
Miscellaneous fge Math Symbols . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous mathdesign Math Symbols . . . . .
Miscellaneous arev Math Symbols . . . . . . . . .
Math Alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Science and technology symbols

Table 214: gensymb Symbols Dened to Work in Both Math and Text
Table 215: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols . . . . . . . . . .
Table 216: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 217: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 218: textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols . .
Table 219: steinmetz Extensible Phasor Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 220: wasysym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 221: marvosym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 222: mathabx Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 223: wasysym APL Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 224: wasysym APL Modiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 225: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols . . . . . . . . . .
Table 226: keystroke Computer Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 227: ascii Control Characters (CP437) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 228: milstd Logic Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 229: marvosym Communication Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 230: marvosym Engineering Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 231: wasysym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 232: marvosym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 233: marvosym Safety-related Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 234: feyn Feynman Diagram Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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69
70
70
70
70
70
71
71
71
71
71
72
72
72
72
72
72
73
73
73
73
73
74
74
74
74
75
75
75
76
Mode
. . . .
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78
78
78
78
78
78
79
79
79
79
80
80
80
80
81
81
82
82
82
82
82
83
Dingbats
Table 235:
Table 236:
Table 237:
Table 238:
Table 239:
Table 240:
Table 241:
Table 242:
Table 243:
Table 244:
Table 245:
Table 246:
Table 247:
Table 248:
Table 249:
Table 250:
Table 251:
Table 252:
Table 253:
Table 254:
Table 255:
Table 256:
Table 257:
Table 258:
Table 259:
Table 260:
Table 261:
Table 262:
Table 263:
Table 264:
Table 265:
Table 266:
Table 267:
Table 268:
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84
84
84
84
84
84
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
86
86
86
86
86
86
87
87
87
88
88
88
88
89
89
90
90
90
90
90
90
Ancient languages
Table 269: phaistos Symbols from the Phaistos Disk . . . . . .
Table 270: protosem Proto-Semitic Characters . . . . . . . . .
Table 271: hieroglf Hieroglyphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 272: linearA Linear A Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 273: linearb Linear B Basic and Optional Letters . . . .
Table 274: linearb Linear B Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 275: linearb Linear B Weights and Measures . . . . . . .
Table 276: linearb Linear B Ideograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 277: linearb Unidentied Linear B Symbols . . . . . . .
Table 278: cypriot Cypriot Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 279: sarabian South Arabian Letters . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 280: teubner Archaic Greek Letters and Greek Numerals
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91
91
91
92
92
95
95
95
96
96
96
97
97
bbding Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pifont Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
universal Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
marvosym Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bbding Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pifont Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dingbat Pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bbding Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . .
pifont Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . .
dingbat Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bbding Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pifont Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
fourier Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bbding Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . .
pifont Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . .
bbding Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . .
pifont Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . .
wasysym Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . .
universal Xs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pifont Circled Numbers . . . . . . . . . . .
wasysym Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes
pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes .
fourier Ornaments . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
wasysym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . .
MnSymbol Geometric Shapes . . . . . . .
ifsym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . .
bbding Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . .
pifont Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . .
universa Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . .
universal Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats . . . . . .
Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats . . . . . . .
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Other symbols
Table 281: textcomp Genealogical Symbols . . . . . .
Table 282: wasysym General Symbols . . . . . . . . .
Table 283: wasysym Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 284: wasysym Musical Symbols . . . . . . . . .
Table 285: arev Musical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 286: harmony Musical Symbols . . . . . . . . .
Table 287: harmony Musical Accents . . . . . . . . . .
Table 288: manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols . . . . .
Table 289: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols . . . . . . .
Table 290: marvosym Navigation Symbols . . . . . . .
Table 291: marvosym Laundry Symbols . . . . . . . .
Table 292: marvosym Information Symbols . . . . . .
Table 293: Other marvosym Symbols . . . . . . . . . .
Table 294: Miscellaneous universa Symbols . . . . . .
Table 295: Miscellaneous universal Symbols . . . . . .
Table 296: Miscellaneous fourier Symbols . . . . . . .
Table 297: ifsym Weather Symbols . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 298: ifsym Alpine Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 299: ifsym Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 300: Other ifsym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 301: clock Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 302: epsdice Dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 303: hhcount Dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 304: hhcount Tally Markers . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 305: skull Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 306: Non-Mathematical mathabx Symbols . . .
Table 307: skak Chess Informator Symbols . . . . . .
Table 308: skak Chess Pieces and Chessboard Squares
Table 309: igo Go Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 310: metre Metrical Symbols . . . . . . . . . .
Table 311: metre Small and Large Metrical Symbols .
Table 312: teubner Metrical Symbols . . . . . . . . . .
Table 313: dictsym Dictionary Symbols . . . . . . . .
Table 314: simpsons Characters from The Simpsons .
Table 315: pmboxdraw Box-Drawing Symbols . . . . .
Table 316: staves Magical Staves . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 317: pigpen Cipher Symbols . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 318: C in
h A2e Phases of the Moon . . . . . . . .
Table 319: Other C in
h A2e Symbols . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 320: recycle Recycling Symbols . . . . . . . . .
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98
98
98
98
98
98
99
99
99
100
100
100
100
101
101
101
101
101
102
102
102
102
103
103
103
103
103
104
104
105
105
105
106
106
106
107
107
108
108
109
109
Additional Information
8.1 Symbol Name Clashes . . . . . . . .
8.2 Resizing symbols . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3 Where can I nd the symbol for . . . ?
8.4 Math-mode spacing . . . . . . . . . .
8.5 Bold mathematical symbols . . . . .
8.6 ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference .
8.7 Unicode characters . . . . . . . . . .
8.8 About this document . . . . . . . . .
8.9 Copyright and license . . . . . . . .
.
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110
110
110
113
123
123
124
126
129
132
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References
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133
Index
134
Introduction
A
A
Welcome to the Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List! This document strives to be your primary source of L TEX
A X commands, packages, usage details, caveatseverything needed to put
symbol information: font samples, L TE
thousands of dierent symbols at your disposal. All of the fonts covered herein meet the following criteria:
1. They are freely available from the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org).
A
2. All of their symbols have L TEX 2 bindings. That is, a user should be able to access a symbol by name,
not just by \char number .
A
These are not particularly limiting criteria; the Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List contains samples of 5913
A
symbolsquite a large number. Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every L TEX 2 system;
others require fonts and packages that may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be
installed. See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=instpackages+wherefiles for help with
installing new fonts and packages.
1.1
Document Usage
Each section of this document contains a number of font tables. Each table shows a set of symbols, with the
A
corresponding L TEX command to the right of each symbol. A tables caption indicates what package needs to be
loaded in order to access that tables symbols. For example, the symbols in Table 39, textcomp Old-Style Numerals, are made available by putting \usepackage{textcomp} in your documents preamble. AMS means
to use the AMS packages, viz. amssymb and/or amsmath. Notes below a table provide additional information
about some or all the symbols in that table.
One note that appears a few times in this document, particularly in Section 2, indicates that certain symbols
do not exist in the OT1 font encoding (Donald Knuths original, 7-bit font encoding, which is the default font
A
encoding for L TEX) and that you should use fontenc to select a dierent encoding, such as T1 (a common 8-bit
font encoding). That means that you should put \usepackage[ encoding ]{fontenc} in your documents
preamble, where encoding is, e.g., T1 or LY1. To limit the change in font encoding to the current group, use
\fontencoding{ encoding }\selectfont.
Section 8 contains some additional information about the symbols in this document. It discusses how certain
mathematical symbols can vary in height, shows which symbol names are not unique across packages, gives
examples of how to create new symbols out of existing symbols, explains how symbols are spaced in math mode,
A
compares various schemes for boldfacing symbols, presents L TEX ASCII and Latin 1 tables, shows how to input
and output Unicode characters, and provides some information about this document itself. The Comprehensive
A
L TEX Symbol List ends with an index of all the symbols in the document and various additional useful terms.
1.2
Frequently Requested Symbols
There are a number of symbols that are requested over and over again on comp.text.tex. If youre looking for
such a symbol the following list will help you nd it quickly.
, as in Spaces are signicant.
` etc. (versus ` and
, , , ,
, , i,
)
.........
10
.........
16
................................
20
L, F, etc.
...............................
20
N, Z, R, etc.
.......................
21
...............................
22
...............................
31
................................
34
, , and
and
..........................
..........................
...............................
, as in 180 or 15
71
...............
74
.........................
76
.......................
76
................................
76
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

a e
, `, etc. (i.e., several accents per character)
<, >, and | (instead of , , and )
35
and
..
43
and (or )
9
118
. . . . . . . 124
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Body-text symbols
This section lists symbols that are intended for use in running text, such as punctuation marks, accents,
ligatures, and currency symbols.
A
Table 1: L TEX 2 Escapable Special Characters
\$
\_
\%
&
\}
\&
\#
\{
The underscore package redenes _ to produce an underscore in text mode (i.e., it

makes it unnecessary to escape the underscore character).
A
Table 2: Predened L TEX 2 Text-mode Commands
\
|
{
}
$
...
>
\textasciicircum
\textasciitilde
\textasteriskcentered
\textbackslash
\textbar
\textbraceleft
\textbraceright
\textbullet
\textcopyright
\textdagger
\textdaggerdbl
\textdollar
\textellipsis
\textemdash
\textendash
\textexclamdown
\textgreater
a
o
r
TM
<
\textless
\textordfeminine
\textordmasculine
\textparagraph
\textperiodcentered
\textquestiondown
\textquotedblleft
\textquotedblright
\textquoteleft
\textquoteright
\textregistered
\textsection
\textsterling
\texttrademark
\textunderscore
\textvisiblespace
A
Where two symbols are present, the left one is the faked symbol that L TEX 2
provides by default, and the right one is the true symbol that textcomp makes
available.
\^{} and \~{} can be used instead of \textasciicircum and \textasciitilde.

See the discussion of on page 125.
Its generally preferable to use the corresponding symbol from Table 3 because the
symbols in that table work properly in both text mode and math mode.
A
Table 3: L TEX 2 Commands Dened to Work in Both Math and Text Mode
\$
\P
\S
\_
\copyright
\dag
...
\ddag
\dots
\pounds
{
}
\{
\}
A
available.
10
Table 4: AMS Commands Dened to Work in Both Math and Text Mode
\checkmark
\circledR
\maltese
Table 5: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters)
\DH
\dh
\DJ
\dj
\aa
\AA
\AE
\ae
L
l
\L
\l
\NG
\ng
SS
\o
\O
\OE
\oe
\ss
\SS
\TH
\th
Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as T1.
\B{D}
\B{d}
\B{H}
\B{h}
\B{t}
\B{T}
\m{b}
\m{B}
\m{C}
Table 6: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages
\m{c}
\m{D}
\M{d}
\M{D}
\m{d}
\m{E}
\m{e}
\M{E}
\M{e}
\m{f}
\m{F}
\m{G}
\m{g}
\m{I}
\m{i}
\m{J}
\m{j}
\m{K}
\m{k}
\m{N}
\m{n}
\m{o}
\m{O}
\m{P}
\m{p}
\m{s}
\m{S}
\M{t}
\M{T}
\m{t}
\m{T}
\m{u}
\m{U}
\m{Y}
\m{y}
\m{z}
\m{Z}
\T{E}
\T{e}
\T{O}
\T{o}
These characters all need the T4 font encoding, which is provided by the fc package.
\m{v} and \m{V} are synonyms for \m{u} and \m{U}.
Table 7: Letters Used to Typeset Vietnamese
\OHORN
\ohorn
\UHORN
\uhorn
These characters all need the T5 font encoding, which is provided by the vntex package.
Table 8: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1
\guillemotleft
\guillemotright
\guilsinglleft
\guilsinglright
\quotedblbase
\quotesinglbase
"
\textquotedbl
To get these symbols, use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding,
such as T1.
11
Table 9: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks
\ding{123}
\ding{124}
\ding{125}
\ding{126}
e
f
\ding{161}
\ding{162}
\ding{163}
Table 10: tipa Phonetic Symbols
b
c
d
2
C
\textbabygamma
\textbarb
\textbarc
\textbard
\textbardotlessj
\textbarg
\textbarglotstop
\textbari
\textbarl
\textbaro
\textbarrevglotstop
\textbaru
\textbeltl
\textbeta
\textbullseye
\textceltpal
\textchi
\textcloseepsilon
\textcloseomega
\textcloserevepsilon
\textcommatailz
\textcorner
\textcrb
\textcrd
\textcrg
\textcrh
\textcrinvglotstop
\textcrlambda
\textcrtwo
\textctc
\textctd
\textctdctzlig
\textctesh
\textctj
\textctn
\textctt
\textcttctclig
\textctyogh
P
;
_
O
%
\textglotstop
\texthalflength
\texthardsign
\texthooktop
\texthtb
\texthtbardotlessj
\texthtc
\texthtd
\texthtg
\texthth
\texththeng
\texthtk
\texthtp
\texthtq
\texthtrtaild
\texthtscg
\texthtt
\texthvlig
\textinvglotstop
\textinvscr
\textiota
\textlambda
\textlengthmark
\textlhookt
\textlhtlongi
\textlhtlongy
\textlonglegr
\textlptr
\textltailm
\textltailn
\textltilde
\textlyoghlig
\textObardotlessj
\textOlyoghlig
\textomega
\textopencorner
\textopeno
\textpalhook
@
I
A
g
V
tC
\textrtailn
\textrtailr
\textrtails
\textrtailt
\textrtailz
\textrthook
\textsca
\textscb
\textsce
\textscg
\textsch
\textschwa
\textsci
\textscj
\textscl
\textscn
\textscoelig
\textscomega
\textscr
\textscripta
\textscriptg
\textscriptv
\textscu
\textscy
\textsecstress
\textsoftsign
\textstretchc
\texttctclig
\textteshlig
\texttheta
\textthorn
\texttoneletterstem
\texttslig
\textturna
\textturncelig
\textturnh
\textturnk
\textturnlonglegr
(continued on next page)
12
(continued from previous page)
d
S
}
=
/
{
dz
E
S
R
F
|
"
7
\
9
3
Q
\textctz
\textdctzlig
\textdoublebaresh
\textdoublebarpipe
\textdoublebarslash
\textdoublepipe
\textdoublevertline
\textdownstep
\textdyoghlig
\textdzlig
\textepsilon
\textesh
\textfishhookr
\textg
\textgamma
\textglobfall
\textglobrise
\textphi
\textpipe
\textprimstress
\textraiseglotstop
\textraisevibyi
\textramshorns
\textrevapostrophe
\textreve
\textrevepsilon
\textrevglotstop
\textrevyogh
\textrhookrevepsilon
\textrhookschwa
\textrhoticity
\textrptr
\textrtaild
\textrtaill
L
U
\textturnm
\textturnmrleg
\textturnr
\textturnrrtail
\textturnscripta
\textturnt
\textturnv
\textturnw
\textturny
\textupsilon
\textupstep
\textvertline
\textvibyi
\textvibyy
\textwynn
\textyogh
tipa denes shortcut characters for many of the above. It also denes a command
\tone for denoting tone letters (pitches). See the tipa documentation for more information.
Table 11: tipx Phonetic Symbols

"
B
.
D
2
%
&
@
)
H
G
7
5
(
?
T
\textaolig
\textbenttailyogh
\textbktailgamma
\textctinvglotstop
\textctjvar
\textctstretchc
\textctstretchcvar
\textctturnt
\textdblig
\textdoublebarpipevar
\textdoublepipevar
\textdownfullarrow
\textfemale
\textfrbarn
\textfrhookd
\textfrhookdvar
\textfrhookt
\textfrtailgamma
\textglotstopvari
3
;
p
!
I
#
<
1
>
6
9
F
=
v
z
\texthtbardotlessjvar
\textinvomega
\textinvsca
\textinvscripta
\textlfishhookrlig
\textlhookfour
\textlhookp
\textlhti
\textlooptoprevesh
\textnrleg
\textObullseye
\textpalhooklong
\textpalhookvar
\textpipevar
\textqplig
\textrectangle
\textretractingvar
\textrevscl
\textrevscr
q
r
s
t
w
x
y
P
Q
R
S
E
u
{
\textrthooklong
\textscaolig
\textscdelta
\textscf
\textsck
\textscm
\textscp
\textscq
\textspleftarrow
\textstretchcvar
\textsubdoublearrow
\textsubrightarrow
\textthornvari
\textthornvarii
\textthornvariii
\textthornvariv
\textturnglotstop
\textturnsck
\textturnscu
13
U
V
,
0
4
\textglotstopvarii
\textglotstopvariii
\textgrgamma
\textheng
\texthmlig
*
+
:
/
C
A
8
\textrhooka
\textrhooke
\textrhookepsilon
\textrhookopeno
\textrtailhth
\textturnthree
\textturntwo
\textuncrfemale
\textupfullarrow
Table 12: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols

9
F
`
e
C
Y

c
'

5
Q

x
@

e
\babygamma
\barb
\bard
\bari
\barl
\baro
\barp
\barsci
\barscu
\baru
\clickb
\clickc
\clickt
\closedniomega
\closedrevepsilon
\crossb
\crossd
\crossh
\crossnilambda
\curlyc
\curlyesh
\curlyyogh
\curlyz
\dlbari
\dz
\ejective
V
"
w

h

)
6
7
&
4
D
d
8
s
S
q
u
\eng
\er
\esh
\eth
\flapr
\glotstop
\hookb
\hookd
\hookg
\hookh
\hookheng
\hookrevepsilon
\hv
\inva
\invf
\invglotstop
\invh
\invlegr
\invm
\invr
\invscr
\invscripta
\invv
\invw
\invy
\ipagamma
R
G
T
i
I
$
1
A
P
b
g
y
U
d
a
#
f
%
\labdentalnas
\latfric
\legm
\legr
\lz
\nialpha
\nibeta
\nichi
\niepsilon
\nigamma
\niiota
\nilambda
\niomega
\niphi
\nisigma
\nitheta
\niupsilon
\nj
\oo
\openo
\reve
\reveject
\revepsilon
\revglotstop
\scd
\scg
Table 13: wasysym Phonetic Symbols

D
\DH
\Thorn
\dh
\inve
14
\openo
\thorn
!
B
X
t

r
H
W
p
v
f
E
\schwa
\sci
\scn
\scr
\scripta
\scriptg
\scriptv
\scu
\scy
\slashb
\slashc
\slashd
\slashu
\taild
\tailinvr
\taill
\tailn
\tailr
\tails
\tailt
\tailz
\tesh
\thorn
\tildel
\yogh
Table 14: phonetic Phonetic Symbols

j
w
n
x
4
s
d
p
\barj
\barlambda
\emgma
\engma
\enya
\epsi
\esh
\eth
\fj
f
c
f
k
u
h
\flap
\glottal
\hausaB
\hausab
\hausad
\hausaD
\hausak
\hausaK
\hookd
\ibar
\openo
\planck
\pwedge
\revD
\riota
\rotm
\rotOmega
\rotr
m

r
e
w
y
e
p
u
u
\rotvara
\rotw
\roty
\schwa
\thorn
\ubar
\udesc
\vara
\varg
\vari
\varomega
\varopeno
\vod
\voicedh
\yogh
Table 15: t4phonet Phonetic Symbols

\textcrd
\textcrh
\textepsilon
\textesh
\textfjlig
\texthtb
\texthtc
\texthtd
\texthtk
\texthtp
\texthtt
\textiota
\textltailn
\textopeno
\textpipe
\textrtaild
\textrtailt
\textschwa
\textscriptv
\textteshlig
\textyogh
The idea behind the t4phonet packages phonetic symbols is to provide an interface
to some of the characters in the T4 font encoding (Table 6 on page 11) but using the
same names as the tipa characters presented in Table 10 on page 12.
Table 16: semtrans Transliteration Symbols

\Alif
15
\Ayn
Table 17: Text-mode Accents

a
A
a
A
Aa
a
A
a
A
\"{A}\"{a}
\{A}\{a}
\.{A}\.{a}
\={A}\={a}
\^{A}\^{a}
Aa
à
A`
a
A
a
A
Aa
Aa
Aa
..
\{A}\{a}
\|{A}\|{a}
\~{A}\~{a}
\b{A}\b{a}
\c{A}\c{a}
\newtie{A}\newtie{a}
a
A
a
A
Aa
\d{A}\d{a}
\G{A}\G{a}
\h{A}\h{a}
\H{A}\H{a}
\k{A}\k{a}
a
A
Aa
a
A
a
A
a
A
\r{A}\r{a}
\t{A}\t{a}
\u{A}\u{a}
\U{A}\U{a}
\v{A}\v{a}
\textcircled{A}\textcircled{a}
Requires the textcomp package.
Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as T1.
Requires the T4 font encoding, provided by the fc package.
Requires the T5 font encoding, provided by the vntex package.
Also note the existence of \i and \j, which produce dotless versions of i and
j (viz., and ). These are useful when the accent is supposed to replace
the dot in encodings that need to composite (i.e., combine) letters and accents. For
example, na\"{\i}ve always produces a correct na
ve, while na\"{i}ve yields
the rather odd-looking na
ive when using the OT1 font encoding and older versions
A
A
of L TEX. Font encodings other than OT1 and newer versions of L TEX properly
typeset na\"{i}ve as na
ve.
Table 18: tipa Text-mode Accents
a
A
a
A
\textacutemacron{A}\textacutemacron{a}
Aa
A<
<a
a
A
a
A
a
\textadvancing{A}\textadvancing{a}
a
A
a
A
\textdotacute{A}\textdotacute{a}
a
A
a
A
\textdoublegrave{A}\textdoublegrave{a}
a
A
a
A
à
A`
\textgravecircum{A}\textgravecircum{a}
\textacutewedge{A}\textacutewedge{a}
\textbottomtiebar{A}\textbottomtiebar{a}
\textbrevemacron{A}\textbrevemacron{a}
\textcircumacute{A}\textcircumacute{a}
\textcircumdot{A}\textcircumdot{a}
\textdotbreve{A}\textdotbreve{a}
\textdoublevbaraccent{A}\textdoublevbaraccent{a}
\textgravedot{A}\textgravedot{a}
\textgravemacron{A}\textgravemacron{a}
16
a
A
\textgravemid{A}\textgravemid{a}
Aa
\textinvsubbridge{A}\textinvsubbridge{a}
Aa
a
A
a
A
Aa
\textlowering{A}\textlowering{a}
\textmidacute{A}\textmidacute{a}
\textovercross{A}\textovercross{a}
\textoverw{A}\textoverw{a}
Aa
\textpolhook{A}\textpolhook{a}
Aa
Aa
a
A
a
A
\textraising{A}\textraising{a}
\textretracting{A}\textretracting{a}
\textringmacron{A}\textringmacron{a}
\textroundcap{A}\textroundcap{a}
Aa
\textseagull{A}\textseagull{a}
Aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
\textsubacute{A}\textsubacute{a}
Aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
\textsubcircum{A}\textsubcircum{a}
Aa
Aa
Aa
\textsubrhalfring{A}\textsubrhalfring{a}
Aa
Aa
Aa
\textsubtilde{A}\textsubtilde{a}
Aa
A&
&a
Aa
" "
Aa
>>
Aa
\textsubwedge{A}\textsubwedge{a}
a
A
\textvbaraccent{A}\textvbaraccent{a}
\textsubarch{A}\textsubarch{a}
\textsubbar{A}\textsubbar{a}
\textsubbridge{A}\textsubbridge{a}
\textsubdot{A}\textsubdot{a}
\textsubgrave{A}\textsubgrave{a}
\textsublhalfring{A}\textsublhalfring{a}
\textsubplus{A}\textsubplus{a}
\textsubring{A}\textsubring{a}
\textsubsquare{A}\textsubsquare{a}
\textsubumlaut{A}\textsubumlaut{a}
\textsubw{A}\textsubw{a}
\textsuperimposetilde{A}\textsuperimposetilde{a}
\textsyllabic{A}\textsyllabic{a}
\texttildedot{A}\texttildedot{a}
\texttoptiebar{A}\texttoptiebar{a}
tipa denes shortcut sequences for many of the above. See the tipa documentation
for more information.
17

Aa
Aa
.. ..
a
A
a
A
Aa
Aa
Aa

A
a
Aa
A
a
Table 19: extraipa Text-mode Accents

A
a
A
a
\bibridge{A}\bibridge{a}
\crtilde{A}\crtilde{a}
\dottedtilde{A}\dottedtilde{a}
\doubletilde{A}\doubletilde{a}
\finpartvoice{A}\finpartvoice{a}
\finpartvoiceless{A}\finpartvoiceless{a}
\inipartvoice{A}\inipartvoice{a}
\inipartvoiceless{A}\inipartvoiceless{a}
\overbridge{A}\overbridge{a}
\partvoiceless{A}\partvoiceless{a}
A
a
Aa
^^
Aa
Aa
"" ""
Aa
Aa
Aa
\spreadlips{A}\spreadlips{a}
\sliding{A}\sliding{a}
\subcorner{A}\subcorner{a}
\subdoublebar{A}\subdoublebar{a}
\subdoublevert{A}\subdoublevert{a}
\sublptr{A}\sublptr{a}
\subrptr{A}\subrptr{a}
\whistle{A}\whistle{a}
\partvoice{A}\partvoice{a}
Table 20: wsuipa Text-mode Accents

Aa
gg
\dental{A}\dental{a}
Aa

\underarch{A}\underarch{a}
Table 21: phonetic Text-mode Accents

Aa
\hill{A}\hill{a}
Aa
\rc{A}\rc{a}
Aa
{ {
Aa
\od{A}\od{a}
Aa
\syl{A}\syl{a}
\ohill{A}\ohill{a}
A..
.. a
\td{A}\td{a}
{ {
Aa
\ut{A}\ut{a}
The phonetic package provides a few additional macros for linguistic accents. \acbar
and \acarc compose characters with multiple accents; for example, \acbar{\}{a}
produces and \acarc{\"}{e} produces . \labvel joins two characters with

a
e
an arc: \labvel{mn} mn. \upbar is intended to go between characters as in
x\upbar{}y x y. Lastly, \uplett behaves like \textsuperscript but uses a
smaller font. Contrast p\uplett{h} ph with p\textsuperscript{h}
ph .
Table 22: metre Text-mode Accents
Aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
``
Aa
Aa
\acutus{A}\acutus{a}
\breve{A}\breve{a}
\circumflexus{A}\circumflexus{a}
\diaeresis{A}\diaeresis{a}
\gravis{A}\gravis{a}
\macron{A}\macron{a}
18
a
A
Aa
a
A
Table 23: t4phonet Text-mode Accents

\textdoublegrave{A}\textdoublegrave{a}
\textvbaraccent{A}\textvbaraccent{a}
\textdoublevbaraccent{A}\textdoublevbaraccent{a}
The idea behind the t4phonet packages text-mode accents is to provide an interface
to some of the accents in the T4 font encoding (accents marked with in Table 17
on page 16) but using the same names as the tipa accents presented in Table 18 on
page 16.
Table 24: arcs Text-mode Accents

Aa
\overarc{A}\overarc{a}
Aa
\underarc{A}\underarc{a}
The accents shown above scale only to a few characters wide. An optional macro
argument alters the eective width of the accented characters. See the arcs documentation for more information.
Table 25: semtrans Accents

Aa
Aa
\D{A}\D{a}
\U{A}\U{a}
\T{A}\T{a}
aA
\T is not actually an accent but a command that rotates its argument 180 using the
graphicx packages \rotatebox command.
Table 26: ogonek Accents

Aa
\k{A}\k{a}
Table 27: combelow Accents

Aa
,,
\cb{A}\cb{a}
\cb places a comma above letters with descenders. Hence, while \cb{s} produces
s, \cb{g} produces g.
,
19
Table 28: wsuipa Diacritics
s
k
u
m
p
\ain
\corner
\downp
\downt
\halflength
v
n
q
{
z
\leftp
\leftt
\length
\midtilde
\open
x
~
w
o
i
h
j
r
y
|
\overring
\polishhook
\rightp
\rightt
\secstress
}
t
l
\stress
\syllabic
\underdots
\underwedge
\upp
\upt
\underring
\undertilde
The wsuipa package denes all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents.
However, it does provide \diatop and \diaunder commands, which are used to compose diacritics with other characters. For example, \diatop[\overring|a] produces
x, and \diaunder[\underdots|a] produces r. See the wsuipa documentation
a
a
Table 29: textcomp Diacritics
\textacutedbl
\textasciiacute
\textasciibreve
\textasciicaron
\textasciidieresis
\textasciigrave
\textasciimacron
\textgravedbl
The textcomp package denes all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents.
Table 30: textcomp Currency Symbols
\textbaht
\textcent
\textcentoldstyle
\textcolonmonetary
\textcurrency
\textdollar
\textdollaroldstyle
\textdong
\texteuro
\textflorin
\textguarani
\textlira
\textnaira
\textpeso
\textsterling
\textwon
\textyen
Its generally preferable to use the corresponding symbol from Table 3 on page 10
because the symbols in that table work properly in both text mode and math mode.
Table 31: marvosym Currency Symbols
\Denarius
\Ecommerce
e
d
\EUR
\EURcr
D
c
\EURdig
\EURhv
\EURtm
\EyesDollar
\Pfund
\Shilling
The dierent euro signs are meant to be visually compatible with dierent fonts
Courier (\EURcr), Helvetica (\EURhv), Times Roman (\EURtm), and the marvosym
digits listed in Table 197 (\EURdig). The mathdesign package redenes \texteuro to
be visually compatible with one of three additional fonts: Utopia ( ), Charter ( ),
or Garamond ( ).
Table 32: wasysym Currency Symbols
\cent
20
\currency
Table 33: C in
h A2e Currency Symbols
\Euro
\Pound
Table 34: teubner Currency Symbols
\denarius
\dracma
\hemiobelion
\stater
\tetartemorion
Table 35: eurosym Euro Signs

A
C
\geneuro
B
C
C
C
\geneuronarrow
\geneurowide
\officialeuro
\euro is automatically mapped to one of the aboveby default, \officialeuro

based on a eurosym package option. See the eurosym documentation for more information. The \geneuro. . . characters are generated from the current body fonts C
character and therefore may not appear exactly as shown.
Table 36: fourier Euro Signs

\eurologo
\texteuro
Table 37: textcomp Legal Symbols
\textcircledP
\textcopyleft
c
r
\textcopyright
\textregistered
TM
\textservicemark
\texttrademark
A
available.
See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tradesyms for solutions to common problems that occur when using these symbols (e.g., getting a r
when you expected to get a ).
Table 38: cclicenses Creative Commons License Icons
\ccby
BY:
\ccnc
\ccnd
\cc
CC
\ccsa
These symbols utilize the rotating package and therefore display improperly in some
DVI viewers.
21
Table 39: textcomp Old-style Numerals
\textzerooldstyle
\textoneoldstyle
\texttwooldstyle
\textthreeoldstyle
\textfouroldstyle
\textfiveoldstyle
\textsixoldstyle
\textsevenoldstyle
\texteightoldstyle
\textnineoldstyle
Rather than use the bulky \textoneoldstyle, \texttwooldstyle, etc. commands

shown above, consider using \oldstylenums{. . .} to typeset an old-style number.
Table 40: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols
\textasteriskcentered
\textbardbl
\textbigcircle
\textblank
\textbrokenbar
\textbullet
\textdagger
\textdaggerdbl
\textdblhyphen
\textdblhyphenchar
\textdiscount
\textestimated
\textinterrobang
\textinterrobangdown
\textmusicalnote
\textnumero
\textopenbullet
a
o
'
\textordfeminine
\textordmasculine
\textparagraph
\textperiodcentered
\textpertenthousand
\textperthousand
\textpilcrow
\textquotesingle
\textquotestraightbase
\textquotestraightdblbase
\textrecipe
\textreferencemark
\textsection
\textthreequartersemdash
\texttildelow
\texttwelveudash
A
available.
Table 41: Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols

\permil
22
Mathematical symbols
Most, but not all, of the symbols in this section are math-mode only. That is, they yield a Missing $
inserted error message if not used within $. . .$, \[. . .\], or another math-mode environment. Operators
marked as variable-sized are taller in displayed formulas, shorter in in-text formulas, and possibly shorter still
when used in various levels of superscripts or subscripts.
Alphanumeric symbols (e.g., L and ) are usually produced using one of the math alphabets in Table 213
rather than with an explicit symbol command. Look there rst if you need a symbol for a transform, number set,
or some other alphanumeric.
Although there have been many requests on comp.text.tex for a contradiction symbol, the ensuing discussion invariably reveals innumerable ways to represent contradiction in a proof, including (\blitza),
(\Rightarrow\Leftarrow), (\bot), (\nleftrightarrow), and (\textreferencemark). Because of the lack of notational consensus, it is probably better to spell out Contradiction! than to use a symbol for
this purpose. Similarly, discussions on comp.text.tex have revealed that there are a variety of ways to indicate the
mathematical notion of is dened as. Common candidates include (\triangleq), (\equiv), (vardef
ious 1 ), and = (\stackrel{\text{\tiny def}}{=}). See also the example of \equalsfill on page 118. De
pending upon the context, disjoint union may be represented as (\coprod), (\sqcup), (\dotcup),
(\oplus), or any of a number of other symbols.2 Finally, the average value of a variable x is written by some
people as x (\overline{x}), by some people as x (\langle x \rangle), and by some people as x or
x (\diameter x or \varnothing x). The moral of the story is that you should be careful always to explain
your notation to avoid confusing your readers.
Table 42: Math-Mode Versions of Text Symbols

$
...
\mathdollar
\mathellipsis
\mathparagraph
\mathsection
\mathsterling
\mathunderscore
Table 43: cmll Unary Operators

!
\oc
\shift
\shneg
\shpos
\wn
\oc and \wn dier from ! and ? in terms of their math-mode spacing: $A=!B$
produces A =!B, for example, while $A=\oc B$ produces A = !B.
1 In txfonts, pxfonts, and mathtools the symbol is called \coloneqq. In mathabx and MnSymbol its called \coloneq. In colonequals
its called \colonequals.
2 Bob Tennent listed these and other disjoint-union symbol possibilities in a November 2007 post to comp.text.tex.
23
Table 44: Binary Operators
\amalg
\ast
\bigcirc
\bigtriangledown
\bigtriangleup
\bullet
\cap
\cdot
\circ
\cup
\dagger
\ddagger
\diamond
\div
\lhd
\mp
\odot
\ominus
\oplus
\oslash
\otimes
\pm
\rhd
\setminus
\sqcap
\sqcup
\star
\times
\triangleleft
\triangleright
\unlhd
\unrhd
\uplus
\vee
\wedge
\wr
A
Not predened in L TEX 2 . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,
txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.
Table 45: AMS Binary Operators

\barwedge
\boxdot
\boxminus
\boxplus
\boxtimes
\Cap
\centerdot
\circledast
\circledcirc
\circleddash
\Cup
\curlyvee
\curlywedge
\divideontimes
\dotplus
\doublebarwedge
\intercal
\leftthreetimes
\ltimes
\rightthreetimes
\rtimes
\smallsetminus
\veebar
Some people use a superscripted \intercal for matrix transpose: A^\intercal

A . (See the May 2009 comp.text.tex thread, raising math symbols, for suggestions about altering the height of the superscript.) \top (Table 139 on page 59),
T, and \mathsf{T} are other popular choices: A , AT , AT .
24
Table 46: stmaryrd Binary Operators

\baro
\bbslash
\binampersand
\bindnasrepma
\boxast
\boxbar
\boxbox
\boxbslash
\boxcircle
\boxdot
\boxempty
\boxslash
\curlyveedownarrow
\curlyveeuparrow
\curlywedgedownarrow
\curlywedgeuparrow
\fatbslash
\fatsemi
\fatslash
\interleave
\leftslice
\merge
\minuso
\moo
\nplus
\obar
\oblong
\obslash
\ogreaterthan
\olessthan
\ovee
\owedge
\rightslice
\sslash
\talloblong
\varbigcirc
\varcurlyvee
\varcurlywedge
\varoast
\varobar
\varobslash
\varocircle
\varodot
\varogreaterthan
\varolessthan
\varominus
\varoplus
\varoslash
\varotimes
\varovee
\varowedge
\vartimes
\Ydown
\Yleft
\Yright
\Yup
Table 47: wasysym Binary Operators

\lhd
\LHD
\ocircle
\rhd
\RHD
\unlhd
\unrhd
Table 48: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators

\circledbar
\circledbslash
\circledvee
\circledwedge
\invamp
\medbullet
25
\medcirc
\sqcapplus
\sqcupplus
Table 49: mathabx Binary Operators

\ast
\Asterisk
\barwedge
\bigstar
\bigvarstar
\blackdiamond
\cap
\circplus
\coasterisk
\coAsterisk
\convolution
\cup
\curlyvee
\curlywedge
\divdot
\divideontimes
\dotdiv
\dotplus
\dottimes
\doublebarwedge
\doublecap
\doublecup
\ltimes
\pluscirc
\rtimes
\sqbullet
\sqcap
\sqcup
\sqdoublecap
\sqdoublecup
\square
\squplus
\udot
\uplus
\varstar
\vee
\veebar
\veedoublebar
\wedge
Many of the above glyphs go by multiple names. \centerdot is equivalent to

\sqbullet, and \ast is equivalent to *. \asterisk produces the same glyph as
\ast, but as an ordinary symbol, not a binary operator. Similarly, \bigast produces
a large-operator version of the \Asterisk binary operator, and \bigcoast produces
a large-operator version of the \coAsterisk binary operator.
Table 50: MnSymbol Binary Operators
\amalg
\ast
\backslashdiv
\bowtie
\bullet
\cap
\capdot
\capplus
\cdot
\circ
\closedcurlyvee
\closedcurlywedge
\cup
\cupdot
\cupplus
\curlyvee
\curlyveedot
\curlywedge
\curlywedgedot
\ddotdot
\diamonddots
\doublesqcup
\doublevee
\doublewedge
\downtherefore
\downY
\dtimes
\fivedots
\hbipropto
\hdotdot
\lefthalfcap
\lefthalfcup
\lefttherefore
\leftthreetimes
\leftY
\ltimes
\medbackslash
\medcircle
\medslash
\medvert
\medvertdot
\minus
\righttherefore
\rightthreetimes
\rightY
\rtimes
\slashdiv
\smallprod
\sqcap
\sqcapdot
\sqcapplus
\sqcup
\sqcupdot
\sqcupplus
\squaredots
\times
\udotdot
\uptherefore
\upY
\utimes
\vbipropto
\vdotdot
\vee
26
\div
\dotmedvert
\dotminus
\doublecap
\doublecup
\doublecurlyvee
\doublecurlywedge
\doublesqcap
\minusdot
\mp
\neswbipropto
\nwsebipropto
\plus
\pm
\righthalfcap
\righthalfcup
\veedot
\vertbowtie
\vertdiv
\wedge
\wedgedot
\wreath
MnSymbol denes \setminus and \smallsetminus as synonyms for \medbackslash;

\Join as a synonym for \bowtie; \wr as a synonym for \wreath; \shortmid as a
synonym for \medvert; \Cap as a synonym for \doublecap; \Cup as a synonym for
\doublecup; and, \uplus as a synonym for \cupplus.
Table 51: mathdesign Binary Operators

\dtimes
\udtimes
\utimes
The mathdesign package additionally provides versions of each of the binary operators
shown in Table 45 on page 24.
Table 52: cmll Binary Operators

`
&
\parr
\with
\with diers from & in terms of its math-mode spacing: $A \& B$ produces
A&B, for example, while $A \with B$ produces A & B.
Table 53: shue Binary Operators
\cshuffle
\shuffle
Table 54: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators
\odplus
27
f
n
k
e
g
d
h
Table 55: mathabx Geometric Binary Operators

\blacktriangledown
\blacktriangleleft
\blacktriangleright
\blacktriangleup
\boxasterisk
\boxbackslash
\boxbot
\boxcirc
\boxcoasterisk
\boxdiv
\boxdot
\boxleft
\boxminus
\boxplus
i
m
j
o
l
f
n
k
e
g
d
h
\boxright
\boxslash
\boxtimes
\boxtop
\boxtriangleup
\boxvoid
\oasterisk
\obackslash
\obot
\ocirc
\ocoasterisk
\odiv
\odot
\oleft
i
m
j
o
l
\ominus
\oplus
\oright
\oslash
\otimes
\otop
\otriangleup
\ovoid
\smalltriangledown
\smalltriangleleft
\smalltriangleright
\smalltriangleup
Table 56: MnSymbol Geometric Binary Operators
\boxbackslash
\boxbox
\boxdot
\boxminus
\boxplus
\boxslash
\boxtimes
\boxvert
\diamondbackslash
\diamonddiamond
\diamonddot
\diamondminus
\diamondplus
\diamondslash
\diamondtimes
\diamondvert
\downslice
\filleddiamond
\filledmedsquare
\filledmedtriangledown
\filledmedtriangleleft
\filledmedtriangleright
\filledmedtriangleup
\filledsquare
\filledstar
\filledtriangledown
\filledtriangleleft
\filledtriangleright
\filledtriangleup
\meddiamond
\medsquare
\medstar
\medtriangledown
\medtriangleleft
\medtriangleright
\medtriangleup
\oast
\obackslash
\ocirc
\odot
\ominus
\oplus
\oslash
\ostar
\otimes
\otriangle
\overt
\pentagram
\smalldiamond
\smallsquare
\smallstar
\smalltriangledown
\smalltriangleleft
\smalltriangleright
\smalltriangleup
\thinstar
\upslice
MnSymbol denes \blacksquare as a synonym for \filledmedsquare; \square and

\Box as synonyms for \medsquare; \diamond as a synonym for \smalldiamond;
\Diamond as a synonym for \meddiamond; \star as a synonym for \thinstar;
\circledast as a synonym for \oast; \circledcirc as a synonym for \ocirc; and,
\circleddash as a synonym for \ominus.
28
Table 57: Variable-sized Math Operators

\bigcap
\bigotimes
\bigwedge
\prod
\bigcup
\bigsqcup
\coprod
\sum
\bigodot
\biguplus
\int
\bigoplus
\bigvee
\oint
Table 58: AMS Variable-sized Math Operators

\iint
\iiint
\iiiint
\idotsint
Table 59: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators

\bigbox
\biginterleave
\bigsqcap
\bigcurlyvee
\bignplus
\bigtriangledown
\bigcurlywedge
\bigparallel
\bigtriangleup
Table 60: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators

\int
\iint
\iiint
\varint
\varoint
\oiint
None of the preceding symbols are dened when wasysym is passed the nointegrals
option.
Not dened when wasysym is passed the integrals option.
Dened only when wasysym is passed the integrals option. Otherwise, the default
A
L TEX \int glyph (as shown in Table 57) is used.
29
Table 61: mathabx Variable-sized Math Operators
\bigcurlyvee
\bigsqcap
\bigcurlywedge
\bigboxasterisk
\bigboxbackslash
\bigboxbot
\bigboxcirc
\bigboxcoasterisk
\bigboxdiv
\bigboxdot
\bigboxleft
\bigboxminus
\bigboxplus
\bigboxright
\bigboxslash
\bigboxtimes
\bigboxtop
\bigboxtriangleup
\bigboxvoid
\bigcomplementop
\bigoasterisk
\bigobackslash
\bigobot
\bigocirc
\bigocoasterisk
\bigodiv
\bigoleft
\bigominus
30
\bigoright
\bigoslash
\bigotop
\bigotriangleup
\bigovoid
\bigplus
\bigsquplus
\bigtimes
\iiint
\iint
\int
\oiint
\oint
Table 62: txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators
\bigsqcapplus
\ointclockwise
\bigsqcupplus
\ointctrclockwise
\fint
\sqiiint
\idotsint
\sqiint
\iiiint
\sqint
\iiint
\varoiiintclockwise
\iint
\varoiiintctrclockwise
\oiiintclockwise
\varoiintclockwise
\oiiintctrclockwise
\varoiintctrclockwise
\oiiint
\varointclockwise
\oiintclockwise
\varointctrclockwise
\oiintctrclockwise
\varprod
\oiint
31
Table 63: esint Variable-sized Math Operators
\dotsint
%
#
\ointclockwise
\fint
\ointctrclockwise
\iiiint
\iiint
\iint
&
\landdownint
$
\landupint
\sqiint
\sqint
"
\varoiint
\varointclockwise
\varointctrclockwise
\oiint
Table 64: MnSymbol Variable-sized Math Operators
\bigcap
\bigominus
\complement
\bigcapdot
\bigoplus
\coprod
\bigcapplus
\bigoslash
\idotsint
\bigcircle
\bigostar
\iiiint
\bigcup
\bigotimes
\iiint
\bigcupdot
\bigotriangle
\iint
\bigcupplus
\bigovert
\int
\bigcurlyvee
\bigplus
\landdownint
\bigcurlyveedot
\bigsqcap
\landupint
\bigcurlywedge
\bigsqcapdot
\lcircleleftint
\bigcurlywedgedot
\bigsqcapplus
\lcirclerightint
32
\bigsqcup
\oiint
\bigdoublecurlywedge
\bigsqcupdot
\oint
\bigsqcupplus
\prod
\bigdoublecurlyvee
\bigdoublevee
\bigdoublewedge
\bigtimes
\rcircleleftint
\bigoast
\bigvee
\rcirclerightint
\bigobackslash
\bigveedot
\strokedint
\bigocirc
\bigwedge
\sum
\bigodot
\bigwedgedot
\sumint
MnSymbol denes \biguplus as a synonym for \bigcupplus.
Table 65: mathdesign Variable-sized Math Operators

\intclockwise
\ointclockwise
\oiiint
\ointctrclockwise
\oiint
The mathdesign package provides three versions of each integralin fact, of every
symbolto accompany dierent text fonts: Utopia ( ), Garamond ( ), and Charter ( ).
Table 66: cmll Large Math Operators
\bigparr
33
\bigwith
Table 67: Binary Relations
\approx
\asymp
\bowtie
\cong
\dashv
\doteq
|
|=
\equiv
\frown
\Join
\mid
\models
\parallel
\perp
\prec
\preceq
\propto
\sim
\simeq
\smile
\succ
\succeq
\vdash
A
mathabx, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.
The dierence between \mid and | is that the former is a binary relation while
A
the latter is a math ordinal. Consequently, L TEX typesets the two with dierent
surrounding spacing. Contrast P(A | B) P (A|B) with P(A \mid B)
P (A | B).
Table 68: AMS Binary Relations

\approxeq
\backepsilon
\backsim
\backsimeq
\because
\between
\Bumpeq
\bumpeq
\circeq
\curlyeqprec
\curlyeqsucc
\doteqdot
\eqcirc
\fallingdotseq
\multimap
\pitchfork
\precapprox
\preccurlyeq
\precsim
\risingdotseq
\shortmid
\shortparallel
\smallfrown
\smallsmile
\succapprox
\succcurlyeq
\succsim
\therefore
\thickapprox
\thicksim
\varpropto
\Vdash
\vDash
\Vvdash
Table 69: AMS Negated Binary Relations

\ncong
\nmid
\nparallel
\nprec
\npreceq
\nshortmid
\nshortparallel
\nsim
\nsucc
\nsucceq
\nvDash
\nvdash
\nVDash
\precnapprox
\precnsim
\succnapprox
\succnsim
Table 70: stmaryrd Binary Relations

\inplus
\niplus
34
Table 71: wasysym Binary Relations

\invneg
\Join
\leadsto
\logof
\wasypropto
Table 72: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations

\circledgtr
\circledless
\colonapprox
\Colonapprox
\coloneq
\Coloneq
\Coloneqq
\coloneqq
\Colonsim
\colonsim
\Eqcolon
\eqcolon
\eqqcolon
\Eqqcolon
\eqsim
\lJoin
\lrtimes
\multimap
\multimapboth
\multimapbothvert
\multimapdot
\multimapdotboth
\multimapdotbothA
\multimapdotbothAvert
\multimapdotbothB
\multimapdotbothBvert
\multimapdotbothvert
\multimapdotinv
\multimapinv
\openJoin
\opentimes
\Perp
\preceqq
\precneqq
\rJoin
\strictfi
\strictif
\strictiff
\succeqq
\succneqq
\varparallel
\varparallelinv
\VvDash
As an alternative to using txfonts/pxfonts, a := symbol can be constructed with

\mathrel{\mathop:}=.
Table 73: txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations

\napproxeq
\nasymp
\nbacksim
\nbacksimeq
\nbumpeq
\nBumpeq
\nequiv
\nprecapprox
\npreccurlyeq
\npreceqq
\nprecsim
\nsimeq
\nsuccapprox
\nsucccurlyeq
\nsucceqq
\nsuccsim
35
\nthickapprox
\ntwoheadleftarrow
\ntwoheadrightarrow
\nvarparallel
\nvarparallelinv
\nVdash
2

%
#
&
!
)
A
A
Table 74: mathabx Binary Relations

\between
\botdoteq
\Bumpedeq
\bumpedeq
\circeq
\coloneq
\corresponds
\curlyeqprec
\curlyeqsucc
\DashV
\Dashv
\dashVv

$
'
"
\divides
\dotseq
\eqbumped
\eqcirc
\eqcolon
\fallingdotseq
\ggcurly
\llcurly
\precapprox
\preccurlyeq
\precdot
\precsim
T

@
D
@
D
\risingdotseq
\succapprox
\succcurlyeq
\succdot
\succsim
\therefore
\topdoteq
\vDash
\Vdash
\VDash
\Vvdash
Table 75: mathabx Negated Binary Relations

'
)
C
G
9
C
G
$
0
1
%
\napprox
\ncong
\ncurlyeqprec
\ncurlyeqsucc
\nDashv
\ndashV
\ndashv
\nDashV
\ndashVv
\neq
\notasymp
\notdivides
\notequiv
&
(
\notperp
\nprec
\nprecapprox
\npreccurlyeq
\npreceq
\nprecsim
\nsim
\nsimeq
\nsucc
\nsuccapprox
\nsucccurlyeq
\nsucceq
\nsuccsim
B
F
8
\nvDash
\nVDash
\nVdash
\nvdash
\nVvash
\precnapprox
\precneq
\precnsim
\succnapprox
\succneq
\succnsim
The \changenotsign command toggles the behavior of \not to produce either a

vertical or a diagonal slash through a binary operator. Thus, $a \not= b$ can be
made to produce either a = b or a = b.
Table 76: MnSymbol Binary Relations
\approx
\approxeq
\backapprox
\backapproxeq
\backcong
\backeqsim
\eqbump
\eqcirc
\eqdot
\eqsim
\equal
\equalclosed
\nwfootline
\nwfree
\nwmodels
\nwModels
\nwsecrossing
\nwseline
36
\seVdash
\shortparallel
\sim
\simeq
\succ
\succapprox
\backsim
\backsimeq
\backtriplesim
\between
\bumpeq
\Bumpeq
\circeq
\closedequal
\closedprec
\closedsucc
\coloneq
\cong
\curlyeqprec
\curlyeqsucc
\doteq
\Doteq
\downfootline
\downfree
\downmodels
\downModels
\downpropto
\downvdash
\downVdash
\equiv
\equivclosed
\fallingdotseq
\hateq
\hcrossing
\leftfootline
\leftfree
\leftmodels
\leftModels
\leftpropto
\leftrightline
\Leftrightline
\leftslice
\leftvdash
\leftVdash
\nefootline
\nefree
\nemodels
\neModels
\neswline
\Neswline
\nevdash
\neVdash
\Nwseline
\nwvdash
\nwVdash
\prec
\precapprox
\preccurlyeq
\preceq
\precsim
\rightfootline
\rightfree
\rightmodels
\rightModels
\rightpropto
\rightslice
\rightvdash
\rightVdash
\risingdotseq
\sefootline
\sefree
\semodels
\seModels
\separated
\sevdash
\succcurlyeq
\succeq
\succsim
\swfootline
\swfree
\swmodels
\swModels
\swvdash
\swVdash
\triplesim
\updownline
\Updownline
\upfootline
\upfree
\upmodels
\upModels
\uppropto
\upvdash
\upVdash
\vcrossing
\Vvdash
MnSymbol additionally denes synonyms for some of the preceding symbols:
\dashv
\diagdown
\diagup
\divides
\doteqdot
\models
\parallel
\perp
\propto
\relbar
\Relbar
\varpropto
\vDash
\VDash
\vdash
\Vdash
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
37
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
\leftvdash)
\nwseline)
\neswline)
\updownline)
\Doteq)
\rightmodels)
\Updownline)
\upvdash)
\leftpropto)
\leftrightline)
\Leftrightline)
\leftpropto)
\rightmodels)
\rightModels)
\rightvdash)
\rightVdash)
Table 77: MnSymbol Negated Binary Relations
\napprox
\napproxeq
\nbackapprox
\nbackapproxeq
\nbackcong
\nbackeqsim
\nbacksim
\nbacksimeq
\nbacktriplesim
\nbumpeq
\nBumpeq
\ncirceq
\nclosedequal
\ncong
\ncurlyeqprec
\ncurlyeqsucc
\ndoteq
\nDoteq
\ndownfootline
\ndownfree
\ndownmodels
\ndownModels
\ndownvdash
\ndownVdash
\neqbump
\neqcirc
\neqdot
\neqsim
\nequal
\nequalclosed
\nequiv
\nequivclosed
\neswcrossing
\nfallingdotseq
\nhateq
\nleftfootline
\nleftfree
\nleftmodels
\nleftModels
\nleftrightline
\nLeftrightline
\nleftvdash
\nleftVdash
\nnefootline
\nnefree
\nnemodels
\nneModels
\nneswline
\nNeswline
\nnevdash
\nneVdash
\nnwfootline
\nnwfree
\nnwmodels
\nnwModels
\nnwseline
\nNwseline
\nnwvdash
\nnwVdash
\nprec
\nprecapprox
\npreccurlyeq
\npreceq
\nprecsim
\nrightfootline
\nrightfree
\nrightmodels
\nrightModels
\nrightvdash
\nrightVdash
\nrisingdotseq
\nsefootline
\nsefree
\nsemodels
\nseModels
\nsevdash
\nseVdash
\nshortmid
\nshortparallel
\nsim
\nsimeq
\nsucc
\nsuccapprox
\nsucccurlyeq
\nsucceq
\nsuccsim
\nswfootline
\nswfree
\nswmodels
\nswModels
\nswvdash
\nswVdash
\ntriplesim
\nupdownline
\nUpdownline
\nupfootline
\nupfree
\nupmodels
\nupModels
\nupvdash
\nupVdash
\precnapprox
\precnsim
\succnapprox
\succnsim
\ndashv
\ndiagdown
\ndiagup
\ndivides
\ne
\neq
\nmid
\nmodels
\nparallel
\nperp
\nrelbar
\nRelbar
\nvDash
\nvdash
\nVdash
\nVDash
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
38
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
\nleftvdash)
\nnwseline)
\nneswline)
\nupdownline)
\nequal)
\nequal)
\nupdownline)
\nrightmodels)
\nUpdownline)
\nupvdash)
\nleftrightline)
\nLeftrightline)
\nrightmodels)
\nrightvdash)
\nrightVdash)
\nrightModels)
Table 78: mathtools Binary Relations

::
:
:=
::=
::
:
:
::
::
:
\Colonapprox
\colonapprox
\coloneqq
\Coloneqq
\Coloneq
\coloneq
\colonsim
\Colonsim
\dblcolon
\eqcolon
::
=:
=::
\Eqcolon
\eqqcolon
\Eqqcolon
Similar symbols can be dened using mathtoolss \vcentcolon, which produces a

colon centered on the fonts math axis:
=:=
=:=
=:=
vs.
=\vcentcolon=
Table 79: turnstile Binary Relations

def
def
\dddtstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\nntstile{abc}{def}
\ddststile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\nnttstile{abc}{def}
\ddtstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\nsdtstile{abc}{def}
\ddttstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\nsststile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\dndtstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\nststile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\dnststile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\nsttstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\dntstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\dnttstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\dsdtstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\dsststile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\dststile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\dsttstile{abc}{def}
abc
def
abc
def
abc
def
abc
abc
abc
def
abc
abc
abc
abc
abc
\tddtstile{abc}{def}
abc
\tdststile{abc}{def}
abc
\tdtstile{abc}{def}
abc
\tdttstile{abc}{def}
\nttstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\tndtstile{abc}{def}
\ntttstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\tnststile{abc}{def}
\sddtstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\tntstile{abc}{def}
\sdststile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\tnttstile{abc}{def}
\sdtstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\tsdtstile{abc}{def}
\sdttstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\tsststile{abc}{def}
def
\dtststile{abc}{def}
\stttstile{abc}{def}
def
\ntststile{abc}{def}
def
\dtdtstile{abc}{def}
abc
\sttstile{abc}{def}
def
\ntdtstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
abc
def
\stststile{abc}{def}
def
def
def
abc
def
abc
def
abc
def
\stdtstile{abc}{def}
def
def
abc
def
abc
def
39

def
\dttstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\sndtstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\tststile{abc}{def}
\dtttstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\snststile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\tsttstile{abc}{def}
\nddtstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\sntstile{abc}{def}
\ndststile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\snttstile{abc}{def}
\ndtstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\ssdtstile{abc}{def}
\ndttstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\ssststile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\nndtstile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\sststile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\nnststile{abc}{def}
def
abc
\ssttstile{abc}{def}
abc
def
abc
def
abc
def
abc
def
abc
def
abc
def
abc
def
abc
def
abc
def
abc
\ttdtstile{abc}{def}
\ttststile{abc}{def}
\tttstile{abc}{def}
\ttttstile{abc}{def}
Each of the above takes an optional argument that controls the size of the upper and
lower expressions. See the turnstile documentation for more information.
Table 80: trsym Binary Relations

\InversTransformHoriz
\InversTransformVert
\TransformHoriz
\TransformVert
Table 81: trfsigns Binary Relations

..
..
..
..
..
..
\dfourier
\fourier
\laplace
\ztransf
..
..
\Dfourier
\Fourier
\Laplace
\Ztransf
Table 82: cmll Binary Relations
\coh
\incoh
40
\scoh
\sincoh
Table 83: colonequals Binary Relations

:
::
:
::
::
::=
\approxcolon
\approxcoloncolon
\colonapprox
\coloncolon
\coloncolonapprox
\coloncolonequals
::
::
:=
:
:
=:
=::
:
::
:
:
::
\coloncolonminus
\coloncolonsim
\colonequals
\colonminus
\colonsim
\equalscolon
\equalscoloncolon
\minuscolon
\minuscoloncolon
\ratio
\simcolon
\simcoloncolon
Table 84: fourier Binary Relations

\nparallelslant
\parallelslant
Table 85: Subset and Superset Relations

\sqsubset
\sqsubseteq
\sqsupset
\sqsupseteq
\subset
\subseteq
\supset
\supseteq
A
mathabx, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.
Table 86: AMS Subset and Superset Relations

\nsubseteq
\nsupseteq
\nsupseteqq
\sqsubset
\sqsupset
\Subset
\subseteqq
\subsetneq
\subsetneqq
\Supset
\supseteqq
\supsetneq
\supsetneqq
\varsubsetneq
\varsubsetneqq
\varsupsetneq
\varsupsetneqq
Table 87: stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations

\subsetplus
\subsetpluseq
\supsetplus
\supsetpluseq
Table 88: wasysym Subset and Superset Relations

\sqsubset
\sqsupset
Table 89: txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations

\nsqsubset
\nsqsubseteq
\nsqsupset
\nsqsupseteq
\nSubset
\nsubseteqq
41
\nSupset
Table 90: mathabx Subset and Superset Relations

\nsqsubset
\nsqSubset
\nsqsubseteq
\nsqsubseteqq
\nsqsupset
\nsqSupset
\nsqsupseteq
\nsqsupseteqq
\nsubset
\nSubset
\nsubseteq
\nsubseteqq
\nsupset
\nSupset
\nsupseteq
\nsupseteqq
\sqsubset
\sqSubset
\sqsubseteq
\sqsubseteqq
\sqsubsetneq
\sqsubsetneqq
\sqSupset
\sqsupset
\sqsupseteq
\sqsupseteqq
\sqsupsetneq
\sqsupsetneqq
\subset
\Subset
\subseteq
\subseteqq
\subsetneq
\subsetneqq
\supset
\Supset
\supseteq
\supseteqq
\supsetneq
\supsetneqq
\varsqsubsetneq
\varsqsubsetneqq
\varsqsupsetneq
\varsqsupsetneqq
\varsubsetneq
\varsubsetneqq
\varsupsetneq
\varsupsetneqq
Table 91: MnSymbol Subset and Superset Relations
\nSqsubset
\nsqsubset
\nsqsubseteq
\nsqsubseteqq
\nSqsupset
\nsqsupset
\nsqsupseteq
\nsqsupseteqq
\nSubset
\nsubset
\nsubseteq
\nsubseteqq
\nSupset
\nsupset
\nsupseteq
\nsupseteqq
\Sqsubset
\sqsubset
\sqsubseteq
\sqsubseteqq
\sqsubsetneq
\sqsubsetneqq
\Sqsupset
\sqsupset
\sqsupseteq
\sqsupseteqq
\sqsupsetneq
\sqsupsetneqq
\Subset
\subset
\subseteq
\subseteqq
\subsetneq
\subsetneqq
\Supset
\supset
\supseteq
\supseteqq
\supsetneq
\supsetneqq
MnSymbol additionally denes \varsubsetneq as a synonym for \subsetneq,

\varsubsetneqq as a synonym for \subsetneqq, \varsupsetneq as a synonym for
\supsetneq, and \varsupsetneqq as a synonym for \supsetneqq.
Table 92: Inequalities
\geq
\gg
\leq
42
\ll
\neq
Table 93: AMS Inequalities

\eqslantgtr
\gtrdot
\lesseqgtr
\ngeq
\eqslantless
\gtreqless
\lesseqqgtr
\ngeqq
\geqq
\gtreqqless
\lessgtr
\ngeqslant
\geqslant
\gtrless
\lesssim
\ngtr
\ggg
\gtrsim
\lll
\nleq
\gnapprox
\gvertneqq
\lnapprox
\nleqq
\gneq
\leqq
\lneq
\nleqslant
\gneqq
\leqslant
\lneqq
\nless
\gnsim
\lessapprox
\lnsim
\gtrapprox
\lessdot
\lvertneqq
Table 94: wasysym Inequalities

\apprge
\apprle
Table 95: txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities

\ngg
\ngtrapprox
\ngtrless
\ngtrsim
\nlessapprox
\nlessgtr
43
\nlesssim
\nll
Table 96: mathabx Inequalities
\eqslantgtr
\gtreqless
\lesssim
\ngtr
\eqslantless
\gtreqqless
\ll
\ngtrapprox
\geq
\gtrless
\lll
\ngtrsim
\geqq
\gtrsim
\lnapprox
\nleq
\gg
\gvertneqq
\lneq
\nleqq
\ggg
\leq
\lneqq
\nless
\gnapprox
\leqq
\lnsim
\nlessapprox
\gneq
\lessapprox
\lvertneqq
\nlesssim
\gneqq
\lessdot
\neqslantgtr
\nvargeq
\gnsim
\lesseqgtr
\neqslantless
\nvarleq
\gtrapprox
\lesseqqgtr
\ngeq
\vargeq
\gtrdot
\lessgtr
\ngeqq
\varleq
mathabx denes \leqslant and \le as synonyms for \leq, \geqslant and \ge as
synonyms for \geq, \nleqslant as a synonym for \nleq, and \ngeqslant as a synonym for \ngeq.
44
Table 97: MnSymbol Inequalities
\eqslantgtr
\gtreqqless
\lesssim
\ngtreqless
\eqslantless
\gtrless
\ll
\ngtreqlessslant
\geq
\gtrneqqless
\lll
\ngtreqqless
\geqclosed
\gtrsim
\lnapprox
\ngtrless
>
\geqdot
\geqq
\geqslant
\geqslantdot
\gg
\ggg
\gnapprox
\gneqq
<
\gnsim
\gtr
\gtrapprox
\gtrclosed
\gtrdot
\gtreqlessslant
\leqclosed
\leqdot
\leqq
\leqslant
\leqslantdot
\less
\lessapprox
\lessclosed
\lessdot
\lesseqgtr
\lneqq
\lnsim
\neqslantgtr
\neqslantless
\ngeq
\ngeqclosed
\ngeqdot
\ngeqq
\ngeqslant
\nleq
\nleqclosed
\nleqdot
\nleqq
\nleqslant
\nleqslantdot
\nless
\nlessclosed
\nlessdot
\ngeqslantdot
\ngg
\nlesseqgtrslant
\lesseqgtrslant
\gtreqless
\leq
\nggg
\nlesseqqgtr
\lesseqqgtr
\ngtr
\nlessgtr
\lessgtr
\lessneqqgtr
\ngtrclosed
\ngtrdot
\nlesseqgtr
\nll
\nlll
\gggtr
\gvertneqq
\lhd
\llless
\lvertneqq
\ntrianglelefteq
\ntriangleleft
\ntrianglerighteq
\ntriangleright
\rhd
\trianglelefteq
\trianglerighteq
\unlhd
\unrhd
\vartriangleleft
\vartriangleright
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
\ggg)
\gneqq)
\lessclosed)
\lll)
\lneqq)
\nleqclosed)
\nlessclosed)
\ngeqclosed)
\ngtrclosed)
\gtrclosed)
\leqclosed)
\geqclosed)
\leqclosed)
\geqclosed)
\lessclosed)
\gtrclosed)
45
Table 98: AMS Triangle Relations

\blacktriangleleft
\blacktriangleright
\ntriangleleft
\ntrianglelefteq
\ntriangleright
\ntrianglerighteq
\trianglelefteq
\triangleq
\trianglerighteq
\vartriangleleft
\vartriangleright
Table 99: stmaryrd Triangle Relations

\trianglelefteqslant
\ntrianglelefteqslant
\trianglerighteqslant
\ntrianglerighteqslant
Table 100: mathabx Triangle Relations
\ntriangleleft
\ntrianglelefteq
\ntriangleright
\ntrianglerighteq
\triangleleft
\trianglelefteq
46
\triangleright
\trianglerighteq
\vartriangleleft
\vartriangleright
Table 101: MnSymbol Triangle Relations

\filledmedtriangledown
\filledmedtriangleleft
\filledmedtriangleright
\filledmedtriangleup
\filledtriangledown
\filledtriangleleft
\filledtriangleright
\filledtriangleup
\largetriangledown
\largetriangleleft
\largetriangleright
\largetriangleup
\medtriangledown
\medtriangleleft
\medtriangleright
\medtriangleup
\ntriangleeq
\ntriangleleft
\ntrianglelefteq
\ntriangleright
\ntrianglerighteq
\otriangle
\smalltriangledown
\smalltriangleleft
\smalltriangleright
\smalltriangleup
\triangleeq
\trianglelefteq
\trianglerighteq
\vartriangleleft
\vartriangleright
MnSymbol additionally denes synonyms for many of the preceding symbols: \triangleq is a synonym for \triangleeq; \lhd and \lessclosed
are synonyms for \vartriangleleft; \rhd and \gtrclosed are synonyms for
\vartriangleright; \unlhd and \leqclosed are synonyms for \trianglelefteq;
\unrhd and \geqclosed are synonyms for \trianglerighteq; \blacktriangledown,
\blacktriangleleft, \blacktriangleright, and \blacktriangle [sic] are synonyms for, respectively, \filledmedtriangledown, \filledmedtriangleleft,
\filledmedtriangleright, and \filledmedtriangleup; \triangleright is a synonym for \medtriangleright; \triangle, \vartriangle, and \bigtriangleup are
synonyms for \medtriangleup; \triangleleft is a synonym for \medtriangleleft;
\triangledown and \bigtriangledown are synonyms for \medtriangledown;
\nlessclosed is a synonym for \ntriangleleft; \ngtrclosed is a synonym
for \ntriangleright; \nleqclosed is a synonym for \ntrianglelefteq; and
\ngeqclosed is a synonym for \ntrianglerighteq.
The title Triangle Relations is a bit of a misnomer here as only \triangleeq
and \ntriangleeq are dened as TEX relations (class 3 symbols).
The
\largetriangle. . . symbols are dened as TEX ordinary characters (class 0) and
all of the remaining characters are dened as TEX binary operators (class 2).
Table 102: Arrows
\Downarrow
\downarrow
\hookleftarrow
\hookrightarrow
\leadsto
\leftarrow
\Leftarrow
\Leftrightarrow
\leftrightarrow
\longleftarrow
\Longleftarrow
\longleftrightarrow
\Longleftrightarrow
\longmapsto
\Longrightarrow
\longrightarrow
\mapsto
\nearrow
\nwarrow
\Rightarrow
\rightarrow
\searrow
\swarrow
\uparrow
\Uparrow
\updownarrow
\Updownarrow
A
txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.
See the note beneath Table 169 for information about how to put a diagonal arrow
across a mathematical expression (as in
47
) .
Table 103: Harpoons

\leftharpoondown
\leftharpoonup
\rightharpoondown
\rightharpoonup
\rightleftharpoons
Table 104: textcomp Text-mode Arrows
\textdownarrow
\textleftarrow
\textrightarrow
\textuparrow
Table 105: AMS Arrows

\circlearrowleft
\circlearrowright
\curvearrowleft
\curvearrowright
\dashleftarrow
\dashrightarrow
\downdownarrows
\leftarrowtail
\leftleftarrows
\leftrightarrows
\leftrightsquigarrow
\Lleftarrow
\looparrowleft
\looparrowright
\Lsh
\rightarrowtail
\rightleftarrows
\rightrightarrows
\rightsquigarrow
\Rsh
\twoheadleftarrow
\twoheadrightarrow
\upuparrows
Table 106: AMS Negated Arrows

\nLeftarrow
\nleftarrow
\nLeftrightarrow
\nleftrightarrow
\nRightarrow
\nrightarrow
Table 107: AMS Harpoons

\downharpoonleft
\downharpoonright
\leftrightharpoons
\rightleftharpoons
\upharpoonleft
\upharpoonright
Table 108: stmaryrd Arrows
\leftarrowtriangle
\leftrightarroweq
\leftrightarrowtriangle
\lightning
\Longmapsfrom
\longmapsfrom
\Longmapsto
\Mapsfrom
\mapsfrom
\Mapsto
\nnearrow
\nnwarrow
\rightarrowtriangle
\shortdownarrow
48
\shortleftarrow
\shortrightarrow
\shortuparrow
\ssearrow
\sswarrow
Table 109: txfonts/pxfonts Arrows

\boxdotLeft
\boxdotleft
\boxdotright
\boxdotRight
\boxLeft
\boxleft
\boxright
\boxRight
\circleddotleft
\circleddotright
\circleleft
\circleright
\dashleftrightarrow
\DiamonddotLeft
\Diamonddotleft
\Diamonddotright
\DiamonddotRight
\DiamondLeft
\Diamondleft
\Diamondright
\DiamondRight
\leftsquigarrow
\Nearrow
\Nwarrow
\Rrightarrow
\Searrow
\Swarrow
Table 110: mathabx Arrows

\circlearrowleft
\circlearrowright
\curvearrowbotleft
\curvearrowbotleftright
\curvearrowbotright
\curvearrowleft
\curvearrowleftright
\curvearrowright
\dlsh
\downdownarrows
\downtouparrow
\downuparrows
\drsh
\leftarrow
\leftleftarrows
\leftrightarrow
\leftrightarrows
\leftsquigarrow
\lefttorightarrow
\looparrowdownleft
\looparrowdownright
\looparrowleft
\looparrowright
\Lsh
\nearrow
\nwarrow
\restriction
\rightarrow
\rightleftarrows
\rightrightarrows
\rightsquigarrow
\righttoleftarrow
\Rsh
\searrow
\swarrow
\updownarrows
\uptodownarrow
\upuparrows
Table 111: mathabx Negated Arrows
\nLeftarrow
\nleftarrow
\nleftrightarrow
\nLeftrightarrow
\nrightarrow
\nRightarrow
Table 112: mathabx Harpoons

\barleftharpoon
\barrightharpoon
\downdownharpoons
\downharpoonleft
\downharpoonright
\downupharpoons
\leftbarharpoon
\leftharpoondown
\leftharpoonup
\leftleftharpoons
\leftrightharpoon
\leftrightharpoons
\rightbarharpoon
\rightharpoondown
\rightharpoonup
\rightleftharpoon
49
\rightleftharpoons
\rightrightharpoons
\updownharpoons
\upharpoonleft
\upharpoonright
\upupharpoons
Table 113: MnSymbol Arrows
\curvearrowdownup
\curvearrowleftright
\curvearrownesw
\curvearrownwse
\curvearrowrightleft
\curvearrowsenw
\curvearrowswne
\curvearrowupdown
\dasheddownarrow
\dashedleftarrow
\dashednearrow
\dashednwarrow
\dashedrightarrow
\dashedsearrow
\dashedswarrow
\dasheduparrow
\Downarrow
\downarrow
\downarrowtail
\downdownarrows
\downlsquigarrow
\downmapsto
\downrsquigarrow
\downuparrows
\lcirclearrowdown
\lcirclearrowleft
\lcirclearrowright
\lcirclearrowup
\lcurvearrowdown
\lcurvearrowleft
\lcurvearrowne
\lcurvearrownw
\lcurvearrowright
\lcurvearrowse
\lcurvearrowsw
\lcurvearrowup
\Leftarrow
\leftarrow
\leftarrowtail
\leftleftarrows
\leftlsquigarrow
\leftmapsto
\leftrightarrow
\Leftrightarrow
\leftrightarrows
\leftrsquigarrow
\lhookdownarrow
\longleftarrow
\Longleftarrow
\longleftrightarrow
\Longleftrightarrow
\longmapsto
\longrightarrow
\Longrightarrow
\looparrowleft
\looparrowright
\Lsh
\nearrow
\Nearrow
\nearrowtail
\nelsquigarrow
\nemapsto
\nenearrows
\nersquigarrow
\neswarrow
\Neswarrow
\neswarrows
\nwarrow
\Nwarrow
\nwarrowtail
\nwlsquigarrow
\nwmapsto
\nwnwarrows
\nwrsquigarrow
\nwsearrow
\Nwsearrow
\nwsearrows
\partialvardlcircleleftint
\partialvardlcirclerightint
\partialvardrcircleleftint
\partialvardrcirclerightint
\partialvartlcircleleftint
\partialvartlcirclerightint
\partialvartrcircleleftint
\partialvartrcirclerightint
\rcirclearrowdown
\rcirclearrowleft
\rcirclearrowright
\rcirclearrowup
\rcurvearrowdown
\rcurvearrowleft
\rcurvearrowne
\rcurvearrownw
\rcurvearrowright
\rhookswarrow
\rhookuparrow
\rightarrow
\Rightarrow
\rightarrowtail
\rightleftarrows
\rightlsquigarrow
\rightmapsto
\rightrightarrows
\rightrsquigarrow
\Rrightarrow
\Rsh
\searrow
\Searrow
\searrowtail
\selsquigarrow
\semapsto
\senwarrows
\sersquigarrow
\sesearrows
\squigarrowdownup
\squigarrowleftright
\squigarrownesw
\squigarrownwse
\squigarrowrightleft
\squigarrowsenw
\squigarrowswne
\squigarrowupdown
\swarrow
\Swarrow
\swarrowtail
\swlsquigarrow
\swmapsto
\swnearrows
\swrsquigarrow
\swswarrows
\twoheaddownarrow
\twoheadleftarrow
\twoheadnearrow
\twoheadnwarrow
\twoheadrightarrow
\twoheadsearrow
\twoheadswarrow
\twoheaduparrow
\uparrow
\Uparrow
\uparrowtail
50
\lhookleftarrow
\lhooknearrow
\lhooknwarrow
\lhookrightarrow
\lhooksearrow
\lhookswarrow
\lhookuparrow
\lightning
\Lleftarrow
\rcurvearrowse
\rcurvearrowsw
\rcurvearrowup
\rhookdownarrow
\rhookleftarrow
\rhooknearrow
\rhooknwarrow
\rhookrightarrow
\rhooksearrow
\updownarrow
\Updownarrow
\updownarrows
\uplsquigarrow
\upmapsto
\uprsquigarrow
\upuparrows
\circlearrowleft
\circlearrowright
\curvearrowleft
\curvearrowright
\dashleftarrow
\dashrightarrow
\hookleftarrow
\hookrightarrow
\leadsto
\mapsto
\rightsquigarrow
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
\rcirclearrowup)
\lcirclearrowup)
\rcurvearrowleft)
\lcurvearrowright)
\dashedleftarrow)
\dashedrightarrow)
\rhookleftarrow)
\lhookrightarrow)
\rightlsquigarrow)
\squigarrowleftright)
\rightmapsto)
\rightlsquigarrow)
The \partialvar. . . int macros are intended to be used internally by MnSymbol to

produce various types of integrals.
Table 114: MnSymbol Negated Arrows
\ncurvearrowdownup
\ncurvearrowleftright
\ncurvearrownesw
\ncurvearrownwse
\ncurvearrowrightleft
\ncurvearrowsenw
\ncurvearrowswne
\ncurvearrowupdown
\ndasheddownarrow
\ndashedleftarrow
\ndashednearrow
\ndashednwarrow
\ndashedrightarrow
\ndashedsearrow
\nlhooknwarrow
\nlhookrightarrow
\nlhooksearrow
\nlhookswarrow
\nlhookuparrow
\nLleftarrow
\nnearrow
\nNearrow
\nnearrowtail
\nnelsquigarrow
\nnemapsto
\nnenearrows
\nnersquigarrow
\nNeswarrow
\nrightleftarrows
\nrightlsquigarrow
\nrightmapsto
\nrightrightarrows
\nrightrsquigarrow
\nRrightarrow
\nSearrow
\nsearrow
\nsearrowtail
\nselsquigarrow
\nsemapsto
\nsenwarrows
\nsersquigarrow
\nsesearrows
51
\ndashedswarrow
\ndasheduparrow
\ndownarrow
\nDownarrow
\ndownarrowtail
\ndowndownarrows
\ndownlsquigarrow
\ndownmapsto
\ndownrsquigarrow
\ndownuparrows
\nlcirclearrowdown
\nlcirclearrowleft
\nlcirclearrowright
\nlcirclearrowup
\nlcurvearrowdown
\nlcurvearrowleft
\nlcurvearrowne
\nlcurvearrownw
\nlcurvearrowright
\nlcurvearrowse
\nlcurvearrowsw
\nlcurvearrowup
\nLeftarrow
\nleftarrow
\nleftarrowtail
\nleftleftarrows
\nleftlsquigarrow
\nleftmapsto
\nleftrightarrow
\nLeftrightarrow
\nleftrightarrows
\nleftrsquigarrow
\nlhookdownarrow
\nlhookleftarrow
\nlhooknearrow
\nneswarrow
\nneswarrows
\nNwarrow
\nnwarrow
\nnwarrowtail
\nnwlsquigarrow
\nnwmapsto
\nnwnwarrows
\nnwrsquigarrow
\nnwsearrow
\nNwsearrow
\nnwsearrows
\nrcirclearrowdown
\nrcirclearrowleft
\nrcirclearrowright
\nrcirclearrowup
\nrcurvearrowdown
\nrcurvearrowleft
\nrcurvearrowne
\nrcurvearrownw
\nrcurvearrowright
\nrcurvearrowse
\nrcurvearrowsw
\nrcurvearrowup
\nrhookdownarrow
\nrhookleftarrow
\nrhooknearrow
\nrhooknwarrow
\nrhookrightarrow
\nrhooksearrow
\nrhookswarrow
\nrhookuparrow
\nrightarrow
\nRightarrow
\nrightarrowtail
\nsquigarrowdownup
\nsquigarrowleftright
\nsquigarrownesw
\nsquigarrownwse
\nsquigarrowrightleft
\nsquigarrowsenw
\nsquigarrowswne
\nsquigarrowupdown
\nswarrow
\nSwarrow
\nswarrowtail
\nswlsquigarrow
\nswmapsto
\nswnearrows
\nswrsquigarrow
\nswswarrows
\ntwoheaddownarrow
\ntwoheadleftarrow
\ntwoheadnearrow
\ntwoheadnwarrow
\ntwoheadrightarrow
\ntwoheadsearrow
\ntwoheadswarrow
\ntwoheaduparrow
\nuparrow
\nUparrow
\nuparrowtail
\nupdownarrow
\nUpdownarrow
\nupdownarrows
\nuplsquigarrow
\nupmapsto
\nuprsquigarrow
\nupuparrows
52
\ncirclearrowleft
\ncirclearrowright
\ncurvearrowleft
\ncurvearrowright
\ndasharrow
\ndashleftarrow
\ndashrightarrow
\ngets
\nhookleftarrow
\nhookrightarrow
\nleadsto
\nleftrightsquigarrow
\nmapsto
\nrightsquigarrow
\nto
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
(same
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
as
\nrcirclearrowup)
\nlcirclearrowup)
\nrcurvearrowleft)
\nlcurvearrowright)
\ndashedrightarrow)
\ndashedleftarrow)
\ndashedrightarrow)
\nleftarrow)
\nrhookleftarrow)
\nlhookrightarrow)
\nrightlsquigarrow)
\nsquigarrowleftright)
\nrightmapsto)
\nrightlsquigarrow)
\nrightarrow)
Table 115: MnSymbol Harpoons
\downharpoonccw
\downharpooncw
\downupharpoons
\leftharpoonccw
\leftharpooncw
\leftrightharpoondownup
\leftrightharpoons
\leftrightharpoonupdown
\neharpoonccw
\neharpooncw
\neswharpoonnwse
\neswharpoons
\neswharpoonsenw
\nwharpoonccw
\nwharpooncw
\nwseharpoonnesw
\nwseharpoons
\nwseharpoonswne
\rightharpoonccw
\rightharpooncw
\rightleftharpoons
\seharpoonccw
\seharpooncw
\senwharpoons
\swharpoonccw
\swharpooncw
\swneharpoons
\updownharpoonleftright
\updownharpoonrightleft
\updownharpoons
\upharpoonccw
\upharpooncw
Where marked, the ccw sux can be replaced with up and the cw sux can be
replaced with down. (In addition, \upharpooncw can be written as \restriction.)
Table 116: MnSymbol Negated Harpoons
\ndownharpoonccw
\ndownharpooncw
\ndownupharpoons
\nleftharpoonccw
\nleftharpooncw
\nleftrightharpoondownup
\nleftrightharpoons
\nleftrightharpoonupdown
\nneharpoonccw
\nneharpooncw
\nneswharpoonnwse
\nneswharpoons
\nneswharpoonsenw
\nnwharpoonccw
\nnwharpooncw
\nnwseharpoonnesw
\nnwseharpoons
\nnwseharpoonswne
\nrightharpoonccw
\nrightharpooncw
\nrightleftharpoons
\nseharpoonccw
\nseharpooncw
\nsenwharpoons
\nswharpoonccw
\nswharpooncw
\nswneharpoons
\nupdownharpoonleftright
\nupdownharpoonrightleft
\nupdownharpoons
\nupharpoonccw
\nupharpooncw
Where marked, the ccw sux can be replaced with up and the cw sufx can be replaced with down. (In addition, \nupharpooncw can be written as
\nrestriction.)
53
Table 117: harpoon Extensible Harpoons

abc
\overleftharp{abc}
abc
\overrightharpdown{abc}
abc
\underrightharp{abc}
abc
\overleftharpdown{abc}
abc
\underleftharp{abc}
abc
\underrightharpdown{abc}
abc
\overrightharp{abc}
abc
\underleftharpdown{abc}
All of the harpoon symbols are implemented using the graphics package (specically,
graphicss \resizebox command). Consequently, only TEX backends that support
graphical transformations (e.g., not Xdvi) can properly display these symbols.
Table 118: chemarrow Arrows

A
\chemarrow
Table 119: fge Arrows

!
\fgerightarrow
"
\fgeuparrow
Table 120: MnSymbol Spoons

\downfilledspoon
\downspoon
\leftfilledspoon
\leftspoon
\ndownfilledspoon
\ndownspoon
\nefilledspoon
\nespoon
\nleftfilledspoon
\nleftspoon
\nnefilledspoon
\nnespoon
\nnwfilledspoon
\nnwspoon
\nrightfilledspoon
\nrightspoon
\nsefilledspoon
\nsespoon
\nswfilledspoon
\nswspoon
\nupfilledspoon
\nupspoon
\nwfilledspoon
\nwspoon
\rightfilledspoon
\rightspoon
\sefilledspoon
\sespoon
\swfilledspoon
\swspoon
\upfilledspoon
\upspoon
MnSymbol denes \multimap as a synonym for \rightspoon and \nmultimap as a

synonym for \nrightspoon.
Table 121: MnSymbol Pitchforks
\downpitchfork
\leftpitchfork
\ndownpitchfork
\nepitchfork
\nleftpitchfork
\nnepitchfork
\nnwpitchfork
\nrightpitchfork
\nsepitchfork
\nswpitchfork
\nuppitchfork
\nwpitchfork
\rightpitchfork
\sepitchfork
\swpitchfork
\uppitchfork
MnSymbol denes \pitchfork as a synonym for \uppitchfork and \npitchfork as

a synonym for \nuppitchfork.
54
Table 122: MnSymbol Smiles and Frowns
\doublefrown
\doublefrowneq
\doublesmile
\doublesmileeq
\eqfrown
\eqsmile
\frown
\frowneq
\frowneqsmile
\frownsmile
\frownsmileeq
\ndoublefrown
\ndoublefrowneq
\ndoublesmile
\ndoublesmileeq
\neqfrown
\neqsmile
\nfrown
\nfrowneq
\nfrowneqsmile
\nfrownsmile
\nfrownsmileeq
\nsmile
\nsmileeq
\nsmileeqfrown
\nsmilefrown
\nsmilefrowneq
\nsqdoublefrown
\nsqdoublefrowneq
\nsqdoublesmile
\nsqdoublesmileeq
\nsqeqfrown
\nsqeqsmile
\nsqfrown
\nsqfrowneq
\nsqfrowneqsmile
\nsqfrownsmile
\nsqsmile
\nsqsmileeq
\nsqsmileeqfrown
\nsqsmilefrown
\nsqtriplefrown
\nsqtriplesmile
\ntriplefrown
\ntriplesmile
\smile
\smileeq
\smileeqfrown
\smilefrown
\smilefrowneq
\sqdoublefrown
\sqdoublefrowneq
\sqdoublesmile
\sqdoublesmileeq
\sqeqfrown
\sqeqsmile
\sqfrown
\sqfrowneq
\sqfrowneqsmile
\sqfrownsmile
\sqsmile
\sqsmileeq
\sqsmileeqfrown
\sqsmilefrown
\sqtriplefrown
\sqtriplesmile
\triplefrown
\triplesmile
MnSymbol denes \smallsmile as a synonym for \smile, \smallfrown as a synonym

for \frown, \asymp as a synonym for \smilefrown, and \nasymp as a synonym for
\nsmilefrown.
Table 123: ulsy Contradiction Symbols
\blitza
\blitzb
\blitzc
\blitzd
\blitze
Table 124: Extension Characters
\relbar
\Relbar
Table 125: stmaryrd Extension Characters

\Arrownot
\arrownot
\Mapsfromchar
\mapsfromchar
\Mapstochar
Table 126: txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters

\Mappedfromchar
\mappedfromchar
\Mmappedfromchar
\mmappedfromchar
55
\Mmapstochar
\mmapstochar
Table 127: mathabx Extension Characters
\mapsfromchar
\Mapsfromchar
\mapstochar
\Mapstochar
Table 128: Log-like Symbols

\arccos
\arcsin
\arctan
\arg
\cos
\cosh
\cot
\coth
\csc
\deg
\det
\dim
\exp
\gcd
\hom
\inf
\ker
\lg
\lim
\liminf
\limsup
\ln
\log
\max
\min
\Pr
\sec
\sin
\sinh
\sup
\tan
\tanh
Calling the above symbols may be a bit misleading.3 Each log-like symbol merely
produces the eponymous textual equivalent, but with proper surrounding spacing.
See Section 8.4 for more information about log-like symbols. As \bmod and \pmod are
A
arguably not symbols we refer the reader to the Short Math Guide for L TEX [Dow00]
for samples.
Table 129: AMS Log-like Symbols

inj lim
\injlim
proj lim
\projlim
lim
lim
\varinjlim
lim
\varlimsup
\varliminf
lim
\varprojlim
Load the amsmath package to get these symbols. See Section 8.4 for some additional
comments regarding log-like symbols. As \mod and \pod are arguably not symbols
A
we refer the reader to the Short Math Guide for L TEX [Dow00] for samples.
3 Michael
\Complex
\COMPLEX
Table 130: C in
h A2e Number Sets
\Integer
\INTEGER
\Natural
\NATURAL
J. Downes prefers the more general term, atomic math objects.
56
\Rational
\RATIONAL
\Real
\REAL
Table 131: Greek Letters
\theta
\vartheta
\iota
\kappa
\lambda
\mu
\nu
\xi
\alpha
\beta
\gamma
\delta
\epsilon
\varepsilon
\zeta
\eta
o
\pi
\varpi
\rho
\varrho
\sigma
\varsigma
\tau
\upsilon
\phi
\varphi
\chi
\psi
\omega
\Gamma
\Delta
\Theta
\Lambda
\Xi
\Pi
\Sigma
\Upsilon
\Phi
\Psi
\Omega
The remaining Greek majuscules can be produced with ordinary Latin letters. The
symbol M, for instance, is used for both an uppercase m and an uppercase .
See Section 8.5 for examples of how to produce bold Greek letters.
The symbols in this table are intended to be used in mathematical typesetting. Greek
body text can be typeset using the babel packages greek (or polutonikogreek) option
and, of course, a font that provides the glyphs for the Greek alphabet.
Table 132: AMS Greek Letters

\digamma
\varkappa
Table 133: txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters
\alphaup
\betaup
\gammaup
\deltaup
\epsilonup
\varepsilonup
\zetaup
\etaup
\thetaup
\varthetaup
\iotaup
\kappaup
\lambdaup
\muup
\nuup
\xiup
57
\piup
\varpiup
\rhoup
\varrhoup
\sigmaup
\varsigmaup
\tauup
\upsilonup
\phiup
\varphiup
\chiup
\psiup
\omegaup
Table 134: upgreek Upright Greek Letters
\upalpha
\upbeta
\upgamma
\updelta
\upepsilon
\upvarepsilon
\upzeta
\upeta
\uptheta
\upvartheta
\upiota
\upkappa
\uplambda
\upmu
\upnu
\upxi
\uppi
\upvarpi
\uprho
\upvarrho
\upsigma
\upvarsigma
\uptau
\upupsilon
\upphi
\upvarphi
\upchi
\uppsi
\upomega
\Upgamma
\Updelta
\Uptheta
\Uplambda
\Upxi
\Uppi
\Upsigma
\Upupsilon
\Upphi
\Uppsi
\Upomega
upgreek utilizes upright Greek characters from either the PostScript Symbol font
(depicted above) or Euler Roman. As a result, the glyphs may appear slightly dierent
from the above. Contrast, for example, (Symbol) with (Euler).
Table 135: fourier Variant Greek Letters
\pi
\varpi
\varvarpi
\rho
\varrho
\varvarrho
Table 136: txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters

\varg
\varv
\varw
\vary
Pass the varg option to txfonts/pxfonts to replace g, v, w, and y with , , , and

every mathematical expression in your document.
Table 137: AMS Hebrew Letters

\beth
\gimel
\daleth
\aleph () appears in Table 201 on page 73.
Table 138: MnSymbol Hebrew Letters
\aleph
\beth
58
\gimel
\daleth
in
Table 139: Letter-like Symbols
\bot
\ell
\exists
\forall
\hbar
\Im
\imath
\in
\jmath
\ni
\partial
\Re
\top
\wp
Table 140: AMS Letter-like Symbols

\Bbbk
\circledR
\circledS
\complement
\Finv
\Game
\hbar
\hslash
\nexists
Table 141: txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols
\mathcent
\mathsterling
\notin
\notni
Table 142: mathabx Letter-like Symbols
e
h
p
q
\barin
\complement
\exists
\Finv
\Game
i
w
\in
\nexists
\notbot
\notin
\notowner
f
g
\nottop
\owns
\ownsbar
\partial
\partialslash
\varnotin
\varnotowner
Table 143: MnSymbol Letter-like Symbols
\bot
\exists
\forall
\in
\nexists
\nin
\nowns
\owns
\powerset
\top
\wp
MnSymbol provides synonyms \notin for \nin, \ni for \owns, and \intercal for
\top.
Table 144: trfsigns Letter-like Symbols

e
\e
59
\im
Table 145: mathdesign Letter-like Symbols
\in
\notin
\notsmallin
\notsmallowns
\owns
\smallin
\smallowns
The mathdesign package additionally provides versions of each of the letter-like symbols shown in Table 140 on the previous page.
Table 146: fge Letter-like Symbols

A
c
p
e
\fgeA
\fgec
\fged
\fgee
F
f
D
C
B
s
\fgeeszett
\fgeF
\fgef
\fgelb
\fgeleftB
\fgeleftC
\fgerightB
\fges
\fgeU
The fge package denes \fgeeta, \fgeN, and \fgeoverU as synonyms for \fgelb.
Table 147: fourier Letter-like Symbols
\partial
\varpartialdiff
Table 148: AMS Delimiters

\ulcorner
\llcorner
\urcorner
\lrcorner
Table 149: stmaryrd Delimiters

\Lbag
\llceil
\llparenthesis
\Rbag
\rrceil
\rrparenthesis
\lbag
\llfloor
Table 150: mathabx Delimiters
\lcorners
\rcorners
x
z
\ulcorner
\llcorner
y
{
\urcorner
\lrcorner
Table 151: nath Delimiters

\niv
\vin
60
\rbag
\rrfloor
Table 152: Variable-sized Delimiters
\Downarrow
\langle
\rangle
\lceil
\rceil
\lfloor
\rfloor
\downarrow
\uparrow
]
\|
\Uparrow
\updownarrow
\Updownarrow
}
\backslash
\{
\}
When used with \left and \right, these symbols expand to the height of the enclosed math expression. Note that \vert is a synonym for |, and \Vert is a synonym
for \|.
-TEX provides a \middle analogue to \left and \right. \middle can be used, for
example, to make an internal | expand to the height of the surrounding \left and
\right symbols. (This capability is commonly needed when typesetting adjacent bras
and kets in Dirac notation: | ). A similar eect can be achieved in conventional
A
L TEX using the braket package.
\lmoustache
\arrowvert
Table 153: Large, Variable-sized Delimiters
\lgroup
\rmoustache

\Arrowvert
\bracevert
\rgroup
These symbols must be used with \left and \right. The mathabx package, however,
redenes \lgroup and \rgroup so that those symbols can work without \left and
\right.
Table 154: AMS Variable-sized Delimiters

|
\lvert
\lVert
\rvert
\rVert
According to the amsmath documentation [AMS99], the preceding symbols are intended to be used as delimiters (e.g., as in |z|) while the \vert and \Vert symbols
(Table 152) are intended to be used as operators (e.g., as in p|q).
61
Table 155: stmaryrd Variable-sized Delimiters

\llbracket
\rrbracket
Table 156: mathabx Variable-sized Delimiters

v
1
7
7
7
7

\ldbrack
\lfilet
\thickvert
\rdbrack
?
?
? ? \rfilet
?

~ \vvvert
Table 157: MnSymbol Variable-sized Delimiters
\lceil
\lfloor
\ulcorner
\urcorner
\rfloor
\llcorner
\lrcorner
\rwavy
\langle
\rangle
\rWavy
\lsem
\lWavy
(
\lwavy
\rceil
\rsem
\lmoustache
\langlebar
\rmoustache
\backslash
\ranglebar
\lgroup
\llangle
\lbrace
<
\rgroup
\rrangle
\rbrace
>
62
\ullcorner
\arrowvert
\|
\bracevert
\Arrowvert
\vert is a synonym for |. \Vert is a synonym for \|. \mid and \mvert produce the
same symbol as \vert but designated as math relations instead of ordinals. \divides
produces the same symbol as \vert but designated as a binary operator instead of an
ordinal. \parallel and \mVert produce the same symbol as \Vert but designated
as math relations instead of ordinals.
Table 158: mathdesign Variable-sized Delimiters

\leftwave
\rightwave
\leftevaw
\rightevaw
The denitions of these symbols include a preceding \left or \right. It is therefore

an error to specify \left or \right explicitly. The internal, primitive versions of
these symbols are called \lwave, \rwave, \levaw, and \revaw.
63
\ulrcorner
Table 159: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Double)

\lAngle
[[
\rAngle
]]
\lBrack
\rBrack
\lCeil
\lFloor
||
\rCeil
\rFloor
\lVert
||
\rVert
nath redenes all of the above to include implicit \left and \right commands.
Hence, separate \lVert and \rVert commands are needed to disambiguate whether
| is a left or right delimiter.
All of the symbols in Table 159 can also be expressed using the \double macro. See
the nath documentation for examples and additional information.
Table 160: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Triple)

\triple<
\triple>
[[[
]]]
\triple]
|||
\triple[
\ltriple|
|||
\rtriple|
Similar to \lVert and \rVert in Table 159, \ltriple and \rtriple must be used
instead of \triple to disambiguate whether | is a left or right delimiter.
Note that \tripleand the corresponding \doubleis actually a macro that takes
a delimiter as an argument.
Table 161: fourier Variable-sized Delimiters

\llbracket
\rrbracket
\VERT
64
Table 162: textcomp Text-mode Delimiters
\textlangle
\textlbrackdbl
\textlquill
\textrangle
\textrbrackdbl
\textrquill
Table 163: metre Text-mode Delimiters

}
{
\alad
\alas
\angud
\angus
}
{
\Alad
\Alas
\Angud
\Angus
]]
[[
\crux
\quadrad
\quadras
\Crux
]]
[[
\Quadrad
\Quadras
Table 164: Math-mode Accents

a
\acute{a}
\bar{a}
\breve{a}
\check{a}
\ddot{a}
\dot{a}
a
`
a
\grave{a}
\hat{a}
\mathring{a}
\tilde{a}
\vec{a}
Also note the existence of \imath and \jmath, which produce dotless versions of i
and j . (See Table 201 on page 73.) These are useful when the accent is supposed
to replace the dot. For example, \hat{\imath} produces a correct , while
\hat{i} would yield the rather odd-looking .

i
Table 165: AMS Math-mode Accents

...
....
a \dddot{a}
a \ddddot{a}
These accents are also provided by the mathabx and accents packages and are redened
by the mathdots package if the amsmath and amssymb packages have previously been
loaded. All of the variations except for the original AMS ones tighten the space
...
between the dots (from a to The mathabx and mathdots versions also function
a).
...
a
properly within subscripts and superscripts (x instead of x a ) .
Table 166: MnSymbol Math-mode Accents

a
\vec{a}
Table 167: fge Math-mode Accents
A
a
\spirituslenis{A}\spirituslenis{a}
When fge is passed the crescent option, \spirituslenis instead uses a crescent
accent as in .
a
65
Table 168: yhmath Math-mode Accents
\ring{a}
A
This symbol is largely obsolete, as standard L TEX 2 has supported \mathring since
A
June, 1998 [L T98].
Table 169: Extensible Accents
abc
abc
\widehat{abc}
\overleftarrow{abc}
abc
abc
abc
\overline{abc}
abc
\underline{abc}
abc
abc
\overbrace{abc}
abc
\underbrace{abc}
\widetilde{abc}
\overrightarrow{abc}
\sqrt{abc}
As demonstrated in a 1997 TUGboat article about typesetting long-division problems [Gib97], an extensible long-division sign ( )abc ) can be faked by putting a
\big) in a tabular environment with an \hline or \cline in the preceding row.
The article also presents a piece of code (uploaded to CTAN as longdiv.tex) that
automatically solves and typesetsby putting an \overline atop \big) and the
desired textlong-division problems. See also the polynom package, which automatically solves and typesets polynomial-division problems in a similar manner.
These symbols are made more extensible by the MnSymbol package and even more
extensible by the yhmath package.
If youre looking for an extensible diagonal line or arrow to be used for canceling or
5
reducing mathematical subexpressions (e.g., x + x or 3 + 2 ) then consider
using the cancel package.
With an optional argument, \sqrt typesets nth roots.

For example,
3
n
\sqrt[3]{abc} produces abc and \sqrt[n]{abc} produces abc .
Table 170: overrightarrow Extensible Accents

=
abc \Overrightarrow{abc}
Table 171: yhmath Extensible Accents
abc
\wideparen{abc}
abc
abc
\widering{abc}
66
\widetriangle{abc}
Table 172: AMS Extensible Accents
abc
\overleftrightarrow{abc}
abc
\underleftarrow{abc}
abc
abc
\underleftrightarrow{abc}
\underrightarrow{abc}
Table 173: MnSymbol Extensible Accents

abc
\overbrace{abc}
abc
\underbrace{abc}
abc
\overgroup{abc}
abc
\undergroup{abc}
abc
\overlinesegment{abc}
abc
\underlinesegment{abc}
abc
\overleftharpoon{abc}
abc
\overrightharpoon{abc}
abc
\widehat{abc}
abc
\widetilde{abc}
abc
\wideparen{abc}
Table 174: mathtools Extensible Accents

abc
abc
\underbrace{abc}
abc
\overbrace{abc}
\overbracket{abc}
abc
\underbracket{abc}
\overbracket and \underbracket accept optional arguments that specify the

bracket height and thickness. See the mathtools documentation for more information.
hkkikkj
Table 175: mathabx Extensible Accents
hkkk j
\overbrace{abc}
abc
\widebar{abc}
abc
\overgroup{abc}
|
abc
\widecheck{abc}
abc
loomoon \underbrace{abc}
abc
\wideparen{abc}
abc
looo n
abc
abc
\widering{abc}
abc
\undergroup{abc}
\widearrow{abc}
The braces shown for \overbrace and \underbrace appear in their minimum size.
They can expand arbitrarily wide, however.
67
Table 176: fourier Extensible Accents

abc
\widearc{abc}
abc
\wideparen{abc}
abc
\wideOarc{abc}
abc
\widering{abc}
Table 177: esvect Extensible Accents

#
abc \vv{abc} with package option a
#
abc \vv{abc} with package option b
#
abc \vv{abc} with package option c
#
abc \vv{abc} with package option d
#
abc \vv{abc} with package option e
#
abc \vv{abc} with package option f
#
abc \vv{abc} with package option g
#
abc \vv{abc} with package option h
esvect also denes a \vv* macro which is used to typeset arrows over vector variables
with subscripts. See the esvect documentation for more information.
Table 178: undertilde Extensible Accents

abc
\utilde{abc}
Because \utilde is based on \widetilde it is also made more extensible by the

yhmath package.
Table 179: ushort Extensible Accents

abc
\ushortdw{abc}
abc
\ushortw{abc}
\ushortw and \ushortdw are intended to be used with multi-character arguments

(words) while \ushortand \ushortd are intended to be used with single-character
arguments.
The underlines produced by the ushort commands are shorter than those produced
by the \underline command. Consider the output from the expression \ushort{x}
\ushort{y}\underline{x}\underline{y}, which looks like xyxy.
Table 180: AMS Extensible Arrows

abc
abc
\xleftarrow{abc}
68
\xrightarrow{abc}
Table 181: mathtools Extensible Arrows

abc
abc
abc
=
=
abc
abc
abc
abc
abc
\xhookleftarrow{abc}
abc
\xhookrightarrow{abc}
abc
=
=
\xLeftarrow{abc}
abc
\xleftharpoondown{abc}
abc
\xleftharpoonup{abc}
abc
\xleftrightarrow{abc}
\xleftrightharpoons{abc}
\xmapsto{abc}
\xRightarrow{abc}
\xrightharpoondown{abc}
\xrightharpoonup{abc}
\xrightleftharpoons{abc}
\xLeftrightarrow{abc}
Table 182: chemarr Extensible Arrows

abc
\xrightleftharpoons{abc}
Table 183: chemarrow Extensible Arrows

abc
DG G G
G G GG
def
\autoleftarrow{abc}{def}
abc
GG G G
G G GA
def
\autorightarrow{abc}{def}
abc
EG G C
G
GG G G G
G
def
\autoleftrightharpoons{abc}{def}
abc
GG G G G
G
FG G B
G
def
\autorightleftharpoons{abc}{def}
In addition to the symbols shown above, chemarrow also provides \larrowfill,

\rarrowfill, \leftrightharpoonsfill, and \rightleftharpoonsfill macros.
Each of these takes a length argument and produces an arrow of the specied length.
Table 184: extarrows Extensible Arrows

abc
=
abc
abc
==
==
abc
=
=
abc
\xLeftrightarrow{abc}
\xleftrightarrow{abc}
\xlongequal{abc}
\xLongleftarrow{abc}
abc
=
=
abc
abc
=
=
abc
\xlongleftarrow{abc}
69
\xLongleftrightarrow{abc}
\xlongleftrightarrow{abc}
\xLongrightarrow{abc}
\xlongrightarrow{abc}
Table 185: extpfeil Extensible Arrows

abc
==
==
abc
abc
\xlongequal{abc}
\xmapsto{abc}
abc
\xtwoheadleftarrow{abc}
\xtwoheadrightarrow{abc}
The extpfeil package also provides a \newextarrow command to help you dene your
own extensible arrow symbols. See the extpfeil documentation for more information.
Table 186: DotArrow Extensible Arrows

a
\dotarrow{a}
The DotArrow package provides mechanisms for lengthening the arrow, adjusting the
distance between the arrow and its symbol, and altering the arrowhead. See the
DotArrow documentation for more information.
Table 187: trfsigns Extensible Transform Symbols

\dft{a}
\DFT{a}
Table 188: holtpolt Non-commutative Division Symbols

abc
def
\holter{abc}{def}
abc
def
\polter{abc}{def}
Table 189: Dots
\cdotp
\cdots
:
..
\colon
.
\ldotp
\ddots
...
.
.
.
\vdots
\ldots
While : is valid in math mode, \colon uses dierent surrounding spacing. See
A
Section 8.4 and the Short Math Guide for L TEX [Dow00] for more information on
math-mode spacing.
The mathdots package redenes \ddots and \vdots to make them scale properly with
font size. (They normally scale horizontally but not vertically.) \fixedddots and
A
\fixedvdots provide the original, xed-height functionality of L TEX 2 s \ddots and
\vdots macros.
70
Table 190: AMS Dots
...
\because
\dotsb
\dotsc
...
\dotsi
\dotsm
\dotso
\therefore
\because and \therefore are dened as binary relations and therefore also appear
in Table 68 on page 34.
The AMS \dots symbols are named according to their intended usage: \dotsb
between pairs of binary operators/relations, \dotsc between pairs of commas, \dotsi
between pairs of integrals, \dotsm between pairs of multiplication signs, and \dotso
between other symbol pairs.
Table 191: wasysym Dots
\wasytherefore
Table 192: MnSymbol Dots
\cdot
\ddotdot
\ddots
\diamonddots
\downtherefore
\fivedots
\hdotdot
\hdots
\lefttherefore
\righttherefore
\squaredots
\udotdot
\udots
\uptherefore
\vdotdot
\vdots
MnSymbol denes \therefore as \uptherefore and \because as \downtherefore.

Furthermore, \cdotp and \colon produce the same glyphs as \cdot and \vdotdot
respectively but serve as TEX math punctuation (class 6 symbols) instead of TEX
binary operators (class 2).
All of the above except \hdots and \vdots are dened as binary operators and
therefore also appear in Table 50 on page 26. Also, unlike most of the other dot
symbols in this document, MnSymbols dots are dened as single characters instead
of as composites of multiple single-dot characters.
Table 193: mathdots Dots

.
..
\iddots
Table 194: yhmath Dots

..
\adots
71
.
.
\:
Table 195: teubner Dots

.
.
.
. \;
. . \antilabe
. \?
.
.
..
Table 196: mathcomp Math Symbols
\tccentigrade
\tcmu
\tcohm
\tcpertenthousand
\tcperthousand
Table 197: marvosym Digits

0
1
\MVZero
\MVOne
2
3
4
5
\MVTwo
\MVThree
6
7
\MVFour
\MVFive
\MVSix
\MVSeven
Table 198: fge Digits

0
\fgestruckzero
\fgestruckone
Table 199: dozenal Base-12 Digits
H
I
\x
\e
Table 200: mathabx Mayan Digits

\maya{0}
\maya{1}
P
Q
\maya{2}
\maya{3}
72
R
S
\maya{4}
\maya{5}
8
9
\MVEight
\MVNine
A
Table 201: Miscellaneous L TEX 2 Math Symbols
\aleph
\angle
\backslash
\Box,
\clubsuit
\Diamond
\diamondsuit
\emptyset
\flat
\heartsuit
\infty
\mho
\nabla
\natural
\neg
\prime
\sharp
\spadesuit
\surd
\triangle
A
txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym. Note, however, that amsfonts and amssymb dene
\Diamond to produce the same glyph as \lozenge (); the other packages produce a squarer \Diamond as depicted above.
To use \Boxor any other symbolas an end-of-proof (Q.E.D.) marker, consider

using the ntheorem package, which properly juxtaposes a symbol with the end of the
proof text.
Many people prefer the look of AMSs \varnothing (, Table 202) to that of
A
L TEXs \emptyset.
Table 202: Miscellaneous AMS Math Symbols
\angle
\backprime
\bigstar
\blacklozenge
\blacksquare
\blacktriangle
\blacktriangledown
\diagdown
\diagup
\eth
\lozenge
\measuredangle
\mho
\sphericalangle
\square
\triangledown
\varnothing
\vartriangle
Table 203: Miscellaneous wasysym Math Symbols

\Box
\mho
\Diamond
\varangle
wasysym also denes an \agemO symbol, which is the same glyph as \mho but is
intended for use in text mode.
Table 204: Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Math Symbols

\Diamondblack
\Diamonddot
\lambdabar
\lambdaslash
\varclubsuit
\vardiamondsuit
\varheartsuit
\varspadesuit
Table 205: Miscellaneous mathabx Math Symbols

H
\degree
\diagdown
\diagup
\diameter
R
5
V
\fourth
\hash
\infty
\leftthreetimes
b
8
W
7
73
\measuredangle
\pitchfork
\propto
\rightthreetimes
c
Q
\second
\sphericalangle
\third
\varhash
Table 206: Miscellaneous MnSymbol Math Symbols
\angle
\backneg
\backprime
\checkmark
\clubsuit
\diameter
\diamondsuit
\flat
\heartsuit
\infty
\invbackneg
\invneg
\maltese
\measuredangle
\nabla
\natural
\neg
\prime
\sharp
\smallint
\spadesuit
\sphericalangle
MnSymbol denes \emptyset and \varnothing as synonyms for \diameter; \lnot

and \minushookdown as synonyms for \neg; \minushookup as a synonym for
\invneg; \hookdownminus as a synonym for \backneg; and, \hookupminus as a
synonym for \invbackneg.
Table 207: Miscellaneous Internal MnSymbol Math Symbols
\partialvardint
\partialvardlanddownint
\partialvardlandupint
\partialvardlcircleleftint
\partialvardoiint
\partialvardoint
\partialvardrcircleleftint
\partialvardstrokedint
\partialvardsumint
\partialvartint
\partialvartlanddownint
\partialvartlandupint
\partialvartlcircleleftint
\partialvartoiint
\partialvartoint
\partialvartrcircleleftint
\partialvartstrokedint
\partialvartsumint
These symbols are intended to be used internally by MnSymbol to construct the

integrals appearing in Table 64 on page 32 but can nevertheless be used in isolation.
Table 208: Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols
\textdegree
\textdiv
\textfractionsolidus
\textlnot
\textminus
\textonehalf
\textonequarter
\textonesuperior
\textpm
\textsurd
\textthreequarters
\textthreesuperior
\texttimes
\texttwosuperior
If you prefer a larger degree symbol you might consider dening one as
\ensuremath{^\circ} ( ).
nicefrac (part of the units package) or the newer xfrac package can be used to construct
vulgar fractions like 1/2, 1/4, 3/4, and even c/o.
Table 209: Miscellaneous marvosym Math Symbols

W
=
\Anglesign
\Corresponds
\Squaredot
\Vectorarrow
74
\Vectorarrowhigh
Table 210: Miscellaneous fge Math Symbols

K
M
O
\fgebackslash
\fgebaracute
\fgebarcap
S
Q
N
\fgecap
\fgecapbar
\fgecup
R
P
i
\fgecupacute
\fgecupbar
\fgeinfty
h
L
Table 211: Miscellaneous mathdesign Math Symbols

\rightangle
Table 212: Miscellaneous arev Math Symbols
\steaming
\varclub
\vardiamond
\varheart
75
\varspade
\fgelangle
\fgeupbracket
Table 213: Math Alphabets

Font sample
Generating command
Required package
ABCdef123
ABCdef123
ABCdef
ABC
ABC
or
ABC
or
ABCdef123
ABC
\mathrm{ABCdef123}
\mathit{ABCdef123}
\mathnormal{ABCdef123}
\mathcal{ABC}
\mathscr{ABC}
\mathcal{ABC}
\mathcal{ABC}
\mathscr{ABC}
\mathpzc{ABCdef123}
\mathbb{ABC}
\varmathbb{ABC}
\mathbb{ABCdef123}
\mathbb{ABCdef123}
\mathbbm{ABCdef12}
\mathbbmss{ABCdef12}
\mathbbmtt{ABCdef12}
\mathds{ABC1}
\mathds{ABC1}
\symA\symB\symC
\mathfrak{ABCdef123}
\textfrak{ABCdef123}
\textswab{ABCdef123}
\textgoth{ABCdef123}
none
none
none
none
mathrsfs
calrsfs
euscript with the mathcal option
euscript with the mathscr option
none; manually dened
amsfonts, amssymb, txfonts, or pxfonts
txfonts or pxfonts
bbold or mathbbol
mbboard
bbm
bbm
bbm
dsfont
dsfont with the sans option
china2e
eufrak
yfonts
yfonts
yfonts
ABCdef123
ABCdef123
ABCdef12
ABCdef12
ABCdef12
ABC1
ABC1
ABCdef123
ABCdef123
ABCdef123
ABCf123
Put \DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathpzc}{OT1}{pzc}{m}{it} in your documents preamble to make \mathpzc typeset its argument in Zapf Chancery.
As a similar trick, you can typeset the Calligra fonts script r (or other
calligraphic symbols) in math mode by loading the calligra package and
putting
\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathcalligra}{T1}{calligra}{m}{n}
in your documents preamble to make \mathcalligra typeset its
argument in the Calligra font.
(You may also want to specify
\DeclareFontShape{T1}{calligra}{m}{n}{<->s*[2.2]callig15}{} to set
Calligra at 2.2 times its design size for a better blend with typical body fonts.)
The mathbbol package denes some additional blackboard bold characters: parentheses, square brackets, angle brackets, andif the bbgreekl option is passed to mathbbolGreek letters. For instance, <[( )]> is produced by \mathbb{\Langle
\Lbrack\Lparen\bbalpha\bbbeta\bbgamma\Rparen\Rbrack\Rangle}.
mbboard extends the blackboard bold symbol set signicantly further. It supports not
only the Greek alphabetincluding Greek-like symbols such as \bbnabla ()
but also all punctuation marks, various currency symbols such as \bbdollar ($)
and \bbeuro (), and the Hebrew alphabet (e.g., \bbfinalnun\bbyod\bbqof
\bbpe ).
76
The \sym. . . commands provided by the C in

h A2e package are actually text-mode commands. They are included in Table 213 because they resemble the blackboard-bold
symbols that appear in the rest of the table. In addition to the 26 letters of the English
alphabet, C in
h A2e provides three umlauted blackboard-bold letters: \symAE ( ),
\symOE ( ), and \symUE ( ). Note that C in
h A2e does provide math-mode commands for the most common number-set symbols. These are presented in Table 130
on page 56.
As their \text. . . names imply, the fonts provided by the yfonts package are actually
text fonts. They are included in Table 213 because they are frequently used in a
mathematical context.
An older (i.e., prior to 1991) version of the AMSs fonts rendered C, N, R, S, and Z
as C, N, R, S, and Z. As some people prefer the older glyphsmuch to the AMSs
surpriseand because those glyphs fail to build under modern versions of METAFONT, Berthold Horn uploaded PostScript fonts for the older blackboard-bold glyphs
to CTAN, to the fonts/msym10 directory. As of this writing, however, there are no
A
L TEX 2 packages for utilizing the now-obsolete glyphs.
77
Science and technology symbols

This section lists symbols that are employed in various branches of science and engineering.
Table 214: gensymb Symbols Dened to Work in Both Math and Text Mode
\celsius
\degree
\micro
\ohm
\perthousand
Table 215: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols
3
8
\AC
\VHF
\photon
\HF
\gluon
Table 216: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols
\FallingEdge
\LongPulseHigh
9
6
7
2
\LongPulseLow
\PulseHigh
4
5
\PulseLow
\RaisingEdge
\ShortPulseHigh
\ShortPulseLow
In addition, within \textifsym{. . .}, the following codes are valid:
l
v
l
L
m
w
m
M
h
r
d
h
h
H
d
D
`
a
<
<<
b
c
>
>>
mm`hhhbmm
This enables one to write \textifsym{mm<DDD>mm} to get

or
\textifsym{L|H|L|H|L} to get
. See also the timing package, which
provides a wide variety of pulse-diagram symbols within an environment designed
specically for typesetting pulse diagrams.
v|r|v|r|v
Finally, \textifsym supports the display of segmented digits, as would appear on an

LCD: \textifsym{-123.456} produces
. \textifsym{b} outputs
a blank with the same width as an .
EIPQFRST
Table 217: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol
\AR
Table 218: textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols
\textcelsius
\textmho
78
\textmu
\textohm
Table 219: steinmetz Extensible Phasor Symbol

abc
\phase{abc}
The \phase command uses the pict2e package to draw a horizontally and vertically
scalable Steinmetz phasor symbol. Consequently, \phase works only with those TEX
backends supported by pict2e. See the pict2e documentation for more information.
Table 220: wasysym Astronomical Symbols
\mercury
\venus
\earth
\mars
\jupiter
\saturn
\uranus
\neptune
\pluto
\astrosun
\fullmoon
\leftmoon
\newmoon
\rightmoon
\aries
\taurus
\gemini
\cancer
\leo
\virgo
\libra
\scorpio
\sagittarius
\aquarius
\capricornus
\pisces
\ascnode
\descnode
\conjunction
\opposition
\vernal
Table 221: marvosym Astronomical Symbols
\Mercury
\Venus
\Earth
\Mars
\Moon
\Sun
\Aries
\Taurus
\Gemini
\Cancer
\Leo
\Virgo
\Jupiter
\Saturn
\Uranus
\Neptune
\Libra
\Scorpio
\Sagittarius
\Capricorn
\Aquarius
\Pisces
\Pluto
Note that \Aries . . . \Pisces can also be specied with \Zodiac{1} . . . \Zodiac{12}.
e
f
\Mercury
\Venus
g
h
\fullmoon
\Aries
Table 222: mathabx Astronomical Symbols

\Earth
\Mars
i
p
\Jupiter
\Saturn
q
r
\Uranus
\Neptune
s
t
\Pluto
\varEarth
\leftmoon
\newmoon
\rightmoon
\Sun
\Taurus
\Gemini
mathabx also denes \girl as an alias for \Venus, \boy as an alias for \Mars, and
\Moon as an alias for \leftmoon.
79
Table 223: wasysym APL Symbols

\APLbox
\APLcomment
\APLdown
\APLdownarrowbox
\APLinput
\APLinv
\APLleftarrowbox
\APLlog
\APLminus
\APLrightarrowbox
\APLstar
\APLup
\APLuparrowbox
\notbackslash
\notslash
Table 224: wasysym APL Modiers

\APLcirc{}
\APLnot{}
\APLvert{}
Table 225: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols
\ComputerMouse
\Keyboard
\ParallelPort
\Printer
\SerialInterface
\SerialPort
Table 226: keystroke Computer Keys

Alt
\Alt
Enter
\Enter
PrtSc
\PrtSc
AltGr
\AltGr
Esc
\Esc
\RArrow
Break
\Break
Home
\Home
\Return
\BSpace
Ins
\Ins
Scroll
\Scroll
Ctrl
\Ctrl
\LArrow
Shift
\Shift
\DArrow
Num
\NumLock
Del
End
\Del
\End
Page
Page
\PgDown
\PgUp
\Spacebar
\Tab
\UArrow
Changes based on the language option passed to the keystroke package. For example,
the german option makes \Del produce Entf instead of Del .
These symbols utilize the rotating package and therefore display improperly in most
DVI viewers.
The \keystroke command draws a key with an arbitrary label.
\keystroke{F7} produces F7 .
80
For example,
Table 227: ascii Control Characters (CP437)
\SOH
\STX
\ETX
\EOT
\ENQ
\ACK
\BEL
\BS
\HT
\LF
\VT
\FF
\CR
\SO
\SI
\DLE
\DCa
\DCb
\DCc
\DCd
\NAK
\SYN
\ETB
\CAN
\EM
\SUB
\ESC
\FS
\DEL
\NBSP
\NUL
\splitvert
\GS
\RS
\US
Code Page 437 (CP437), which was rst utilized by the original IBM PC, uses the
symbols \SOH through \US to depict ASCII characters 131 and \DEL to depict ASCII
character 127. The \NUL symbol, not part of CP437, represents ASCII character 0.
\NBSP, also not part of CP437, represents a nonbreaking space. \splitvert is merely
the | character drawn as it was on the IBM PC.
Table 228: milstd Logic Gates
\ANDd
\BUFu
\NANDl
\ORd
\ANDl
\BusWidth
\NANDr
\ORl
\ANDr
"
\INVd
\NANDu
\ORr
\ANDu
\INVl
\NORd
\ORu
\BUFd
\INVr
\NORl
\BUFl
\INVu
\NORr
\BUFr
\NANDd
\NORu
The milstd package, which provides the digital logic-gate symbols specied by the
A
U.S. Department of Defenses MIL-STD-806 standard, was written as a L TEX 2.09
A
.tex le, not as a L TEX 2 package. Consequently, it must be loaded into a document
with \input milstd, not with the more modern \usepackage{milstd}.
81
Table 229: marvosym Communication Symbols

k
z
\Email
\Emailct
t
u
\fax
\FAX
v
B
\Faxmachine
\Letter
E
H
A
T
\Lightning
\Mobilefone
\Pickup
\Telefon
Table 230: marvosym Engineering Symbols

"
#
\Beam
\Bearing
\Circpipe
\Circsteel
\Fixedbearing
\Flatsteel
&
L
$
'
\Force
\Hexasteel
\Lefttorque
\Lineload
\Loosebearing
\Lsteel
\Octosteel
\Rectpipe
\Rectsteel
\Righttorque
\RoundedLsteel
\RoundedTsteel
\RoundedTTsteel
\Squarepipe
\Squaresteel
\Tsteel
\TTsteel
\RoundedLsteel and \RoundedTsteel seem to be swapped, at least in the

2000/05/01 version of marvosym.
Table 231: wasysym Biological Symbols
\female
\male
Table 232: marvosym Biological Symbols

~
\Female
\FEMALE
\FemaleFemale
\FemaleMale
\Hermaphrodite
\HERMAPHRODITE
\MALE
\Male
\MaleMale
\Neutral
Table 233: marvosym Safety-related Symbols

h
n
\Biohazard
\BSEfree
C
J
\CEsign
\Estatically
`
a
82
\Explosionsafe
\Laserbeam
j
!
\Radioactivity
\Stopsign
Table 234: feyn Feynman Diagram Symbols
f
d
\bigbosonloopV
\gvcropped
\feyn{a}
\feyn{c}
\feyn{f}
\feyn{fd}
\feyn{fl}
\bigbosonloopA
'
\bigbosonloop
\feyn{flS}
\feyn{fs}
\hfermion
\shfermion
\smallbosonloop
d
m
\smallbosonloopV
\wfermion
\whfermion
\smallbosonloopA
\feyn{fu}
\feyn{fv}
\feyn{g}
\feyn{g1}
h
j
\feyn{gl}
\feyn{glB}
\feyn{glu}
\feyn{gu}
\feyn{gv}
}s
\feyn{gd}
u
i
m

p
\feyn{glS}
\feyn{gvs}
\feyn{h}
\feyn{hd}
\feyn{hs}
\feyn{hu}
\feyn{m}
\feyn{ms}
\feyn{p}
\feyn{P}
\feyn{x}
All other arguments to the \feyn command produce a symbol.

The feyn package provides various commands for composing the preceding symbols
into complete Feynman diagrams. See the feyn documentation for examples and
additional information.
83
Dingbats
Dingbats are symbols such as stars, arrows, and geometric shapes. They are commonly used as bullets in
itemized lists or, more generally, as a means to draw attention to the text that follows.
A
The pifont dingbat package warrants special mention. Among other capabilities, pifont provides a L TEX
interface to the Zapf Dingbats font (one of the standard 35 PostScript fonts). However, rather than name each
of the dingbats individually, pifont merely provides a single \ding command, which outputs the character that
lies at a given position in the font. The consequence is that the pifont symbols cant be listed by name in this
documents index, so be mindful of that fact when searching for a particular symbol.
y
{
Table 235: bbding Arrows
z
w
\ArrowBoldDownRight
\ArrowBoldRightCircled
\ArrowBoldRightShort
\ArrowBoldRightStrobe
\ArrowBoldUpRight
Table 236: pifont Arrows
\ding{212}
\ding{213}
\ding{214}
\ding{215}
\ding{216}
\ding{217}
\ding{218}
\ding{219}
\ding{220}
\ding{221}
\ding{222}
\ding{223}
\ding{224}
\ding{225}
\ding{226}
\ding{227}
\ding{228}
\ding{229}
\ding{230}
\ding{231}
\ding{232}
\ding{233}
\ding{234}
\ding{235}
\ding{236}
\ding{237}
\ding{238}
\ding{239}
\ding{241}
\ding{242}
\ding{243}
\ding{244}
\ding{245}
\ding{246}
\ding{247}
\ding{248}
Table 237: universal Arrows

\bauarrow
\bauwhitearrow
Table 238: marvosym Scissors

s
r
\Cutleft
\Cutline
q
R
\Cutright
\Kutline
S
Q
\Leftscissors
\Rightscissors
Table 239: bbding Scissors

\ScissorHollowLeft
\ScissorHollowRight
\ScissorLeft
\ScissorLeftBrokenBottom
84
\ScissorLeftBrokenTop
\ScissorRight
\ScissorRightBrokenBottom
\ScissorRightBrokenTop
\ding{249}
\ding{250}
\ding{251}
\ding{252}
\ding{253}
\ding{254}
Table 240: pifont Scissors
\ding{33}
\ding{34}
\ding{35}
\ding{36}
Table 241: dingbat Pencils
\largepencil
\smallpencil
Table 242: bbding Pencils and Nibs
0
)
2
1
\NibLeft
\NibRight
\NibSolidLeft
\NibSolidRight
$
(
&
#
'
%
\PencilLeft
\PencilLeftDown
\PencilLeftUp
\PencilRight
\PencilRightDown
\PencilRightUp
Table 243: pifont Pencils and Nibs

\ding{46}
\ding{47}
\ding{48}
Table 244: dingbat Fists
R
D
U

\leftpointright
\leftthumbsdown
\leftthumbsup
L
d
u
\rightpointleft

\ding{50}
\rightpointright
\rightthumbsdown
\rightthumbsup
Table 245: bbding Fists

\HandCuffLeft
\HandCuffLeftUp
\HandCuffRight
\ding{49}
\HandCuffRightUp
\HandLeft
\HandLeftUp
"

\HandPencilLeft
\HandRight
\HandRightUp
Table 246: pifont Fists

\ding{42}
\ding{43}
\ding{44}
Table 247: fourier Fists

\lefthand
\righthand
85
\ding{45}
B
E
R
F
Table 248: bbding Crosses and Plusses

\Cross
\CrossBoldOutline
\CrossClowerTips
\CrossMaltese
C
D
9
@
\CrossOpenShadow
\CrossOutline
\Plus
\PlusCenterOpen
8
A
\PlusOutline
\PlusThinCenterOpen
Table 249: pifont Crosses and Plusses

%
&
3
4
\ding{57}
\ding{58}
'
(
\ding{59}
\ding{60}
\ding{61}
\ding{62}
\ding{63}
\ding{64}
Table 250: bbding Xs and Check Marks

\Checkmark
\CheckmarkBold
5
6
\XSolid
\XSolidBold
\XSolidBrush
Table 251: pifont Xs and Check Marks

\ding{51}
\ding{52}
!
"
\ding{53}
\ding{54}
#
$
\ding{55}
\ding{56}
Table 252: wasysym Xs and Check Marks

\CheckedBox
\Square
Table 253: universal Xs
\baucross
86
\XBox
Table 254: pifont Circled Numbers

x
y
z
{
|
}
~

\ding{172}
\ding{173}
\ding{174}
\ding{175}
\ding{176}
\ding{177}
\ding{178}
\ding{179}
\ding{180}
\ding{181}
\ding{182}
\ding{183}
\ding{184}
\ding{185}
\ding{186}
\ding{187}
\ding{188}
\ding{189}
\ding{190}
\ding{191}
\ding{192}
\ding{193}
\ding{194}
\ding{195}
\ding{196}
\ding{197}
\ding{198}
\ding{199}
\ding{200}
\ding{201}
\ding{202}
\ding{203}
\ding{204}
\ding{205}
\ding{206}
\ding{207}
\ding{208}
\ding{209}
\ding{210}
\ding{211}
pifont (part of the psnfss package) provides a dingautolist environment which resembles enumerate but uses circled numbers as bullets.4 See the psnfss documentation
Table 255: wasysym Stars

\davidsstar
x
e
f
g
h
H
G
r
s
p
i
4 In
\hexstar
\varhexstar
Table 256: bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes

\Asterisk
\AsteriskBold
\AsteriskCenterOpen
\AsteriskRoundedEnds
\AsteriskThin
\AsteriskThinCenterOpen
\DavidStar
\DavidStarSolid
\EightAsterisk
\EightFlowerPetal
\EightFlowerPetalRemoved
\EightStar
\EightStarBold
\EightStarConvex
\EightStarTaper
\FiveFlowerOpen
V
Y
c
U
W
X
`
a
b
d
I
S
T
\FiveFlowerPetal
\FiveStar
\FiveStarCenterOpen
\FiveStarConvex
\FiveStarLines
\FiveStarOpen
\FiveStarOpenCircled
\FiveStarOpenDotted
\FiveStarOutline
\FiveStarOutlineHeavy
\FiveStarShadow
\FourAsterisk
\FourClowerOpen
\FourClowerSolid
\FourStar
\FourStarOpen
fact, dingautolist can use any set of consecutive Zapf Dingbats symbols.
87
P
Q
y
q
u
\JackStar
\JackStarBold
\SixFlowerAlternate
\SixFlowerAltPetal
\SixFlowerOpenCenter
\SixFlowerPetalDotted
\SixFlowerPetalRemoved
\SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetal
\SixStar
\SixteenStarLight
\Snowflake
\SnowflakeChevron
\SnowflakeChevronBold
\Sparkle
\SparkleBold
\TwelweStar
Table 257: pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes

)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
\ding{65}
\ding{66}
\ding{67}
\ding{68}
\ding{69}
\ding{70}
\ding{71}
\ding{72}
\ding{73}
7
8
9
@
A
B
C
D
E
\ding{74}
\ding{75}
\ding{76}
\ding{77}
\ding{78}
\ding{79}
\ding{80}
\ding{81}
\ding{82}
F
G
H
I
P
Q
R
S
T
\ding{83}
\ding{84}
\ding{85}
\ding{86}
\ding{87}
\ding{88}
\ding{89}
\ding{90}
\ding{91}
U
V
W
X
Y
`
a
b
c
\ding{92}
\ding{93}
\ding{94}
\ding{95}
\ding{96}
\ding{97}
\ding{98}
\ding{99}
\ding{100}
d
e
f
g
h
i
p
\ding{101}
\ding{102}
\ding{103}
\ding{104}
\ding{105}
\ding{106}
\ding{107}
Table 258: fourier Ornaments

\aldine
\aldineleft
\aldineright
\aldinesmall
\decofourleft
\decofourright
\decoone
\decosix
\decothreeleft
\decothreeright
\decotwo
\floweroneleft
\floweroneright
\leafleft
\leafNE
\leafright
\starredbullet
Table 259: wasysym Geometric Shapes

\hexagon
\octagon
\pentagon
\varhexagon
Table 260: MnSymbol Geometric Shapes
\filledlargestar
\filledlozenge
\filledmedlozenge
\largecircle
\largediamond
\largelozenge
\largepentagram
\largesquare
\largestar
\largestarofdavid
\medlozenge
\medstarofdavid
\smalllozenge
MnSymbol denes \bigcirc as a synonym for \largecircle; \bigstar as a synonym for \filledlargestar; \lozenge as a synonym for \medlozenge; and,
\blacklozenge as a synonym for \filledmedlozenge.
88
Table 261: ifsym Geometric Shapes
7

8
&
G
2
5
4
6
3
)
S

\BigCircle
\BigCross
\BigDiamondshape
\BigHBar
\BigLowerDiamond
\BigRightDiamond
\BigSquare
\BigTriangleDown
\BigTriangleLeft
\BigTriangleRight
\BigTriangleUp
\BigVBar
\Circle
\Cross
\DiamondShadowA
\DiamondShadowB
\DiamondShadowC
\Diamondshape
\FilledBigCircle
\FilledBigDiamondshape
\FilledBigSquare
\FilledBigTriangleDown
\FilledBigTriangleLeft
f
u
v
p
s
r
t
q
'
o
c
\FilledBigTriangleRight
\FilledBigTriangleUp
\FilledCircle
\FilledDiamondShadowA
\FilledDiamondShadowC
\FilledDiamondshape
\FilledSmallCircle
\FilledSmallDiamondshape
\FilledSmallSquare
\FilledSmallTriangleDown
\FilledSmallTriangleLeft
\FilledSmallTriangleRight
\FilledSmallTriangleUp
\FilledSquare
\FilledSquareShadowA
\FilledSquareShadowC
\FilledTriangleDown
\FilledTriangleLeft
\FilledTriangleRight
\FilledTriangleUp
\HBar
\LowerDiamond
\RightDiamond
i

p
(

y
d
g
f
h
e
1
B
A
H
Q
P
R
I
0
\SmallCircle
\SmallCross
\SmallDiamondshape
\SmallHBar
\SmallLowerDiamond
\SmallRightDiamond
\SmallSquare
\SmallTriangleDown
\SmallTriangleLeft
\SmallTriangleRight
\SmallTriangleUp
\SmallVBar
\SpinDown
\SpinUp
\Square
\SquareShadowA
\SquareShadowB
\SquareShadowC
\TriangleDown
\TriangleLeft
\TriangleRight
\TriangleUp
\VBar
The ifsym documentation points out that one can use \rlap to combine some of the
above into useful, new symbols. For example, \BigCircle and \FilledSmallCircle
combine to give . Likewise, \Square and \Cross combine to give . See
Section 8.3 for more information about constructing new symbols out of existing
symbols.
7
u
s
r
\CircleShadow
\CircleSolid
\DiamondSolid
\Ellipse
\EllipseShadow
\EllipseSolid
\HalfCircleLeft
\HalfCircleRight
u
v
t
f
k
m
l
h
H

Table 262: bbding Geometric Shapes

\Rectangle
\RectangleBold
\RectangleThin
\Square
\SquareCastShadowBottomRight
\SquareCastShadowTopLeft
\SquareCastShadowTopRight
\SquareShadowBottomRight
89
j
i
g
o
n
\SquareShadowTopLeft
\SquareShadowTopRight
\SquareSolid
\TriangleDown
\TriangleUp
Table 263: pifont Geometric Shapes

q
r
s
\ding{108}
\ding{109}
\ding{110}

q
\ding{114}
\ding{115}
\ding{116}
\ding{117}
\ding{119}
\ding{120}
\ding{121}
\ding{122}
Table 264: universa Geometric Shapes
\baucircle
\bausquare
\bautriangle
Table 265: universal Geometric Shapes
O
C
D
v
w
\ding{111}
\ding{112}
\ding{113}
\baucircle
\baueclipse
\bauhole
\baupunct
\bausquare
\bautriangle
Table 266: Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats
\anchor
\carriagereturn
\checkmark
C
I
S
B
Z
\eye
\filledsquarewithdots
\satellitedish
Table 267: Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats

\Envelope
\OrnamentDiamondSolid
\Peace
\Phone
\PhoneHandset
\Plane
\Sborder
\squarewithdots
\Zborder
\SunshineOpenCircled
\Tape
Table 268: Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats
\ding{37}
\ding{38}
\ding{39}
v
u
y
\ding{40}
\ding{41}
\ding{118}
h
j
k
\ding{164}
\ding{165}
\ding{166}
90
l
p
n
\ding{167}
\ding{168}
\ding{170}
m
o
\ding{171}
\ding{169}
Ancient languages
This section presents letters and ideograms from various ancient scripts. Some of these symbols may also be
useful in other typesetting contexts.
Table 269: phaistos Symbols from the Phaistos Disk
J
\PHarrow
\PHeagle
\PHplumedHead
\PHbee
\PHflute
\PHram
\PHbeehive
\PHgaunlet
\PHrosette
\PHboomerang
\PHgrater
\PHsaw
\PHbow
\PHhelmet
\PHshield
\PHbullLeg
\PHhide
\PHship
\PHcaptive
\PHhorn
\PHsling
\PHcarpentryPlane
\PHlid
\PHsmallAxe
\PHcat
\PHlily
\PHstrainer
\PHchild
\PHmanacles
\PHtattooedHead
\PHclub
\PHmattock
\PHtiara
\PHcolumn
\PHoxBack
\PHtunny
\PHcomb
\PHpapyrus
\PHvine
\PHdolium
\PHpedestrian
\PHwavyBand
\PHdove
\PHplaneTree
\PHwoman
Table 270: protosem Proto-Semitic Characters

a
A
b
B
g
d
D
e
\Aaleph
\AAaleph
\Abeth
\AAbeth
\Agimel
\Adaleth
\AAdaleth
\Ahe
E
z
w
H
h
T
y
Y
\AAhe
\Azayin
\Avav
\Aheth
\AAheth
\Ateth
\Ayod
\AAyod
k
K
l
L
m
n
o
O
\Akaph
\AAkaph
\Alamed
\AAlamed
\Amem
\Anun
\Aayin
\AAayin
s
p
P
x
X
q
Q
r
\Asamekh
\Ape
\AApe
\Asade
\AAsade
\Aqoph
\AAqoph
\Aresh
R
S
v
V
t
\AAresh
\Ashin
\Ahelmet
\AAhelmet
\Atav
The protosem package denes abbreviated control sequences for each of the above. In
addition, single-letter shortcuts can be used within the argument to the \textproto
command (e.g., \textproto{Pakyn} produces Pakyn). See the protosem
documentation for more information.
91
Table 271: hieroglf Hieroglyphics

A
\HA
\HI
\Hn
\HT
\Ha
\Hi
\HO
\Ht
\HB
\Hibl
\Ho
\Htongue
\Hb
\Hibp
\Hp
\HU
\Hc
\Hibs
\HP
\Hu
\HC
\Hibw
\Hplural
\HV
\HD
\HJ
\Hplus
\Hv
\Hd
\Hj
\HQ
\Hvbar
\Hdual
\Hk
\Hq
\Hw
e
E
\He
\HE
K
L
\HK
\HL
?
R
\Hquery
\HR
W
X
\HW
\HX
\Hf
\Hl
\Hr
\Hx
\HF
\Hm
\Hs
\HY
\HG
\HM
\HS
\Hy
\Hg
\Hman
\Hscribe
\Hz
\Hh
\Hms
\Hslash
\HZ
\HH
\HN
\Hsv
\Hone
\Hhundred
\HXthousand
\Hmillion
\Hten
\Hthousand
\HCthousand
The hieroglf package denes alternate control sequences and single-letter shortcuts
for each of the above which can be used within the argument to the \textpmhg
command (e.g., \textpmhg{Pakin} produces Pakin). See the hieroglf
Table 272: linearA Linear A Script

\LinearAI
\LinearAII
\LinearAIII
\LinearAIV
\LinearAV
\LinearAVI
\LinearAVII
\LinearAVIII
\LinearAIX
\LinearAXCIX
\LinearAC
\LinearACI
\LinearACII
\LinearACIII
\LinearACIV
\LinearACV
\LinearACVI
\LinearACVII
\LinearACXCVII
\LinearACXCVIII
\LinearACXCIX
\LinearACC
\LinearACCI
\LinearACCII
\LinearACCIII
\LinearACCIV
\LinearACCV
\LinearACCXCV
\LinearACCXCVI
\LinearACCXCVII
\LinearACCXCVIII
\LinearACCXCIX
\LinearACCC
\LinearACCCI
\LinearACCCII
\LinearACCCIII
92
\LinearAX
\LinearAXI
\LinearAXII
\LinearAXIII
\LinearAXIV
\LinearAXV
\LinearAXVI
\LinearAXVII
\LinearAXVIII
\LinearAXIX
\LinearAXX
\LinearAXXI
\LinearAXXII
\LinearAXXIII
\LinearAXXIV
\LinearAXXV
\LinearAXXVI
\LinearAXXVII
\LinearAXXVIII
\LinearAXXIX
\LinearAXXX
\LinearAXXXI
\LinearAXXXII
\LinearAXXXIII
\LinearAXXXIV
\LinearAXXXV
\LinearAXXXVI
\LinearAXXXVII
\LinearAXXXVIII
\LinearAXXXIX
\LinearAXL
\LinearAXLI
\LinearAXLII
\LinearAXLIII
\LinearAXLIV
\LinearAXLV
\LinearAXLVI
\LinearAXLVII
\LinearAXLVIII
\LinearAXLIX
\LinearAL
\LinearALI
\LinearALII
\LinearALIII
\LinearALIV
\LinearALV
\LinearALVI
\LinearALVII
\LinearALVIII
\LinearACVIII
\LinearACIX
\LinearACX
\LinearACXI
\LinearACXII
\LinearACXIII
\LinearACXIV
\LinearACXV
\LinearACXVI
\LinearACXVII
\LinearACXVIII
\LinearACXIX
\LinearACXX
\LinearACXXI
\LinearACXXII
\LinearACXXIII
\LinearACXXIV
\LinearACXXV
\LinearACXXVI
\LinearACXXVII
\LinearACXXVIII
\LinearACXXIX
\LinearACXXX
\LinearACXXXI
\LinearACXXXII
\LinearACXXXIII
\LinearACXXXIV
\LinearACXXXV
\LinearACXXXVI
\LinearACXXXVII
\LinearACXXXVIII
\LinearACXXXIX
\LinearACXL
\LinearACXLI
\LinearACXLII
\LinearACXLIII
\LinearACXLIV
\LinearACXLV
\LinearACXLVI
\LinearACXLVII
\LinearACXLVIII
\LinearACXLIX
\LinearACL
\LinearACLI
\LinearACLII
\LinearACLIII
\LinearACLIV
\LinearACLV
\LinearACLVI
\LinearACCVI
\LinearACCVII
\LinearACCVIII
\LinearACCIX
\LinearACCX
\LinearACCXI
\LinearACCXII
\LinearACCXIII
\LinearACCXIV
\LinearACCXV
\LinearACCXVI
\LinearACCXVII
\LinearACCXVIII
\LinearACCXIX
\LinearACCXX
\LinearACCXXI
\LinearACCXXII
\LinearACCXXIII
\LinearACCXXIV
\LinearACCXXV
\LinearACCXXVI
\LinearACCXXVII
\LinearACCXXVIII
\LinearACCXXIX
\LinearACCXXX
\LinearACCXXXI
\LinearACCXXXII
\LinearACCXXXIII
\LinearACCXXXIV
\LinearACCXXXV
\LinearACCXXXVI
\LinearACCXXXVII
\LinearACCXXXVIII
\LinearACCXXXIX
\LinearACCXL
\LinearACCXLI
\LinearACCXLII
\LinearACCXLIII
\LinearACCXLIV
\LinearACCXLV
\LinearACCXLVI
\LinearACCXLVII
\LinearACCXLVIII
\LinearACCXLIX
\LinearACCL
\LinearACCLI
\LinearACCLII
\LinearACCLIII
\LinearACCLIV
\LinearACCCIV
\LinearACCCV
\LinearACCCVI
\LinearACCCVII
\LinearACCCVIII
\LinearACCCIX
\LinearACCCX
\LinearACCCXI
\LinearACCCXII
\LinearACCCXIII
\LinearACCCXIV
\LinearACCCXV
\LinearACCCXVI
\LinearACCCXVII
\LinearACCCXVIII
\LinearACCCXIX
\LinearACCCXX
\LinearACCCXXI
\LinearACCCXXII
\LinearACCCXXIII
\LinearACCCXXIV
\LinearACCCXXV
\LinearACCCXXVI
\LinearACCCXXVII
\LinearACCCXXVIII
\LinearACCCXXIX
\LinearACCCXXX
\LinearACCCXXXI
\LinearACCCXXXII
\LinearACCCXXXIII
\LinearACCCXXXIV
\LinearACCCXXXV
\LinearACCCXXXVI
\LinearACCCXXXVII
\LinearACCCXXXVIII
\LinearACCCXXXIX
\LinearACCCXL
\LinearACCCXLI
\LinearACCCXLII
\LinearACCCXLIII
\LinearACCCXLIV
\LinearACCCXLV
\LinearACCCXLVI
\LinearACCCXLVII
\LinearACCCXLVIII
\LinearACCCXLIX
\LinearACCCL
\LinearACCCLI
\LinearACCCLII
93
\LinearALIX
\LinearALX
\LinearALXI
\LinearALXII
\LinearALXIII
\LinearALXIV
\LinearALXV
\LinearALXVI
\LinearALXVII
\LinearALXVIII
\LinearALXIX
\LinearALXX
\LinearALXXI
\LinearALXXII
\LinearALXXIII
\LinearALXXIV
\LinearALXXV
\LinearALXXVI
\LinearALXXVII
\LinearALXXVIII
\LinearALXXIX
\LinearALXXX
\LinearALXXXI
\LinearALXXXII
\LinearALXXXIII
\LinearALXXXIV
\LinearALXXXV
\LinearALXXXVI
\LinearALXXXVII
\LinearALXXXVIII
\LinearALXXXIX
\LinearALXXXX
\LinearAXCI
\LinearAXCII
\LinearAXCIII
\LinearAXCIV
\LinearAXCV
\LinearAXCVI
\LinearAXCVII
\LinearAXCVIII
\LinearACLVII
\LinearACLVIII
\LinearACLIX
\LinearACLX
\LinearACLXI
\LinearACLXII
\LinearACLXIII
\LinearACLXIV
\LinearACLXV
\LinearACLXVI
\LinearACLXVII
\LinearACLXVIII
\LinearACLXIX
\LinearACLXX
\LinearACLXXI
\LinearACLXXII
\LinearACLXXIII
\LinearACLXXIV
\LinearACLXXV
\LinearACLXXVI
\LinearACLXXVII
\LinearACLXXVIII
\LinearACLXXIX
\LinearACLXXX
\LinearACLXXXI
\LinearACLXXXII
\LinearACLXXXIII
\LinearACLXXXIV
\LinearACLXXXV
\LinearACLXXXVI
\LinearACLXXXVII
\LinearACLXXXVIII
\LinearACLXXXIX
\LinearACLXXXX
\LinearACXCI
\LinearACXCII
\LinearACXCIII
\LinearACXCIV
\LinearACXCV
\LinearACXCVI
\LinearACCLV
\LinearACCLVI
\LinearACCLVII
\LinearACCLVIII
\LinearACCLIX
\LinearACCLX
\LinearACCLXI
\LinearACCLXII
\LinearACCLXIII
\LinearACCLXIV
\LinearACCLXV
\LinearACCLXVI
\LinearACCLXVII
\LinearACCLXVIII
\LinearACCLXIX
\LinearACCLXX
\LinearACCLXXI
\LinearACCLXXII
\LinearACCLXXIII
\LinearACCLXXIV
\LinearACCLXXV
\LinearACCLXXVI
\LinearACCLXXVII
\LinearACCLXXVIII
\LinearACCLXXIX
\LinearACCLXXX
\LinearACCLXXXI
\LinearACCLXXXII
\LinearACCLXXXIII
\LinearACCLXXXIV
\LinearACCLXXXV
\LinearACCLXXXVI
\LinearACCLXXXVII
\LinearACCLXXXVIII
\LinearACCLXXXIX
\LinearACCLXXXX
\LinearACCXCI
\LinearACCXCII
\LinearACCXCIII
\LinearACCXCIV
94
\LinearACCCLIII
\LinearACCCLIV
\LinearACCCLV
\LinearACCCLVI
\LinearACCCLVII
\LinearACCCLVIII
\LinearACCCLIX
\LinearACCCLX
\LinearACCCLXI
\LinearACCCLXII
\LinearACCCLXIII
\LinearACCCLXIV
\LinearACCCLXV
\LinearACCCLXVI
\LinearACCCLXVII
\LinearACCCLXVIII
\LinearACCCLXIX
\LinearACCCLXX
\LinearACCCLXXI
\LinearACCCLXXII
\LinearACCCLXXIII
\LinearACCCLXXIV
\LinearACCCLXXV
\LinearACCCLXXVI
\LinearACCCLXXVII
\LinearACCCLXXVIII
\LinearACCCLXXIX
\LinearACCCLXXX
\LinearACCCLXXXI
\LinearACCCLXXXII
\LinearACCCLXXXIII
\LinearACCCLXXXIV
\LinearACCCLXXXV
\LinearACCCLXXXVI
\LinearACCCLXXXVII
\LinearACCCLXXXVIII
\LinearACCCLXXXIX
Table 273: linearb Linear B Basic and Optional Letters

a
;
<
=
d
D
f
g
x
>
?
e
i
\Ba
\Baii
\Baiii
\Bau
\Bda
\Bde
\Bdi
\Bdo
\Bdu
\Bdwe
\Bdwo
\Be
\Bi
j
J
b
L
k
K
c
h
v
m
M
y
A
\Bja
\Bje
\Bjo
\Bju
\Bka
\Bke
\Bki
\Bko
\Bku
\Bma
\Bme
\Bmi
\Bmo
B
n
N
C
E
F
@
o
p
[
P
G
H
]
I
\
q
Q
X
8
r
^
_
R
O
U
\Bmu
\Bna
\Bne
\Bni
\Bno
\Bnu
\Bnwa
\Bo
\Bpa
\Bpaiii
\Bpe
\Bpi
\Bpo
\Bpte
\Bpu
\Bpuii
\Bqa
\Bqe
\Bqi
\Bqo
\Bra
\Braii
\Braiii
\Bre
\Bri
\Bro
V
s
S
Y
1
2
{
|
t
}
T
3
\Broii
\Bru
\Bsa
\Bse
\Bsi
\Bso
\Bsu
\Bswa
\Bswi
\Bta
\Btaii
\Bte
\Bti
4
5
~
u
w
W
6
7
z
Z
9
\Bto
\Btu
\Btwo
\Bu
\Bwa
\Bwe
\Bwi
\Bwo
\Bza
\Bze
\Bzo
These symbols must appear either within the argument to \textlinb or following the
\linbfamily font-selection command within a scope. Single-character shortcuts are
also supported: Both \textlinb{\Bpa\Bki\Bna} and \textlinb{pcn} produce
pcn, for example. See the linearb documentation for more information.
Table 274: linearb Linear B Numerals
\BNi
\BNii
\BNiii
\BNiv
\BNv
\BNvi
\BNvii
\BNviii
\BNix
\BNx
\BNxx
\BNxxx
\BNxl
\BNl
\BNlx
\BNlxx
\BNlxxx
\BNxc
\BNc
\BNcc
\BNccc
\BNcd
\BNd
\BNdc
ff
fi
\BNdcc
\BNdccc
\BNcm
\BNm
These symbols must appear either within the argument to \textlinb or following
the \linbfamily font-selection command within a scope.
Table 275: linearb Linear B Weights and Measures
\BPtalent
\BPvola
\BPvolb
\BPvolcd
\BPvolcf
\BPwta
\BPwtb
\BPwtc
\BPwtd
95
Table 276: linearb Linear B Ideograms
\BPamphora
\BParrow
\BPbarley
\BPbilly
\BPboar
\BPbronze
\BPbull
\BPcauldroni
\BPcauldronii
\BPchariot
\BPchassis
\BPcloth
\BPcow
\BPcup
\BPewe
\BPfoal
\BPgoat
\BPgoblet
\BPgold
\BPhorse
\BPman
\BPnanny
\BPolive
\BPox
\BPpig
\BPram
\BPsheep
\BPsow
\BPspear
\BPsword
\BPwheat
\BPwheel
\BPwine
\BPwineiih
\BPwineiiih
\BPwineivh
\BPwoman
\BPwool
Table 277: linearb Unidentied Linear B Symbols

fl
ffi
ffl
\BUi
\BUii
\BUiii
!
"
\BUiv
\BUv
\BUvi
#
$
%
\BUvii
\BUviii
\BUix
&
\BUx
\BUxi
\BUxii
\Btwe
Table 278: cypriot Cypriot Letters

a
e
g
i
j
b
k
K
c
h
\Ca
\Ce
\Cga
\Ci
\Cja
\Cjo
\Cka
\Cke
\Cki
\Cko
v
l
L
d
f
q
m
M
y
A
\Cku
\Cla
\Cle
\Cli
\Clo
\Clu
\Cma
\Cme
\Cmi
\Cmo
B
n
N
C
E
F
o
p
P
G
H
I
r
R
O
U
V
s
S
Y
\Cmu
\Cna
\Cne
\Cni
\Cno
\Cnu
\Co
\Cpa
\Cpe
\Cpi
\Cpo
\Cpu
\Cra
\Cre
\Cri
\Cro
\Cru
\Csa
\Cse
\Csi
1
2
t
T
3
4
5
u
w
W
\Cso
\Csu
\Cta
\Cte
\Cti
\Cto
\Ctu
\Cu
\Cwa
\Cwe
6
7
x
X
j
b
g
9
\Cwi
\Cwo
\Cxa
\Cxe
\Cya
\Cyo
\Cza
\Czo
These symbols must appear either within the argument to \textcypr or following the
\cyprfamily font-selection command within a scope. Single-character shortcuts are
also supported: Both \textcypr{\Cpa\Cki\Cna} and \textcypr{pcn} produce
pcn, for example. See the cypriot documentation for more information.
96
Table 279: sarabian South Arabian Letters

a
b
g
d
h
w
\SAa
\SAb
\SAg
\SAd
\SAh
\SAw
z
H
T
y
k
l
\SAz
\SAhd
\SAtd
\SAy
\SAk
\SAl
m
n
s
f
\SAm
\SAn
\SAs
\SAf
\SAlq
\SAo
x
q
r
S
t
I
D
J
G
Z
X
B
\SAsd
\SAq
\SAr
\SAsv
\SAt
\SAhu
\SAdb
\SAtb
\SAga
\SAzd
\SAsa
\SAdd
These symbols must appear either within the argument to \textsarab or following
the \sarabfamily font-selection command within a scope. Single-character shortcuts
are also supported: Both \textsarab{\SAb\SAk\SAn} and \textsarab{bkn}
produce bkn, for example. See the sarabian documentation for more information.
Table 280: teubner Archaic Greek Letters and Greek Numerals
\Coppa
\coppa
\digamma,
\Digamma
\koppa
\Sampi
\sampi
\Stigma
\stigma
\varstigma
Technically, these symbols do not require teubner; it is sucient to load the babel
package with the greek option (upon which teubner depends)but use \qoppa for
\koppa and \ddigamma for \digamma.
For compatibility with other naming conventions teubner denes \Koppa as a synonym
for \Coppa and \varcoppa as a synonym for \coppa.
If both teubner and amssymb are loaded, teubners \digamma replaces amssymbs
\digamma, regardless of package-loading order.
97
Other symbols
The following are all the symbols that didnt t neatly or unambiguously into any of the previous sections. (Do
weather symbols belong under Science and technology? Should dice be considered mathematics?) While some
of the tables contain clearly related groups of symbols (e.g., musical notes), others represent motley assortments
of whatever the font designer felt like drawing.
Table 281: textcomp Genealogical Symbols

\textborn
\textdied
\textdivorced
\textleaf
\textmarried
Table 282: wasysym General Symbols

\ataribox
\bell
\blacksmiley
\Bowtie
\brokenvert
\checked
\clock
\diameter
\DOWNarrow
\frownie
\invdiameter
\kreuz
\LEFTarrow
\lightning
\phone
\pointer
\recorder
\RIGHTarrow
\smiley
\sun
\UParrow
\wasylozenge
Table 283: wasysym Circles

\CIRCLE
\Circle
\LEFTCIRCLE
\LEFTcircle
\Leftcircle
\RIGHTCIRCLE
\RIGHTcircle
\Rightcircle
\leftturn
\rightturn
Table 284: wasysym Musical Symbols

\eighthnote
\halfnote
\twonotes
\fullnote
\quarternote
See also \flat, \sharp, and \natural (Table 201 on page 73).
Table 285: arev Musical Symbols
\quarternote
\eighthnote
\sixteenthnote
See also \flat, \sharp, and \natural (Table 201 on page 73).
98
Table 286: harmony Musical Symbols
=
=

=
=(
=
=
?
D
D
\AAcht
D
/
D
\Acht
\AchtBL
\AchtBR
\AcPa
\DD
/
D
s
s
S
S
<
\DDohne
\Dohne
\Ds
\DS
\Ganz
\GaPa
<
=
=
=
=
=
\Halb
\HaPa
\Pu
\Sech
\SechBL
\SechBl
=
=)
==
=
@
<
>
\SechBR
>
\VM
\SechBr
\SePa
\UB
\Vier
\ViPa
\Zwdr
\ZwPa
The musixtex package must be installed to use harmony.
Table 287: harmony Musical Accents

..
Aa
\Ferli{A}\Ferli{a}
..
Aa
\Fermi{A}\Fermi{a}
ll \Kr{A}\Kr{a}
A a
\Ohne{A}\Ohne{a}
//
Aa
A a
\Umd{A}\Umd{a}
These symbols take an optional argument which shifts the accent either horizontally
or vertically (depending on the command) by the given distance.
In addition to the accents shown above, \HH is a special accent command
which accepts ve period-separated characters and typesets them such that
b
c
\HH.X.a.b.c.d. produces Xd. All arguments except the rst can be omitted:
a
\HH.X..... produces X. \Takt takes two arguments and composes them into a
musical time signature. For example, \Takt{12}{8} produces 12 . As two special
8
cases, \Takt{c}{0} produces S and \Takt{c}{1} produces R .
The musixtex package must be installed to use harmony.
Table 288: manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols

\dbend
\lhdbend
\reversedvideodbend
Note that these symbols descend far beneath the baseline. manfnt also denes nondescending versions, which it calls, correspondingly, \textdbend, \textlhdbend, and
\textreversedvideodbend.
99
Table 289: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols

\manboldkidney
\manconcentriccircles
\manconcentricdiamond
\mancone
\mancube
\manerrarrow
\manfilledquartercircle
\manhpennib
\manimpossiblecube
\mankidney
\manlhpenkidney
\manpenkidney
\manquadrifolium
\manquartercircle
\manrotatedquadrifolium
\manrotatedquartercircle
\manstar
\mantiltpennib
\mantriangledown
\mantriangleright
\mantriangleup
\manvpennib
Table 290: marvosym Navigation Symbols
\Forward
\ForwardToEnd
\ForwardToIndex
\MoveDown
\MoveUp
\Rewind
\RewindToIndex
\RewindToStart
\ToBottom
\ToTop
Table 291: marvosym Laundry Symbols
\AtForty
\AtNinetyFive
\AtSixty
\Bleech
\CleaningA
\CleaningF
\CleaningFF
\CleaningP
\CleaningPP
\Dontwash
\Handwash
\IroningI
\IroningII
\IroningIII
\NoBleech
\NoChemicalCleaning
\NoIroning
\NoTumbler
\ShortFifty
\ShortForty
\ShortNinetyFive
\ShortSixty
\ShortThirty
\SpecialForty
\Tumbler
\WashCotton
\WashSynthetics
\WashWool
Table 292: marvosym Information Symbols
V
U
K
X
\Bicycle
\Checkedbox
\Clocklogo
\Coffeecup
\Crossedbox
o
x
I
i
y
\Football
\Gentsroom
\Industry
\Info
\Ladiesroom
100
Z
w
b
\Pointinghand
\Wheelchair
\Writinghand
Table 293: Other marvosym Symbols
\Ankh
\Bat
\Bouquet
\Celtcross
\CircledA
F
f
m
@
:
\Cross
\FHBOlogo
\FHBOLOGO
\Frowny
\FullFHBO
\Heart
\MartinVogel
\Mundus
\MVAt
\MVRightarrow
\Smiley
\Womanface
\Yinyang
Table 294: Miscellaneous universa Symbols
\bauforms
\bauhead
Table 295: Miscellaneous universal Symbols
\baudash
\bauequal
\bauface
\bauforms
\bauhead
\bauplus
\bauquarter
\bauquestion
\bauwindow
\varQ
Table 296: Miscellaneous fourier Symbols

\bomb
\danger
\textthing
\textxswdown
\grimace
\noway
\textxswup
fourier denes math-mode aliases for a few of the preceding

\thething ( ), \xswordsup ( ), and \xswordsdown ( ).
symbols:
Table 297: ifsym Weather Symbols

'
2
3
5
4

\Cloud
\FilledCloud
\FilledRainCloud
\FilledSunCloud
\FilledWeakRainCloud
\Fog
#

&

!
(
\Hail
\HalfSun
\Lightning
\NoSun
\Rain
\RainCloud
$
%
1

0
\Sleet
\Snow
\SnowCloud
\Sun
\SunCloud
\ThinFog
"
)
6
\WeakRain
\WeakRainCloud
\FilledSnowCloud
In addition, \Thermo{0}. . .\Thermo{6} produce thermometers that are between 0/6

and 6/6 full of mercury:

Similarly, \wind{ sun }{ angle }{ strength } will draw wind symbols with a given
amount of sun (04), a given angle (in degrees), and a given strength in km/h (0
100). For example, \wind{0}{0}{0} produces H , \wind{2}{0}{0} produces H ,
and \wind{4}{0}{100} produces X .
101

Table 298: ifsym Alpine Symbols

\SummitSign
\StoneMan
\Hut
\FilledHut
\Village
\Interval
\StopWatchEnd
!
"
#
$
\Summit
\Mountain
\IceMountain
\VarMountain
\VarIceMountain
%
&
'
)
(
\SurveySign
\Joch
\Flag
\VarFlag
\Tent
1
0
Table 299: ifsym Clocks

\StopWatchStart
\Taschenuhr
\HalfFilledHut
\VarSummit
\VarClock
\Wecker
\VarTaschenuhr
ifsym also exports a \showclock macro. \showclock{ hours }{ minutes } outputs

a clock displaying the corresponding time. For instance, \showclock{5}{40} produces . hours must be an integer from 0 to 11, and minutes must be an
integer multiple of 5 from 0 to 55.

X
X
Table 300: Other ifsym Symbols

\FilledSectioningDiamond
\Fire
\Irritant
\Cube{1}
\Cube{2}
\StrokeOne
\StrokeTwo
XX
XX
\Letter
\PaperLandscape
\PaperPortrait
\Cube{3}
\Cube{4}
\StrokeThree
\StrokeFour

Y
\Radiation
\SectioningDiamond
\Telephone
\Cube{5}
\Cube{6}
\StrokeFive
Table 301: clock Clocks

\ClockStyle
0
1
2
3
1
i
2
i
3
i
\ClockFramefalse
0
i
0
1
i
0
2
i
0
3
i
\ClockFrametrue
The clock package provides a \clock command to typeset an arbitrary time on an

analog clock (and \clocktime to typeset the documents build time). For example,
the clocks in the above table were produced with \clock{15}{41}. Clock symbols are
composed from a font of clock-face fragments using one of four values for \ClockStyle
and either \ClockFrametrue or \ClockFrametrue as illustrated above. See the clock
102
Table 302: epsdice Dice

\epsdice{1}
\epsdice{2}
\epsdice{3}
\epsdice{4}
\epsdice{5}
\epsdice{6}
Table 303: hhcount Dice

\fcdice{1}
\fcdice{2}
\fcdice{3}
\fcdice{4}
\fcdice{5}
\fcdice{6}
The \fcdice command accepts values larger than 6. For example, \fcdice{47}
produces
.
Table 304: hhcount Tally Markers

\fcscore{1}
\fcscore{2}
\fcscore{3}
\fcscore{4}
\fcscore{5}
The \fcscore command accepts values larger than 5. For example, \fcscore{47}
produces
.
Table 305: skull Symbols
\skull
Table 306: Non-Mathematical mathabx Symbols
\rip
103
Table 307: skak Chess Informator Symbols

g
i
b
a
e
X
O
I
+
RR
P
l
n
V
t
G
\bbetter
\bdecisive
\betteris
\bishoppair
\bupperhand
\capturesymbol
\castlingchar
\castlinghyphen
\centre
\checksymbol
\chesscomment
\chessetc
\chesssee
\compensation
\counterplay
\devadvantage
\diagonal
d
L
j
H
O
O-O-O
x
y
m
S
U
N
F
o
r
M
s
\doublepawns
\ending
\equal
\file
\kside
\longcastling
\markera
\markerb
\mate
\morepawns
\moreroom
\novelty
\onlymove
\opposbishops
\passedpawn
\qside
\samebishops
q
O-O
T
k
u
R
f
h
J
v
A
E
C
w
c
D
\seppawns
\shortcastling
\timelimit
\unclear
\unitedpawns
\various
\wbetter
\wdecisive
\weakpt
\with
\withattack
\withidea
\withinit
\without
\wupperhand
\zugzwang
Table 308: skak Chess Pieces and Chessboard Squares
a
b
Z
j
k
m
n
o
p
l
q
\BlackBishopOnWhite
s
r
\BlackEmptySquare
\symbishop
\BlackKingOnBlack
\symking
\BlackKingOnWhite
\symknight
\BlackKnightOnBlack
\sympawn
\BlackKnightOnWhite
\symqueen
\BlackPawnOnBlack
\symrook
\BlackBishopOnBlack
\BlackPawnOnWhite
\BlackQueenOnBlack
\BlackQueenOnWhite
A
B
0
\BlackRookOnBlack
\BlackRookOnWhite
\WhiteBishopOnBlack
\WhiteBishopOnWhite
J
K
M
N
O
P
L
Q
S
R
\WhiteKingOnBlack
\WhiteKingOnWhite
\WhiteKnightOnBlack
\WhiteKnightOnWhite
\WhitePawnOnBlack
\WhitePawnOnWhite
\WhiteQueenOnBlack
\WhiteQueenOnWhite
\WhiteRookOnBlack
\WhiteRookOnWhite
\WhiteEmptySquare
The skak package also provides commands for drawing complete chessboards. See the
skak documentation for more information.
104
}
|
~

Table 309: igo Go Stones
}
|
~

\blackstone[\igocircle]
\blackstone[\igocross]
\blackstone[\igonone]
\blackstone[\igosquare]
\blackstone[\igotriangle]
\whitestone[\igocircle]
\whitestone[\igocross]
\whitestone[\igonone]
\whitestone[\igosquare]
\whitestone[\igotriangle]
In addition to the symbols shown above, igos \blackstone and \whitestone commands accept numbers from 1 to 99 and display them circled as , , , . . .
and , , , . . . , respectively.
The igo package is intended to typeset Go boards (goban). See the igo documentation
Table 310: metre Metrical Symbols
\a
\B
\b
\Bb
\BB
\bb
\bB
\bba
\bbb
\BBm
\bBm
\bbm
\Bbm
\bbmb
\bbmx
\bm
\Bm
\c
\C
\Cc
\cc
\Ccc
\m
\M
\ma
\Mb
\mb
\mBb
\mbB
\mbb
\Mbb
\mbbx
\oo
\p
\pm
\pp
\Pp
\ppm
\ppp
\Ppp
\Pppp
\pppp
\Ppppp
\ppppp
\ps
\pxp
\Pxp
\R
\r
\T
\t
\tsbm
\tsmb
\tsmm
\vppm
\vpppm
\x
The preceding symbols are valid only within the argument to the metre command.
Table 311: metre Small and Large Metrical Symbols
<
<
>
>
\anaclasis
\antidiple
\antidiple*
\antisigma
\asteriscus
\catalexis
\diple
\diple*
\obelus
\obelus*
\respondens
\terminus
\terminus*
<
<
>
>
105
\Anaclasis
\Antidiple
\Antidiple*
\Antisigma
\Asteriscus
\Catalexis
\Diple
\Diple*
\Obelus
\Obelus*
\Respondens
\Terminus
\Terminus*
Table 312: teubner Metrical Symbols
\aeolicbii
\aeolicbiii
\aeolicbiv
\anceps
\ancepsdbrevis
\banceps
\barbbrevis
\barbrevis
\bbrevis
\brevis
\catal
\corona
\coronainv
\hiatus
\ipercatal
\longa
\ubarbbrevis
\ubarbrevis
\ubarsbrevis
\ubrevislonga
The teubner package provides a \newmetrics command that helps users combine the
preceding symbols as well as other teubner symbols. For example, the predened
\pentam symbol uses \newmetrics to juxtapose six \longas, two \barbbrevises,
four \brevises, and a \dBar into ||. See the teubner documentation for more information.
Table 313: dictsym Dictionary Symbols

a
G
A
B
C
\dsaeronautical
\dsagricultural
\dsarchitectural
\dsbiological
\dschemical
c
H
J
L
M
\dscommercial
\dsheraldical
\dsjuridical
\dsliterary
\dsmathematical
m
X
R
T
\dsmedical
\dsmilitary
\dsrailways
\dstechnical
Table 314: simpsons Characters from The Simpsons
\Bart
\Burns
\Homer
\Lisa
\Maggie
\SNPP
\Marge
The location of the characters pupils can be controlled with the \Goofy command.
See A METAFONT of Simpsons characters [Che97] for more information. Also, each
of the above can be prexed with \Left to make the character face left instead of
right:
\Left\Bart
106
Table 315: pmboxdraw Box-Drawing Symbols

\textblock
\textSFli
\textSFxli
\textSFxxiii
\textdkshade
\textSFlii
\textSFxlii
\textSFxxiv
\textdnblock
\textSFliii
\textSFxliii
\textSFxxv
\textlfblock
\textSFliv
\textSFxliv
\textSFxxvi
\textltshade
\textSFv
\textSFxlix
\textSFxxvii
\textrtblock
\textSFi
\textSFvi
\textSFvii
\textSFxlv
\textSFxlvi
\textSFxxviii
\textSFxxxix
\textSFii
\textSFviii
\textSFxlvii
\textSFxxxvi
\textSFiii
\textSFx
\textSFxlviii
\textSFxxxvii
\textSFiv
\textSFxi
\textSFxx
\textSFxxxviii
\textSFix
\textSFxix
\textSFxxi
\textshade
\textSFl
\textSFxl
\textSFxxii
\textupblock
Code Page 437 (CP437), which was rst utilized by the original IBM PC, contains the
set of box-drawing symbols (sides, corners, and intersections of single- and doubleruled boxes) shown above in character positions 176223. These symbols also appear
in the Unicode Box Drawing and Block Element tables.
The pmboxdraw package draws the CP437 box-drawing symbols using TEX rules
(specically, \vrule) instead of with a font and thereby provides the ability to alter
both rule width and the separation between rules. See the pmboxdraw documentation
Table 316: staves Magical Staves

\staveI
\staveXXIV
\staveXLVII
\staveII
\staveXXV
\staveXLVIII
\staveIII
\staveXXVI
\staveXLIX
\staveIV
\staveXXVII
\staveL
\staveV
\staveXXVIII
\staveLI
\staveVI
\staveXXIX
\staveLII
\staveVII
\staveXXX
\staveLIII
\staveVIII
\staveXXXI
\staveLIV
\staveIX
\staveXXXII
\staveLV
107
\staveX
\staveXXXIII
\staveLVI
\staveXI
\staveXXXIV
\staveLVII
\staveXII
\staveXXXV
\staveLVIII
\staveXIII
\staveXXXVI
\staveLIX
\staveXIV
\staveXXXVII
\staveLX
\staveXV
\staveXXXVIII
\staveLXI
\staveXVI
\staveXXXIX
\staveLXII
\staveXVII
\staveXL
\staveLXIII
\staveXVIII
\staveXLI
\staveLXIV
\staveXIX
\staveXLII
\staveLXV
\staveXX
\staveXLIII
\staveLXVI
\staveXXI
\staveXLIV
\staveLXVII
\staveXXII
\staveXLV
\staveLXVIII
\staveXXIII
\staveXLVI
The meanings of these symbols are described on the Web site for the Museum of Icelandic Sorcery and Witchcraft at http://www.galdrasyning.is/index.php?option=
com content&task=category&sectionid=5&id=18&Itemid=60 (TinyURL: http://
tinyurl.com/25979m). For example, \staveL (
) is intended to ward o ghosts
and evil spirits.
Table 317: pigpen Cipher Symbols

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
A}
B}
C}
D}
E}
F}
G}
H}
I}
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
J}
K}
L}
M}
N}
O}
P}
Q}
R}
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Table 318: C in
h A2e Phases of the Moon
\MoonPha{1}
\MoonPha{2}
108
\MoonPha{3}
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
{\pigpenfont
S}
T}
U}
V}
W}
X}
Y}
Z}
\MoonPha{4}

<
Table 319: Other C in

h A2e Symbols
\Greenpoint
\Info
#
>
\Postbox
\Request
\Telephone
Table 320: recycle Recycling Symbols
\recycle
\Recycle
\RECYCLE
The METAFONT code that implements the recycling symbols shown above is, in the
words of its author, awful code [that] doesnt even put the logo in a box (properly).
Expect to receive Inconsistent equation (off by number ) errors from METAFONT. Fortunately, if you tell METAFONT to proceed past those errors (e.g., by
pressing Enter after each one or by specifying -interaction=nonstopmode on the
METAFONT command line) it should produce a valid font.
The commands listed above should be used within a group (e.g., {\recycle})
because they exhibit the side eect of changing the font to the recycle font.
109
Additional Information
Unlike the previous sections of this document, Section 8 does not contain new symbol tables. Rather, it provides
A
additional help in using the Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List. First, it draws attention to symbol names used
by multiple packages. Next, it provides some guidelines for nding symbols and gives some examples regarding
how to construct missing symbols out of existing ones. Then, it comments on the spacing surrounding symbols
in math mode. After that, it presents an ASCII and Latin 1 quick-reference guide, showing how to enter all of
A
the standard ASCII/Latin 1 symbols in L TEX. And nally, it lists some statistics about this document itself.
8.1
Symbol Name Clashes
Unfortunately, a number of symbol names are not unique; they appear in more than one package. Depending
A
on how the symbols are dened in each package, L TEX will either output an error message or replace an earlierdened symbol with a later-dened symbol. Table 321 on the following page presents a selection of name clashes
that appear in this document.
Using multiple symbols with the same name in the same documentor even merely loading conicting symbol
packagescan be tricky but, as evidenced by the existence of Table 321, not impossible. The general procedure
is to load the rst package, rename the conicting symbols, and then load the second package. Examine the
A
L TEX source for this document (symbols.tex) for examples of this and other techniques for handling symbol
conicts. Note that symbols.texs \savesymbol and \restoresymbol macros have been extracted into the
savesym package, which can be downloaded from CTAN.
txfonts and pxfonts redene a huge number of symbolsessentially, all of the symbols dened by latexsym,
A
textcomp, the various AMS symbol sets, and L TEX 2 itself. Similarly, mathabx redenes a vast number of math
symbols in an attempt to improve their look. The txfonts, pxfonts, and mathabx conicts are not listed in Table 321
because they are designed to be compatible with the symbols they replace. Table 322 on page 112 illustrates what
compatible means in this context.
To use the new txfonts/pxfonts symbols without altering the documents main font, merely reset the default
font families back to their original values after loading one of those packages:
\renewcommand\rmdefault{cmr}
\renewcommand\sfdefault{cmss}
\renewcommand\ttdefault{cmtt}
8.2
Resizing symbols
Mathematical symbols listed in this document as variable-sized are designed to stretch vertically. Each variablesized symbol comes in one or more basic sizes plus a variation comprising both stretchable and nonstretchable
segments. Table 323 on page 112 presents the symbols \} and \uparrow in their default size, in their \big, \Big,
\bigg, and \Bigg sizes, in an even larger size achieved using \left/\right, andfor contrastin a large size
A
achieved by changing the font size using L TEX 2 s \fontsize command. Because the symbols shown belong to
the Computer Modern family, the type1cm package needs to be loaded to support font sizes larger than 24.88 pt.
Note how \fontsize makes the symbol wider and thicker. (The graphicx packages \scalebox or \resizebox
commands would produce a similar eect.) Also, the \fontsize-enlarged symbol is vertically centered relative
to correspondingly large text, unlike the symbols enlarged using \big et al. or \left/\right, which all use the
same math axis regardless of symbol size. However, \fontsize is not limited to mathematical delimiters. Also,
\scalebox and \resizebox are more robust to poorly composed symbols (e.g., two symbols made to overlap by
backspacing a xed distance) but do not work with every TEX backend and will produce jagged symbols when
scaling a bitmapped font.
All variable-sized delimiters are dened (by the corresponding .tfm le) in terms of up to ve segments, as
illustrated by Figure 1 on page 112. The top, middle, and bottom segments are of a xed size. The top-middle
and middle-bottom segments (which are constrained to be the same character) are repeated as many times as
necessary to achieve the desired height.
110
111
\baro
\bigtriangledown
\bigtriangleup
\checkmark
\Circle
\Cross
\ggg
\Letter
\lightning
\Lightning
\lll
\Square
\Sun
\TriangleDown
\TriangleUp
Symbol
A
L TEX 2
AMS
stmaryrd
wasysym
mathabx
marvosym
Table 321: Symbol Name Clashes
f
o
n
bbding
H

Q
I
&
S

ifsym
dingbat
wsuipa
Table 322: Example of a Benign Name Clash

Default
(Computer Modern)
txfonts
(Times Roman)
Symbol
R
\textrecipe
Table 323: Sample resized delimiters

Symbol
Default size
\big
\Big
\bigg
\Bigg
\left / \right
\}
\uparrow
top
top-middle (extensible)
middle
middle-bottom (extensible)
bottom
Figure 1: Implementation of variable-sized delimiters
112
\fontsize
8.3
Where can I nd the symbol for . . . ?
If you cant nd some symbol youre looking for in this document, there are a few possible explanations:
The symbol isnt intuitively named. As a few examples, the ifsym command to draw dice is \Cube; a plus
sign with a circle around it (exclusive or to computer engineers) is \oplus; and lightning bolts in fonts
designed by German speakers may have blitz in their names as in the ulsy package. The moral of the
story is to be creative with synonyms when searching the index.
The symbol is dened by some package that I overlooked (or deemed unimportant). If theres some symbol
A
package that you think should be included in the Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List, please send me e-mail
at the address listed on the title page.
The symbol isnt dened in any package whatsoever.
A
Even in the last case, all is not lost. Sometimes, a symbol exists in a font, but there is no L TEX binding for it.
For example, the PostScript Symbol font contains a symbol, which may be useful for representing a carriage
return, but there is no package (as far as I know) for accessing that symbol. To produce an unnamed symbol, you
A
A
need to switch to the font explicitly with L TEX 2 s low-level font commands [L T00] and use TEXs primitive \char
5
command [Knu86a] to request a specic character number in the font. In fact, \char is not strictly necesssary;
the character can often be entered symbolically. For example, the symbol for an impulse train or Tate-Shafarevich
group ( ) is actually an uppercase sha in the Cyrillic alphabet. (Cyrillic is supported by the OT2 font encoding,
for instance). While a sha can be dened numerically as {\fontencoding{OT2}\selectfont\char88} it may
be more intuitive to use the OT2 font encodings SH ligature: {\fontencoding{OT2}\selectfont SH}.
Reecting and rotating existing symbols

A common request on comp.text.tex is for a reversed or rotated version of an existing symbol.
As a last resort, these eects can be achieved with the graphicx (or graphics) packages \reflectbox and
\rotatebox macros.
For example, \textsuperscript{\reflectbox{?}} produces an irony mark ( ? ;
cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony mark), and \rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{$\iota$} produces the
denite-description operator ( ). The disadvantage of the graphicx/graphics approach is that not every TEX
backend handles graphical transformations.6 Far better is to nd a suitable font that contains the desired symbol
in the correct orientation. For instance, if the phonetic package is available, then \textit{\riota} will yield a
backend-independent . Similarly, tipas \textrevepsilon (3) or wsuipas \revepsilon (%) may be used
to express the mathematical notion of such that in a cleaner manner than with \reflectbox or \rotatebox.7
Joining and overlapping existing symbols

A
Symbols that do not exist in any font can sometimes be fabricated out of existing symbols. The L TEX 2 source
le fontdef.dtx contains a number of such denitions. For example, \models (see Table 67 on page 34) is dened
in that le with:
\def\models{\mathrel|\joinrel=}
where \mathrel and \joinrel are used to control the horizontal spacing. \def is the TEX primitive upon which
A
L TEXs \newcommand is based. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more information on all three of those commands.
With some simple pattern-matching, one can easily dene a backward \models sign (=|):
\def\ismodeledby{=\joinrel\mathrel|}
5 pifont denes a convenient \Pisymbol command for accessing symbols in PostScript fonts by number.
\Pisymbol{psy}{191} produces .
6 As an example, Xdvi ignores both \reflectbox and \rotatebox.
7 More common symbols for representing such that include |, :, and s.t..
113
For example,
In general, arrows/harpoons, horizontal lines (=, -, \relbar, and \Relbar), and the various mathextension characters can be combined creatively with miscellaneous other characters to produce a variety of new
A
symbols. Of course, new symbols can be composed from any set of existing characters. For instance, L TEX
denes \hbar ( ) as a character (\mathchar26) followed by a backspace of 9 math units (\mkern-9mu),
followed by the letter h:
\def\hbar{{\mathchar26\mkern-9muh}}
We can just as easily dene other barred letters:
\def\bbar{{\mathchar26\mkern-9mu b}}
\def\dbar{{\mathchar26\mkern-12mu d}}
(The space after the mu is optional but is added for clarity.) \bbar and \dbar dene and respectively.
b
d,
Note that \dbar requires a greater backward math kern than \bbar; a 9 mu kern would have produced the
less-attractive glyph.
d
The amsmath package provides \overset and \underset commands for placing one symbol respectively above
G
or below another. For example, \overset{G}{\sim}8 produces (sometimes used for equidecomposable with
respect to G).
Sometimes an ordinary tabular environment can be co-opted into juxtaposing existing symbols into a new
symbol. Consider the following denition of \asterism (**) from a June 2007 post to comp.text.tex by Peter
*
Flynn:
\newcommand{\asterism}{\smash{%
\raisebox{-.5ex}{%
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{-.5pt}%
\begin{tabular}{@{}cc@{}}%
\multicolumn2c*\\[-2ex]*&*%
\end{tabular}}}}
Note how the space between columns (\tabcolsep) and rows (\\[. . . ]) is made negative to squeeze the asterisks
closer together.
There is a TEX primitive called \mathaccent that centers one mathematical symbol atop another. For example,
one can dene \dotcup ()the composition of a \cup and a \cdotas follows:
\newcommand{\dotcup}{\ensuremath{\mathaccent\cdot\cup}}
The catch is that \mathaccent requires the accent to be a math character. That is, it must be a character
in a math font as opposed to a symbol dened in terms of other symbols. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more
information.
Another TEX primitive that is useful for composing symbols is \vcenter. \vcenter is conceptually similar
A
to \begin{tabular}{l} in L TEX but takes a list of vertical material instead of \\-separated rows. Also, it
vertically centers the result on the math axis. (Many operators, such as + and are also vertically centered
on the math axis.) Enrico Gregorio posted the following symbol denition to comp.text.tex in March 2004 in
response to a query about an alternate way to denote equivalence:
\newcommand*{\threesim}{%
\mathrel{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip
\hbox{$\sim$}\vskip-.35ex\hbox{$\sim$}\vskip-.35ex\hbox{$\sim$}}}}
The \threesim symbol, which vertically centers three \sim () symbols with 0.35 x-heights of space between
them, is rendered as . \offinterlineskip is a macro that disables implicit interline spacing. Without it,
\threesim would have a full line of vertical spacing between each \sim. Because of \vcenter, \threesim aligns
properly with other math operators: a b c d.
8L T
A
EXs \stackrel command is similar but is limited to placing a symbol above a binary relation.
114
A
A related L TEX command, borrowed from Plain TEX, is \ooalign. \ooalign vertically overlaps symbols and
works both within and outside of math mode. Essentially, it creates a single-column tabular environment with
zero vertical distance between rows. However, because it is based directly on TEXs \ialign primitive, \ooalign
A
uses TEXs tabular syntax instead of L TEXs (i.e., with \cr as the row terminator instead of \\). The following
example of \ooalign, a macro that denes a standard-state symbol (\stst, ) as a superscripted Plimsoll
9
line (\barcirc, ), is due to an October 2007 comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau:
\makeatletter
\providecommand\barcirc{\mathpalette\@barred\circ}
\def\@barred#1#2{\ooalign{\hfil$#1-$\hfil\cr\hfil$#1#2$\hfil\cr}}
\newcommand\stst{^{\protect\barcirc}}
\makeatother
In the preceding code, note the \ooalign calls use of \hfil to horizontally center a minus sign () and a
\circ ().
As another example of \ooalign, consider the following code (due to Enrico Gregorio in a June 2007 post to
comp.text.tex) that overlaps a \ni ( ) and two minus signs ( to produce an obscure variation on
)
,
the infrequently used 3 symbol for such thatdiscussed on page 113:
\newcommand{\suchthat}{%
\mathrel{\ooalign{$\ni$\cr\kern-1pt$-$\kern-6.5pt$-$}}}
The slashed package, although originally designed for producing Feynman slashed-character notation, in fact
facilitates the production of arbitrary overlapped symbols. The default behavior is to overwrite a given character
/
with /. For example, \slashed{D} produces D. However, the \declareslashed command provides the
exibility to specify the mathematical context of the composite character (operator, relation, punctuation, etc.,
as will be discussed in Section 8.4), the overlapping symbol, horizontal and vertical adjustments in symbolrelative units, and the character to be overlapped. Consider, for example, the symbol for reduced quadrupole
moment (I). This can be declared as follows:
\newcommand{\rqm}{{%
\declareslashed{}{\text{-}}{0.04}{0}{I}\slashed{I}}}
\declareslashed{}{}{}{}{I} aects the meaning of all subsequent \slashed{I} commands in the same
scope. The preceding denition of \rqm therefore uses an extra set of curly braces to limit that scope to a single
\slashed{I}. In addition, \rqm uses amstexts \text macro (described on page 117) to make \declareslashed
use a text-mode hyphen (-) instead of a math-mode minus sign () and to ensure that the hyphen scales
properly in size in subscripts and superscripts. See slasheds documentation (located in slashed.sty itself) for a
detailed usage description of the \slashed and \declareslashed commands.
Somewhat simpler than slashed is the centernot package. centernot provides a single command, \centernot,
which, like \not, puts a slash over the subsequent mathematical symbol. However, instead of putting the slash
at a xed location, \centernot centers the slash over its argument. \centernot might be used, for example, to
create a does not imply symbol:
=
\not\Longrightarrow
vs.
\centernot\Longrightarrow
See the centernot documentation for more information.

9 While \barcirc illustrates how to combine symbols using \ooalign, the stmaryrd packages \minuso command (Table 46 on
page 25) provides a similar glyph ( ) as a single, indivisible symbol.
115
Making new symbols work in superscripts and subscripts

To make composite symbols work properly within subscripts and superscripts, you may need to use TEXs
\mathchoice primitive. \mathchoice evaluates one of four expressions, based on whether the current math style
is display, text, script, or scriptscript. (See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for a more complete description.) For examA
ple, the following L TEX codeposted to comp.text.tex by Torsten Brongercomposes a sub/superscriptable
symbol out of \top and \bot ( and ):
\def\topbotatom#1{\hbox{\hbox to 0pt{$#1\bot$\hss}$#1\top$}}
\newcommand*{\topbot}{\mathrel{\mathchoice{\topbotatom\displaystyle}
{\topbotatom\textstyle}
{\topbotatom\scriptstyle}
{\topbotatom\scriptscriptstyle}}}
The following is another example that uses \mathchoice to construct symbols in dierent math modes. The
code denes a principal value integral symbol, which is an integral sign with a line through it.
\def\Xint#1{\mathchoice
{\XXint\displaystyle\textstyle{#1}}%
{\XXint\textstyle\scriptstyle{#1}}%
{\XXint\scriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}%
{\XXint\scriptscriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}%
\!\int}
\def\XXint#1#2#3{{\setbox0=\hbox{$#1{#2#3}{\int}$}
\vcenter{\hbox{$#2#3$}}\kern-.5\wd0}}
\def\ddashint{\Xint=}
\def\dashint{\Xint-}
(The preceding code was taken verbatim from the UK TEX Users Group FAQ at http://www.tex.ac.uk/
faq.) \dashint produces a single-dashed integral sign (), while \ddashint produces a double-dashed
one (=). The \Xint macro dened above can also be used to generate a wealth of new integrals:
(\Xint\circlearrowright), (\Xint\circlearrowleft), (\Xint\subset), (\Xint\infty), and so
forth.
A
L TEX 2 provides a simple wrapper for \mathchoice that sometimes helps produce terser symbol denitions.
The macro is called \mathpalette and it takes two arguments. \mathpalette invokes the rst argument, passing
it one of \displaystyle, \textstyle, \scriptstyle, or \scriptscriptstyle, followed by the second
argument. \mathpalette is useful when a symbol macro must know which math style is currently in use (e.g., to
set it explicitly within an \mbox). Donald Arseneau posted the following \mathpalette-based denition of a
probabilistic-independence symbol ( to comp.text.tex in June 2000:
)
\newcommand\independent{\protect\mathpalette{\protect\independenT}{\perp}}
\def\independenT#1#2{\mathrel{\rlap{$#1#2$}\mkern2mu{#1#2}}}
The \independent macro uses \mathpalette to pass the \independenT helper macro both the current math
style and the \perp symbol. \independenT typesets \perp in the current math style, moves two math units to
the right, and nally typesets a secondoverlappingcopy of \perp, again in the current math style. \rlap,
which enables text overlap, is described on the following page.
) as this helps visually distinguish

Some people like their square-root signs with a trailing hook (i.e.,
expressions like 3x from those like 3x. In March 2002, Dan Luecking posted a \mathpalette-based
denition of a hooked square-root symbol to comp.text.tex:
\def\hksqrt{\mathpalette\DHLhksqrt}
\def\DHLhksqrt#1#2{\setbox0=\hbox{$#1\sqrt{#2\,}$}\dimen0=\ht0
\advance\dimen0-0.2\ht0
\setbox2=\hbox{\vrule height\ht0 depth -\dimen0}%
{\box0\lower0.4pt\box2}}
116
Notice how \DHLhksqrt uses \mathpalette to recover the outer math style (argument #1) from within an \hbox.
The rest of the code is simply using TEX primitives to position a hook of height 0.2 times the \sqrt height at
the right of the \sqrt. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more understanding of TEX boxes and dimens.
Sometimes, however, amstexts \text macro is all that is necessary to make composite symbols appear correctly
in subscripts and superscripts, as in the following denitions of \neswarrow ( ) and \nwsearrow ( ):10
\newcommand{\neswarrow}{\mathrel{\text{$\nearrow$\llap{$\swarrow$}}}}
\newcommand{\nwsearrow}{\mathrel{\text{$\nwarrow$\llap{$\searrow$}}}}
A
\text resembles L TEXs \mbox command but shrinks its argument appropriately when used within a subscript or
superscript. \llap (left overlap) and its counterpart, \rlap (right overlap), appear frequently when creating
composite characters. \llap outputs its argument to the left of the current position, overlapping whatever text
is already there. Similarly, \rlap overlaps whatever text would normally appear to the right of its argument.
For example, A\llap{B} and \rlap{A}B each produce A. However, the result of the former is the width
B
of A, and the result of the latter is the width of B\llap{. . . } and \rlap{. . . } take up zero space.
In a June 2002 post to comp.text.tex, Donald Arseneau presented a general macro for aligning an arbitrary
number of symbols on their horizontal centers and vertical baselines:
\makeatletter
\def\moverlay{\mathpalette\mov@rlay}
\def\mov@rlay#1#2{\leavevmode\vtop{%
\baselineskip\z@skip \lineskiplimit-\maxdimen
\ialign{\hfil$#1##$\hfil\cr#2\crcr}}}
\makeatother
A
The \makeatletter and \makeatother commands are needed to coerce L TEX into accepting @ as part of a
A
macro name. \moverlay takes a list of symbols separated by \cr (TEXs equivalent of L TEXs \\). For example,
the \topbot command dened on the previous page could have been expressed as \moverlay{\top\cr\bot}
and the \neswarrow command dened above could have been expressed as \moverlay{\nearrow\cr\swarrow}.
The basic concept behind \moverlays implementation is that \moverlay typesets the given symbols in a
table that utilizes a zero \baselineskip. This causes every row to be typeset at the same vertical position. See
The TEXbook [Knu86a] for explanations of the TEX primitives used by \moverlay.
A
Modifying L TEX-generated symbols
A
Oftentimes, symbols composed in the L TEX 2 source code can be modied with minimal eort to produce useful
variations. For example, fontdef.dtx composes the \ddots symbol (see Table 189 on page 70) out of three
periods, raised 7 pt., 4 pt., and 1 pt., respectively:
\def\ddots{\mathinner{\mkern1mu\raise7\p@
\vbox{\kern7\p@\hbox{.}}\mkern2mu
\raise4\p@\hbox{.}\mkern2mu\raise\p@\hbox{.}\mkern1mu}}
A
\p@ is a L TEX 2 shortcut for pt or 1.0pt. The remaining commands are dened in The TEXbook [Knu86a].
To draw a version of \ddots with the dots going along the opposite diagonal, we merely have to reorder the
\raise7\p@, \raise4\p@, and \raise\p@:
\makeatletter
\def\revddots{\mathinner{\mkern1mu\raise\p@
\vbox{\kern7\p@\hbox{.}}\mkern2mu
\raise4\p@\hbox{.}\mkern2mu\raise7\p@\hbox{.}\mkern1mu}}
\makeatother
\revddots is essentially identical to the mathdots packages \iddots command or the yhmath packages \adots
command.
10 Note that if your goal is to typeset commutative diagrams or pushout/pullback diagrams, then you should probably be using
X -pic.
Y
117
Producing complex accents

Accents are a special case of combining existing symbols to make new symbols. While various tables in this
document show how to add an accent to an existing symbol, some applications, such as transliterations from nonLatin alphabets, require multiple accents per character. For instance, the creator of pdfTEX writes his name as
A
H`n Th Th`nh. The dblaccnt package enables L TEX to stack accents, as in H\an Th\{\ê} Th\anh (albeit
a
e
a
not in the OT1 font encoding). In addition, the wsuipa package denes \diatop and \diaunder macros for putting
one or more diacritics or accents above or below a given character. For example, \diaunder[{\diatop[\|\=]}|
\textsubdot{r}] produces . See the wsuipa documentation for more information.
r
The accents package facilitates the fabrication of accents in math mode. Its \accentset command enables any
character to be used as an accent. For instance, \accentset{\star}{f} produces f and \accentset{e}{X}
e
produces X. \underaccent does the same thing, but places the accent beneath the character. This enables
constructs like \underaccent{\tilde}{V}, which produces V . accents provides other accent-related features
as well; see the documentation for more information.

Creating extensible symbols
A relatively simple example of creating extensible symbols stems from a comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau
A
(June 2003). The following code denes an equals sign that extends as far to the right as possible, just like L TEXs
\hrulefill command:
\makeatletter
\def\equalsfill{$\m@th\mathord=\mkern-7mu
\cleaders\hbox{$\!\mathord=\!$}\hfill
\mkern-7mu\mathord=$}
\makeatother
TEXs \cleaders and \hfill primitives are the key to understanding \equalsfills extensibility. Essentially,
\equalsfill repeats a box containing = plus some negative space until it lls the maximum available horizontal
A
space. \equalsfill is intended to be used with L TEXs \stackrel command, which stacks one mathematical
a
expression (slightly reduced in size) atop another. Hence, \stackrel{a}{\rightarrow} produces and X
denition
\stackrel{\text{definition}}{\hbox{\equalsfill}} Y produces X = = = = Y .
===
If all that needs to extend are horizontal and vertical linesas opposed to repeated symbols such as the =
A
in the previous exampleL TEXs array or tabular environments may suce. Consider the following code (due
to a February 1999 comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau and subsequent modications by Billy Yu and Scott
Pakin) for typesetting annuity and life-insurance symbols:
\DeclareRobustCommand{\actuarial}[2][]{%
\def\arraystretch{0}%
\setlength\arraycolsep{0.5pt}%
\setlength\arrayrulewidth{0.5pt}%
\setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptstyle#1#2$}%
\begin{array}[b]{*2{@{}>{\scriptstyle}c}|}
\cline{2-2}%
\rule[1.25pt]{0pt}{\ht0}%
#1 & #2%
\end{array}%
}
Using the preceding denition, one can type, e.g., $a_{\actuarial{n}}$ to produce an and
$a_{\actuarial[x:]{n}}$ to produce ax:n
A more complex example of composing accents is the following denition of extensible \overbracket,
\underbracket, \overparenthesis, and \underparenthesis symbols, taken from a May 2002 comp.text.tex
post by Donald Arseneau:
118
\makeatletter
\def\overbracket#1{\mathop{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@}
\downbracketfill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip}
$\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr}}}\limits}
\def\underbracket#1{\mathop{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr
$\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip}
\upbracketfill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@}}}}\limits}
\def\overparenthesis#1{\mathop{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@}
\downparenthfill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip}
$\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr}}}\limits}
\def\underparenthesis#1{\mathop{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr
$\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip}
\upparenthfill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@}}}}\limits}
\def\downparenthfill{$\m@th\braceld\leaders\vrule\hfill\bracerd$}
\def\upparenthfill{$\m@th\bracelu\leaders\vrule\hfill\braceru$}
\def\upbracketfill{$\m@th\makesm@sh{\llap{\vrule\@height3\p@\@width.7\p@}}%
\leaders\vrule\@height.7\p@\hfill
\makesm@sh{\rlap{\vrule\@height3\p@\@width.7\p@}}$}
\def\downbracketfill{$\m@th
\makesm@sh{\llap{\vrule\@height.7\p@\@depth2.3\p@\@width.7\p@}}%
\leaders\vrule\@height.7\p@\hfill
\makesm@sh{\rlap{\vrule\@height.7\p@\@depth2.3\p@\@width.7\p@}}$}
\makeatother
Table 324 showcases these accents. The TEXbook [Knu86a] or another book on TEX primitives is indispensible
for understanding how the preceding code works. The basic idea is that \downparenthfill, \upparenthfill,
\downbracketfill, and \upbracketfill do all of the work; they output a left symbol (e.g., \braceld [ ] for
\downparenthfill), a horizontal rule that stretches as wide as possible, and a right symbol (e.g., \bracerd [ ]
for \downparenthfill). \overbracket, \underbracket, \overparenthesis, and \underparenthesis merely
create a table whose width is determined by the given text, thereby constraining the width of the horizontal rules.
Table 324: Manually Composed Extensible Accents
abc
\overbracket{abc}
abc
\overparenthesis{abc}
abc
\underbracket{abc}
abc
\underparenthesis{abc}
Note that the simplewick package provides mechanisms for typesetting Wick contractions, which utilize
\overbracket- and \underbracket-like brackets of variable width and height (or depth). For example,
\acontraction{}{A}{B}{C}\acontraction[2ex]{A}{B}{C}{D}\bcontraction{}{A}{BC}{D}ABCD produces
ABCD
See the simplewick documentation for more information.

Developing new symbols from scratch
Sometimes is it simply not possible to dene a new symbol in terms of existing symbols. Fortunately, most, if
not all, TEX distributions are shipped with a tool called METAFONT which is designed specically for creating
fonts to be used with TEX. The METAFONTbook [Knu86b] is the authoritative text on METAFONT. If you plan
to design your own symbols with METAFONT, The METAFONTbook is essential reading. You may also want to
read the freely available METAFONT primer located at http://metafont.tutorial.free.fr/. The following is
A
an extremely brief tutorial on how to create a new L TEX symbol using METAFONT. Its primary purpose is to
119
A
cover the L TEX-specic operations not mentioned in The METAFONTbook and to demonstrate that symbol-font
creation is not necessarily a dicult task.
Suppose we need a symbol to represent a light bulb (A).11 The rst step is to draw this in METAFONT.
It is common to separate the font into two les: a size-dependent le, which species the design size and various font-specic parameters that are a function of the design size; and a size-independent le, which draws
characters in the given size. Figure 2 shows the METAFONT code for lightbulb10.mf. lightbulb10.mf species various parameters that produce a 10 pt. light bulb then loads lightbulb.mf. Ideally, one should produce
lightbulb size .mf les for a variety of size s. This is called optical scaling. It enables, for example, the lines
that make up the light bulb to retain the same thickness at dierent font sizes, which looks much nicer than the
alternativeand defaultmechanical scaling. When a lightbulb size .mf le does not exist for a given size
size , the computer mechanically produces a wider, taller, thicker symbol:
vs.
10 pt.
20 pt.
vs.
30 pt.
vs.
vs.
40 pt.
A A
vs.
50 pt.
font identier := "LightBulb10";

font size 10pt#;
em# := 10pt#;
cap# := 7pt#;
sb# := 1/4pt#;
o# := 1/16pt#;
vs.
60 pt.
A
70 pt.
% Name the font.

% Specify the design size.
% M width is 10 points.
% Capital letter height is 7 points above the baseline.
% Leave this much space on the side of each character.
% Amount that curves overshoot borders.
input lightbulb
% Load the le that draws the actual glyph.

Figure 2: Sample METAFONT size-specic le (lightbulb10.mf)
lightbulb.mf, shown in Figure 3, draws a light bulb using the parameters dened in lightbulb10.mf.
Note that the the lenames lightbulb10.mf and lightbulb.mf do not follow the Berry font-naming
scheme [Ber01]; the Berry font-naming scheme is largely irrelevant for symbol fonts, which generally lack bold,
italic, small-caps, slanted, and other such variants.
The code in Figures Figure 2 and Figure 3 is heavily commented and should demonstrate some of the basic
concepts behind METAFONT usage: declaring variables, dening points, drawing lines and curves, and preparing
to debug or ne-tune the output. Again, The METAFONTbook [Knu86b] is the denitive reference on METAFONT
programming.
METAFONT can produce proofs of fontslarge, labeled versions that showcase the logical structure of each
character. In fact, proof mode is METAFONTs default mode. To produce a proof of lightbulb10.mf, issue the
following commands at the operating-system prompt:
prompt > mf lightbulb10.mf

prompt > gftodvi lightbulb10.2602gf
Produces lightbulb10.2602gf
Produces lightbulb10.dvi
You can then view lightbulb10.dvi with any DVI viewer. The result is shown in Figure 4. Observe how the
grid dened with makegrid at the bottom of Figure 3 draws vertical lines at positions 0, sb, w/2, and w sb and
horizontal lines at positions 0, 1pt, y2 , and h. Similarly, observe how the penlabels command labels all of the
important coordinates: z1 , z2 , . . . , z8 and z67 , which lightbulb.mf denes to lie between z6 and z7 .
Most, if not all, TEX distributions include a Plain TEX le called testfont.tex which is useful for testing
new fonts in a variety of ways. One useful routine produces a table of all of the characters in the font:
prompt > tex testfont
11 Im
not a very good artist; youll have to pretend that A looks like a light bulb.
120
mode setup;
% Target a given printer.
dene pixels(em, cap, sb);

dene corrected pixels(o);
% Convert to device-specic units.

% Same, but add a device-specic fudge factor.
%% Dene a light bulb at the character position for A

%% with width 1/2em#, height cap#, and depth 1pt#.
beginchar("A", 1/2em#, cap#, 1pt#); "A light bulb";
pickup pencircle scaled 1/2pt;
%% Dene the points we need.
top z1 = (w/2, h + o);
rt z2 = (w + sb + o x4 , y4 );
bot z3 = (z1 (0, w sb o));
lft z4 = (sb o, 1/2[y1 , y3 ]);
path bulb;
bulb = z1 . . z2 . . z3 . . z4 . . cycle;
% Use a pen with a small, circular tip.
% z1 is at the top of a circle.

% z2 is at the same height as z4 but the opposite side.
% z3 is at the bottom of the circle.
% z4 is on the left of the circle.
% Dene a path for the bulb itself.
% The bulb is a closed path.
z5 = point 2 1/3 of bulb;

z6 = (x5 , 0);
z7 = (x8 , 0);
z8 = point 2 + 1/3 of bulb;
bot z67 = ( 1/2[x6 , x7 ], pen bot o 1/8pt);
% z5 lies on the bulb, a little to the right of z3 .

% z6 is at the bottom, directly under z5 .
% z7 is at the bottom, directly under z8 .
% z8 lies on the bulb, a little to the left of z3 .
% z67 lies halfway between z6 and z7 but a jot lower.
%% Draw the bulb and the base.

draw bulb;
draw z5 - - z6 . . z67 . . z7 - - z8 ;
% Draw the bulb proper.

% Draw the base of the bulb.
%% Display key positions and points to help us debug.

makegrid(0, sb, w/2, w sb)(0, 1pt, y2 , h);
% Label interesting x and y coordinates.
penlabels(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 67, 7, 8);
% Label control points for debugging.
endchar;
end
Figure 3: Sample METAFONT size-independent le (lightbulb.mf)
67
Figure 4: Proof diagram of lightbulb10.mf
121
This is TeX, Version 3.14159 (Web2C 7.3.1)

(/usr/share/texmf/tex/plain/base/testfont.tex
Name of the font to test = lightbulb10
Now type a test command (\help for help):)
*\table
*\bye
[1]
Output written on testfont.dvi (1 page, 1516 bytes).
Transcript written on testfont.log.
The resulting table, stored in testfont.dvi and illustrated in Figure 5, shows every character in the font.
To understand how to read the table, note that the character code for Athe only character dened by
lightbulb10.mfis 41 in hexadecimal (base 16) and 101 in octal (base 8).
Test of lightbulb10 on March 11, 2003 at 1127
0
10x
11x
8
1
A
7
4x
Figure 5: Font table produced by testfont.tex

A
The LightBulb10 font is now usable by TEX. L TEX 2 , however, needs more information before documents
A
can use the font. First, we create a font-description le that tells L TEX 2 how to map fonts in a given font
family and encoding to a particular font in a particular font size. For symbol fonts, this mapping is fairly
simple. Symbol fonts almost always use the U (Unknown) font encoding and frequently occur in only one
variant: normal weight and non-italicized. The lename for a font-description le important; it must be of the
form encoding family .fd, where encoding is the lowercase version of the encoding name (typically u for
symbol fonts) and family is the name of the font family. For LightBulb10, lets call this bulb. Figure 6 lists
A
A
the contents of ubulb.fd. The document L TEX 2 Font Selection [L T00] describes \DeclareFontFamily and
\DeclareFontShape in detail, but the gist of ubulb.fd is rst to declare a U-encoded version of the bulb font
A
family and then to specify that a L TEX 2 request for a U-encoded version of bulb with a (m)edium font series (as
opposed to, e.g., bold) and a (n)ormal font shape (as opposed to, e.g., italic) should translate into a TEX request
for lightbulb10.tfm mechanically scaled to the current font size.
\DeclareFontFamily{U}{bulb}{}
\DeclareFontShape{U}{bulb}{m}{n}{<-> lightbulb10}{}
A
Figure 6: L TEX 2 font-description le (ubulb.fd)
A
The nal step is to write a L TEX 2 style le that denes a name for each symbol in the font. Because we have
only one symbol our style le, lightbulb.sty (Figure 7), is rather trivial. Note that instead of typesetting A we
could have had \lightbulb typeset \char65, \char"41, or \char101 (respectively, decimal, hexadecimal,
and octal character osets into the font). For a simple, one-character symbol font such as LightBulb10 it would
be reasonable to merge ubulb.fd into lightbulb.sty instead of maintaining two separate les. In either case, a
document need only include \usepackage{lightbulb} to make the \lightbulb symbol available.
METAFONT normally produces bitmapped fonts. However, it is also possible, with the help of some external
tools, to produce PostScript Type 1 fonts. These have the advantages of rendering better in Adobe Acrobat
(at least in versions prior to 6.0) and of being more memory-ecient when handled by a PostScript interpreter. See
122
\newcommand{\lightbulb}{{\usefont{U}{bulb}{m}{n}A}}
A
Figure 7: L TEX 2 style le (lightbulb.sty)
http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=textrace for pointers to tools that can produce Type 1

fonts from METAFONT.
8.4
Math-mode spacing
Terms such as binary operators, relations, and punctuation in Section 3 primarily regard the surrounding
A
spacing. (See the Short Math Guide for L TEX [Dow00] for a nice exposition on the subject.) To use a symbol
for a dierent purpose, you can use the TEX commands \mathord, \mathop, \mathbin, \mathrel, \mathopen,
\mathclose, and \mathpunct. For example, if you want to use \downarrow as a variable (an ordinary symbol)
instead of a delimiter, you can write $3 x + \mathord{\downarrow}$ to get the properly spaced 3x+ rather
than the awkward-looking 3x+ . Similarly, to create a dotted-union symbol () that spaces like the ordinary set-union symbol (\cup) it must be dened with \mathbin, just as \cup is. Contrast $A \dot{\cup} B$
(AB) with $A \mathbin{\dot{\cup}} B$ (A B). See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for the denitive description of math-mode spacing.
The purpose of the log-like symbols in Table 128 and Table 129 is to provide the correct amount of spacing
around and within multiletter function names. Table 325 contrasts the output of the log-like symbols with various,
na alternatives. In addition to spacing, the log-like symbols also handle subscripts properly. For example,
ve
\max_{p \in P} produces maxpP in text, but max as part of a displayed formula.
pP
Table 325: Spacing Around/Within Log-like Symbols

A
L TEX expression
Output
$r
$r
$r
$r
r sin
rsin
rsin
rsin
\sin \theta$
sin \theta$
\mbox{sin} \theta$
\mathrm{sin} \theta$
(best)
The amsmath package makes it straightforward to dene new log-like symbols:

\DeclareMathOperator{\atan}{atan}
\DeclareMathOperator*{\lcm}{lcm}
The dierence between \DeclareMathOperator and \DeclareMathOperator* involves the handling of subscripts.
With \DeclareMathOperator*, subscripts are written beneath log-like symbols in display style and to the right
in text style. This is useful for limit operators (e.g., \lim) and functions that tend to map over a set (e.g., \min).
In contrast, \DeclareMathOperator tells TEX that subscripts should always be displayed to the right of the
operator, as is common for functions that take a single parameter (e.g., \log and \cos). Table 326 contrasts
symbols declared with \DeclareMathOperator and \DeclareMathOperator* in both text style ($. . .$) and display style (\[. . .\]).12
It is common to use a thin space (\,) between the words of a multiword operators, as in
\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmax}{arg\,max}. \liminf, \limsup, and all of the log-like symbols shown
in Table 129 utilize this spacing convention.
8.5
Bold mathematical symbols
A
L TEX does not normally use bold symbols when typesetting mathematics. However, bold symbols are occasionally
needed, for example when naming vectors. Any of the approaches described at http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/
12 Note that \displaystyle can be used to force display style within $. . .$ and \textstyle can be used to force text style
within \[. . .\].
123
Table 326: Dening new log-like symbols

Declaration function
$\newlogsym {p \in P}$
\[ \newlogsym {p \in P} \]
\DeclareMathOperator
newlogsympP
newlogsympP
\DeclareMathOperator*
newlogsympP
newlogsym
pP
texfaq2html?label=boldgreek can be used to produce bold mathematical symbols. Table 327 contrasts the
output produced by these various techniques. As the table illustrates, these techniques exhibit variation in
their formatting of Latin letters (upright vs. italic), formatting of Greek letters (bold vs. normal), formatting of
operators and relations (bold vs. normal), and spacing.
Table 327: Producing bold mathematical symbols
Package
Output
none
none
none
amsbsy
amsbsy
bm
xmath
8.6
Code
$\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$
$\mathbf{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$
\boldmath$\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$
$\pmb{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$
$\boldsymbol{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$
$\bm{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$
$\mathbold{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$
+b=D
+b=D
+b=D
+b=D
+b=D
+b=D
+b= D
(no bold)
(faked bold)
ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference
Table 328 on the next page amalgamates data from various other tables in this document into a convenient
A
reference for L TEX 2 typesetting of ASCII characters, i.e., the characters available on a typical U.S. computer
keyboard. The rst two columns list the characters ASCII code in decimal and hexadecimal. The third column
A
shows what the character looks like. The fourth column lists the L TEX 2 command to typeset the character as a
A
text character. And the fourth column lists the L TEX 2 command to typeset the character within a \texttt{. . .}
command (or, more generally, when \ttfamily is in eect).
The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 328:
" is not available in the OT1 font encoding.
Table 328 shows a close quote for character 39 for consistency with the open quote shown for character 96.
A straight quote can be typeset using \textquotesingle (cf. Table 40).
The characters <, >, and | do work as expected in math mode, although they produce, respectively,
, , and in text mode when using the OT1 font encoding.13 The following are some alternatives
for typesetting <, >, and |:
Specify a document font encoding other than OT1 (as described on page 9).
Use the appropriate symbol commands from Table 2 on page 10, viz. \textless, \textgreater, and
\textbar.
Enter the symbols in math mode instead of text mode, i.e., $<$, $>$, and $|$.
Note that for typesetting metavariables many people prefer \textlangle and \textrangle to \textless
and \textgreater; i.e., lename instead of <lename>.
13 Donald
Knuth didnt think such symbols were important outside of mathematics so he omitted them from his text fonts.
124
A
Table 328: L TEX 2 ASCII Table
Dec
Hex
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
.
.
.
57
58
59
60
61
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
2A
2B
2C
2D
2E
2F
30
31
32
.
.
.
39
3A
3B
3C
3D
Char
Body text
!
"
#
$
%
&
(
)
*
+
,
.
/
0
1
2
.
.
.
9
:
;
<
=
!
\textquotedbl
\#
\$
\%
\&
(
)
*
+
,
.
/
0
1
2
.
.
.
9
:
;
\textless
=
\texttt
Dec
Hex
!
"
\#
\$
\%
\&
(
)
*
+
,
.
/
0
1
2
.
.
.
9
:
;
<
=
62
63
64
65
66
67
.
.
.
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
.
.
.
122
123
124
125
126
3E
3F
40
41
42
43
.
.
.
5A
5B
5C
5D
5E
5F
60
61
62
63
.
.
.
7A
7B
7C
7D
7E
Char
Body text
\texttt
>
?
@
A
B
C
.
.
.
Z
[
\
]
\textgreater
?
@
A
B
C
.
.
.
Z
[
\textbackslash
]
\^{}
\_
a
b
c
.
.
.
z
\{
\textbar
\}
\~{}
>
?
@
A
B
C
.
.
.
Z
[
\char\\
]
\^{}
\char\_
a
b
c
.
.
.
z
\char\{
|
\char\}
\~{}
a
b
c
.
.
.
z
{
|
}
A
Although / does not require any special treatment, L TEX additionally denes a \slash command which
outputs the same glyph but permits a line break afterwards. That is, increase/decrease is always
typeset as a single entity while increase\slash{}decrease may be typeset with increase/ on one line
and decrease on the next.
\textasciicircum can be used instead of \^{}, and \textasciitilde can be used instead of \~{}. Note
that \textasciitilde and \~{} produce raised, diacritic tildes. Text (i.e., vertically centered) tildes can
be generated with either the math-mode \sim command (shown in Table 67 on page 34), which produces
a somewhat wide , or the textcomp packages \texttildelow (shown in Table 40 on page 22), which
produces a vertically centered ~ in most fonts but a baseline-oriented in Computer Modern, txfonts,
pxfonts, and various other fonts originating from the TEX world. If your goal is to typeset tildes in URLs or
Unix lenames, your best bet is to use the url package, which has a number of nice features such as proper
line-breaking of such names.
The various \char commands within \texttt are necessary only in the OT1 font encoding. In other
encodings (e.g., T1), commands such as \{, \}, \_, and \textbackslash all work properly.
The code page 437 (IBM PC) version of ASCII characters 1 to 31 can be typeset using the ascii package.
See Table 227 on page 81.
To replace and with the more computer-like (and more visibly distinct) ` and ' within a
verbatim environment, use the upquote package. Outside of verbatim, you can use \char18 and \char13
to get the modied quote characters. (The former is actually a grave accent.)
125
Similar to Table 328, Table 329 on the next page is an amalgamation of data from other tables in this
document. While Table 328 shows how to typeset the 7-bit ASCII character set, Table 329 shows the Latin 1
(Western European) character set, also known as ISO-8859-1.
A (tc) after a symbol name means that the textcomp package must be loaded to access that symbol. A
(T1) means that the symbol requires the T1 font encoding. The fontenc package can change the font
encoding document-wide.
Many of the \text. . . accents can also be produced using the accent commands shown in Table 17 on
page 16 plus an empty argument. For instance, \={} is essentially the same as \textasciimacron.
A
The commands in the L TEX 2 columns work both in body text and within a \texttt{. . .} command
(or, more generally, when \ttfamily is in eect).
The and $ glyphs occupy the same slot (36) of the OT1 font encoding, with appearing in italic
A
fonts and $ appearing in roman fonts. A problem with L TEXs default handling of this double-mapping is
that {\sffamily\slshape\pounds} produces $, not . Other font encodings use separate slots for
the two characters and are therefore robust to the problem of /$ conicts. Authors who use \pounds
should select a font encoding other than OT1 (as explained on page 9) or use the textcomp package, which
redenes \pounds to use the TS1 font encoding.
Character 173, \-, is shown as - but is actually a discretionary hyphen; it appears only at the end of a
line.
Microsoft Windows normally uses a superset of Latin 1 called Code Page 1252 or CP1252 for short.
CP1252 introduces symbols in the Latin 1 invalid range (characters 128159). Table 330 presents the characters
with which CP1252 augments the standard Latin 1 table.
As in Table 329, a (tc) after a symbol name means that the textcomp package must be loaded to access
that symbol. A (T1) means that the symbol requires the T1 font encoding. The fontenc package can
change the font encoding document-wide.
Not all characters in the 128159 range are dened.
Look up euro signs in the index for alternatives to \texteuro.
While too large to incorporate into this document, a listing of ISO 8879:1986 SGML/XML character entities
A
and their L TEX equivalents is available from http://www.bitjungle.com/~isoent/. Some of the characters
A
presented there make use of isoent, a L TEX 2 package (available from the same URL) that fakes some of the
A X picture environment.14
missing ISO glyphs using the L TE
8.7
Unicode characters
Unicode is a universal character seta standard for encoding (i.e., assigning unique numbers to) the symbols
appearing in many of the worlds languages. While ASCII can represent 128 symbols and Latin 1 can represent
256 symbols, Unicode can represent an astonishing 1,114,112 symbols.
A
Because TEX and L TEX predate the Unicode standard and Unicode fonts by almost a decade, support for
A
A
Unicode has had to be added to the base TEX and L TEX systems. Note rst that L TEX distinguishes between
input encodingthe characters used in the .tex leand output encodingthe characters that appear in the
generated .dvi, .pdf, etc. le.
14 isoent is not featured in this document, because it is not available from CTAN and because the faked symbols are not true
characters; they exist in only one size, regardless of the body texts font size.
126
A
Table 329: L TEX 2 Latin 1 Table
Dec
Hex
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
AA
AB
AC
AD
AE
AF
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
BA
BB
BC
BD
BE
BF
C0
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
CA
CB
CC
CD
CE
CF
D0
Char
`
A
`
E
E
`
I
A
L TEX 2
!
\textcent
\pounds
\textcurrency
\textyen
\textbrokenbar
\S
\textasciidieresis
\textcopyright
\textordfeminine
\guillemotleft
\textlnot
\\textregistered
\textasciimacron
\textdegree
\textpm
\texttwosuperior
\textthreesuperior
\textasciiacute
\textmu
\P
\textperiodcentered
\c{}
\textonesuperior
\textordmasculine
\guillemotright
\textonequarter
\textonehalf
\textthreequarters
?
\{A}
\{A}
\^{A}
\~{A}
\"{A}
\AA
\AE
\c{C}
\{E}
\{E}
\^{E}
\"{E}
\{I}
\{I}
\^{I}
\"{I}
\DH
Dec
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(T1)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(T1)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(T1)
127
Hex
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
DA
DB
DC
DD
DE
DF
E0
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
E6
E7
E8
E9
EA
EB
EC
ED
EE
EF
F0
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
FA
FB
FC
FD
FE
FF
Char
N
`
O
`
U
a
`
a
c
`
e
e
`
o
`
o
u
`
u
A
L TEX 2
\~{N}
\{O}
\{O}
\^{O}
\~{O}
\"{O}
\texttimes
\O
\{U}
\{U}
\^{U}
\"{U}
\{Y}
\TH
\ss
\{a}
\{a}
\^{a}
\~{a}
\"{a}
\aa
\ae
\c{c}
\{e}
\{e}
\^{e}
\"{e}
\{}
\{}
\^{}
\"{}
\dh
\~{n}
\{o}
\{o}
\^{o}
\~{o}
\"{o}
\textdiv
\o
\{u}
\{u}
\^{u}
\"{u}
\{y}
\th
\"{y}
(tc)
(T1)
(T1)
(tc)
(T1)
A
Table 330: L TEX 2 Code Page 1252 Table
Dec
Hex
128
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
142
80
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
8A
8B
8C
8E
Char
...
A
L TEX 2
\texteuro
\quotesinglbase
\textit{f}
\quotedblbase
\dots
\dag
\ddag
\textasciicircum
\textperthousand
\v{S}
\guilsinglleft
\OE
\v{Z}
Dec
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
158
159
(tc)
(T1)
(T1)
(tc)
(T1)
Hex
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
9A
9B
9C
9E
9F
Char
A
L TEX 2
\textbullet
---\textasciitilde
\texttrademark
\v{s}
\guilsinglright
\oe
\v{z}
\"{Y}
(T1)
Inputting Unicode characters

To include Unicode characters in a .tex le, load the ucs package and load the inputenc package with the utf8x
A
A
(UTF-8 extended) option.15 These packages enable L TEX to translate UTF-8 sequences to L TEX commands,
which are subsequently processed as normal. For example, the UTF-8 text Copyright 2009 is not
an ASCII character and therefore cannot be input directly without packages such as ucs/inputencis converted
internally by inputenc to Copyright \textcopyright{} 2009 and therefore typeset as Copyright 2009.
The ucs/inputenc combination supports only a tiny subset of Unicodes million-plus symbols. Additional
symbols can be added manually using the \DeclareUnicodeCharacter command. \DeclareUnicodeCharacter
A
takes two arguments: a Unicode number and a L TEX command to execute when the corresponding Unicode
character is encountered in the input. For example, the Unicode character degree celsius ( ) appears at
character position U+2103.16 However, is not one of the characters that ucs and inputenc recognize. The
A
following document shows how to use \DeclareUnicodeCharacter to tell L TEX that the character should
be treated as a synonym for \textcelsius:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{ucs}
\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{"2103}{\textcelsius}
% Enable direct input of U+2103.
\begin{document}
It was a balmy 21.
\end{document}
which produces
It was a balmy 21.
See the ucs documentation for more information and for descriptions of the various options that control ucss
behavior.
15 UTF-8 is the 8-bit Unicode Transformation Format, a popular mechanism for representing Unicode symbol numbers as sequences
of one to four bytes.
16 The Unicode convention is to express character positions as U+ hexadecimal number .
128
Outputting Unicode characters

A
Orthogonal to the ability to include Unicode characters in a L TEX input le is the ability to include a given
A
Unicode character in the corresponding output le. By far the easiest approach is to use XEL TEX instead of
A
A X or ordinary L T X. X L T X handles Unicode input and output natively and can utilize system fonts
A
pdfL TE
E
E E
directly without having to expose them via .tfm, .fd, and other such les. To output a Unicode character, a
A
XEL TEX document can either include that character directly as UTF-8 text or use TEXs \char primitive, which
A
XEL TEX extends to accept numbers larger than 255.
Suppose we want to output the symbols for versicle ( ) and response ( ) in a document. The Unicode
charts list versicle at position U+2123 and response at position U+211F. We therefore need to install a font
that contains those characters at their proper positions. One such font that is freely available from CTAN is
Junicode Regular (Junicode-Regular.ttf) from the junicode package. The fontspec package makes it easy for
A
a XEL TEX document to utilize a system font. The following example denes a \textjuni command that uses
fontspec to typeset its argument in Junicode Regular:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\newcommand{\textjuni}[1]{{\fontspec{Junicode-Regular}#1}}
\begin{document}
We use \textjuni{\char"2123} for a versicle
and \textjuni{\char"211F} for a response.
\end{document}
which produces
We use for a versicle and for a response.
(Typesetting the entire document in Junicode Regular would be even easier. See the fontspec documentation for
more information regarding font selection.) Note how the preceding example uses \char to specify a Unicode
character by number. The double quotes before the number indicate that the number is represented in hexadecimal
instead of decimal.
8.8
About this document
History David Carlisle wrote the rst version of this document in October, 1994. It originally contained all of
A
the native L TEX symbols (Table 44, Table 57, Table 67, Table 102, Table 128, Table 131, Table 152, Table 153,
Table 164, Table 169, Table 201, and a few tables that have since been reorganized) and was designed to be
nearly identical to the tables in Chapter 3 of Leslie Lamports book [Lam86]. Even the table captions and the
order of the symbols within each table matched! The AMS symbols (Table 45, Table 68, Table 69, Table 105,
Table 106, Table 132, Table 137, Table 148, and Table 202) and an initial Math Alphabets table (Table 213) were
added thereafter. Later, Alexander Holt provided the stmaryrd tables (Table 46, Table 59, Table 70, Table 108,
Table 125, and Table 149).
In January, 2001, Scott Pakin took responsibility for maintaining the symbol list and has since implemented
A
a complete overhaul of the document. The result, now called, The Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List, includes
the following new features:
the addition of a handful of new math alphabets, dozens of new font tables, and thousands of new symbols
the categorization of the symbol tables into body-text symbols, mathematical symbols, science and technology symbols, dingbats, ancient languages, and other symbols, to provide a more user-friendly document
structure
an index, table of contents, hyperlinks, and a frequently-requested symbol list, to help users quickly locate
symbols
129
symbol tables rewritten to list the symbols in alphabetical order

A
appendices providing additional information relevant to using symbols in L TEX
tables showing how to typeset all of the characters in the ASCII and Latin 1 font encodings
Furthermore, the internal structure of the document has been completely altered from David Carlisles original
version. Most of the changes are geared towards making the document easier to extend, modify, and reformat.
Build characteristics Table 331 lists some of this documents build characteristics. Most important is the list
A
of packages that L TEX couldnt nd, but that symbols.tex otherwise would have been able to take advantage
of. Complete, prebuilt versions of this document are available from CTAN (http://www.ctan.org/ or one of its
many mirror sites) in the directory tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive. Table 332 shows the package
date (specied in the .sty le with \ProvidesPackage) for each package that was used to build this document
and that species a package date. Packages are not listed in any particular order in either Table 331 or Table 332.
Table 331: Document Characteristics
Characteristic
Value
Source le:
Build date:
Symbols documented:
Packages included:
symbols.tex
November 9, 2009
5913
textcomp latexsym amssymb stmaryrd euscript wasysym
pifont manfnt bbding undertilde ifsym tipa tipx extraipa
wsuipa phonetic ulsy ar metre txfonts mathabx fclfont
skak ascii dingbat skull eurosym esvect yfonts yhmath
esint mathdots trsym universa upgreek overrightarrow
chemarr chemarrow nath trfsigns mathtools phaistos arcs
vietnam t4phonet holtpolt semtrans dictsym extarrows
protosem harmony hieroglf cclicenses mathdesign arev
MnSymbol cmll extpfeil keystroke fge turnstile simpsons
epsdice feyn universal staves igo colonequals shue
fourier dozenal pmboxdraw pigpen clock teubner linearA
linearb cypriot sarabian china2e harpoon steinmetz milstd
recycle DotArrow ushort hhcount ogonek combelow accents
nicefrac bm mathrsfs chancery calligra bbold mbboard
dsfont bbm
none
Packages omitted:
Table 332: Package versions used in the preparation of this document

Name
Date
textcomp
latexsym
amssymb
stmaryrd
euscript
wasysym
pifont
manfnt
2005/09/27
1998/08/17
2002/01/22
1994/03/03
2001/10/01
2003/10/30
2005/04/12
1999/07/01
130
Name
Date
bbding
undertilde
ifsym
tipa
tipx
wsuipa
metre
txfonts
mathabx
skak
ascii
dingbat
skull
eurosym
yfonts
mathdots
trsym
universa
upgreek
chemarr
mathtools
phaistos
arcs
t4phonet
semtrans
dictsym
extarrows
protosem
harmony
hieroglf
cclicenses
arev
MnSymbol
extpfeil
keystroke
fge
turnstile
epsdice
feyn
universal
colonequals
shue
pmboxdraw
pigpen
clock
teubner
linearA
linearb
1999/04/15
2000/08/08
2000/04/18
2002/08/08
2003/01/01
1994/07/16
2001/12/05
2008/01/22
2003/07/29
2008/10/09
2006/05/30
2001/04/27
2002/01/23
1998/08/06
2003/01/08
2006/03/16
2000/06/25
98/08/01
2003/02/12
2006/02/20
2008/08/01
2004/04/23
2004/05/09
2004/06/01
1998/02/10
2004/07/26
2008/05/15
2005/03/18
2007/05/03
2000/09/23
2005/05/20
2005/06/14
2007/01/21
2006/07/27
2003/08/15
2007/06/03
2007/06/23
2007/02/15
2008/02/29
97/12/24
2006/08/01
2008/10/27
2006/05/03
2008/12/07
2001/04/10
2008/02/10
2006/03/13
2005/06/22
131
Name
cypriot
sarabian
china2e
harpoon
steinmetz
DotArrow
ushort
hhcount
ogonek
combelow
accents
nicefrac
bm
calligra
8.9
Date
1999/06/20
2005/11/12
1997/06/01
1994/11/02
2009/06/14
2007/02/12
2001/06/13
1995/03/31
95/07/17
2009/08/23
2006/05/12
1998/08/04
2004/02/26
1996/07/18
Copyright and license
A
The Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List
Copyright 2009, Scott Pakin
A
This work may be distributed and/or modied under the conditions of the L TEX Project Public License, either
version 1.3c of this license or (at your option) any later version. The latest version of this license is in
http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
A
and version 1.3c or later is part of all distributions of L TEX version 2006/05/20 or later.
This work has the LPPL maintenance status maintained.

The current maintainer of this work is Scott Pakin.
132
References
[AMS99] American Mathematical Society. Users Guide for the amsmath Package (Version 2.0), December 13,
1999. Available from ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amsmath/amsldoc.pdf.
[Ber01]
Karl Berry. Fontname: Filenames for TEX fonts, June 2001. Available from http://www.ctan.org/
tex-archive/info/fontname.
[Che97]
Raymond Chen. A METAFONT of Simpsons characters. Baskerville, 4(4):19, September 1997.

ISSN 1354-5930. Available from http://tug.ctan.org/usergrps/uktug/baskervi/4 4/bask4 4.ps.
A
[Dow00] Michael Downes. Short math guide for L TEX, July 19, 2000. Version 1.07. Available from http://
www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html.
[Gib97]
Jeremy Gibbons. Heyit works! TUGboat, 18(2):7578, June 1997. Available from http://
www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb18-2/tb55works.pdf.
[Knu86a] Donald E. Knuth. The TEXbook, volume A of Computers and Typesetting. Addison-Wesley, Reading,
MA, USA, 1986.
[Knu86b] Donald E. Knuth. The METAFONTbook, volume C of Computers and Typesetting. Addison-Wesley,
Reading, MA, USA, 1986.
A
[Lam86] Leslie Lamport. L TEX: A document preparation system. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.
A
[L T98]
A
A
L TEX3 Project Team. A new math accent. L TEX News. Issue 9, June 1998. Available from http://
www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/ltnews09.pdf (also included in many TEX distributions).
A
[L T00]
A
A
L TEX3 Project Team. L TEX 2 font selection, January 30, 2000. Available from http://www.ctan.org/
tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/fntguide.ps (also included in many TEX distributions).
133
Index
If youre having trouble locating a symbol, try looking under T for \text. . .. Many text-mode commands begin with
that prex. Also, accents are shown over/under a gray box (e.g., a for \).
Some symbol entries appear to be listed repeatedly. This happens when multiple packages dene identical (or nearly
identical) glyphs with the same symbol name.17
\" ()
a
\# (#)
\$ ($)
\% (%)
\& (&)
\ ()
a
( (() .
..
.
..
.
.
..
..
Symbols
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
.
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.
. . . . 16
10, 125
10, 125
10, 125
10, 125
. . . . 16
. . . . 61
( (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
) ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
) ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
* (*) .
\, . . .
\- (-)
\. (a)
/ (/) .
.
.
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. . . . . 26
. . . . 123
126, 127
. . . . . 16
. . . . . 61
/ (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\:
\;
( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
.)
.
.)
( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
< () . . .
.
.
.)
\? ( . . .
[ ([) . . .
[ ( ) . .
\\ .. . . .
] (]) . . .
] ( ) . .
\^ () . .
a
\^{} ()
\| ( ) . .
\| ( ) . .
\| (a) . .
\= () . .
a
\={} ()
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
.
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.
|( ) ..
| (|) . . .
\_ ( ) . .
\{ ({) . .
\} (}) . .
\ (`) . .
a
\~ () . .
a
\~{} ()
.
.
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.
. . . . . . . . 63
34, 61, 63, 64
. . . . 10, 125
. 10, 61, 125
. 10, 61, 125
. . . . . . . . 16
. . . . . . . . 16
. . . . 10, 125
17 This
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
.
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.
. . . . 63
. . . . 16
10, 125
. . . . 61
. 61, 63
. . . . 16
. . . . 16
. . . 126
A
a (esvect package option)
\a () . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\AA ( . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A)
\aa ( . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a)
\AAaleph (A) . . . . . . . .
\AAayin (O) . . . . . . . . .
\AAbeth (B) . . . . . . . . .
=
=
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 68
105
. 11
. 11
. 91
. 91
. 91
\AAcht ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
\AAdaleth (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\AAhe (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\AAhelmet (V) . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\AAheth (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\AAkaph (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\AAlamed (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\Aaleph (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\AApe (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\AAqoph (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\AAresh (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\AAsade (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\Aayin (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\AAyod (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\Abeth (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
absolute value . . see \lvert and
\rvert
abzglich . . see \textdiscount
u
\AC () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
\acarc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\acbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
accents . . . 1620, 6568, 80, 99,
118119
acute () . . . . 1618, 20, 65
a
any character as . . . . . . 118
arc (a) . . . . . . 1619, 6668
breve () . . . . 1618, 20, 65
a
caron () . . . . 16, 20, 65, 67
a
cedilla () . . . . . . . . . . . 16
circumex ()
a
1617, 6567
comma-below (a) . . . . . . 19
,
diresis () 16, 18, 20, 65, 77
a
dot (a or . ) . . . . 1617, 65
double acute () . . . . 16, 20

a
extensible 6668, 70, 118119
grave (`) . . . . 1618, 20, 65
a
hek . . . see accents, caron
ac
hook () . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Hungarian umlaut . . . . see
accents, double acute
krouek . . see accents, ring
z
macron () 16, 18, 20, 6567
a
occurs frequently between amssymb and mathabx, for example.
134
multiple per character 1617,

118
ogonek ( ) . . . . . . . . 1619
ring ( . . 1617, 20, 65, 66
a)
Romanian comma-belo accent
see accents, comma-below
trema . see accents, diresis
umlaut see accents, diresis
accents (package) 65, 118, 130, 132
\accentset . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\Acht ( ( )= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
=
\AchtBL ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
=
=
\AchtBR ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
\ACK () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\acontraction . . . . . . . . . . 119
\AcPa (? ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
\actuarial ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 118
actuarial symbols . . . . . . . . 118
\acute () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
acute () . . . . . . . . . see accents
a
\acutus (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\Adaleth (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
adeles (A) . . see alphabets, math
adjoint () . . . . . . . . . . see \dag
Adobe Acrobat . . . . . . . . . . 122
.
\adots ( . . ) . . . . . . . . . 71, 117
advancing . . see \textadvancing
\AE () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\ae () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\aeolicbii () . . . . . . . . . . 106
\aeolicbiii () . . . . . . . . 106
\aeolicbiv () . . . . . . . . 106
\agemO ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\Agimel (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\Ahe (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\Ahelmet (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\Aheth (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\ain (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\Akaph (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\Alad (}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\alad (}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\Alamed (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\Alas ({) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\alas ({) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\aldine ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
\aldineleft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 88
\aldineright ( ) . . . . . . . . . 88
\aldinesmall ( ) . . . . . . . . . 88
\aleph () . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 73
\aleph () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\Alif ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\alpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
alphabets
African . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Cypriot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Cyrillic . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Greek . . . . . . 57, 58, 76, 97
Hebrew . . . . . . . . . . 58, 76
hieroglyphic . . . . . . . . . . 92
Linear A . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Linear B . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
phonetic . . . . . . . . . 1215
proto-Semitic . . . . . . . . . 91
South Arabian . . . . . . . . 97
Vietnamese . . . . . . . . . . 11
\alphaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
alpine symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\Alt ( Alt ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
alternative denial . . see \uparrow
and |
\AltGr ( AltGr ) . . . . . . . . . . 80
\amalg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\amalg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\Amem (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
ampersand . . . . . . . . . . . see \&
AMS 9, 11, 24, 29, 34, 41, 43, 46,
48, 5661, 65, 67, 68, 71, 73,
77, 110, 129
amsbsy (package) . . . . . . . . . 124
amsfonts (package) 24, 34, 41, 47,
73, 76
amsmath (package) 9, 56, 65, 114,
123
amssymb (package)
9, 24, 34, 41,
47, 65, 73, 76, 97, 130, 134
amstext (package) . . . . 115, 117
\Anaclasis () . . . . . . . . . . 105
\anaclasis () . . . . . . . . . . 105
\anceps () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\ancepsdbrevis () . . . . . . . 106
\anchor ( ) . . . . . . . . .
ancient-language symbols .
and . . . . . . . . . . . . . see
AND gates . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 90
9197
\wedge
. . . 81
\ANDd () . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\ANDl () . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\ANDr () . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\ANDu () . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\angle () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\angle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\angle () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
angle notation . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7375
\Anglesign (W) . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Angstrm unit
o
math mode . see \mathring
text mode . . . . . . . see \AA
\Angud ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\angud ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
angular minutes . . . . see \prime
angular seconds . . . . see \second
\Angus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\angus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
animals . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 92, 96
\Ankh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
annuity symbols . . . . . . . . . 118
\Antidiple (<) . . . . . . . . . . 105
\antidiple (<) . . . . . . . . . . 105
\Antidiple* (<) . . . . . . . . . 105
) . . . . . . . . . 105
\antidiple* (<
\antilabe (. . ) . . . . . . . . . . . 72
..
\Antisigma () . . . . . . . . . . 105
\antisigma () . . . . . . . . . . 105
\Anun (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\Ape (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
APL
modiers . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\APLbox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\APLcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\APLcomment ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 80
\APLdown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\APLdownarrowbox ( ) . . . . . 80
\APLinput ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\APLinv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\APLleftarrowbox ( ) . . . . . 80
\APLlog ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\APLminus () . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\APLnot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\APLrightarrowbox ( ) . . . . . 80
\APLstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\APLup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\APLuparrowbox ( ) . . . . . . . 80
\APLvert ( | ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\apprge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\apprle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\approx () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\approx () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\approxcolon (:) . . . . . . . . 41
\approxcoloncolon (::) . . . . 41
\approxeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\approxeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\Aqoph (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\Aquarius () . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\aquarius ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\AR ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
135
ar (package) . . . . . . . . . 78, 130

arc (a) . . . . . . . . . . see accents
\arccos (arccos) . . . . . . . . . . 56
arcminutes . . . . . . . see \prime
arcs (package) . . . . . 19, 130, 131
arcseconds . . . . . . . . see \second
\arcsin (arcsin) . . . . . . . . . . 56
\arctan (arctan) . . . . . . . . . . 56
\Aresh (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
arev (package) . . 75, 98, 130, 131
\arg (arg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\Aries () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\Aries () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\aries ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\ArrowBoldDownRight ( ) . . 84
\ArrowBoldRightCircled ( ) 84
\ArrowBoldRightShort ( ) . . . 84
\ArrowBoldRightStrobe ( ) . 84
\ArrowBoldUpRight ( ) . . . . 84
\Arrownot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\arrownot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
arrows
4750, 54, 6870, 80, 84,
91, 96, 101, 113
diagonal, for reducing subexpressions . . . . . . . . . . 66
dotted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
double-headed, diagonal 117
extensible . . . . . . . . 6670
etched . . . . . . . . . . 54, 84
negated . . . . . . . 48, 49, 51
\Arrowvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 61
y
{
z
w
x
\Arrowvert
\arrowvert
( ) . . . . . . . . . . 63
() . . . . . . . . . . . 61
\arrowvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Arseneau, Donald . . . . . 115118
\Asade (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\Asamekh (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
ASCII . . 9, 11, 81, 110, 124126,
128, 130
table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
ascii (package) . 81, 125, 130, 131
\ascnode ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\Ashin (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
aspect ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
\ast () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\ast () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\ast () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\Asteriscus () . . . . . . . . . 105
\asteriscus () . . . . . . . . . 105
\Asterisk () . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\Asterisk ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 87
\asterisk () . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\AsteriskBold ( ) . . . . . . . . 87
\AsteriskCenterOpen ( ) . . . 87
\AsteriskRoundedEnds ( ) . . 87
asterisks . . . . . . . . . . 26, 87, 88

\AsteriskThin ( ) . . . . . . . . 87
\AsteriskThinCenterOpen ( ) 87
\asterism (**) . . . . . . . . . . 114
*
astrological symbols . . . . . . . . 79
astronomical symbols . . . 79, 108
\astrosun ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\asymp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\asymp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\atan (atan) . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
\ataribox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\Atav (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\Ateth (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\AtForty () . . . . . . . . . . 100
\AtNinetyFive () . . . . . . 100
atomic math objects . . . 56, 123
\AtSixty () . . . . . . . . . . 100
G GG) . . . . 69
\autoleftarrow (DG G
\autoleftrightharpoons (EG C)
GG GG
G G
. . . . . . . . . 69
G GA)
\autorightarrow (GG G
. . . 69
GG GG
G G
\autorightleftharpoons (FG B)
.........
\Avav (w) . . . . . .
average . . . . . . . .
\Ayn ( ) . . . . . . .
\Ayod (y) . . . . . .
\Azayin (z) . . . .
69
...
...
...
...
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
B
\B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\B () . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b (esvect package option)

\b (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\b ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\Ba (a) . . . . . . . . . . . .
babel (package) . . . . . . .
\babygamma (3) . . . . . . .
\backapprox ( ) . . . . . .
\backapproxeq ( ) . . . .
\backcong () . . . . . . . .
\backepsilon ( ) . . . . .
\backeqsim ( ) . . . . . . .
\backneg () . . . . . . . . .
\backprime ( ) . . . . . . .
\backprime ( ) . . . . . . .
\backsim ( ) . . . . . . . .
\backsim () . . . . . . . . .
\backsimeq ( ) . . . . . .
\backsimeq () . . . . . . .
\backslash (\) . . . . . . .
.
.
.
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\backslash (/)
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91
23
15
91
91
. . 11
. 105
. . 68
. . 16
. 105
. . 95
57, 97
. . . 14
. . . 36
. . . 36
. . . 36
. . . 34
. . . 36
. . . 74
. . . 73
. . . 74
. . . 34
. . . 37
. . . 34
. . . 37
61, 73
. . . . . . . . . . 62
\backslashdiv ( ) . . . . . . . . 26
\backtriplesim ( ) . . . . . . . . 37
\Baii (;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Baiii (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
banana brackets . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . see \llparenthesis and
\rrparenthesis
\banceps () . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\bar () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\barb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\barbbrevis () . . . . . . . . 106
\barbrevis () . . . . . . . . . . 106
\barcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . 115
\bard () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\bari (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\barin () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\barj (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\barl (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\barlambda () . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\barleftharpoon () . . . . . . 49
\baro ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\baro ( vs. `) . . . . . . . . . . 111
\baro (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\barp (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
barred letters . . . . . . . . . . . 114
\barrightharpoon () . . . . . 49
\barsci (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\barscu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\Bart ()
\baru () . . . . .
\barwedge () .
\barwedge ( ) . .
base-twelve digits
\Bat () . . . . . .
\Bau (=) . . . . .
\bauarrow ( ) .
\baucircle ( ) .
\baucircle ( )
\baucross ( ) .
\baudash ( ) . .
\baueclipse ( )
\bauequal ( ) .
\bauface ( ) . .
\bauforms ( ) .
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106
14
26
24
72
101
. 95
. 84
. 90
. 90
. 86
101
. 90
101
101
101
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.
\bauforms (
) . . . . . . . . . 101
\bauhead ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\bauhead (
) .
\bauhole ( ) . .
\bauplus ( ) . .
\baupunct ( ) .
\bauquarter ( )
\bauquestion ( )
\bausquare ( ) .
\bausquare ( )
136
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..
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101
. 90
101
. 90
101
101
. 90
. 90
\bautriangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 90
\bautriangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 90
\bauwhitearrow ( ) . . . . . . . 84
\bauwindow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 101
\BB ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\Bb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\bB (
\bb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\bba (
\bbalpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\bbar () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
b
\bbb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\bbbeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\Bbbk (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
bbding (package) . 8487, 89, 90,
111, 130, 131
\bbdollar ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\bbetter (g) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\bbeuro () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\bbfinalnun () . . . . . . . . . . 76
\bbgamma ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
bbgreekl (mathbbol package option)
. . . . . . . . . 76
\BBm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\Bbm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\bBm (
bbm (package) . . . . . . . . 76, 130

\bbm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\bbmb ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
(
\bbmx ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
() . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\bbnabla
bbold (package) . . . . . . . 76, 130
\bbpe () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\bbqof () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\bbrevis () . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\bbslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\bbyod () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\bcontraction . . . . . . . . . . 119
\Bda (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bde (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\bdecisive (i) . . . . . . . . . 104
\Bdi (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bdo (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bdu (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bdwe (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bdwo (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Be (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Beam (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\Bearing (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\because ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34, 71
\because ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
\BEL () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\bell ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Berry, Karl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
\beta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\betaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\beth ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\beth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\betteris (b) . . . . . . . . . . 104
\between (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\between ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\between ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\Bi (i) . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\bibridge (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
biconditional see \leftrightarrow

and \equiv
\Bicycle () . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\Big . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 112
\big . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 112
big O (O) . . see alphabets, math
\bigast () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\bigbosonloop ()
. . . . . . . . . 83
\bigbosonloopA ()
'
. . . . . . . . 83
\bigbosonloopV () . . . .
\bigbox ( ) . . . .. . . .
.
\bigboxasterisk ( . .
)
\bigboxbackslash ( ) .
\bigboxbot ( . . . . . .
)
\bigboxcirc ( ) . . . . .
\bigboxcoasterisk ( )
\bigboxdiv () . . . . . .
\bigboxdot ( . . . . . .
)
\bigboxleft ( . . . . .
)
\bigboxminus ) . . . .
(
\bigboxplus ( . . . . .
)
\bigboxright () . . . .
\bigboxslash () . . . .
\bigboxtimes ( ) . . . .
\bigboxtop ( ) . . . . . .
\bigboxtriangleup ( )
\bigboxvoid ( ) . . . . .
\bigcap ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\bigcap () . . . . . . . . .
\bigcapdot () . . . . . . .
\bigcapplus ( ) . . . . . .
\bigcirc ( ) . . . . . . . .
\bigcirc ( ) . . . . . . . .
\BigCircle ( ) . . . . . .
\bigcircle () . . . . . .
\bigcoast () . . .. . . .
\bigcomplementop ( ) . .
\BigCross ( ) . . . . . . .
\bigcup ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\bigcup () . . . . . . . . .
\bigcupdot () . . . . . . .
\bigcupplus () . . . . .
\bigcupplus () . . . . . .
\bigcurlyvee ( ) . . . . .
\bigcurlyveedot ) . .
(
\bigcurlywedge ( ) . . .
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83
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
29
32
32
32
24
88
89
32
26
30
89
29
32
32
33
32
30
29
32
32
30
29
\bigcurlywedgedot ( ) .
\BigDiamondshape ( ) .
\bigdoublecurlyvee ( )
\bigdoublecurlywedge (
\bigdoublevee () . . . .
\bigdoublewedge () . .
\Bigg . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\bigg . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\BigHBar ( ) . . . . . . . .
\biginterleave ( ) . . .
\BigLowerDiamond ( ) .
\bignplus ( ) . . . . . . .
\bigoast () . . . . . .
..
\bigoasterisk ( . . . .
)
\bigobackslash ( ) . . .
\bigobackslash () . . .
\bigobot ( . . . . . . . .
)
\bigocirc ( ) . . . . . . .
\bigocirc () . .. . . .
.
\bigocoasterisk ( ) . .
\bigodiv ( ) . . . . . . . .
\bigodot ( ) . . . . . . . .
\bigodot () . . . . . . . .
\bigoleft ( . . . . . . .
)
\bigominus ( ) . . . . . .
\bigominus () . . . . . .
\bigoplus ( ) . . . . . . .
\bigoplus () . . . . . . .
\bigoright () . . . . . .
\bigoslash ( ) . . . . . .
\bigoslash () . . . . . .
\bigostar () . . . . . . .
\bigotimes ( ) . . . . . .
\bigotimes () . . . . . .
\bigotop ( ) . . . . . . . .
\bigotriangle ( ) . . . .
\bigotriangleup ( ) . .
\bigovert () . . . . . . .
\bigovoid ( ) . . . . . . .
\bigparallel ( ) . . . . .
\bigparr () . . . . . . . .
\bigplus ( ) . . . . . . . .
\bigplus (+) . . . . . . . .
\BigRightDiamond ( ) .
\bigsqcap ( ) . . . . . . .
\bigsqcap ( ) . . . . . . .
\bigsqcap () . . . . . . . .
\bigsqcapdot ( ) . . . . .
\bigsqcapplus ( ) . . . .
\bigsqcapplus ( ) . . . .
\bigsqcup ( ) . . . . . . .
\bigsqcup () . . . . . . . .
\bigsqcupdot ( ) . . . . .
\bigsqcupplus ( ) . . . .
\bigsqcupplus ( ) . . . .
\BigSquare ( ) . . . . . .
&
137
. . . . 32
. . . . 32
. . . . 89
. . . . 33
) . . 33
. . . . 33
. . . . 33
110, 112
110, 112
. . . . 89
. . . . 29
. . . . 89
. . . . 29
. . . . 33
. . . . 30
. . . . 30
. . . . 33
. . . . 30
. . . . 30
. . . . 33
. . . . 30
. . . . 30
. . . . 29
. . . . 33
. . . . 30
. . . . 30
. . . . 32
. . . . 29
. . . . 32
. . . . 30
. . . . 30
. . . . 32
. . . . 32
. . . . 29
. . . . 32
. . . . 30
. . . . 32
. . . . 30
. . . . 32
. . . . 30
. . . . 29
. . . . 33
. . . . 30
. . . . 32
. . . . 89
. . . . 30
. . . . 29
. . . . 32
. . . . 32
. . . . 31
. . . . 32
. . . . 29
. . . . 33
. . . . 33
. . . . 31
. . . . 33
. . . . 89
\bigsquplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 30
\bigstar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\bigstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\bigstar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
\bigtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\bigtimes () . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\BigTriangleDown ( ) . . . . . 89
\bigtriangledown ( ) . . . . . 29
\bigtriangledown ( vs. ) 111
\BigTriangleLeft ( ) . . . . . 89
\BigTriangleRight ( ) . . . . 89
\BigTriangleUp ( ) . . . . . . . 89
\bigtriangleup ( ) . . . . . . . 29
\bigtriangleup ( vs. ) . 111
\bigtriangleup ( ) . . . . . . . 24
\bigtriangleup ( ) . . . . . . . 47
\biguplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\biguplus () . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\bigvarstar () . . . . . . . . . . 26
\BigVBar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
\bigvee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\bigvee () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\bigveedot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\bigwedge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\bigwedge () . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\bigwedgedot ( ) . . . . . . . . . 33
\bigwith ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\binampersand ( ) . . . . . . . . 25
binary operators . . . . . . . 2428
binary relations 3436, 3945, 54,
55
negated . . . . . . . 3436, 38
\bindnasrepma ( ) . . . . . . . . 25
\Biohazard (h) . . . . . . . . . . 82
biological symbols . . . . . . . . . 82
birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
bishop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\bishoppair (a) . . . . . . . . . 104
\Bja (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bje (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bjo (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bju (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bka (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bke (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bki (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bko (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bku (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4
6
a)
\BlackBishopOnWhite (b)
\BlackBishopOnBlack (
blackboard bold
math
104
104
. see alphabets,
\blackdiamond ()
. . . . . . . . 26
Z) .
\BlackKingOnBlack (j) .
\BlackKingOnWhite (k) .
\BlackKnightOnBlack (m)
\BlackKnightOnWhite (n)
\BlackEmptySquare (
104
104
104
104
104
\blacklozenge ( ) . . . . . . . . 73
\blacklozenge () . . . . . . . . 88
o) .
\BlackPawnOnWhite (p) .
\BlackQueenOnBlack (l)
\BlackQueenOnWhite (q)
\BlackRookOnBlack (s) .
\BlackRookOnWhite (r) .
\BlackPawnOnBlack (
104
104
104
104
104
104
\blacksmiley ( ) . . . . . . . . . 98
\blacksquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . 73
\blacksquare () . . . . . . . . . 28
\blackstone . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\blacktriangle ( ) . . . . . . . 73
\blacktriangle ( ) . . . . . . . 47
\blacktriangledown () . . . . 28
\blacktriangledown ( ) . . . . 73
\blacktriangledown ( ) . . . . 47
\blacktriangleleft () . . . . 28
\blacktriangleleft ( ) . . . . 46
\blacktriangleleft ( ) . . . . 47
\blacktriangleright () . . . 28
\blacktriangleright ( ) . . . 46
\blacktriangleright ( ) . . . 47
\blacktriangleup () . . . . . . 28
blank . . . . . . . . see \textblank
\Bleech () . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\blitza ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 23, 55
\blitzb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\blitzc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\blitzd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\blitze ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
block-element symbols . . . . . 107
\Bm () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
bm (package) . . . . . 124, 130, 132

\bm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
\bm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

\Bma (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bme (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bmi (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bmo (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\bmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\Bmu (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bna (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNcc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNccc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNcd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNcm (ff) . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNdc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNdcc () . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNdccc () . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bne (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bni (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNii () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNiii () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNix () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNl () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNlx () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNlxx () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNlxxx () . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNm (fi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bno (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bnu (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNvi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNvii () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNviii () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bnwa (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNx () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNxc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNxl () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNxx () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BNxxx () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bo (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
body-text symbols . . . . . . 1022
bold symbols . . . . . . . . . 123124
\boldmath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
\boldsymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
\bomb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Boolean domain (B) . . . . . . see
alphabets, math
Boolean logic gates . . . . . . . . 81
born . . . . . . . . . . see \textborn
bosons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\bot () . . . . . . . . . 23, 59, 116
\bot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\botdoteq () . . . . . . . . . . . 36
138
\Bouquet () . . . . .
\Bowtie ( ) . . . . . .
\bowtie ( ) . . . . . .
\bowtie ( ) . . . . . .
\Box ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\Box ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\Box () . . . . . . . . .
box-drawing symbols
\boxast ( ) . . . . . .
\boxasterisk (f) . .
\boxbackslash (n) .
\boxbackslash () .
\boxbar ( ) . . . . . .
\boxbot (k) . . . . . .
\boxbox ( ) . . . . . .
\boxbox () . . . . . .
\boxbslash ( ) . . . .
\boxcirc (e) . . . . .
\boxcircle ( ) . . . .
\boxcoasterisk (g)
\boxdiv () . . . . . .
\boxdot (d) . . . . . .
\boxdot ( ) . . . . . .
\boxdot () . . . . . .
\boxdotLeft ( ) . .
\boxdotleft ( ) . .
\boxdotRight ( ) .
\boxdotright ( ) .
\boxempty ( ) . . . .
\boxLeft ( ) . . . .
\boxleft (h) . . . . .
\boxleft ( ) . . . .
\boxminus () . . . .
\boxminus ( ) . . . .
\boxminus () . . . . .
\boxplus () . . . . .
\boxplus ( ) . . . . .
\boxplus () . . . . . .
\boxRight ( ) . . .
\boxright (i) . . . .
\boxright ( ) . . .
\boxslash (m) . . . .
\boxslash ( ) . . . . .
\boxslash () . . . . .
\boxtimes () . . . .
\boxtimes ( ) . . . .
\boxtimes () . . . . .
\boxtop (j) . . . . . .
\boxtriangleup (o)
\boxvert ( ) . . . . . .
\boxvoid (l) . . . . .
\boy (h) . . . . . . . . .
\Bpa (p) . . . . . . . . .
\Bpaiii ([) . . . . . .
\BPamphora () . . . .
\BParrow () . . . . .
\BPbarley () . . . . .
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. . 101
. . . 98
. . . 34
26, 27
. . . 73
. . . 73
. . . 28
. . 107
. . . 25
. . . 28
. . . 28
. . . 28
. . . 25
. . . 28
. . . 25
. . . 28
. . . 25
. . . 28
. . . 25
. . . 28
. . . 28
. . . 28
24, 25
. . . 28
. . . 49
. . . 49
. . . 49
. . . 49
. . . 25
. . . 49
. . . 28
. . . 49
. . . 28
. . . 24
. . . 28
. . . 28
. . . 24
. . . 28
. . . 49
. . . 28
. . . 49
. . . 28
. . . 25
. . . 28
. . . 28
. . . 24
. . . 28
. . . 28
. . . 28
. . . 28
. . . 28
. . . 79
. . . 95
. . . 95
. . . 96
. . . 96
. . . 96
\BPbilly () . . . .
\BPboar () . . . . .
\BPbronze () . . .
\BPbull () . . . . .
\BPcauldroni ()
\BPcauldronii ()
\BPchariot () .
\BPchassis () .
\BPcloth () . . . .
\BPcow () . . . . .
\BPcup () . . . . .
\Bpe (P) . . . . . . . .
\BPewe () . . . . .
\BPfoal () . . . .
\BPgoat () . . . . .
\BPgoblet () . . .
\BPgold () . . . . .
\BPhorse () . . .
\Bpi (G) . . . . . . . .
\BPman () . . . . . .
\BPnanny () . . . .
\Bpo (H) . . . . . . . .
\BPolive () . . . .
\BPox () . . . . . .
\BPpig () . . . . .
\BPram () . . . . .
\BPsheep () . . . .
\BPsow () . . . . .
\BPspear () . . . .
\BPsword () . . . . .
\BPtalent () . .
\Bpte (]) . . . . . .
\Bpu (I) . . . . . . . .
\Bpuii (\) . . . . .
\BPvola () . . . .
\BPvolb () . . . . .
\BPvolcd () . . . .
\BPvolcf () . . . .
\BPwheat () . . . .
\BPwheel () . . . .
\BPwine () . . . . .
\BPwineiih () . .
\BPwineiiih () .
\BPwineivh () . .
\BPwoman () . . . .
\BPwool () . . . . .
\BPwta () . . . . . .
\BPwtb () . . . . . .
\BPwtc () . . . . .
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96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
95
96
96
96
96
96
96
95
96
96
95
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
95
95
95
\BPwtd ()
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bqa (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bqe (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bqi (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bqo (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bra (r) . . . . . .
bra . . . . . . . . . .
\braceld ( ) . . .
\bracerd ( ) . . .
\bracevert ()
\bracevert ( )
brackets . . . . . .
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. 95
. 61
119
119
. 61
. . . . . . . . . . 63
. see delimiters
\Braii (^) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Braiii (_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
braket (package) . . . . . . . . . . 61
\Bre (R) . . . .
\Break ( Break
\breve () . .
\breve (a) . .
breve () . . . .
a
\brevis () .
..
)
..
..
..
..
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. . . . . . 95
. . . . . . 80
. . . . . . 65
. . . . . . 18
see accents
. . . . . . 106
\Bri (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bro (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Broii () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\brokenvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Bronger, Torsten . . . . . . . . . 116
\Bru (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BS () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\Bsa (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bse (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BSEfree (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\Bsi (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bso (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BSpace ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 80
\Bsu (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BUFr ()
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\BUFu (
) ....
\BUi (fl) . . . . . . .
\BUii (ffi) . . . . . .
\BUiii (ffl) . . . .
\BUiv () . . . . . .
\BUix (%) . . . . .
\bullet () . . . . .
\bullet ( ) . . . . .
bullseye . . . see
\Bumpedeq (%) . .
\bumpedeq (#) . .
\Bumpeq ( ) . . . .
\Bumpeq () . . . . .
\bumpeq ( ) . . . .
\bumpeq () . . . . .
\bupperhand (e) .
. . . . . . . . . 81
. . . . . . . . . 96
. . . . . . . . . 96
. . . . . . . . . 96
. . . . . . . . . 96
. . . . . . . . . 96
. . . . . . . . . 24
. . . . . . . . . 26
\textbullseye
. . . . . . . . . 36
. . . . . . . . . 36
. . . . . . . . . 34
. . . . . . . . . 37
. . . . . . . . . 34
. . . . . . . . . 37
. . . . . . . . 104
\BusWidth ()
\BUv (!) . . . .
\BUvi (") . . .
\BUvii (#) .
\BUviii ($)
\BUx (&) . . .
\BUxi () . .
\BUxii () . .
\Bwa (w) . . . .
\Bwe (W) . . . .
\Bwi (6) . . . .
\Bwo (7) . . . .
\Bza (z) . . .
\Bze (Z) . . . .
\Bzo (9) . . . .
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\Burns ()
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106
81
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
\Bswa ({) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bswi (|)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bta (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Btaii (})
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bte (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bti (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bto (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Btu (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Btwe () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Btwo (~)
\Bu (u)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\BUFd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
buers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\BUFl ()
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
139
C
\C ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
c (esvect package option) . . . . 68
\c () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 127
a
\c ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\Ca (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
calligra (package) . . . 76, 130, 132
Calligra (font) . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
calrsfs (package) . . . . . . . . . . 76
\CAN () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
cancel (package) . . . . . . . . . . 66
\Cancer () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\cancer ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\Cap ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\Cap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\cap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\cap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\cap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\capdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\capplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\Capricorn () . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\capricornus ( ) . . . . . . . . . 79
\capturesymbol (X) . . . . . . 104
card suits . . . . . . . . . 7375, 90
cardinality . . . . . . . see \aleph
care of (c/o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
caret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \^
Carlisle, David . . . . 1, 129, 130
caron () . . . . . . . . . see accents
a
carriage return . . 80, 81, 90, 113
\carriagereturn ( ) . . . . . . 90
Cartesian product . . see \times
castle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\castlingchar (O) . . . . . . . 104
\castlinghyphen (-) . . . . . . 104
\catal () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\Catalexis () . . . . . . . . . . 105
\catalexis () . . . . . . . . . . 105
catamorphism see \llparenthesis
and \rrparenthesis
\cb (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
,
\Cc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\cc ( CC ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\cc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\ccby ( BY: ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\Ccc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
cclicenses (package) . 21, 130, 131
\ccnc ( $ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\ccnd ( = ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\ccsa (
\cdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 114
\cdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 71
\cdotp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
\cdotp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
\cdots ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
\Ce (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Cedi . . see \textcolonmonetary
cedilla () . . . . . . . . see accents
celestial bodies . . . . . . . 79, 108
\celsius () . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
\Celtcross () . . . . . . . . . . 101
\cent () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\centerdot () . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\centerdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 24
centernot (package) . . . . . . . 115
\centernot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
centigrade . . . see \textcelsius
\centre (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
cents . . . . . . . . . . see \textcent
\CEsign (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\Cga (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
chancery (package) . . . . . . . . 130
\changenotsign . . . . . . . . . . 36
\char . . . . 9, 113, 122, 125, 129
Charter (font) . . . . . . . . . 20, 33
\check () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
check marks . 11, 74, 86, 90, 98,
100, 111
\checked ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\CheckedBox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 86
\Checkedbox (V) . . . . . . . . . 100
\Checkmark ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 86
\checkmark ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 11
\checkmark ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 74
\checkmark ( vs. ) . . . . . 111
\checkmark ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 90
\CheckmarkBold ( ) . . . . . . . 86
\checksymbol (+) . . . . . . . . 104
chemarr (package) . . 69, 130, 131
chemarrow (package)
54, 69, 130
\chemarrow (A) . . . . . . . . . . 54
Chen, Raymond . . . . . . . . . 133
chess symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\chesscomment (RR) . . . . . . 104
\chessetc (P) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\chesssee (l) . . . . . . . . . . 104
\chi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
china2e (package) . 21, 56, 76, 77,
108, 109, 130, 132
\chiup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\Ci (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
cipher symbols . . . . . . . . . . 108
\circ () . . . . . . . . 24, 74, 115
\circ () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\circeq (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\circeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\circeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\CIRCLE ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\Circle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
\Circle ( vs. ) . . . . . . . 111
\Circle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\circlearrowleft () . . . . . 49
\circlearrowleft ( ) . . . . . 48
\circlearrowleft () . . . . . 51
\circlearrowright () . . . . . 49
\circlearrowright ( ) . . . . 48
\circlearrowright () . . . . 51
circled numbers . . . . . . . 87, 105
\CircledA () . . . . . . . . . . 101
\circledast ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 24
\circledast () . . . . . . . . . . 28
\circledbar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 25
\circledbslash ( ) . . . . . . . 25
\circledcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . . 24
\circledcirc () . . . . . . . . . 28
\circleddash ( ) . . . . . . . . . 24
\circleddash ( ) . . . . . . . . . 28
\circleddot . . . . . . . see \odot
\circleddotleft ( ) . . . . . 49
\circleddotright ( ) . . . . . 49
\circledgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 35
\circledless ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35
140
\circledminus . . . . see \ominus

\circledotleft . . . . . . . . . see
\circleddotleft
\circledotright . . . . . . . . see
\circleddotright
\circledplus . . . . . see \oplus
\circledR ( ) . . . . . . . . 11, 59
\circledS ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\circledslash . . . . see \oslash
\circledtimes . . . . see \otimes
\circledvee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 25
\circledwedge ( ) . . . . . . . . 25
\circleleft ( ) . . . . . . . . . 49
\circleright ( ) . . . . . . . . 49
circles . . . . . . . . . 8990, 98, 105
\CircleShadow ( ) . . . . . . . . 89
\CircleSolid ( ) . . . . . . . . . 89
\Circpipe () . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\circplus () . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\Circsteel () . . . . . . . . . . 82
circumex () . . . . . see accents
a
\circumflexus (a) . . . . . . . . 18
\Cja (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cjo (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cka (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cke (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cki (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cko (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cku (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cla (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cle (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\CleaningA () . . . . . . . . . . 100
\CleaningF () . . . . . . . . . . 100
\CleaningFF () . . . . . . . . . 100
\CleaningP () . . . . . . . . . . 100
\CleaningPP ( ) . . . . . . . . . 100
\Cli (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\clickb (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\clickc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\clickt () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\Clo (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
clock (package) . . . 102, 130, 131
1
i
\clock (
) ......
\clock ( ) . . . . . . .
clock symbols . . . . .
\ClockFramefalse . .
\ClockFrametrue . .
\Clocklogo (U) . . . .
\ClockStyle . . . . . .
\clocktime . . . . . . .
\closedcurlyvee ( )
\closedcurlywedge (
\closedequal ( ) . .
\closedniomega (c)
\closedprec ( ) . . .
. . . . . . 102
. . . . . . . 98
98, 100, 102
. . . . . . 102
. . . . . . 102
. . . . . . 100
. . . . . . 102
. . . . . . 102
. . . . . . . 26
) . . . . . 26
. . . . . . . 37
. . . . . . . 14
. . . . . . . 37
\closedrevepsilon (') . . . . . 14
\closedsucc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 37
\Cloud ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
clovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 88
\Clu (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
clubs (suit) . . . . . . . . 7375, 90
\clubsuit () . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\clubsuit () . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\Cma (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cme (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cmi (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
cmll (package) 23, 27, 33, 40, 130
\Cmo (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cmu (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cna (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cne (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cni (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cno (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cnu (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Co (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\coAsterisk () . . . . . . . . . . 26
\coasterisk () . . . . . . . . . . 26
code page 1252 . . . . . . . . . . 126
table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
code page 437 . . . . . 81, 107, 125
\Coffeecup (K) . . . . . . . . . 100
\coh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
coins, ancient . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
\colon ( : ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
\colon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
\Colonapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . 35
\Colonapprox (::) . . . . . . . . 39
\colonapprox (:) . . . . . . . . 41
\colonapprox (:) . . . . . . . . . 39
\colonapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35
\coloncolon (::) . . . . . . . . . . 41
\coloncolonapprox (::) . . . . 41
\coloncolonequals (::=) . . . . 41
\coloncolonminus (::) . . . . . 41
\coloncolonsim (::) . . . . . . 41
\Coloneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\Coloneq (::) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\coloneq (!) . . . . . . . . . 23, 36
\coloneq (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\coloneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\coloneq ( =) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\Coloneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\Coloneqq (::=) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\coloneqq (:=) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\coloneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . 23, 35
colonequals (package) 23, 41, 130,
131
\colonequals (:=) . . . . . 23, 41
\colonminus (:) . . . . . . . . . 41
\Colonsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\Colonsim (::) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\colonsim (:) . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\colonsim (:) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\colonsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35
combelow (package) . 19, 130, 132
combinatorial logic gates . . . . 81
comma-below accent (a) . . . . see
,
accents
communication symbols . . . . . 82
commutative diagrams . . . . . 117
comp.text.tex (newsgroup) 9, 23,
24, 113118
\compensation (n) . . . . . . . 104
\complement (e) . . . . . . . . . . 59
\complement ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 59
\complement () . . . . . . . . . . 32
complete shue product ( ) . 27
\COMPLEX ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\Complex ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
complex numbers (C) . . . . . see
alphabets, math
composited accents . . . . . . . . 16
Comprehensive TEX Archive Network 1, 9, 66, 77, 110, 126,
129, 130
computer hardware symbols . . 80
computer keys . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Computer Modern (font) 110, 112,
125
\ComputerMouse () . . . . . . . . 80
\cong ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\cong () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
congruent . . . . . . . . see \equiv
\conjunction ( ) . . . . . . . . . 79
conjunction, logical . see \wedge
and \&
consequence relations . . . . . . . 39
contradiction symbols . . . 23, 55
control characters . . . . . . . . . 81
converse implication . . . . . . see
\leftarrow and \subset
converse nonimplication . . . . see
\nleftarrow and \nsubset
\convolution () . . . . . . . . . 26
\Coppa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\coppa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\coprod ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 23, 29
\coprod () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
copyright . . . . . . . . 10, 21, 127
\copyright () . . . . . . . . . . 10
\corner (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
corners, box . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\corona ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\coronainv () . . . . . . . . . . 106
\Corresponds (=) . . . . . . . . . 74
\corresponds ()) . . . . . . . . . 36
\cos (cos) . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 123
\cosh (cosh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
141
\cot (cot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\coth (coth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\counterplay (V) . . . . . . . . 104
Courier (font) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
CP1252 . . . . see code page 1252
CP437 . . . . . see code page 437
\Cpa (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cpe (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cpi (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cpo (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cpu (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\CR () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\cr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
\Cra (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cre (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Creative Commons licenses . . 21
crescent (fge package option) . 65
\Cri (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cro (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cross ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
\Cross ( vs. vs. ) . . . . . 111
\Cross ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
\Cross () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
cross ratio . . . . see \textrecipe
\crossb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\CrossBoldOutline ( ) . . . . . 86
\CrossClowerTips ( ) . . . . . 86
\crossd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\Crossedbox (X) . . . . . . . . . 100
crosses . . . . . . . . . . 86, 101, 105
\crossh (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\CrossMaltese ( ) . . . . . . . . 86
\crossnilambda (Q) . . . . . . . 14
\CrossOpenShadow ( ) . . . . . . 86
\CrossOutline ( ) . . . . . . . . 86
crotchet . . . see musical symbols
\crtilde () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
a
\Cru (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
crucixes . . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 101
\Crux () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\crux () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\Csa (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\csc (csc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\Cse (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\cshuffle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\Csi (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cso (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Csu (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cta (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
CTAN . see Comprehensive TEX
Archive Network
\Cte (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cti (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
B
E
R
F
D
\Ctu (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cu (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Cube (
) 102, 113
cube root . . . . . . . . . see \sqrt
\Cup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\Cup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\cup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\cup () . . . . . . . . . 24, 114, 123
\cup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\cupdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\cupplus () . . . . . . . . . . 26, 27
\curlyc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\curlyeqprec () . . . . . . . . . 36
\curlyeqprec ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34
\curlyeqprec () . . . . . . . . . 37
\curlyeqsucc () . . . . . . . . . 36
\curlyeqsucc ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34
\curlyeqsucc () . . . . . . . . . 37
\curlyesh (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\curlyvee (y) . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\curlyvee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\curlyvee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\curlyveedot ( ) . . . . . . . . . 26
\curlyveedownarrow ( ) . . . . 25
\curlyveeuparrow ( ) . . . . . . 25
\curlywedge (x) . . . . . . . . . . 26
\curlywedge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 24
\curlywedge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 26
\curlywedgedot ( ) . . . . . . . 26
\curlywedgedownarrow ( ) . . 25
\curlywedgeuparrow ( ) . . . . 25
\curlyyogh () . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\curlyz () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\currency () . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
currency symbols . . . . 20, 21, 76
\curvearrowbotleft () . . . 49
\curvearrowbotleftright () 49
\curvearrowbotright () . . . 49
\curvearrowdownup ( ) . . . . . 50
\curvearrowleft () . . . . . . 49
\curvearrowleft ( ) . . . . . . 48
\curvearrowleft () . . . . . . 51
\curvearrowleftright () . . 49
\curvearrowleftright ( ) . . 50
\curvearrownesw ( ) . . . . . . 50
\curvearrownwse ( ) . . . . . . 50
\curvearrowright () . . . . . 49
\curvearrowright ( ) . . . . . 48
\curvearrowright () . . . . . 51
\curvearrowrightleft ( ) . . 50
\curvearrowsenw ( ) . . . . . . 50
\curvearrowswne ( ) . . . . . . 50
\curvearrowupdown ( ) . . . . . 50
\Cutleft (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
\Cutline (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
cuto subtraction . . see \dotdiv
\Cutright (q) .
\Cwa (w) . . . . .
\Cwe (W) . . . . . .
\Cwi (6) . . . . .
\Cwo (7) . . . . . .
\Cxa (x) . . . . . .
\Cxe (X) . . . . . .
\Cya (j) . . . . . .
\Cyo (b) . . . . .
\cyprfamily . . .
Cypriot . . . . . . .
cypriot (package)
\Cza (g) . . . . .
\Czo (9) . . . . . .
.
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. . . . . . . 84
. . . . . . . 96
. . . . . . . 96
. . . . . . . 96
. . . . . . . 96
. . . . . . . 96
. . . . . . . 96
. . . . . . . 96
. . . . . . . 96
. . . . . . . 96
. . . . . . . 96
96, 130, 132
. . . . . . . 96
. . . . . . . 96
D
\D (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
d (esvect package option) . . . . 68

\d (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
.
\dag () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 128
\dagger () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\daleth ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\daleth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\danger ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
dangerous bend symbols . . . . 99
\DArrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\dasharrow see \dashrightarrow
\dasheddownarrow ( ) . . . . . . 50
\dashedleftarrow ( ) . . . . . 50
\dashednearrow ( ) . . . . . . . 50
\dashednwarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 50
\dashedrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 50
\dashedsearrow ( ) . . . . . . . 50
\dashedswarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 50
\dasheduparrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 50
\dashint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 116
\dashleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 48
\dashleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 51
\dashleftrightarrow ( ) . . . 49
\dashrightarrow ( ) . . . . . . 48
\dashrightarrow ( ) . . . . . . 51
\DashV (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\Dashv (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\dashv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\dashv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\dashVv (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\davidsstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 87
\DavidStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 87
\DavidStarSolid ( ) . . . . . . 87
\dBar (||) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\dbar ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
d)
\dbend ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
dblaccnt (package) . . . . . . . . 118
\dblcolon (::) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\DCa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\DCb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
142
\DCc () . . . .
\DCd () . . . .
\DD (D ) . . . .
D
\ddag () . . .
\ddagger () .
\ddashint (= )
....
\ddddot ( ) .
...
\dddot ( ) . .
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. . . . 81
. . . . 81
. . . . 99
10, 128
. . . . 24
. . . 116
. . . . 65
. . . . 65
\dddtstile (
\ddigamma ()
\DDohne (D ) .
/
D
\ddot () . . .
\ddotdot ( ) .
.
\ddots ( . . ) .
\ddots () . .
)
..
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. . . . . . . . 70, 117
. . . . . . . . . . . . 71
\ddststile (
) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\ddtstile (
) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
26,
39
97
99
65
71
\ddttstile (
) . . . . . . . . . 39
\DeclareFontFamily . . . . . . 122
\DeclareFontShape . . . . . . . 122
\DeclareMathOperator . . . . 123
\DeclareMathOperator* . . . 123
\declareslashed . . . . . . . . 115
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter . 128
\decofourleft ( ) . . . . . . . . 88
\decofourright ( ) . . . . . . . 88
\decoone ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
\decosix ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
\decothreeleft ( ) . . . . . . . 88
\decothreeright ( ) . . . . . . 88
\decotwo ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
denite-description operator ( ) .
. . . . . . . . . 113
denition symbols . . . . . 23, 118
\deg (deg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\degree (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\degree () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
degrees . . . . . . see \textdegree
\DEL () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\Del ( Del ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\Deleatur . . . . . . see \Denarius
delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . 6065
text-mode . . . . . . . . . . . 65
variable-sized . . . . . . 6164
wavy-line . . . . . . . . . 62, 63
\Delta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\delta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\deltaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
demisemiquaver . . . . see musical
symbols
\Denarius () . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\denarius () . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\dental (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
g
derivitive, partial . . see \partial
\descnode ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\det (det) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\Cto (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Ctrl ( Ctrl ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\devadvantage (t) . . . . . . . 104

\Dfourier (
..
..
. . . . . . . . . 40
\dfourier (
..
..
. . . . . . . . . 40
\DFT (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
\dft (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
\DH (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\DH () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 127
\dh ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\dh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 127
diacritics . . . . . . . . . see accents
\diaeresis (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 18
diresis () . . . . . . . see accents

a
\diagdown () . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\diagdown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\diagdown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\diagonal (G) . . . . . . . . . . 104
\diagup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\diagup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\diagup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\diameter (s) . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\diameter ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\diameter () . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\diameter ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\Diamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\Diamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\Diamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\diamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\diamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\diamondbackslash ( ) . . . . . 28
\Diamondblack ( ) . . . . . . . . 73
\diamonddiamond ( ) . . . . . . 28
\Diamonddot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 73
\diamonddot () . . . . . . . . . . 28
\DiamonddotLeft ( ) . . . . . 49
\Diamonddotleft ( ) . . . . . 49
\DiamonddotRight ( ) . . . . . 49
\Diamonddotright ( ) . . . . . 49
\diamonddots ( ) . . . . . . 26, 71
\DiamondLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . 49
\Diamondleft ( ) . . . . . . . . 49
\diamondminus ( ) . . . . . . . . 28
\diamondplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . 28
\DiamondRight ( ) . . . . . . . 49
\Diamondright ( ) . . . . . . . 49
diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . . 8990
diamonds (suit) . . . . . 7375, 90
\DiamondShadowA ( ) . . . . . . 89
\DiamondShadowB ( ) . . . . . . 89
\DiamondShadowC ( ) . . . . . . 89
\Diamondshape ( ) . . . . . . . . 89
\diamondslash ( ) . . . . . . . . 28
\DiamondSolid ( ) . . . . . . . . 89
\diamondsuit () . . . . . . . . . 73
\diamondsuit ( ) . . . . . . . . . 74
\diamondtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . 28
\diamondvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . 28
\diatop . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 118
\diaunder . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 118

dice . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 103, 113
dictionary symbols . . . 1215, 106
dictsym (package) . 106, 130, 131
died . . . . . . . . . . see \textdied
dierential, inexact . . see \dbar
\Digamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\digamma ( ) . . . . . . . . . 57, 97
\digamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
digital logic gates . . . . . . . . . 81
digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Mayan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
old-style . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
segmented . . . . . . . . . . . 78
\dim (dim) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\ding . . . . . . . . . . 12, 8488, 90
dingautolist . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
dingbat (package) 85, 90, 111, 130,
131
dingbat symbols . . . . . . . 8490
\Diple (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\diple (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\Diple* (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\diple* (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Dirac notation . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
discount . . . see \textdiscount
discretionary hyphen . . . . . . 126
disjoint union . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
disjunction . . . . . . . . . see \vee
\displaystyle . . . 116, 118, 123
ditto marks . see \textquotedbl
\div () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\div () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\divdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\divideontimes () . . . . . . . 26
\divideontimes ( ) . . . . . . . 24
\divides (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\divides ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 66
non-commutative . . . . . . 70
division times see \divideontimes
divorced . . . see \textdivorced
\DJ () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\dj () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\dlbari (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\DLE () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\dlsh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\dndtstile (
) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\dnststile (
) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\dntstile (
) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\dnttstile (
)
do not enter . . .
does not divide .
does not exist . .
does not imply .
\Dohne (D) . . . .
/
143
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . . . . . . 39
. see \noway
. . see \nmid
see \nexists
. . . . . . . 115
. . . . . . . . 99
dollar . . . . . . . see \textdollar

dollar sign . . . . . . . . . . . . see \$
\Dontwash () . . . . . . . . . . 100
\dot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
dot accent (a or . ) . . see accents
dot symbols . . . . 10, 7072, 117

DotArrow (package) . 70, 130, 132
\dotarrow (
) . . . . . . . . . 70
\dotcup () . . . . . . . . . 23, 114

\dotdiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\Doteq . . . . . . . . see \doteqdot
\Doteq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\doteq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\doteq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\doteqdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\doteqdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
dotless j ()
text mode . . . . . . . . . . . 16
dotless i ()
math mode . . . . . . . 65, 73
text mode . . . . . . . . . . . 16
dotless j ()
math mode . . . . . . . 65, 73
\dotmedvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 27
\dotminus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\dotplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\dotplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\dots (. . . ) . . . . . . . . . . 10, 128
dots (ellipses) . . . 10, 7073, 117
\dotsb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
\dotsc (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
\dotseq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\dotsi ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
)
\dotsint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\dotsm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
\dotso (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
dotted arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
dotted union () . . . . . . . . . 123

..
\dottedtilde () . . . . . . . . . 18
a
\dottimes () . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\double . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
double acute () . . . see accents
a
\doublebarwedge () . . . . . . 26
\doublebarwedge ( ) . . . . . . 24
\doublecap . . . . . . . . . see \Cap
\doublecap () . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\doublecap () . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\doublecup . . . . . . . . . see \Cup
\doublecup () . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\doublecup () . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\doublecurlyvee ( ) . . . . . . 27
\doublecurlywedge ( ) . . . . . 27
\doublefrown ( ) . . . . . . . . . 55
\doublefrowneq ( ) . . . . . . . . 55
\doublepawns (d) . . . . . . . . 104
\doublesmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 55
\doublesmileeq ( ) . . . . . . . . 55
\doublesqcap () . . . . . . . . . 27
\doublesqcup () . . . .
\doubletilde () . . . .
a
\doublevee () . . . . . .
\doublewedge () . . . .
\DOWNarrow ( ) . . . . . .
\Downarrow () . . . . . .
\Downarrow () . . . . . .
\downarrow . . . . . . . . .
\downarrow () . . . . . .
\downarrow () . . . . . .
\downarrowtail ( ) . . .
\downbracketfill . . . .
\downdownarrows () .
\downdownarrows ( ) .
\downdownarrows () .
\downdownharpoons ()
Downes, Michael J. . . .
\downfilledspoon ( ) .
\downfootline ( ) . . . .
\downfree () . . . . . . .
\downharpoonccw () . .
\downharpooncw () . . .
\downharpoonleft () .
\downharpoonleft ( ) .
\downharpoonright ()
\downharpoonright ( )
\downlsquigarrow ( ) .
\downmapsto () . . . . .
\downModels ( ) . . . . .
\downmodels ( ) . . . . .
\downp (u) . . . . . . . . . .
\downparenthfill . . . .
\downpitchfork () . . .
\downpropto ( ) . . . . .
\downrsquigarrow ( ) .
\downslice ( ) . . . . . .
\downspoon () . . . . . .
\downt (m) . . . . . . . . . .
\downtherefore ( ) . .
\downtouparrow () . .
\downuparrows () . . .
\downuparrows ( ) . . .
\downupharpoons () . .
\downupharpoons () . .
\downVdash () . . . . . .
\downvdash () . . . . . .
\downY ( ) . . . . . . . . .
dozenal (package) . . . . .
dozenal digits . . . . . . .
\dracma () . . . . . . . . .
\drsh () . . . . . . . . . .
\DS (S ) . . . . . . . . . . . .
S
\Ds (s . . . . . . . . . . . .
s)
\dsaeronautical (a) .
\dsagricultural (G) .
\dsarchitectural (A)
\dsbiological (B) . . .
\dschemical (C) . . . . .
\dscommercial (c) . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
. . 26
. . 18
. . 26
. . 26
. . 98
47, 61
. . . 50
. . 123
47, 61
. . . 50
. . . 50
. . 119
. . . 49
. . . 48
. . . 50
. . . 49
56, 133
. . . 54
. . . 37
. . . 37
. . . 53
. . . 53
. . . 49
. . . 48
. . . 49
. . . 48
. . . 50
. . . 50
. . . 37
. . . 37
. . . 20
. . 119
. . . 54
. . . 37
. . . 50
. . . 28
. . . 54
. . . 20
26, 71
. . . 49
. . . 49
. . . 50
. . . 49
. . . 53
. . . 37
. . . 37
. . . 26
72, 130
. . . 72
. . . 21
. . . 49
. . . 99
. . . 99
. . 106
. . 106
. . 106
. . 106
. . 106
. . 106
\dsdtstile ( ) . . .
dsfont (package) . . .
\dsheraldical (H) .
\dsjuridical (J) . .
\dsliterary (L) . . .
\dsmathematical (M)
\dsmedical (m) . . . .
\dsmilitary (X) . . .
\dsrailways (R) . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
. . . . 39
76, 130
. . . 106
. . . 106
. . . 106
. . . 106
. . . 106
. . . 106
. . . 106
\dsststile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\dstechnical (T) . . . . . . . . 106
\dststile (
) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\dsttstile (
) . . . . . . . . . 39
\dtdtstile (
) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\dtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\dtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\dtststile (
) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\dttstile (
) . . . . . . . . . . . 40
) . . . . . . . . . 40
\dtttstile (
duodecimal (base-12) digits . . 72

DVI . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 80, 120
\dz () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
E
e (esvect package option) . . . . 68
\e (e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\e (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
-TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
\Earth (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\Earth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\earth ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\Ecommerce () . . . . . . . . . . 20
\EightAsterisk ( ) . . . . . . . 87
\EightFlowerPetal ( ) . . . . 87
\EightFlowerPetalRemoved ( )
. . . . . . . . . 87
eighth note . see musical symbols
\eighthnote () . . . . . . . . . . 98
\eighthnote ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 98
\EightStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 87
\EightStarBold ( ) . . . . . . . 87
\EightStarConvex ( ) . . . . . 87
\EightStarTaper ( ) . . . . . . 87
\ejective (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
electrical symbols . . . . . . . . . 78
electromotive force (E) . . . . . see
alphabets, math
element of . . . . . . . . . . . see \in
\ell ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\Ellipse ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
ellipses (dots) . . . 10, 7073, 117
ellipses (ovals) . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
\EllipseShadow ( ) . . . . . . . 89
\EllipseSolid ( ) . . . . . . . . 89
s
p
i
144
\EM () . . . . . . . . .
\Email (k) . . . . . .
\Emailct (z) . . . .
\emgma (w) . . . . . .
\emptyset () . . . .
\emptyset () . . . .
\End ( End ) . . . . .
end of proof . . . . .
\ending (L) . . . . .
\eng (V) . . . . . . . .
engineering symbols
\engma (n) . . . . . .
\ENQ () . . . . . . . .
entails . . . . . . . . . .
\Enter ( Enter ) . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
see
...
. . . . 81
. . . . 82
. . . . 82
. . . . 15
. . . . 73
. . . . 74
. . . . 80
. . . . 73
. . . 104
. . . . 14
. 78, 82
. . . . 15
. . . . 81
\models
. . . . 80
\Envelope ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
envelopes . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 109
\enya (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\EOT () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
epsdice (package) . . 103, 130, 131
) . . . . . 103
\epsdice (
\epsi (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\epsilon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\epsilonup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\eqbump ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\eqbumped ($) . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\eqcirc (') . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\eqcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\eqcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\Eqcolon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\Eqcolon (::) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\eqcolon (") . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\eqcolon (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\eqcolon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\eqdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\eqfrown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\Eqqcolon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\Eqqcolon (=::) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\eqqcolon (=:) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\eqqcolon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\eqsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\eqsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\eqslantgtr () . . . . . . . . . . 44
\eqslantgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 43
\eqslantgtr () . . . . . . . . . . 45
\eqslantless () . . . . . . . . . 44
\eqslantless ( ) . . . . . . . . . 43
\eqslantless () . . . . . . . . . 45
\eqsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\equal (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\equal (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\equalclosed ( ) . . . . . . . . . 36
\equalscolon (=:) . . . . . . . . 41
\equalscoloncolon (=::) . . . . 41
\equalsfill . . . . . . . . . 23, 118
equidecomposable . . . . . . . . 114
equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . see
\rightleftharpoons
\equiv () . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 34
\equiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . see
\equiv, \leftrightarrow,
and \threesim
\equivclosed ( ) . . . . . . . . . 37
\er (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
es-zet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \ss
\ESC () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\Esc ( Esc ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
escapable characters . . . . . . . 10
\esh (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\esh (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
esint (package) . . . . . . . . 32, 130
\Estatically (J) . . . . . . . . . 82
estimated . . see \textestimated
esvect (package) . . . . . . . 68, 130
\eta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\etaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\ETB () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\eth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\eth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\eth (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\ETX () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
eufrak (package) . . . . . . . . . . 76
Euler Roman . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\EUR (e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\EURcr (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\EURdig (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\EURhv (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\Euro ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\euro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
euro signs . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21
blackboard bold . . . . . . . 76
\eurologo ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
eurosym (package) . . 21, 130, 131
\EURtm (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
euscript (package) . . . . . 76, 130
evaluated at . . . . . . . see \vert
evil spirits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
exclusive disjunction . . . . . . . . .
. . . . see \nleftrightarrow
\nequiv, and \oplus
exclusive or . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
\exists (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\exists () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\exists () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\exp (exp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\Explosionsafe (`) . . . . . . . 82
extarrows (package) . 69, 130, 131
extensible accents . . . 6668, 70,
118119
extensible arrows . . . . . . . 6670
extensible symbols, creating 118
119
extensible tildes . . . . . . . . 66, 68
extension characters . . . . 55, 56
extpfeil (package) . . . 70, 130, 131
extraipa (package) . . . . . 18, 130

\eye (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
\EyesDollar () . . . . . . . . . . 20
F
f (esvect package option) . . . . 68
faces . . . 81, 91, 98, 101, 106, 108
\fallingdotseq ( ) . . . . . . . 36
\fallingdotseq ( ) . . . . . . . 34
\fallingdotseq () . . . . . . . . 37
\FallingEdge ( ) . . . . . . . . . 78
\fatbslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\fatsemi ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\fatslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\FAX (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\fax (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\Faxmachine (v) . . . . . . . . . 82
fc (package) . . . . . . . . . . 11, 16
) . . . . 103
\fcdice (
fclfont (package) . . . . . . . . . 130
\fcscore (
) . . . . . . 103
feet . . . . . . . . . . see \prime and
\textquotesingle
\FEMALE () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\Female (~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
female . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 79, 82
\female () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\FemaleFemale () . . . . . . . . 82
\FemaleMale () . . . . . . . . . . 82
.
\Ferli (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
.
\Fermi (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
fermions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
feyn (package) . . . . . 83, 130, 131
Feynman slashed character notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Feynman-diagram symbols . . . 83
\feyn{a} () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\feyn{c} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\feyn{fd} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\feyn{flS} () . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\feyn{fl} () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\feyn{fs} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\feyn{fu} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\feyn{fv} () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\feyn{f} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\feyn{g1} () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\feyn{gd} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
d
o
l
k
e
f
q
v
\feyn{glB} () . . . . . . . . . . . .
{
\feyn{glS} () . . . . . . . . . . . .
|
\feyn{glu} () . . . . . . . . . . . .
z
\feyn{gl} () . . . . . . . . . . . . .
y
\feyn{gu} (u) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\feyn{gvs} () . . . . . . . . . . . .
}s
\feyn{gv} () . . . . . . . . . . . . .
}
\feyn{g} (g) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\feyn{hd} (j) . . . . . . . . . . . .
145
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
u
i
h

m
p
x
\feyn{hs} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\feyn{hu} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\feyn{h} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\feyn{ms} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\feyn{m} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\feyn{P} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\feyn{p} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\feyn{x} () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\FF () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
fge (package) . 54, 60, 65, 72, 75,
130, 131
fge-digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
\fgeA (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\fgebackslash (K) . . . . . . . . . 75
\fgebaracute (M) . . . . . . . . . 75
\fgebarcap (O) . . . . . . . . . . . 75
\fgec (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\fgecap (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
\fgecapbar (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . 75
\fgecup (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
\fgecupacute (R) . . . . . . . . . 75
\fgecupbar (P) . . . . . . . . . . . 75
\fged (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\fgee (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\fgeeszett () . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\fgeeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\fgeF (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\fgef (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\fgeinfty (i) . . . . . . . . . . . 75
\fgelangle (h) . . . . . . . . . . . 75
\fgelb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\fgelb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\fgeleftB (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\fgeleftC (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\fgeN () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\fgeoverU () . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\fgerightarrow (!) . . . . . . 54
\fgerightB (B) . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\fges (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\fgestruckone (1) . . . . . . . . . 72
\fgestruckzero (0) . . . . . . . . 72
\fgeU (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\fgeuparrow (") . . . . . . . . . . 54
\fgeupbracket (L) . . . . . . . . 75
\FHBOLOGO (f) . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\FHBOlogo (F) . . . . . . . . . . . 101
eld (F) . . . see alphabets, math
\file (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\FilledBigCircle ( ) . . . . . 89
\FilledBigDiamondshape ( ) 89
\FilledBigSquare ( ) . . . . . 89
\FilledBigTriangleDown ( ) 89
\FilledBigTriangleLeft ( ) 89
\FilledBigTriangleRight ( ) 89
\FilledBigTriangleUp ( ) . . 89
\FilledCircle ( ) . . . . . . . . 89
\FilledCloud ( ) . . . . . . . . 101
\filleddiamond ( ) . . . . . . . . 28
\FilledDiamondShadowC () . 89
\FilledDiamondshape (f) . . . 89
\FilledHut () . . . . . . . . . . 102
\FilledDiamondShadowA ( ) . 89
\filledlargestar () . . . . . 88
\filledlozenge () . . . . . . . . 88
\filledmedlozenge () . . . . . 88
\filledmedsquare () . . . . . . 28
\filledmedtriangledown ( ) 28,
47
\filledmedtriangleleft ( ) 28,
47
\filledmedtriangleright ( ) 28,
47
\filledmedtriangleup ( ) 28, 47
\FilledRainCloud (
!)
. . . . 101
\FilledSectioningDiamond ( )
. . . . . . . . . 102
\FilledSmallCircle ( )
. . . 89
\FilledSmallDiamondshape ( )
. . . . . . . . . 89
\FilledSmallSquare ( )
. . . 89
s
\FilledSmallTriangleLeft (r)
. . . . . . . . . 89
\FilledSmallTriangleRight (t)
. . . . . . . . . 89
\FilledSmallTriangleUp (q) 89
\FilledSnowCloud ($) . . . . 101
\FilledSquare () . . . . . . . . 89
\filledsquare () . . . . . . . . . 28
\FilledSquareShadowA () . . 89
\FilledSquareShadowC () . . 89
\FilledSmallTriangleDown ( )
. . . . . . . . . 89
\filledsquarewithdots ( ) . 90
\filledstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 28
\FilledSunCloud ( ) . . . . . 101
\FilledTriangleLeft () . . . 89
\filledtriangleleft () 28, 47
\FilledTriangleRight (d) . . 89
\filledtriangleright () 28, 47
\FilledTriangleUp () . . . . 89
\filledtriangleup ( ) . . 28, 47
\FilledWeakRainCloud (") . 101
\FilledTriangleDown ( ) . . . 89
\filledtriangledown () 28, 47
nger, pointing . . . . . . . see sts

nite eld (F) . . . see alphabets,
math
\finpartvoice (a) . . . . . . . . 18
\finpartvoiceless (a) . . . . . 18
\fint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\fint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\Finv (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\Finv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\Fire ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
sh hook . . . . . . . see \strictif
sts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
\fivedots ( ) . . . . . . . . . 26, 71
\FiveFlowerOpen ( ) . . . . . . 87
\FiveFlowerPetal ( ) . . . . . 87
\FiveStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 87
\FiveStarCenterOpen ( ) . . . 87
\FiveStarConvex ( ) . . . . . . 87
\FiveStarLines ( ) . . . . . . . 87
\FiveStarOpen ( ) . . . . . . . . 87
\FiveStarOpenCircled ( ) . . 87
\FiveStarOpenDotted ( ) . . . 87
\FiveStarOutline ( ) . . . . . 87
\FiveStarOutlineHeavy ( ) . 87
\FiveStarShadow ( ) . . . . . . 87
\Fixedbearing (%) . . . . . . . . 82
.
\fixedddots ( . . ) . . . . . . . . . 70
.
\fixedvdots (. . . . . . . . . . . . 70
.)
xmath (package) . . . . . . . . 124
\fj (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\Flag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\flap (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\flapr (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\flat ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 98
\flat ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\Flatsteel () . . . . . . . . . . . 82
etched arrows . . . . . . . . 54, 84
eurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 90
orin . . . . . . . see \textflorin
\floweroneleft ( ) . . . . . . . 88
\floweroneright ( ) . . . . . . 88
owers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 88
Flynn, Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
\Fog ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
font encodings
Latin 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
font encodings . . . . . 9, 124, 126
7-bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8-bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
document . . . . . . . . . . . 126
limiting scope of . . . . . . . . 9
LY1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
OT1 9, 11, 16, 118, 124126
OT2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
T1 . . . . . 9, 11, 16, 125, 126
T4 . . . . . . . . . 11, 15, 16, 19
T5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 16
TS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
fontdef.dtx (le) . . . . 113, 117
c
U
W
X
`
a
b
d
'
146
fontenc (package) . . 9, 11, 16, 126

\fontencoding . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
fonts
Calligra . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Charter . . . . . . . . . . 20, 33
Computer Modern 110, 112,
125
Courier . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Garamond . . . . . . . . 20, 33
Helvetica . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Symbol . . . . . . . . . 58, 113
Times Roman . . . . 20, 112
Type 1 . . . . . . . . 122, 123
Utopia . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 33
Zapf Chancery . . . . . . . . 76
Zapf Dingbats . . . . . 84, 87
\fontsize . . . . . . . . . . 110, 112
fontspec (package) . . . . . . . . 129
\Football (o) . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\forall () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\forall () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\Force (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\Forward () . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\ForwardToEnd () . . . . . . . 100
\ForwardToIndex () . . . . 100
I) . . . . . . . . 87
\FourClowerSolid () . . . . . 87
\FourAsterisk (
\FourClowerOpen ( ) . . . . . . 87
\Fourier (
) ..........
fourier (package) . 21, 41, 58,
64, 68, 85, 88, 101, 130
) ..........
\fourier (
Fourier transform (F) . . . . .
alphabets, math
\FourStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . .
40
60,
40
see
87
\FourStarOpen ( ) . . . . . . . . 87
\fourth (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
fraktur . . . . see alphabets, math
Freemasons cipher . . . . . . . 108
Frege logic symbols 54, 60, 72, 75
\frown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\frown () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
frown symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\frowneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\frowneqsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . 55
\frownie ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\frownsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 55
\frownsmileeq ( ) . . . . . . . . 55
\Frowny () . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
frowny faces . . . . . . 81, 98, 101
\FS () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\FullFHBO () . . . . . . . . . . 101
\fullmoon (w) . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\fullmoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\fullnote ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
G
\G (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
g (esvect package option) . . . . 68

\Game (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\Game ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\Gamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\gamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\gammaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\Ganz ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
\GaPa (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Garamond (font) . . . . . . . 20, 33
\gcd (gcd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \geq
\Gemini () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\Gemini () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\gemini ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
genealogical symbols . . . . . . . 98
\geneuro (A ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
C
\geneuronarrow (B ) . . . . . . . 21
C
\geneurowide (C ) . . . . . . . . . 21
C
gensymb (package) . . . . . . . . . 78
\Gentsroom (x) . . . . . . . . . . 100
geometric shapes . . . . 8890, 105
\geq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\geq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 44
\geq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\geqclosed () . . . . . . . . 45, 47
\geqdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\geqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\geqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\geqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\geqslant ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\geqslant () . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\geqslantdot () . . . . . . . . . 45
german (keystroke package option)
. . . . . . . . . 80
\gets . . . . . . . . see \leftarrow
\gg (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\gg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\gg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\ggcurly () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\ggg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\ggg (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\ggg (
vs. ) . . . . . . . . . 111
\ggg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\gggtr . . . . . . . . . . . . see \ggg
\gggtr () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
ghosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Gibbons, Jeremy . . . . . . . . . 133
\gimel ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\gimel () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\girl (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
globe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\glotstop () . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\glottal (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\gluon (
) . . . . . . . . . . . 78
gluons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\gnapprox () . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\gnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\gnapprox () . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\gneq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\gneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\gneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\gneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\gneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\gnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\gnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\gnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Go boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Go stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
goban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\Goofy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
graphics (package) . . . . . 54, 113
graphicx (package) . . 19, 110, 113
\grave (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
grave (`) . . . . . . . . . see accents
a
\gravis (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
`
greater-than signs see inequalities
greatest lower bound
see \sqcap
Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 58
blackboard bold . . . . . . . 76
bold . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 124
polytonic . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
upright . . . . . . . . . . 57, 58
greek (babel package option) . 57,
97
Greek coins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\Greenpoint ( ) . . . . . . . . . 109
Gregorio, Enrico . . . . . 114, 115
\grimace ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\GS () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\gtr (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\gtrapprox () . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\gtrapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 43
\gtrapprox () . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\gtrclosed () . . . . . . . . 45, 47
\gtrdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\gtrdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\gtrdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\gtreqless () . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\gtreqless ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 43
\gtreqless () . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\gtreqlessslant ( ) . . . . . . . 45
\gtreqqless () . . . . . . . . . . 44
\gtreqqless ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 43
\gtreqqless ()
\gtrless () . .
\gtrless ( ) . .
\gtrless () . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
45
44
43
45
\gtrneqqless ( ) . . . . . . . . . 45
\gtrsim () . . . . . .
\gtrsim ( ) . . . . . .
\gtrsim () . . . . . . .
\guillemotleft () .
\guillemotright ()
\guilsinglleft () .
147
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . . 44
. . . . 43
. . . . 45
11, 127
11, 127
11, 128
\guilsinglright ()
\gvcropped ( ) . . .
\gvertneqq () . . . .
\gvertneqq ( ) . . .
\gvertneqq () . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
11, 128
. . . 83
. . . 44
. . . 43
. . . 45
H
\H () . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a
h (esvect package option)
\h () . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\HA (A) . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
16
68
16
92
\Ha (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
hek () . . . . . . . . see accents
ac
a
\Hail ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\Halb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
half note . . . see musical symbols
\HalfCircleLeft ( ) . . . . . . . 89
\HalfCircleRight ( ) . . . . . . 89
\HalfFilledHut ( ) . . . . . . 102
\halflength (p) . . . . . . . . . . 20
\halfnote ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\HalfSun ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Hamiltonian (H) . see alphabets,
math
\HandCuffLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . 85
\HandCuffLeftUp ( ) . . . . . . 85
\HandCuffRight ( ) . . . . . . . 85
\HandCuffRightUp ( ) . . . . . 85
\HandLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 85
\HandLeftUp ( ) . . . . . . . . . 85
\HandPencilLeft ( ) . . . . . . 85
\HandRight ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 85
\HandRightUp ( ) . . . . . . . . 85
hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see sts
\Handwash () . . . . . . . . . . 100
\HaPa (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
harmony (package) . . 99, 130, 131
harpoon (package) . . 54, 130, 132
harpoons . . . . . . . . 48, 49, 53, 54
\hash (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
hash mark . . . . . . . . . . . . see \#
\hat () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\hateq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\hausaB (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\hausab () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\hausaD () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\hausad (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\hausaK (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\hausak (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\HB (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

\Hb (b) . . .
\HBar ( ) . .
\hbar ( ) . .
\hbipropto (
\HC (C) . . . .
'
"
....
....
....
) .
....
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . . 92
. . . . 89
59, 114
. . . . 26
. . . . 92
\Hc (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\hcrossing ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\HCthousand (6) . . . . . . . . . 92
\HD (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\Hd (d) . . . . . . . . .
\hdotdot ( ) . . . . . .
\hdots () . . . . . . .
\Hdual () . . . . . . .
\HE (E) . . . . . . . . .
\He (e) . . . . . . . . .
heads . . . . . . . . . . .
\Heart () . . . . . . .
hearts (suit) . . . . . .
\heartsuit () . . . .
\heartsuit ( ) . . . .
Hebrew . . . . . . . . . .
Helvetica (font) . . . .
\hemiobelion () . .
\HERMAPHRODITE ()
\Hermaphrodite (})
\hexagon ( ) . . . . .
\Hexasteel () . . . .
\hexstar ( ) . . . . .
\HF (F) . . . . . . . . . .
\HF (F) . . . . . . . .
\Hf (f) . . . . . . . .
\hfermion ( ) . . . . .
\hfil . . . . . . . . . . .
\HG (G) . . . . . . . . . .
\Hg (g) . . . . . . . . .
\HH . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\HH (H) . . . . . . . .
\Hh (h) . . . . . . .
hhcount (package)
\Hhundred (3) . . .
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. . . . 92
. 26, 71
. . . . 71
. . . . 92
. . . . 92
. . . . 92
see faces
. . . . 101
7375, 90
. . . . . 73
. . . . . 74
. . 58, 76
. . . . . 20
. . . . . 21
. . . . . 82
. . . . . 82
. . . . . 88
. . . . . 82
. . . . . 87
. . . . . 78
. . . . . 92
. . . . . 92
. . . . . 83
. . . . 115
. . . . . 92
. . . . . 92
. . . . . 99
. . . . . . . . 92
. . . . . . . . 92
103, 130, 132
. . . . . . . . 92
\HI (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\Hi (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\hiatus (H ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\Hibl () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\Hibp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\Hibs () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\Hibw () . . . .
hieroglf (package)
hieroglyphics . . .
Hilbert space (H)
math
\hill (a) . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 18
\HJ (J) . . .
\Hj (j) . .
\HK (K) . . .
\Hk (k) .
.
\hksqrt (
\HL (L) . .
\Hl (l) . .
\HM (M) . .
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. . . . . . . . . . 92
. . 92, 130, 131
. . . . . . . . . . 92
see alphabets,
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92
92
92
92
116
. 92
. 92
. 92
\Hm (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\HU (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\Hman () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\Hu (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Hungarian umlaut () see accents
a
\Hut ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\Hmillion (7) . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\Hms ()
\HN (N)
\Hn (n)
\HO (O) .
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92
92
92
92
\Ho (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Holt, Alexander . . . . . . . . 1, 129
\holter (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
holtpolt (package) . . . . . 70, 130

\hom (hom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\Home ( Home ) . . . . . . . . . . 80
\Homer ()
. . . . . 106
. . . . . . 92
see accents
. . . . . . 14
. . . . . . 14
. . . . . . 15
. . . . . . 74
. . . . . . 14
. . . . . . 14
. . . . . . 14
. . . . . . 47
. . . . . . 51
. . . . . . 14
. . . . . . 47
. . . . . . 51
. . . . . . 74
. . . . . . 77
. . . . . . 92
. . . . . . 92
. . . . . . 92
\Hplus (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\HQ (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\Hq (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
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92
92
92
92
\Hs (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\Hscribe () . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\Hslash (/)
\hslash ( )
\Hsv () .
\HT (T) . .
\HT () . . .
\Ht (t) . .
\Hten (2) .
..
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92
59
92
92
81
92
92
\Hthousand (4) . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\Htongue () . . . . . . . . . . . 92
148
\HV (V) . .
\Hv (v) .
\hv (4) . .
\Hvbar (|)
\HW (W) . .
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92
92
14
92
92
\Hw (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\HX (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\Hx (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\HXthousand (5) . . . . . . . . . . 92
\HY (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
...
\Hone (|) . . . . . . . . . .
hook accent () . . . .
\hookb () . . . . . . . .
\hookd () . . . . . . . .
\hookd (h) . . . . . . . .
\hookdownminus () .
\hookg ()) . . . . . . . .
\hookh (6) . . . . . . . .
\hookheng (7) . . . . . .
\hookleftarrow ( ) .
\hookleftarrow () .
\hookrevepsilon (&) .
\hookrightarrow ( )
\hookrightarrow ()
\hookupminus () . . .
Horn, Berthold . . . . .
\HP (P) . . . . . . . . .
\Hp (p) . . . . . . . . . . .
\Hplural () . . . . .
\Hquery (?)
\HR (R) . .
\Hr (r) .
\HS (S) . .
\Hy (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
hyphen, discretionary . . . . . . 126
\HZ (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\Hz (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
I
..............
i
\i () . . . . . . . . . .
\ialign . . . . . . . .
\ibar () . . . . . . .
i
IBM PC . . . . . . . .
Icelandic staves . . .
\IceMountain ( ) .
.
\iddots ( . . ) . . . . .
\iddots () . . . . . .
\idotsint ( )
\idotsint (
) .
"
. . . . . . . . 16
. . . . . . . . 16
115, 117, 118
. . . . . . . . 15
. 81, 107, 125
. . . . . . . 107
. . . . . . . 102
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. 71
117
. 29
. 31
\idotsint () . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\iff . see \Longleftrightarrow
ifsym (package)
78, 89, 101, 102,
111, 113, 130, 131
igo (package) . . . . . . . . 105, 130
\igocircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 105
\igocircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 105
\igocross ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 105
\igocross ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 105
\igonone ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\igonone ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\igosquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . 105
\igosquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . 105
\igotriangle ( ) . . . . . . . . 105
\igotriangle ( ) . . . . . . . . 105
\iiiint (
) . . . . . . . . . . 29
\iiiint (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\iiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\iiiint
() . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\iiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\iiint (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\iiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 29, 31
}
}
|
|
~
~

\iiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\iiint
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\iint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\iint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\iint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 31
\iint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\iint () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\Im ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\im (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\imath () . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 65
\impliedby . see \Longleftarrow
\implies . see \Longrightarrow
and \vdash
impulse train . . . . . . . . . see sha
\in () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\in () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\in () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\in () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
inches . . . . . . . see \second and
\textquotedbl
\incoh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
independence
probabilistic . . . . . . . . . 116
statistical . . . . . . . . . . . 116
stochastic . . . . . . see \bot
\independent ( . . . . . . . . 116
)
\Industry (I) . . . . . . . . . . 100
inequalities . . . . . . . . 10, 4245
inexact dierential . . . see \dbar
\inf (inf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
inmum . . see \inf and \sqcap
innity () . . . . . . . see \infty
\Info ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
\Info (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
information symbols . . . . . . 100
informator symbols . . . . . . . 104
\infty (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\infty () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\infty () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\inipartvoice (a) . . . . . . . . 18
\inipartvoiceless (a) . . . . . 18
\injlim (inj lim) . . . . . . . . . . 56

\inplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
inputenc (package) . . . . . . . . 128
\Ins ( Ins ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\int ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\int ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\int ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\int () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\intclockwise ( ) . . . . . . . . 33
<
\INTEGER ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\Integer ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
integers (Z) . see alphabets, math
integrals . . . . . . . 2933, 74, 116
integrals (wasysym package option)
. . . . . . . . . 29
\intercal ( ) . .
\intercal () . .
\interleave ( )
intersection . . . .
\Interval ( ) .
\inva () . . . . .
\invamp ( ) . . .
\invbackneg ()
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. . . . . 24
. . . . . 59
. . . . . 25
see \cap
. . . . 102
. . . . . 14
. . . . . 25
. . . . . 74
\INVd (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\invdiameter ( ) . . . . . . . . . 98
\inve ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
inverse limit . . see \varprojlim
\InversTransformHoriz (
) 40
\InversTransformVert ( ) . . 40
inverted symbols . 1215, 19, 113
inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\invf (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\invglotstop (d) . . . . . . . . . 14
\invh (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\INVl (#)
\invlegr (s)
\invm (S) . .
\invneg ( )
\invneg ()
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81
14
14
35
74
\INVr (!) . . .
\invr (q) . . . . .
\invscr (u) . . .
\invscripta ()
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14
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..
59,
\INVu ($) . . . . . . .
\invv () . . . . . . . . .
\invw () . . . . . . . . .
\invy () . . . . . . . . .
\iota () . . . . . . . . . .
iota, upside-down . . .
\iotaup () . . . . . . . .
\ipagamma (2) . . . . . .
\ipercatal () . . . . .
\IroningI () . . . . .
\IroningII () . . . .
\IroningIII () . . .
irony mark (? ) . . . . . .
irrational numbers (J)
alphabets, math
\Irritant ( ) . . . . .
\ismodeledby (=|) . . .
ISO character entities
isoent (package) . . . . .
J
\j () . . . . . . . .
\JackStar ( ) .
\JackStarBold (
Jewish star . . . .
\jmath () . . . . .
..
..
)
..
..
149
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81
14
14
14
57
113
. 57
. 14
106
100
100
100
113
see
102
114
126
126
16
87
87
87
65
&
\Joch ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\Join ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 35
\Join ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\joinrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
joint denial . . . . see \downarrow
junicode (package) . . . . . . . . 129
Junicode-Regular.ttf (le) 129
\Jupiter (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\Jupiter () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\jupiter ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
K
\k (a) . . . . . . . . .
\k ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\kappa () . . . . .
\kappaup () . . . .
\ker (ker) . . . . . .
ket . . . . . . . . . . .
\Keyboard () . .
keyboard symbols
keys, computer . .
keystroke (package)
)
\keystroke (
king . . . . . . . . . .
knight . . . . . . . . .
Knuth, Donald E.
symbols by . .
\Koppa () . . . . .
\koppa () . . . . . .
)
\Kr ( l . . . . . .
\kreuz ( ) . . . . .
Kronecker product
Kronecker sum . .
krouek ( . . . . .
z
a)
\kside (O) . . . . .
\Kutline (R) . . .
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. . . . . . . 19
. . . . . . . 16
. . . . . . . 57
. . . . . . . 57
. . . . . . . 56
. . . . . . . 61
. . . . . . . 80
. . . . . . . 80
. . . . . . . 80
80, 130, 131
. . . . . . . 80
. . . . . . 104
. . . . . . 104
9, 124, 133
. . . 99, 100
. . . . . . . 97
. . . . . . . 97
. . . . . . . 99
. . . . . . . 98
see \otimes
see \oplus
see accents
. . . . . . 104
. . . . . . . 84
L
\L (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\l (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\labdentalnas (R) . . . . . . . . 14
\labvel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\Ladiesroom (y) . . . . . . . . . 100
Lagrangian (L) . . see alphabets,
math
\Lambda () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\lambda () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\lambdabar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\lambdaslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . 73
\lambdaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Lamport, Leslie . . . . . . 129, 133
\land . . . . . . % . . . . see \wedge
.
\landdownint ( ) . . . . . . . . . 32
\landdownint () . . . . . . . . . 32
#
\landupint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\landupint () . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\Langle (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\lAngle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
\langle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 61
\langle () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\langlebar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\Laplace (
) . . . . . . . . . . 40
) ....
\laplace (
Laplace transform (L)
alphabets, math
Laplacian () . . . . .
Laplacian ( 2 ) . . . .
\largecircle ( ) . . .
\largediamond ( ) .
\largelozenge () . .
\largepencil (
W)
. . . . . . 40
. . . . . see
see
see
...
...
...
\Delta
\nabla
. . . 88
. . . 88
. . . 88
. . . . . . . . 85
\largepentagram ( ) . . . . . . 88
\largesquare () . . . . . . . . . 88
\largestar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 88
\largestarofdavid () . . . . 88
\largetriangledown ( ) . . . 47
\largetriangleleft ( ) . . . 47
\largetriangleright ( ) . . 47
\largetriangleup ( ) . . . . . 47
\LArrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\larrowfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
\Laserbeam (a) . . . . . . . . . 82
A
L TEX 1, 9, 16, 29, 34, 56, 61, 70,
73, 81, 84, 110, 113120, 123,
125, 126, 128130, 132, 133
A
L TEX 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 9,
10, 21, 22, 24, 34, 41, 47, 66,
70, 73, 77, 81, 110, 111, 113,
116, 117, 122128, 133
latexsym (package) 24, 34, 41, 47,
73, 110, 130
\latfric (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Latin 1 . . . . . . . 9, 125126, 130
table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
laundry symbols . . . . . . . . . 100
\Lbag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\lbag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\lbrace ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\Lbrack ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\lBrack ([[) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
LCD digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
\lCeil ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
\lceil ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
\lceil ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\lcirclearrowdown ( ) . . . . 50
\lcirclearrowleft () . . . . 50
\lcirclearrowright () . . . 50
\lcirclearrowup () . . . . . . 50
\lcircleleftint () . . . . . . . 32
\lcirclerightint () . . . . . . 32
\lcm (lcm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
\lcorners (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\lcurvearrowdown () . . . . . . 50
\lcurvearrowleft ( ) . . . . . 50
\lcurvearrowne ( ) . . . . . . . 50
\lcurvearrownw ( ) . . . . . . . 50
\lcurvearrowright () . . . . . 50
\lcurvearrowse ( ) . . . . . . . 50
\lcurvearrowsw ( ) . . . . . . . 50
\lcurvearrowup ( ) . . . . . . . . 50
\ldbrack (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\ldotp (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
\ldots (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
\le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \leq
\leadsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35, 47
\leadsto () . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
leaf . . . . . . . . . . . see \textleaf
\leafleft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 88
\leafNE ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
\leafright ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 88
leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 90
Lefschetz motive (L) . . . . . . see
alphabets, math
\Left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\left . . . . . 61, 63, 64, 110, 112
\LEFTarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\Leftarrow () . . . . . . . 23, 47
\Leftarrow () . . . . . . . . . . 50
\leftarrow () . . . . . . . . . . 49
\leftarrow () . . . . . . . . . . 47
\leftarrow () . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\leftarrowtail ( ) . . . . . . 48
\leftarrowtail () . . . . . . . 50
\leftarrowtriangle ( ) . . . 48
\leftbarharpoon () . . . . . . 49
\LEFTCIRCLE ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 98
\LEFTcircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 98
\Leftcircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 98
\leftevaw ( )
. . . . . . . . . . . 63
\leftfilledspoon ( )
\leftfootline ( ) . . .
\leftfree ( ) . . . . . .
\lefthalfcap () . . . .
\lefthalfcup () . . . .
\lefthand ( ) . . . . . .
\leftharpoonccw () .
\leftharpooncw ( ) . .
\leftharpoondown ()
\leftharpoondown ( )
\leftharpoonup () . .
\leftharpoonup ( ) . .
\leftleftarrows () .
\leftleftarrows ( ) .
\leftleftarrows () .
\leftleftharpoons ()
\leftlsquigarrow ( )
150
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54
37
37
26
26
85
53
53
49
48
49
48
49
48
50
49
50
\leftmapsto () . . . . . . . . . .
\leftModels ( ) . . . . . . . . . .
\leftmodels ( ) . . . . . . . . . .
\leftmoon (u) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\leftmoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . .
\leftp (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\leftpitchfork ( ) . . . . . . .
\leftpointright (
) .....
\leftpropto () . . . . . . . . . .
\Leftrightarrow () . . . . . .
\Leftrightarrow () . . . . . .
\leftrightarrow () . . . . . .
\leftrightarroweq ( ) . . . . .
\leftrightarrows () . . . . .
\leftrightarrows ( ) . . . . .
\leftrightarrows () . . . . .
\leftrightarrowtriangle ( )
\leftrightharpoon () . . . .
\leftrightharpoondownup ()
\leftrightharpoons () . . .
\leftrightharpoons ( ) . . .
\leftrightharpoons () . . . .
\leftrightharpoonsfill . . . .
\leftrightharpoonupdown ()
\Leftrightline ( ) . . . . . . .
\leftrightline ( ) . . . . . . .
\leftrightsquigarrow ()
\leftrightsquigarrow (
) .
\leftrightsquigarrow () . .
\leftrsquigarrow () . . . . .
\Leftscissors (S) . . . . . . . .
\leftslice ( ) . . . . . . . . . . .
\leftslice () . . . . . . . . . . .
\leftspoon () . . . . . . . . . .
\leftsquigarrow () . . . . .
\leftsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . .
\leftt (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\lefttherefore ( ) . . . . 26,
\leftthreetimes (6) . . . . . .
\leftthreetimes ( ) . . . . . .
\leftthreetimes () . . . . . . .
\leftthumbsdown (
) .....
\leftthumbsup (
) .......
\lefttorightarrow () . . . .
\Lefttorque (&) . . . . . . . . .
\leftturn ( ) . . . . . . . . . . .
\leftVdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . .
\leftvdash () . . . . . . . . . . .
D
U
\leftwave ( )
\leftY ( ) .
legal symbols
\legm (T) . .
\legr (i) . .
\length (q) .
\Leo () . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
50
37
37
79
79
20
54
85
37
47
50
49
47
50
48
49
48
50
48
49
53
49
48
53
69
53
37
37
49
48
51
50
84
25
37
54
49
49
20
71
73
24
26
85
85
49
82
98
37
37
. . . . . . . . . . . 63
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.
.
....
10,
....
....
....
....
. . . 26
21, 127
. . . 14
. . . 14
. . . 20
. . . 79
\leo ( ) . . . . . . .
\leq () . . . . . . .
\leq () . . . . . . .
\leq () . . . . . . .
\leqclosed () . .
\leqdot ( ) . . . . .
\leqq () . . . . . .
\leqq ( ) . . . . . .
\leqq () . . . . . .
\leqslant ( ) . .
\leqslant () . . .
\leqslantdot ()
\less (<) . . . . . .
less-than signs . .
\lessapprox () .
\lessapprox ( ) .
\lessapprox () .
\lessclosed () .
\lessdot () . . .
\lessdot ( ) . . .
\lessdot () . . . .
\lesseqgtr () . .
\lesseqgtr ( ) .
\lesseqgtr () . .
\lesseqgtrslant (
\lesseqqgtr () .
. . . . . . . . . 79
. . . . . . . . . 44
. . . . . . 42, 44
. . . . . . . . . 45
. . . . . . 45, 47
. . . . . . . . . 45
. . . . . . . . . 44
. . . . . . . . . 43
. . . . . . . . . 45
. . . . . . . . . 43
. . . . . . . . . 45
. . . . . . . . . 45
. . . . . . . . . 45
see inequalities
. . . . . . . . . 44
. . . . . . . . . 43
. . . . . . . . . 45
. . . . . . 45, 47
. . . . . . . . . 44
. . . . . . . . . 43
. . . . . . . . . 45
. . . . . . . . . 44
. . . . . . . . . 43
. . . . . . . . . 45
) . . . . . . . 45
. . . . . . . . . 44
\lesseqqgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 43
\lesseqqgtr ()
\lessgtr () . .
\lessgtr ( ) . .
\lessgtr () . . .
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45
44
43
45
\lessneqqgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . 45
\lesssim () . . .
\lesssim ( ) . . .
\lesssim () . . . .
\Letter ( ) . . . .
\Letter (B vs. )
\Letter (B) . . . .
letter-like symbols
letters . . . . . . . . .
barred . . . . .
non-ASCII . .
slashed . . . .
variant Latin
.
.
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.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
see
...
...
...
...
. . . . . 44
. . . . . 43
. . . . . 45
. . . . 102
. . . . 111
. . . . . 82
. . 59, 60
alphabets
. . . . 114
. . . . . 11
. . . . 115
. . . . . 58
\levaw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\LF () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
7
7
\lfilet (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7
\lFloor ( ) .
\lfloor ( ) .
\lfloor ( )
\lg (lg) . .. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\lgroup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
\lgroup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\LHD ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\lhd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25
\lhd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 47
\lhdbend ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 99
\lhookdownarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 50
\lhookleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . 51
\lhooknearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 51
\lhooknwarrow () . . . . . . . . 51
\lhookrightarrow () . . . . . 51
\lhooksearrow () . . . . . . . . 51
\lhookswarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 51
\lhookuparrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 51
\Libra () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\libra ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Lie derivative (L) see alphabets,
math
life-insurance symbols . . . . . 118
\lightbulb (A) . . . . . . . . . . 122
lightbulb.mf (le) . . . 120, 121
lightbulb.sty (le) . . 122, 123
lightbulb10.2602gf (le) . . 120
lightbulb10.dvi (le) . . . . 120
lightbulb10.mf (le) . . 120122
lightbulb10.tfm (le) . . . . 122
\Lightning (E vs.
)
. . . . . 111
\Lightning ( ) . . . . . . . . . 101
\Lightning (E) . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\lightning ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\lightning ( vs. ) . . . . . . 111
\lightning () . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\lightning ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\lim (lim) . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 123
\liminf (lim inf) . . . . . . 56, 123
limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\limsup (lim sup) . . . . . 56, 123
\linbfamily . . . . . . . . . . 95, 96
Linear A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Linear B . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95, 96
linear implication
see \multimap
linear logic symbols 2325, 28, 29,
3233, 40, 59
linearA (package) . . . 92, 130, 131
\LinearAC ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\LinearACC ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\LinearACCC ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 92
\LinearACCCI ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 92
\LinearACCCII ( ) . . . . . . . . 92
\LinearACCCIII ( ) . . . . . . . 92
\LinearACCCIV ( ) . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearACCCIX ( ) . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearACCCL ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearACCCLI ( ) . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearACCCLII ( ) . . . . . . . 93
\LinearACCCLIII ( ) . . . . . . . 94
\LinearACCCLIV ( ) . . . . . . . . 94
\LinearACCCLIX ( ) . . . . . . . 94
151
\LinearACCCLV ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACCCLVI ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCCLVII ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCLVIII ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCLX ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACCCLXI ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCCLXII ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCCLXIII ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCLXIV ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCLXIX ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCCLXV ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCCLXVI ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCCLXVII ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCLXVIII ( ) . .
\LinearACCCLXX ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACCCLXXI ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCLXXII ( ) . .
\LinearACCCLXXIII ( ) .
\LinearACCCLXXIV ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCLXXIX ( ) . .
\LinearACCCLXXV ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCCLXXVI ( ) . .
\LinearACCCLXXVII ( ) . .
\LinearACCCLXXVIII ( ) .
\LinearACCCLXXX ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCCLXXXI ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCLXXXII ( ) . .
\LinearACCCLXXXIII ( ) .
\LinearACCCLXXXIV ( ) .
\LinearACCCLXXXIX ( ) .
\LinearACCCLXXXV ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCLXXXVI ( ) . .
\LinearACCCLXXXVII ( ) .
\LinearACCCLXXXVIII ( )
\LinearACCCV ( ) . . . . . . .
\LinearACCCVI ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACCCVII ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCCVIII ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCX ( ) . . . . . .
\LinearACCCXI ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACCCXII ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCCXIII ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCXIV ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCCXIX ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCCXL ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACCCXLI ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCCXLII ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCCXLIII ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCXLIV ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCXLIX ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCCXLV ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCCXLVI ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCXLVII ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCXLVIII ( ) . .
\LinearACCCXV ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACCCXVI ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACCCXVII ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCCXVIII ( ) . .
\LinearACCCXX ( ) . . . . .
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94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
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93
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93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
\LinearACCCXXI ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCXXII ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCXXIII ( ) . .
\LinearACCCXXIV ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCXXIX ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCXXV ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCXXVI ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCXXVII ( ) . .
\LinearACCCXXVIII ( ) .
\LinearACCCXXX ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCXXXI ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCXXXII ( ) .
\LinearACCCXXXIII ( ) .
\LinearACCCXXXIV ( ) . .
\LinearACCCXXXIX ( ) . .
\LinearACCCXXXV ( ) . . .
\LinearACCCXXXVI ( ) . .
\LinearACCCXXXVII ( )
\LinearACCCXXXVIII ( )
\LinearACCI ( ) . . . . . .
\LinearACCII ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACCIII ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCIV ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCIX ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACCL ( ) . . . . . .
\LinearACCLI ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACCLII ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCLIII ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCLIV ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACCLIX ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACCLV ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACCLVI ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACCLVII ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCLVIII ( ) . .
\LinearACCLX ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACCLXI ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACCLXII ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCLXIII ( ) . . .
\LinearACCLXIV ( ) . . .
\LinearACCLXIX ( ) . . .
\LinearACCLXV ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCLXVI ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCLXVII ( ) . . .
\LinearACCLXVIII ( ) . .
\LinearACCLXX ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCLXXI ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCLXXII ( ) . . .
\LinearACCLXXIII ( ) .
\LinearACCLXXIV ( ) . . .
\LinearACCLXXIX ( ) . . .
\LinearACCLXXV ( ) . . .
\LinearACCLXXVI ( ) . . .
\LinearACCLXXVII ( ) . .
\LinearACCLXXVIII ( ) .
\LinearACCLXXX ( ) . . .
\LinearACCLXXXI ( ) . . .
\LinearACCLXXXII ( ) . .
\LinearACCLXXXIII ( ) .
\LinearACCLXXXIV ( ) .
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\LinearACCLXXXIX ( )
\LinearACCLXXXV ( )
\LinearACCLXXXVI ( )
\LinearACCLXXXVII ( )
\LinearACCLXXXVIII (
\LinearACCLXXXX ( )
\LinearACCV ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCVI ( ) . . .
\LinearACCVII ( ) . .
\LinearACCVIII ( ) . .
\LinearACCX ( ) . . . .
\LinearACCXCI ( ) . .
\LinearACCXCII ( ) .
\LinearACCXCIII ( ) .
\LinearACCXCIV ( ) .
\LinearACCXCIX ( ) .
\LinearACCXCV ( ) . .
\LinearACCXCVI ( ) .
\LinearACCXCVII ( ) .
\LinearACCXCVIII ( )
\LinearACCXI ( ) . . .
\LinearACCXII ( ) . .
\LinearACCXIII ( ) .
\LinearACCXIV ( ) . .
\LinearACCXIX ( ) . .
\LinearACCXL ( ) . . .
\LinearACCXLI ( ) . .
\LinearACCXLII ( ) . .
\LinearACCXLIII ( )
\LinearACCXLIV ( ) . .
\LinearACCXLIX ( ) .
\LinearACCXLV ( ) . .
\LinearACCXLVI ( ) .
\LinearACCXLVII ( ) .
\LinearACCXLVIII ( )
\LinearACCXV ( ) . . .
\LinearACCXVI ( ) . . .
\LinearACCXVII ( ) . .
\LinearACCXVIII ( ) .
\LinearACCXX ( ) . . .
\LinearACCXXI ( ) . .
\LinearACCXXII ( ) .
\LinearACCXXIII ( ) .
\LinearACCXXIV ( ) . .
\LinearACCXXIX ( ) .
\LinearACCXXV ( ) . .
\LinearACCXXVI ( ) .
\LinearACCXXVII ( )
\LinearACCXXVIII ( )
\LinearACCXXX ( ) . .
\LinearACCXXXI ( ) . .
\LinearACCXXXII ( ) .
\LinearACCXXXIII ( )
\LinearACCXXXIV ( )
\LinearACCXXXIX ( )
\LinearACCXXXV ( ) . .
\LinearACCXXXVI ( ) .
\LinearACCXXXVII ( )
152
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\LinearACCXXXVIII ( )
\LinearACI ( ) . . . . . .
\LinearACII ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACIII ( ) . . . .
\LinearACIV ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACIX ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACL ( ) . . . . . .
\LinearACLI ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACLII ( ) . . . .
\LinearACLIII ( ) . . .
\LinearACLIV ( ) . . . .
\LinearACLIX ( ) . . . .
\LinearACLV ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACLVI ( ) . . . .
\LinearACLVII ( ) . . .
\LinearACLVIII ( ) . .
\LinearACLX ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACLXI ( ) . . . .
\LinearACLXII ( ) . . .
\LinearACLXIII ( ) . . .
\LinearACLXIV ( ) . . .
\LinearACLXIX ( ) . . .
\LinearACLXV ( ) . . . .
\LinearACLXVI ( ) . .
\LinearACLXVII ( ) . .
\LinearACLXVIII ( ) .
\LinearACLXX ( ) . . . .
\LinearACLXXI ( ) . . .
\LinearACLXXII ( ) . .
\LinearACLXXIII ( ) .
\LinearACLXXIV ( ) . .
\LinearACLXXIX ( ) . . .
\LinearACLXXV ( ) . . .
\LinearACLXXVI ( ) . .
\LinearACLXXVII ( ) . .
\LinearACLXXVIII ( ) .
\LinearACLXXX ( ) . . .
\LinearACLXXXI ( ) . .
\LinearACLXXXII ( ) . .
\LinearACLXXXIII ( ) .
\LinearACLXXXIV ( ) .
\LinearACLXXXIX ( ) . .
\LinearACLXXXV ( ) . . .
\LinearACLXXXVI ( ) .
\LinearACLXXXVII ( ) .
\LinearACLXXXVIII ( )
\LinearACLXXXX ( ) . .
\LinearACV ( ) . . . . . .
\LinearACVI ( ) . . . . .
\LinearACVII ( ) . . . .
\LinearACVIII ( ) . . .
\LinearACX ( ) . . . . . .
\LinearACXCI ( ) . . . .
\LinearACXCII ( ) . . .
\LinearACXCIII ( ) . . .
\LinearACXCIV ( ) . . .
\LinearACXCIX ( ) . . .
\LinearACXCV ( ) . . . . .
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\LinearACXCVI ( ) . .
\LinearACXCVII ( ) .
\LinearACXCVIII ( ) .
\LinearACXI ( ) . . . .
\LinearACXII ( ) . . .
\LinearACXIII ( ) . .
\LinearACXIV ( ) . . .
\LinearACXIX ( ) . . .
\LinearACXL ( ) . . . .
\LinearACXLI ( ) . . .
\LinearACXLII ( ) . .
\LinearACXLIII ( ) .
\LinearACXLIV ( ) . .
\LinearACXLIX ( ) . .
\LinearACXLV ( ) . . .
\LinearACXLVI ( ) . .
\LinearACXLVII ( ) .
\LinearACXLVIII ( )
\LinearACXV ( ) . . . .
\LinearACXVI ( ) . . .
\LinearACXVII ( ) . .
\LinearACXVIII ( ) . .
\LinearACXX ( ) . . . .
\LinearACXXI ( ) . . .
\LinearACXXII ( ) . .
\LinearACXXIII ( ) .
\LinearACXXIV ( ) . .
\LinearACXXIX ( ) . .
\LinearACXXV ( ) . . .
\LinearACXXVI ( ) . .
\LinearACXXVII ( ) .
\LinearACXXVIII ( )
\LinearACXXX ( ) . . .
\LinearACXXXI ( ) . .
\LinearACXXXII ( ) .
\LinearACXXXIII ( ) .
\LinearACXXXIV ( ) . .
\LinearACXXXIX ( ) .
\LinearACXXXV ( ) . .
\LinearACXXXVI ( ) .
\LinearACXXXVII ( ) .
\LinearACXXXVIII ( )
\LinearAI ( ) . . . . . .
\LinearAII ( ) . . . . .
\LinearAIII ( ) . . . .
\LinearAIV ( ) . . . . .
\LinearAIX ( ) . . . . .
\LinearAL ( ) . . . . . .
\LinearALI ( ) . . . . .
\LinearALII ( ) . . . .
\LinearALIII ( ) . . .
\LinearALIV ( ) . . . .
\LinearALIX ( ) . . . .
\LinearALV ( ) . . . . .
\LinearALVI ( ) . . . .
\LinearALVII ( ) . . .
\LinearALVIII ( ) . .
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\LinearALX ( ) . . . . .
\LinearALXI ( ) . . . .
\LinearALXII ( ) . . .
\LinearALXIII ( ) . .
\LinearALXIV ( ) . . .
\LinearALXIX ( ) . . .
\LinearALXV ( ) . . . .
\LinearALXVI ( ) . . .
\LinearALXVII ( ) . .
\LinearALXVIII ( ) . .
\LinearALXX ( ) . . . .
\LinearALXXI ( ) . . .
\LinearALXXII ( ) . .
\LinearALXXIII ( ) .
\LinearALXXIV ( ) . .
\LinearALXXIX ( ) . .
\LinearALXXV ( ) . . .
\LinearALXXVI ( ) . .
\LinearALXXVII ( ) .
\LinearALXXVIII ( ) .
\LinearALXXX ( ) . . .
\LinearALXXXI ( ) . .
\LinearALXXXII ( ) . .
\LinearALXXXIII ( ) .
\LinearALXXXIV ( ) .
\LinearALXXXIX ( ) .
\LinearALXXXV ( ) . . .
\LinearALXXXVI ( ) .
\LinearALXXXVII ( ) .
\LinearALXXXVIII ( )
\LinearALXXXX ( ) . .
\LinearAV ( ) . . . . . .
\LinearAVI ( ) . . . . .
\LinearAVII ( ) . . . .
\LinearAVIII ( ) . . .
\LinearAX ( ) . . . . . .
\LinearAXCI ( ) . . . .
\LinearAXCII ( ) . . .
\LinearAXCIII ( ) . .
\LinearAXCIV ( ) . . .
\LinearAXCIX ( ) . . .
\LinearAXCV ( ) . . . .
\LinearAXCVI ( ) . . .
\LinearAXCVII ( ) . . .
\LinearAXCVIII ( ) . .
\LinearAXI ( ) . . . . .
\LinearAXII ( ) . . . .
\LinearAXIII ( ) . . .
\LinearAXIV ( ) . . . .
\LinearAXIX ( ) . . . .
\LinearAXL ( ) . . . . .
\LinearAXLI ( ) . . . .
\LinearAXLII ( ) . . .
\LinearAXLIII ( ) . .
\LinearAXLIV ( ) . . .
\LinearAXLIX ( ) . . .
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\LinearAXLV ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXLVI ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXLVII ( ) . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXLVIII ( ) . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXV ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXVI ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXVII ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXVIII ( ) . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXX ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXI ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXII ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXIII ( ) . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXIV ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXIX ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXV ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXVI ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXVII ( ) . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXVIII ( ) . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXX ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXXI ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXXII ( ) . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXXIII ( ) . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXXIV ( ) . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXXIX ( ) . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXXV ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXXVI ( ) . . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXXVII ( ) . . . . . . . 93
\LinearAXXXVIII ( ) . . . . . . . 93
linearb (package) 95, 96, 130, 131
\Lineload (L) . . . . . . . . . . . 82
linguistic symbols . . . . . . 1215
\Lisa (
\lJoin ( )
\ll (3) . . .
\ll ( ) . .
\ll () . .
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106
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. . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\llap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
\llbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\llbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 64
\llceil ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\llcorner (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\llcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\llcorner () . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\llcurly () . .
\Lleftarrow ( )
\Lleftarrow ()
\llfloor ( ) . . .
\lll () . . . . . .
\lll (
) .....
\lll (
vs. )
..
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36
48
51
60
44
43
111
\lll () . . . . . . .
\llless . . . . . . . .
\llless () . . . .
\llparenthesis ( )
.
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. . . . . 45
see \lll
. . . . . 45
. . . . . 60
\lmoustache () . . . . . . . . . 61
\lmoustache ( ) . . . . . . . . . 62
\ln (ln) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\lnapprox () . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\lnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\lnapprox () . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\lneq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\lneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\lneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\lneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\lneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\lnot . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neg
\lnot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\lnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\lnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\lnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
local ring (O) see alphabets, math
\log (log) . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 123
log-like symbols . . . . . . . 56, 123
logic gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
logical operators
and . . . . . . . . . see \wedge
not . . . . see \neg and \sim
or . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee
\logof ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
lollipop . . . . . . . . see \multimap
long division . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
\longa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\longcastling (O-O-O) . . . 104
longdiv (package) . . . . . . . . . . 66
\Longleftarrow (=) . . . . . . 47
\Longleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . 50
\longleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . 50
\longleftarrow () . . . . . . 47
\Longleftrightarrow () . 47
\Longleftrightarrow () . 50
\longleftrightarrow () . . 50
\longleftrightarrow () . 47
\Longmapsfrom (=) . . . . . . . 48
\longmapsfrom () . . . . . . . 48
\Longmapsto (=) . . . . . . . . 48
\longmapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50
\longmapsto () . . . . . . . . 47
\LongPulseHigh (
) . . . . . . 78
\LongPulseLow (
) . . . . . . 78
\Longrightarrow (=) . . . . . 47
\Longrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 50
\longrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 50
\longrightarrow () . . . . . 47
\looparrowdownleft () . . . 49
\looparrowdownright () . . . 49
\looparrowleft () . . . . . . . 49
\looparrowleft ( ) . . . . . . . 48
8
9
\looparrowleft () . . . . . . . 50
\looparrowright () . . . . . . 49
\looparrowright ( ) . . . . . . 48
\looparrowright () . . . . . . 50
\Loosebearing ($) . . . . . . . . 82
\lor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee
\LowerDiamond ( ) . . . . . . . . 89
lowering . . . see \textlowering
\lozenge () . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\lozenge () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
\Lparen (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\lrcorner ({) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\lrcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\lrcorner () . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\lrJoin . . . . . . . . . . see \Join
\lrtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\lsem ( ) . . .
\lsemantic . . .
\Lsh () . . . . .
\Lsh ( ) . . . . .
\Lsh () . . . . .
\Lsteel () . .
\ltimes () . .
\ltimes ( ) . .
\ltimes () . .
\ltriple . . . .
Luecking, Dan .
\lVert ( ) . . .
\lVert (||) . . . .
\lvert (|) . . . .
\lvertneqq ()
\lvertneqq ( )
\lvertneqq ()
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. . . . . . . . 62
see \ldbrack
. . . . . . . . 49
. . . . . . . . 48
. . . . . . . . 50
. . . . . . . . 82
. . . . . . . . 26
. . . . . . . . 24
. . . . . . . . 26
. . . . . . . . 64
. . . . . . . 116
. . . . . . . . 61
. . . . . . . . 64
. . . . . . . . 61
. . . . . . . . 44
. . . . . . . . 43
. . . . . . . . 45
\lwave ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\lWavy (
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\lwavy ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\lz (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\M . . . . . . .
\M () . . . .
\m . . . . . .
.
\m ( ) . . . .
\ma ) . . .
(
\macron (a)
macron ()
a
.
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M
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. . . . . . 11
. . . . . 105
. . . . . . 11
. . . . . 105
. . . . . 105
. . . . . . 18
see accents
\Maggie () . . . . . . . . .
magical signs .
majuscules . .
\makeatletter
\makeatother
\MALE ( ) . . .
...
...
..
...
...
154
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106
107
. 57
117
117
. 82
\Male (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79, 82
\male () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\MaleMale () . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\maltese ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\maltese () . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 101
\manboldkidney ( ) . . . . . . . 100
\manconcentriccircles ( ) 100
\manconcentricdiamond ( ) 100
\mancone ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\mancube ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\manerrarrow (
) . . . . . . . 100
\manfilledquartercircle ( ) 100
manfnt (package) . . . 99, 100, 130
\manhpennib ( ) . . . . . . . . . 100
\manimpossiblecube ( ) . . . 100
\mankidney ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 100
\manlhpenkidney ( ) . . . . . . 100
\manpenkidney ( ) . . . . . . . 100
\manquadrifolium ( ) . . . . 100
\manquartercircle ( ) . . . . 100
\manrotatedquadrifolium ( ) .
. . . . . . . . . 100
\manrotatedquartercircle ( ) .
. . . . . . . . . 100
\manstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\mantiltpennib ( ) . . . . . . 100
\mantriangledown ( ) . . . . . 100
\mantriangleright ( ) . . . . 100
\mantriangleup ( ) . . . . . . 100
\manvpennib ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 100
\Mappedfromchar () . . . . . . . . 55
\mappedfromchar () . . . . . . . . 55
\Mapsfrom () . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\mapsfrom () . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\Mapsfromchar () . . . . . . . . . 56
\Mapsfromchar () . . . . . . . . . 55
\mapsfromchar () . . . . . . . . . 56
\mapsfromchar () . . . . . . . . . 55
\Mapsto () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\mapsto () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
\mapsto () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\Mapstochar () . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\Mapstochar () . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\mapstochar () . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\Marge ()
. . . . . . . . . 106
\markera (x) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\markerb (y) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
married . . . . . see \textmarried
\Mars (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\Mars () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\mars () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\MartinVogel () . . . . . . . . 101
marvosym (package) 20, 72, 74, 79,

80, 82, 84, 100, 101, 111
masonic cipher . . . . . . . . . . 108
\mate (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
material biconditional . . . . . . . .
. see \leftrightarrow and
\equiv
material conditional . . . . . . . see
\rightarrow and \supset
material equivalence . . . . . . . . .
. see \leftrightarrow and
\equiv
material implication . . . . . . . see
\rightarrow and \supset
material nonimplication . . . . see
\nrightarrow and \nsupset
math alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . 76
mathabx (package) . . . 23, 26, 28,
30, 34, 36, 41, 42, 44, 46, 49,
56, 5962, 65, 67, 72, 73, 79,
103, 110, 111, 130, 131, 134
\mathaccent . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
\mathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\mathbbm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\mathbbmss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\mathbbmtt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
mathbbol (package) . . . . . . . . 76
\mathbf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
\mathbin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
\mathbold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
mathcal (euscript package option)
. . . . . . . . . 76
\mathcal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\mathcent () . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\mathchoice . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
\mathclose . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
mathcomp (package) . . . . . . . 72
mathdesign (package) . 20, 27, 33,
60, 63, 75, 130
\mathdollar ($) . . . . . . . . . . 23
mathdots (package) . . 65, 70, 71,
117, 130, 131
\mathds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\mathellipsis (. . .) . . . . . . . 23
mathematical symbols . . . 2377
\mathfrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\mathit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\mathnormal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\mathop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
\mathopen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
\mathord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
\mathpalette . . . . . . . 116, 117
\mathparagraph () . . . . . . . 23
\mathpunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
\mathpzc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\mathrel . . . . . . . . . . 113, 123
\mathring () . . . . . . . . . 65, 66
\mathrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
mathrsfs (package) . . . . . 76, 130
mathscr (euscript package option)

. . . . . . . . . 76
\mathscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\mathsection () . . . . . . . . . 23
\mathsterling () . . . . . . . . . 59
\mathsterling () . . . . . . . . 23
mathtools (package) 23, 39, 67, 69,
130, 131
\mathunderscore ( ) . . . . . . . 23
\max (max) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Maxwell-Stefan diusion coecient . . . . . . . . . . . . . see
\DH
\maya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
\Mb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\mb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\Mbb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\mBb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\mbB (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\mbb (
(package) . . . . . 76, 130
mbboard
\mbbx ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\mbox . . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 117

\measuredangle (b) . . . . . . . 73
\measuredangle ( ) . . . . . . . 73
\measuredangle () . . . . . . . 74
mechanical scaling . . . . 120, 122
\medbackslash () . . . . . 26, 27
\medbullet ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\medcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\medcircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\meddiamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 28
\medlozenge () . . . . . . . . . . 88
\medslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\medsquare () . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\medstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\medstarofdavid () . . . . . . 88
\medtriangledown ( ) . . 28, 47
\medtriangleleft ( ) . . 28, 47
\medtriangleright ( ) . . 28, 47
\medtriangleup ( ) . . . . 28, 47
\medvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 26, 27
\medvertdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 26
membership . . . . . . . . . see \in
\Mercury (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\Mercury () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\mercury ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\merge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
METAFONT . . . . . . . 77, 119123
METAFONTbook symbols . . . 100
metre (package) 18, 65, 105, 130,
131
metre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
metrical symbols . . . . . 105, 106
\mho ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
micro . . . . . . . . . . . see \textmu
\micro () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Microsoft Windows . . . . 126
155
\mid (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 63

\middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
\midtilde ({) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
MIL-STD-806 . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
millesimal sign . . . . . . . . . . see
\textperthousand
milstd (package) . . . . . . . 81, 130
\min (min) . . . . . . . . . . 56, 123
minim . . . . . see musical symbols
minus . . . . . . . . see \textminus
\minus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\minuscolon (:) . . . . . . . . . 41
\minuscoloncolon (::) . . . . . 41
\minusdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\minushookdown () . . . . . . . 74
\minushookup () . . . . . . . . . 74
\minuso ( ) . . . . . . . . . 25, 115
minutes, angular . . . see \prime
miscellaneous symbols 7375, 90,
98109
Missing $ inserted . . . . . 23
\Mmappedfromchar ( ) . . . . . . . 55
\mmappedfromchar ( ) . . . . . . . 55
\Mmapstochar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 55
\mmapstochar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 55
MnSymbol (package) . . . . . . 23,
2628, 32, 33, 3638, 42, 45,
47, 5055, 58, 59, 62, 6567,
71, 74, 88, 130, 131
\Mobilefone (H) . . . . . . . . . . 82
\mod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\models (|=) . . . . . . . . . 34, 113
\models () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
moduli space see alphabets, math
monetary symbols . . . 20, 21, 76
monus . . . . . . . . . . . see \dotdiv
\moo ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\Moon (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\Moon () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\MoonPha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
\morepawns (S) . . . . . . . . . . 104
\moreroom (U) . . . . . . . . . . 104
\Mountain ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 102
mouse . . . . . see \ComputerMouse
\MoveDown () . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\moverlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
\MoveUp () . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\mp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\mp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\mu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\multimap ( ) . . . . . . . . 34, 35
\multimap () . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\multimapboth ( ) . . . . . . . 35
\multimapbothvert ( ) . . . . . 35
\multimapdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35
\multimapdotboth ( ) . . . . . 35
\multimapdotbothA ( ) . . . . 35
\multimapdotbothAvert ( ) . . 35
\multimapdotbothB ( ) . . . . 35
\multimapdotbothBvert ( ) . . 35
\multimapdotbothvert ( ) . . . 35
\multimapdotinv ( ) . . . . . . 35
\multimapinv ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35
multiple accents per character 118
multiplicative disjunction . . . . . .
. . . . . . see \bindnasrepma,
\invamp, and \parr
\Mundus (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Museum of Icelandic Sorcery and
Witchcraft . . . . . . . . . 108
musical symbols 22, 73, 74, 98, 99
musixtex (package) . . . . . . . . . 99
\muup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\MVAt (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\MVEight (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
\MVFive (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
\MVFour (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
\MVNine (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
\MVOne (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
\MVRightarrow (:) . . . . . . . 101
\MVSeven (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
\MVSix (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
\MVThree (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
\MVTwo (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
\MVZero (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
\nabla ( ) .
\nabla () .
\NAK () . . .
NAND gates
N
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73
74
81
81
\NANDd () . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\NANDl ()
. . . . . . . . . . 81
\NANDr ()
. . . . . . . . . . 81
\NANDu () . . . . .
\napprox (') . . . . . .
\napprox () . . . . . . .
\napproxeq ( ) . . . . .
\napproxeq () . . . . .
\nasymp ( ) . . . . . . .
\nasymp () . . . . . . . .
nath (package) . . . . .
\NATURAL ( ) . . . . . . .
\Natural ( ) . . . . . . .
\natural ( ) . . . . . . .
\natural () . . . . . . .
natural numbers (N) .
alphabets, math
navigation symbols . .
\nbackapprox () . . .
\nbackapproxeq () . .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
60,
...
...
...
...
...
. . . 81
. . . 36
. . . 38
. . . 35
. . . 38
. . . 35
. . . 55
64, 130
. . . 56
. . . 56
73, 98
. . . 74
. . see
. . . . . 100
. . . . . . 38
. . . . . . 38
\nbackcong () . . . . . . . . . .
\nbackeqsim () . . . . . . . . .
\nbacksim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . .
\nbacksim () . . . . . . . . . . .
\nbacksimeq ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\nbacksimeq () . . . . . . . . .
\nbacktriplesim () . . . . . .
\NBSP () . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\nBumpeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\nBumpeq () . . . . . . . . . . . .
\nbumpeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\nbumpeq () . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ncirceq () . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ncirclearrowleft () . . .
\ncirclearrowright () . .
\nclosedequal () . . . . . . .
\ncong ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ncong ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ncong () . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ncurlyeqprec () . . . . . . .
\ncurlyeqprec () . . . . . . .
\ncurlyeqsucc () . . . . . . .
\ncurlyeqsucc () . . . . . . .
\ncurvearrowdownup () . . .
\ncurvearrowleft () . . . .
\ncurvearrowleftright ()
\ncurvearrownesw () . . . .
\ncurvearrownwse () . . . .
\ncurvearrowright () . . . .
\ncurvearrowrightleft ()
\ncurvearrowsenw () . . . .
\ncurvearrowswne () . . . .
\ncurvearrowupdown () . . .
\ndasharrow () . . . . . . . . .
\ndasheddownarrow () . . . .
\ndashedleftarrow () . . . .
\ndashednearrow () . . . . .
\ndashednwarrow () . . . . .
\ndashedrightarrow () . . .
\ndashedsearrow () . . . . .
\ndashedswarrow () . . . . .
\ndasheduparrow () . . . . . .
\ndashleftarrow () . . . . .
\ndashrightarrow () . . . .
\nDashV (C) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\nDashv (C) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ndashV (G) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ndashv (9) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ndashv () . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ndashVv (G) . . . . . . . . . . .
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38
38
35
38
35
38
38
81
35
38
35
38
38
53
53
38
36
34
38
36
38
36
38
51
53
51
51
51
53
51
51
51
51
53
51
51
51
51
51
51
52
52
53
53
36
36
36
36
38
36
\nddtstile ( ) . . .
\ndiagdown () . . .
\ndiagup () . . . . .
\ndivides () . . . . .
\nDoteq () . . . . . . .
\ndoteq () . . . . . . .
\ndoublefrown () .
\ndoublefrowneq ()
.
.
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.
.
40
38
38
38
38
38
55
55
156
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.
\ndoublesmile () . . .
\ndoublesmileeq () . .
\nDownarrow () . . . . .
\ndownarrow () . . . . .
\ndownarrowtail () . .
\ndowndownarrows () .
\ndownfilledspoon ()
\ndownfootline () . . .
\ndownfree () . . . . . .
\ndownharpoonccw () .
\ndownharpooncw () . .
\ndownlsquigarrow ()
\ndownmapsto () . . . .
\ndownModels () . . . .
\ndownmodels () . . . .
\ndownpitchfork () .
\ndownrsquigarrow ()
\ndownspoon () . . . . .
\ndownuparrows () . .
\ndownupharpoons () .
\ndownVdash () . . . . .
\ndownvdash () . . . . .
\ndststile (
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55
55
52
52
52
52
54
38
38
53
53
52
52
38
38
54
52
54
52
53
38
38
) . . . . . . . . . . 40
\ndtstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\ndttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 40
\ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neq
\ne () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\Nearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\Nearrow () . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\nearrow () . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\nearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 47, 117
\nearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\nearrowtail ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50
\nefilledspoon ( ) . . . . . . . 54
\nefootline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 37
\nefree ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\neg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\neg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
negation . . . . see \neg and \sim
\neharpoonccw ( ) . . . . . . . . 53
\neharpooncw ( ) . . . . . . . . . 53
\nelsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 50
\nemapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\neModels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\nemodels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\nenearrows ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50
\nepitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . . . 54
\Neptune (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\Neptune () . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\neptune ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\neq ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\neq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\neq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\neqbump () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\neqcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\neqdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\neqfrown () . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\neqsim () . . . . . . . .
\neqslantgtr () . . .
\neqslantgtr () . . .
\neqslantless () . .
\neqslantless () . .
\neqsmile () . . . . . .
\nequal () . . . . . . . .
\nequalclosed () . .
\nequiv ( ) . . . . . . .
\nequiv () . . . . . . . .
\nequivclosed () . .
\nersquigarrow ( ) .
\nespoon ( ) . . . . . .
\Neswarrow ( ) . . . .
\neswarrow ( ) . . . .
\neswarrow () . . . .
\neswarrows ( ) . . .
\neswbipropto ( ) . .
\neswcrossing ( ) . .
\neswharpoonnwse ( )
\neswharpoons ( ) . .
\neswharpoonsenw ( )
\Neswline ( ) . . . . .
\neswline ( ) . . . . .
\Neutral ({) . . . . . .
\neVdash ( ) . . . . . .
\nevdash ( ) . . . . . .
\newextarrow . . . . . .
\newmetrics . . . . . . .
\newmoon (x) . . . . . .
\newmoon ( ) . . . . . .
\newtie (a) . . . . . . . .
\nexists (i) . . . . . . .
\nexists ( ) . . . . . . .
\nexists () . . . . . . .
\nfallingdotseq () .
\nfrown () . . . . . . . .
\nfrowneq () . . . . . .
\nfrowneqsmile () . .
\nfrownsmile () . . .
\nfrownsmileeq () . .
\NG () . . . . . . . . . . .
\ng () . . . . . . . . . . .
\ngeq () . . . . . . . . .
\ngeq ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\ngeq () . . . . . . . . .
\ngeqclosed () . . . .
\ngeqdot () . . . . . . .
\ngeqq () . . . . . . . .
\ngeqq ( ) . . . . . . . .
\ngeqq () . . . . . . . .
\ngeqslant ( ) . . . .
\ngeqslant () . . . . .
\ngeqslantdot () . .
\ngets () . . . . . . . .
\ngg ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\ngg () . . . . . . . . . .
\nggg () . . . . . . . .
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.
. . 38
. . 44
. . 45
. . 44
. . 45
. . 55
. . 38
. . 38
. . 35
. . 38
. . 38
. . 50
. . 54
. . 50
. 117
. . 50
. . 50
. . 27
. . 38
. . 53
. . 53
. . 53
. . 37
. . 37
. . 82
. . 37
. . 37
. . 70
. 106
. . 79
. . 79
. . 16
. . 59
. . 59
. . 59
. . 38
. . 55
. . 55
. . 55
. . 55
. . 55
. . 11
. . 11
. . 44
43, 44
. . . 45
45, 47
. . . 45
. . . 44
. . . 43
. . . 45
. . . 43
. . . 45
. . . 45
. . . 53
. . . 43
. . . 45
. . . 45
\ngtr () . . . . .
\ngtr ( ) . . . . .
\ngtr () . . . . .
\ngtrapprox ()
\ngtrapprox ( )
\ngtrclosed ()
\ngtrdot () . . .
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..
..
..
..
..
45,
...
44
43
45
44
43
47
45
\ngtreqless () . . . . . . . . . . 45
\ngtreqlessslant () . . . . . . 45
\ngtreqqless () . . . . . . . . . 45
\ngtrless ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\ngtrless () . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\ngtrsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\ngtrsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\nhateq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\nhookleftarrow () . . . . . . 53
\nhookrightarrow () . . . . . 53
\ni ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 115
\ni () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\nialpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\nibar . . . . . . . . . see \ownsbar
\nibeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\NibLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
\NibRight ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 85
nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
\NibSolidLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . 85
\NibSolidRight ( ) . . . . . . . 85
nicefrac (package) . . 74, 130, 132
\nichi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\niepsilon ($) . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\nigamma (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\niiota (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\nilambda (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\nin () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\niomega (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\niphi (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\niplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\nisigma (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\nitheta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\niupsilon () . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\niv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\nj (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\nlcirclearrowdown () . . . 52
\nlcirclearrowleft () . . . 52
\nlcirclearrowright () . . 52
\nlcirclearrowup () . . . . . 52
\nlcurvearrowdown () . . . . . 52
\nlcurvearrowleft () . . . . . 52
\nlcurvearrowne () . . . . . . 52
\nlcurvearrownw () . . . . . . 52
\nlcurvearrowright () . . . . 52
\nlcurvearrowse () . . . . . . 52
\nlcurvearrowsw () . . . . . . 52
\nlcurvearrowup () . . . . . . . 52
\nleadsto () . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\nLeftarrow () . . . . . . . . . 49
0
)
2
1
157
\nLeftarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 48
\nLeftarrow () . . . . . . . . . 52
\nleftarrow () . . . . . . . . . 49
\nleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 48
\nleftarrow () . . . . . . . . . . 52
\nleftarrowtail () . . . . . . 52
\nleftfilledspoon () . . . . 54
\nleftfootline () . . . . . . . 38
\nleftfree () . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\nleftharpoonccw () . . . . . 53
\nleftharpooncw () . . . . . . 53
\nleftleftarrows () . . . . . 52
\nleftlsquigarrow () . . . . . 52
\nleftmapsto () . . . . . . . . . 52
\nleftModels () . . . . . . . . . 38
\nleftmodels () . . . . . . . . . 38
\nleftpitchfork () . . . . . . 54
\nLeftrightarrow () . . . . . 49
\nLeftrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 48
\nLeftrightarrow () . . . . . 52
\nleftrightarrow () . . . . . 49
\nleftrightarrow ( ) . . 23, 48
\nleftrightarrow () . . . . . 52
\nleftrightarrows () . . . . . 52
\nleftrightharpoondownup () .
. . . . . . . . . 53
\nleftrightharpoons () . . . 53
\nleftrightharpoonupdown () .
. . . . . . . . . 53
\nLeftrightline () . . . . . . 38
\nleftrightline () . . . . . . 38
\nleftrightsquigarrow () . 53
\nleftrsquigarrow () . . . . . 52
\nleftspoon () . . . . . . . . . 54
\nleftVdash () . . . . . . . . . . 38
\nleftvdash () . . . . . . . . . . 38
\nleq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\nleq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 44
\nleq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\nleqclosed () . . . . . . . 45, 47
\nleqdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\nleqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\nleqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\nleqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\nleqslant ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 43
\nleqslant () . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\nleqslantdot () . . . . . . . . 45
\nless () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\nless ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\nless () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\nlessapprox () . . . . . . . . . 44
\nlessapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 43
\nlessclosed () . . . . . . 45, 47
\nlessdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\nlesseqgtr () . . . . . . . . . . 45
\nlesseqgtrslant () . . . . . . 45
\nlesseqqgtr () . . . . . . . . . 45
\nlessgtr ( ) . . . . . . .
\nlessgtr () . . . . . . .
\nlesssim () . . . . . .
\nlesssim ( ) . . . . . . .
\nlhookdownarrow () .
\nlhookleftarrow ()
\nlhooknearrow () . .
\nlhooknwarrow () . .
\nlhookrightarrow ()
\nlhooksearrow () . .
\nlhookswarrow () . .
\nlhookuparrow () . . .
\nll ( ) . . . . . . . . . .
\nll () . . . . . . . . . . .
\nLleftarrow () . . . .
\nlll () . . . . . . . . .
\nmapsto () . . . . . . .
\nmid ( ) . . . . . . . . . . .
\nmid () . . . . . . . . . .
\nmodels () . . . . . . . .
\nmultimap () . . . . .
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43
45
44
43
52
52
52
51
51
51
51
51
43
45
51
45
53
34
38
38
54
\nndtstile ( ) . . . . .
\nNearrow () . . . . . .
\nnearrow ( ) . . . . . . .
\nnearrow () . . . . . .
\nnearrowtail () . . .
\nnefilledspoon () .
\nnefootline () . . . .
\nnefree () . . . . . . .
\nneharpoonccw () . .
\nneharpooncw () . . .
\nnelsquigarrow () .
\nnemapsto () . . . . .
\nneModels () . . . . .
\nnemodels () . . . . .
\nnenearrows () . . .
\nnepitchfork () . . .
\nnersquigarrow () .
\nnespoon () . . . . . .
\nNeswarrow () . . . .
\nneswarrow () . . . .
\nneswarrows () . . .
\nneswharpoonnwse ()
\nneswharpoons () . .
\nneswharpoonsenw ()
\nNeswline () . . . . .
\nneswline () . . . . .
\nneVdash () . . . . . .
\nnevdash () . . . . . .
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40
51
48
51
51
54
38
38
53
53
51
51
38
38
51
54
51
54
51
52
52
53
53
53
38
38
38
38
\nnststile (
.
.
.
.
.
) . . . . . . . . . . 40
\nntstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\nnttstile ( ) . . . .
\nNwarrow () . . . . .
\nnwarrow ( ) . . . . . .
\nnwarrow () . . . . .
\nnwarrowtail () . .
\nnwfilledspoon ()
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39
52
48
52
52
54
\nnwfootline () . . . . . . . . . 38
\nnwfree () . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\nnwharpoonccw () . . . . . . . 53
\nnwharpooncw () . . . . . . . . 53
\nnwlsquigarrow () . . . . . . 52
\nnwmapsto () . . . . . . . . . . 52
\nnwModels () . . . . . . . . . . 38
\nnwmodels () . . . . . . . . . . 38
\nnwnwarrows () . . . . . . . . 52
\nnwpitchfork () . . . . . . . . 54
\nnwrsquigarrow () . . . . . . 52
\nNwsearrow () . . . . . . . . . 52
\nnwsearrow () . . . . . . . . . 52
\nnwsearrows () . . . . . . . . 52
\nnwseharpoonnesw () . . . . 53
\nnwseharpoons () . . . . . . . 53
\nnwseharpoonswne () . . . . 53
\nNwseline () . . . . . . . . . . 38
\nnwseline () . . . . . . . . . . 38
\nnwspoon () . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\nnwVdash () . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\nnwvdash () . . . . . . . . . . . 38
no entry . . . . . . . . . see \noway
\NoBleech () . . . . . . . . . . 100
\NoChemicalCleaning () . . 100
nointegrals (wasysym package option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\NoIroning () . . . . . . . . . 100
non-commutative division . . . 70
nonbreaking space . . . . . . . . . 81
NOR gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\NORd () . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\NORl () . . . . . . . . . . . 81
norm . . see \lVert and \rVert
\NORr () . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\NORu () . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\NoSun ( ) . . . . . .
not . . . . . . . . . . . .
\not . . . . . . . . . . .
not equal (= vs. =)
\notasymp (0) . . .
\notbackslash ()
\
\notbot (w) . . . . .
\notdivides (1) . .
\notequiv (%) . . .
\notin () . . . . . .
\notin ( ) . . . . . .
\notin () . . . . . .
\notin () . . . . . . .
\notni ( ) . . . . . .
\notowner () . . . .
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. . . . 101
see \neg
. 36, 115
. . . . . 36
. . . . . 36
. . . . . 80
. . . . . 59
. . . . . 36
. . . . . 36
. . . . . 59
. . . . . 59
. . . . . 60
. . . . . 59
. . . . . 59
. . . . . 59
\notowns . . . see \notowner and

\notni
\notperp (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\notslash () . . . . . . . . . . . 80
/
\notsmallin ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 60
\notsmallowns ( ) . . . . . . . . . 60
\nottop (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\NoTumbler () . . . . . . . . . . 100
\novelty (N) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\noway ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\nowns () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\nparallel ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\nparallel ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\nparallelslant ( ) . . . . . . 41
\nperp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\npitchfork () . . . . . . . . . . 54
\nplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\nprec () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\nprec ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\nprec () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\nprecapprox () . . . . . . . . . 36
\nprecapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35
\nprecapprox () . . . . . . . . . 38
\npreccurlyeq () . . . . . . . . 36
\npreccurlyeq ( ) . . . . . . . . 35
\npreccurlyeq () . . . . . . . . 38
\npreceq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\npreceq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\npreceq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\npreceqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\nprecsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\nprecsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\nprecsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\nrcirclearrowdown () . . . 52
\nrcirclearrowleft () . . . 52
\nrcirclearrowright () . . 52
\nrcirclearrowup () . . . . . 52
\nrcurvearrowdown () . . . . . 52
\nrcurvearrowleft () . . . . . 52
\nrcurvearrowne () . . . . . . 52
\nrcurvearrownw () . . . . . . 52
\nrcurvearrowright () . . . . 52
\nrcurvearrowse () . . . . . . 52
\nrcurvearrowsw () . . . . . . 52
\nrcurvearrowup () . . . . . . . 52
\nRelbar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\nrelbar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\nrestriction () . . . . . . . . 53
\nrhookdownarrow () . . . . . . 52
\nrhookleftarrow () . . . . . 52
\nrhooknearrow () . . . . . . . 52
\nrhooknwarrow () . . . . . . . 52
\nrhookrightarrow () . . . . . 52
\nrhooksearrow () . . . . . . . 52
\nrhookswarrow () . . . . . . . 52
\nrhookuparrow () . . . . . . . . 52
\nRightarrow () . . . . . . . . . 49
\nRightarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 48
\nRightarrow ( ) . . . . . .
\nrightarrow () . . . . . .
\nrightarrow ( ) . . . . .
\nrightarrow () . . . . . .
\nrightarrowtail () . .
\nrightfilledspoon ()
\nrightfootline () . . .
\nrightfree () . . . . . . .
\nrightharpoonccw () . .
\nrightharpooncw () . .
\nrightleftarrows () . .
\nrightleftharpoons ()
\nrightlsquigarrow () .
\nrightmapsto () . . . . .
\nrightModels () . . . . .
\nrightmodels () . . . . .
\nrightpitchfork () . .
\nrightrightarrows () .
\nrightrsquigarrow () .
\nrightspoon () . . . . . .
\nrightsquigarrow () . .
\nrightVdash () . . . . . .
\nrightvdash () . . . . . .
\nrisingdotseq () . . . . .
\nRrightarrow () . . . . .
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52
49
48
52
52
54
38
38
53
53
51
53
51
51
38
38
54
51
51
54
53
38
38
38
51
\nsdtstile ( ) . . . .
\nSearrow () . . . . .
\nsearrow () . . . . .
\nsearrowtail () . .
\nsefilledspoon ()
\nsefootline () . . .
\nsefree () . . . . . .
\nseharpoonccw () .
\nseharpooncw () . .
\nselsquigarrow ()
\nsemapsto () . . . .
\nseModels () . . . .
\nsemodels () . . . .
\nsenwarrows () . .
\nsenwharpoons () .
\nsepitchfork () . .
\nsersquigarrow ()
\nsesearrows () . .
\nsespoon () . . . . .
\nseVdash () . . . . .
\nsevdash () . . . . .
\nshortmid ( ) . . . . .
\nshortmid () . . . . .
\nshortparallel ( ) .
\nshortparallel ( ) .
\nsim (&) . . . . . . . . .
\nsim ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\nsim () . . . . . . . . .
\nsimeq (() . . . . . . .
\nsimeq ( ) . . . . . . .
\nsimeq () . . . . . . . .
\nsmile () . . . . . . . .
\nsmileeq () . . . . . .
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39
51
51
51
54
38
38
53
53
51
51
38
38
51
53
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51
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38
38
34
38
34
38
36
34
38
36
35
38
55
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\nsmileeqfrown () . . . . . . .
\nsmilefrown () . . . . . . . .
\nsmilefrowneq () . . . . . . .
\nsqdoublefrown () . . . . . .
\nsqdoublefrowneq () . . . .
\nsqdoublesmile () . . . . . .
\nsqdoublesmileeq () . . . .
\nsqeqfrown () . . . . . . . . .
\nsqeqsmile () . . . . . . . . .
\nsqfrown () . . . . . . . . . . .
\nsqfrowneq () . . . . . . . . .
\nsqfrowneqsmile () . . . . .
\nsqfrownsmile () . . . . . . .
\nsqsmile () . . . . . . . . . . .
\nsqsmileeq () . . . . . . . . .
\nsqsmileeqfrown () . . . . .
\nsqsmilefrown () . . . . . . .
\nSqsubset () . . . . . . . . . .
\nsqSubset () . . . . . . . . . .
\nsqsubset () . . . . . . . . . .
\nsqsubset ( ) . . . . . . . . . .
\nsqsubset () . . . . . . . . . .
\nsqsubseteq () . . . . . . . .
\nsqsubseteq ( ) . . . . . . . .
\nsqsubseteq () . . . . . . . .
\nsqsubseteqq () . . . . . . .
\nsqsubseteqq () . . . . . . .
\nSqsupset () . . . . . . . . . .
\nsqSupset () . . . . . . . . . .
\nsqsupset () . . . . . . . . . .
\nsqsupset ( ) . . . . . . . . . .
\nsqsupset () . . . . . . . . . .
\nsqsupseteq () . . . . . . . .
\nsqsupseteq ( ) . . . . . . . .
\nsqsupseteq () . . . . . . . .
\nsqsupseteqq () . . . . . . .
\nsqsupseteqq () . . . . . . .
\nsqtriplefrown () . . . . . .
\nsqtriplesmile () . . . . . .
\nsquigarrowdownup () . .
\nsquigarrowleftright ()
\nsquigarrownesw () . . . .
\nsquigarrownwse () . . . . .
\nsquigarrowrightleft ()
\nsquigarrowsenw () . . . .
\nsquigarrowswne () . . . .
\nsquigarrowupdown () . . .
\nsststile (
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55
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55
55
55
55
42
42
42
41
42
42
41
42
42
42
42
42
42
41
42
42
41
42
42
42
55
55
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\nststile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\nsttstile ( )
\nSubset () . .
\nSubset ( ) . . .
\nSubset () . . .
\nsubset () . .
\nsubset () . . .
\nsubseteq () .
\nsubseteq ( )
\nsubseteq () .
159
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39
42
41
42
42
42
42
41
42
\nsubseteqq () . . . .
\nsubseteqq ( ) . . . .
\nsubseteqq () . . . .
\nsucc () . . . . . . . .
\nsucc ( ) . . . . . . . .
\nsucc () . . . . . . . .
\nsuccapprox () . . .
\nsuccapprox ( ) . . .
\nsuccapprox () . . .
\nsucccurlyeq () . .
\nsucccurlyeq ( ) . .
\nsucccurlyeq () . .
\nsucceq () . . . . . .
\nsucceq ( ) . . . . . .
\nsucceq () . . . . . . .
\nsucceqq ( ) . . . . . .
\nsuccsim () . . . . .
\nsuccsim ( ) . . . . . .
\nsuccsim () . . . . . .
\nSupset () . . . . . .
\nSupset ( ) . . . . . . .
\nSupset () . . . . . . .
\nsupset () . . . . . .
\nsupset () . . . . . . .
\nsupseteq () . . . . .
\nsupseteq ( ) . . . .
\nsupseteq () . . . . .
\nsupseteqq () . . . .
\nsupseteqq ( ) . . . .
\nsupseteqq () . . . .
\nSwarrow () . . . . .
\nswarrow () . . . . .
\nswarrowtail () . .
\nswfilledspoon ()
\nswfootline () . . .
\nswfree () . . . . . .
\nswharpoonccw () .
\nswharpooncw () . .
\nswlsquigarrow ()
\nswmapsto () . . . .
\nswModels () . . . .
\nswmodels () . . . .
\nswnearrows () . .
\nswneharpoons () .
\nswpitchfork () . .
\nswrsquigarrow ()
\nswspoon () . . . . .
\nswswarrows () . .
\nswVdash () . . . . .
\nswvdash () . . . . .
\ntdtstile (
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42
41
42
36
34
38
36
35
38
36
35
38
36
34
38
35
36
35
38
42
41
42
42
42
42
41
42
42
41
42
52
52
52
54
38
38
53
53
52
52
38
38
52
53
54
52
54
52
38
38
) . . . . . . . . . . 39
ntheorem (package) .
\nthickapprox ( ) .
\nto () . . . . . . . . .
\ntriangleeq () . .
\ntriangleleft ()
\ntriangleleft ( )
\ntriangleleft () .
.
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..
..
..
..
..
..
45,
73
35
53
47
46
46
47
\ntrianglelefteq () . . . . .
\ntrianglelefteq ( ) . . . . .
\ntrianglelefteq () . . . 45,
\ntrianglelefteqslant ( ) .
\ntriangleright () . . . . . .
\ntriangleright ( ) . . . . . .
\ntriangleright () . . . . 45,
\ntrianglerighteq () . . . . .
\ntrianglerighteq ( ) . . . .
\ntrianglerighteq () . . 45,
\ntrianglerighteqslant ( )
\ntriplefrown () . . . . . . . .
\ntriplesim () . . . . . . . . . .
\ntriplesmile () . . . . . . . .
\ntststile (
46
46
47
46
46
46
47
46
46
47
46
55
38
55
) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\nttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\ntttstile (
) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\ntwoheaddownarrow () . . . . 52
\ntwoheadleftarrow ( ) . . . . 35
\ntwoheadleftarrow () . . . 52
\ntwoheadnearrow () . . . . . 52
\ntwoheadnwarrow () . . . . . 52
\ntwoheadrightarrow ( ) . . . 35
\ntwoheadrightarrow () . . . 52
\ntwoheadsearrow () . . . . . 52
\ntwoheadswarrow () . . . . . 52
\ntwoheaduparrow () . . . . . . 52
\nu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
nuclear power plant . . see \SNPP
\NUL () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
null innity . see alphabets, math
null set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 74
number sets see alphabets, math
number sign . . see \textnumero
numbers . . . . . . . . . . . see digits
circled . . . . . . . . . . 87, 105
numerals
Linear B . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
old style . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\NumLock ( Num ) . . . . . . . . . 80
\nUparrow () . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\nuparrow () . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\nuparrowtail () . . . . . . . . 52
\nUpdownarrow () . . . . . . . . 52
\nupdownarrow () . . . . . . . . 52
\nupdownarrows () . . . . . . . 52
\nupdownharpoonleftright () 53
\nupdownharpoonrightleft () 53
\nupdownharpoons () . . . . . . 53
\nUpdownline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 38
\nupdownline () . . . . . . . . . 38
\nupfilledspoon () . . . . . . . 54
\nupfootline () . . . . . . . . . 38
\nupfree () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\nupharpoonccw () . . . . . . . . 53
\nupharpooncw () . . . . . . . . 53
\nuplsquigarrow () .
\nupmapsto () . . . . .
\nupModels () . . . .
\nupmodels () . . . . .
\nuppitchfork () . .
\nuprsquigarrow () .
\nupspoon () . . . . . .
\nupuparrows () . . .
\nupVdash () . . . . .
\nupvdash () . . . . . .
\nuup () . . . . . . . . .
\nvargeq () . . . . . .
\nvarleq () . . . . . .
\nvarparallel ( ) . .
\nvarparallelinv ( )
\nVDash (B) . . . . . . .
\nVDash ( ) . . . . . . .
\nVDash () . . . . . . .
\nVdash (F) . . . . . . .
\nVdash ( ) . . . . . . .
\nVdash () . . . . . . .
\nvDash (B) . . . . . . .
\nvDash ( ) . . . . . . .
\nvDash () . . . . . . .
\nvdash (8) . . . . . . .
\nvdash ( ) . . . . . . .
\nvdash () . . . . . . .
\nVvash (F) . . . . . . .
\Nwarrow ( ) . . . . . .
\Nwarrow () . . . . . .
\nwarrow () . . . . . .
\nwarrow ( ) . . . . . .
\nwarrow ( ) . . . . . .
\nwarrowtail ( ) . . .
\nwfilledspoon ( ) .
\nwfootline ( ) . . . .
\nwfree ( ) . . . . . . .
\nwharpoonccw ( ) . .
\nwharpooncw ( ) . . .
\nwlsquigarrow ( ) .
\nwmapsto ( ) . . . . .
\nwModels ( ) . . . . .
\nwmodels ( ) . . . . .
\nwnwarrows ( ) . . .
\nwpitchfork ( ) . . .
\nwrsquigarrow ( ) .
\Nwsearrow ( ) . . . .
\nwsearrow ( ) . . . .
\nwsearrow () . . . .
\nwsearrows ( ) . . .
\nwsebipropto ( ) . .
\nwsecrossing ( ) . .
\nwseharpoonnesw ( )
\nwseharpoons ( ) . .
\nwseharpoonswne ( )
\Nwseline ( ) . . . . .
\nwseline ( ) . . . . .
\nwspoon ( ) . . . . . .
\nwVdash ( ) . . . . . .
160
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.
. . . 52
. . . 52
. . . 38
. . . 38
. . . 54
. . . 52
. . . 54
. . . 52
. . . 38
. . . 38
. . . 57
. . . 44
. . . 44
. . . 35
. . . 35
. . . 36
. . . 34
. . . 38
. . . 36
. . . 35
. . . 38
. . . 36
. . . 34
. . . 38
. . . 36
. . . 34
. . . 38
. . . 36
. . . 49
. . . 50
. . . 49
47, 117
. . . 50
. . . 50
. . . 54
. . . 36
. . . 36
. . . 53
. . . 53
. . . 50
. . . 50
. . . 36
. . . 36
. . . 50
. . . 54
. . . 50
. . . 50
. . 117
. . . 50
. . . 50
. . . 27
. . . 36
. . . 53
. . . 53
. . . 53
. . . 37
. . . 36
. . . 54
. . . 37
\nwvdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
O
\O () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\o () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
o (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\oast () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\oasterisk (f) . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\obackslash (n) . . . . . . . . . . 28
\obackslash () . . . . . . . . . . 28
\obar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\Obelus (
) . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\obelus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\Obelus* ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\obelus* ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\oblong ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\obot (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\obslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\oc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\ocirc (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\ocirc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\ocircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\ocoasterisk (g) . . . . . . . . . 28
\octagon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
octonions (O) see alphabets, math
\Octosteel () . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\od (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\odiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\odot (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\odot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\odot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\odplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\OE () . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 128
\oe () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 128
\officialeuro (e) . . . . . . . . 21
\offinterlineskip . . . . . . . 114
ogonek (package) . . . 19, 130, 132
ogonek ( ) . . . . . . . see accents
\ogreaterthan ( ) . . . . . . . . 25
{
\ohill (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
ohm . . . . . . . . . . . see \textohm
\ohm () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
\Ohne (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
/
\OHORN () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\ohorn () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\oiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\oiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\oiiintclockwise ( ) . . . . . 31
\oiiintctrclockwise ( ) . . 31
\oiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\oiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 31
\oiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\oiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\oiint () . . . . . . . .
\oiintclockwise ( )
\oiintctrclockwise (
\oint ( ) . . . . . . . . .
...
...
)
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
33
31
31
30
\oint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\oint () . . . . . . .
\ointclockwise ( )
\ointclockwise ( )
\ointclockwise ( )
..
.
..
..
.
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33
31
32
33
\ointctrclockwise ( ) . . . . . 31
old-style digits . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\oldstylenums . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\oleft (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\olessthan ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\Omega () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\omega () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\omegaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\ominus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\ominus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\ominus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\onlymove (F) . . . . . . . . . . 104
\oo () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\oo (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\ooalign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
\open (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
open unit disk (D) see alphabets,
math
\openJoin ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\openo (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\openo () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\openo ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\opentimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35
operators
binary . . . . . . . . . . . 2428
logical . see logical operators
set . . . . . . see set operators
unary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\oplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\oplus () . . . . . . . 23, 24, 113
\oplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\opposbishops (o) . . . . . . . 104
\opposition ( ) . . . . . . . . . 79
optical scaling . . . . . . . . . . . 120
options . . . . see package options
or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee
OR gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\ORd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\oright (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\ORl () . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\OrnamentDiamondSolid ( ) . 90
ornaments . . . . . . . . . 87, 88, 90
\ORr () . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
orthogonal to . . . . . . . see \bot
\ORu () . . . .
\oslash (m) . . . .
\oslash ( ) . . . .
\oslash () . . . .
\ostar () . . . . .
\otimes () . . . .
\otimes () . . . .
\otimes () . . . .
\otop (j) . . . . . .
\otriangle ( ) . .
\otriangleup (o)
ovals . . . . . . . . . .
\ovee ( ) . . . . . .
\overarc (a) . . . .
hk ik j
k k
\overbrace (
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..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
28,
...
...
...
...
81
28
24
28
28
28
24
28
28
47
28
89
25
19
) . . . . . . . . 67
\overbrace ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 67
\overbrace (
) . . . . . . . . . 67
\overbrace (
) . . . . . . . . . 66
\overbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . . 67
\overbracket ) . . . . 118, 119
(
\overbridge (a) . . . . . . . . . . 18
hk k j
k
\overgroup (
) . . . . . . . . . 67
\overgroup ( ) . . . . . . .
\overleftarrow () . . . .
\overleftharp ( ) . . . . .
\overleftharpdown ( ) . .
\overleftharpoon ( ) . .
\overleftrightarrow ( )
\overline ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\overlinesegment ( ) . .
\overparenthesis ( )
\Overrightarrow (= ) .
overrightarrow (package)
\overrightarrow ( ) .
\overrightharp ( ) . . .
\overrightharpdown ( )
\overrightharpoon ( )
\overring (x) . . . . . .
\overset . . . . . . . . . .
\overt () . . . . . . . . .
\ovoid (l) . . . . . . . . .
\owedge ( ) . . . . . . . .
\owns . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\owns () . . . . . . . . . .
\owns ( ) . . . . . . . . . .
\owns () . . . . . . . . . .
\ownsbar () . . . . . . . .
P
\P () . . . . . . . .
\p ( ) . . . . . . . .
\p@ . . . . . . . . . .
package options
a (esvect) . .
161
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
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.
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
23,
...
67
66
54
54
67
67
66
67
118, 119
. . . . 66
66, 130
. . . . 66
. . . . 54
. . . . 54
. . . . 67
. . . . 20
. . . 114
. . . . 28
. . . . 28
. . . . 25
see \ni
. . . . 59
. . . . 60
. . . . 59
. . . . 59
. . . . . . 10, 127
. . . . . . . . . 105
. . . . . . . . . 117
. . . . . . . . . . 68
b (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
bbgreekl (mathbbol) . . . . 76
c (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
crescent (fge) . . . . . . . . . 65
d (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
e (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
f (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
g (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
german (keystroke) . . . . . 80
greek (babel) . . . . . . 57, 97
h (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
integrals (wasysym) . . . . . 29
mathcal (euscript) . . . . . . 76
mathscr (euscript) . . . . . . 76
nointegrals (wasysym) . . . 29
polutonikogreek (babel) . . 57
sans (dsfont) . . . . . . . . . . 76
utf8x (inputenc) . . . . . . 128
varg (txfonts/pxfonts) . . . 58
packages
longdiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
accents . . . 65, 118, 130, 132
amsbsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
amsfonts 24, 34, 41, 47, 73, 76
amsmath
9, 56, 65, 114, 123
amssymb 9, 24, 34, 41, 47, 65,
73, 76, 97, 130, 134
amstext . . . . . . . . 115, 117
ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 130
arcs . . . . . . . . . 19, 130, 131
arev . . . . . . 75, 98, 130, 131
ascii . . . . . 81, 125, 130, 131
babel . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 97
bbding . . 8487, 89, 90, 111,
130, 131
bbm . . . . . . . . . . . . 76, 130
bbold . . . . . . . . . . . 76, 130
bm . . . . . . . . 124, 130, 132
braket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
calligra . . . . . . . 76, 130, 132
calrsfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
cancel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
cclicenses . . . . . 21, 130, 131
centernot . . . . . . . . . . . 115
chancery . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
chemarr . . . . . . 69, 130, 131
chemarrow . . . . 54, 69, 130
china2e . 21, 56, 76, 77, 108,
109, 130, 132
clock . . . . . . . 102, 130, 131
cmll . . . . 23, 27, 33, 40, 130
colonequals . 23, 41, 130, 131
combelow . . . . . 19, 130, 132
cypriot . . . . . . . 96, 130, 132
dblaccnt . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
dictsym . . . . . 106, 130, 131
dingbat 85, 90, 111, 130, 131
DotArrow . . . . . 70, 130, 132
dozenal . . . . . . . . . 72, 130
dsfont . . . . . . . . . . 76, 130

epsdice . . . . . . 103, 130, 131
esint . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 130
esvect . . . . . . . . . . 68, 130
eufrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
eurosym . . . . . . 21, 130, 131
euscript . . . . . . . . . 76, 130
extarrows . . . . . 69, 130, 131
extpfeil . . . . . . . 70, 130, 131
extraipa . . . . . . . . . 18, 130
fc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 16
fclfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
feyn . . . . . . . . . 83, 130, 131
fge . . 54, 60, 65, 72, 75, 130,
131
xmath . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
fontenc . . . . . 9, 11, 16, 126
fontspec . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
fourier 21, 41, 58, 60, 64, 68,
85, 88, 101, 130
gensymb . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
graphics . . . . . . . . . 54, 113
graphicx . . . . . . 19, 110, 113
harmony . . . . . . 99, 130, 131
harpoon . . . . . . 54, 130, 132
hhcount . . . . . 103, 130, 132
hieroglf . . . . . . 92, 130, 131
holtpolt . . . . . . . . . 70, 130
ifsym . 78, 89, 101, 102, 111,
113, 130, 131
igo . . . . . . . . . . . . 105, 130
inputenc . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
isoent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
junicode . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
keystroke . . . . . 80, 130, 131
latexsym . 24, 34, 41, 47, 73,
110, 130
linearA . . . . . . . 92, 130, 131
linearb . . . . 95, 96, 130, 131
manfnt . . . . . . . 99, 100, 130
marvosym 20, 72, 74, 79, 80,
82, 84, 100, 101, 111
mathabx . . . . . . . 23, 26, 28,
30, 34, 36, 41, 42, 44, 46, 49,
56, 5962, 65, 67, 72, 73, 79,
103, 110, 111, 130, 131, 134
mathbbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
mathcomp . . . . . . . . . . . 72
mathdesign 20, 27, 33, 60, 63,
75, 130
mathdots 65, 70, 71, 117, 130,
131
mathrsfs . . . . . . . . . 76, 130
mathtools 23, 39, 67, 69, 130,
131
mbboard . . . . . . . . . 76, 130
metre . 18, 65, 105, 130, 131
milstd . . . . . . . . . . 81, 130
MnSymbol . . 23, 2628, 32,

33, 3638, 42, 45, 47, 5055,
58, 59, 62, 6567, 71, 74, 88,
130, 131
musixtex . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
nath . . . . . . . . . 60, 64, 130
nicefrac . . . . . . 74, 130, 132
ntheorem . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
ogonek . . . . . . . 19, 130, 132
overrightarrow . . . . . 66, 130
phaistos . . . . . . 91, 130, 131
phonetic . . . 15, 18, 113, 130
pict2e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
pifont 12, 8488, 90, 113, 130
pigpen . . . . . . 108, 130, 131
pmboxdraw . . . 107, 130, 131
polynom . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
protosem . . . . . 91, 130, 131
psnfss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
pxfonts . . . . . . . . . . . 2325,
31, 34, 35, 41, 43, 47, 49, 55,
5759, 73, 76, 110, 125
recycle . . . . . . . . . 109, 130
rotating . . . . . . . . . . 21, 80
sarabian . . . . . . 97, 130, 132
savesym . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
semtrans . . 15, 19, 130, 131
shue . . . . . . . 27, 130, 131
simplewick . . . . . . . . . . 119
simpsons . . . . . . . 106, 130
skak . . . . . . . . 104, 130, 131
skull . . . . . . . . 103, 130, 131
slashed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
staves . . . . . . . . . 107, 130
steinmetz . . . . . 79, 130, 132
stmaryrd . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,
29, 34, 41, 46, 48, 55, 60, 62,
111, 115, 129, 130
t4phonet . . 15, 19, 130, 131
teubner 21, 72, 97, 106, 130,
131
textcomp 9, 10, 16, 2022, 48,
65, 74, 78, 98, 110, 125, 126,
130
timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
tipa . 12, 13, 1517, 19, 113,
130, 131
tipx . . . . . . . . . 13, 130, 131
trfsigns . . . . . 40, 59, 70, 130
trsym . . . . . . . . 40, 130, 131
turnstile . . . 39, 40, 130, 131
txfonts 2325, 31, 34, 35, 41,
43, 47, 49, 55, 5759, 73, 76,
110, 112, 125, 130, 131
type1cm . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
ucs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
ulsy . . . . . . 27, 55, 113, 130
underscore . . . . . . . . . . . 10
undertilde . . . . . 68, 130, 131
162
units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
universa . . 90, 101, 130, 131
universal 84, 86, 90, 101, 130,
131
upgreek . . . . . . 58, 130, 131
upquote . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
url . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
ushort . . . . . . . 68, 130, 132
vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
vntex . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 16
wasysym . . . . 14, 20, 22, 24,
25, 29, 34, 35, 41, 43, 47, 71,
73, 7880, 82, 8688, 98, 111,
130
wsuipa . 14, 18, 20, 111, 113,
118, 130, 131
xfrac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
yfonts . . . . 76, 77, 130, 131
yhmath
66, 68, 71, 117, 130
Pakin, Scott . . . . . . 1, 118, 129
\PaperLandscape ( ) . . . . . 102
\PaperPortrait ( ) . . . . . . 102
par see \bindnasrepma, \invamp,
and \parr
paragraph mark . . . . . . . . see \P
\parallel ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34, 63
\parallel ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\ParallelPort () . . . . . . . . 80
\parallelslant ( ) . . . . . . . . 41
\parr (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\partial (f ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\partial () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\partial () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\partialslash (g ) . . . . . . . . 59
\partialvardint () . . . . . 74
\partialvardlanddownint () 74
\partialvardlandupint () . 74
\partialvardlcircleleftint ()
. . . . . . . . . 50
\partialvardlcircleleftint ()
. . . . . . . . . 74
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\partialvardoiint () . . . . 74
\partialvardoint () . . . . . . 74
\partialvardrcircleleftint ()
. . . . . . . . . 50
\partialvardrcircleleftint ()
. . . . . . . . . 74
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\partialvardstrokedint () . 74
\partialvardsumint () . . . . 74
\partialvartint () . . . . . . 74
\partialvartlanddownint () 74
\partialvartlandupint () . 74
\partialvartlcircleleftint ()
. . . . . . . . . 50
\partialvartlcircleleftint ()
. . . . . . . . . 74
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\partialvartoiint () . . . . 74
\partialvartoint () . . . . . . 74
\partialvartrcircleleftint ()
. . . . . . . . . 50
\partialvartrcircleleftint ()
. . . . . . . . . 74
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\partialvartstrokedint () 74
\partialvartsumint () . . . . 74
particle-physics symbols . . . . . 83
parts per thousand . . . . . . . see
\textperthousand
\partvoice (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\partvoiceless (a) . . . . . . . . 18
\passedpawn (r) . . . . . . . . . 104

pawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
A
pdfL TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
\Peace ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
$) . . . . . . . . . 85
\PencilLeftDown (() . . . . . . 85
\PencilLeftUp (&) . . . . . . . . 85
\PencilRight (#) . . . . . . . . 85
\PencilRightDown (') . . . . . 85
\PencilRightUp (%) . . . . . . . 85
\PencilLeft (
pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
\pentagon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 88
\pentagram ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\pentam (||)
. . . . . . . . . 106
people . . . . . . . . . . . . . see faces
percent sign . . . . . . . . . . see \%
\permil ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\Perp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\perp () . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 116
\perp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\perthousand () . . . . . . . . 78
\Pfund () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\PgDown ( Page ) . . . . . . . . 80
\PgUp ( Page ) . . . . . . . . . . 80
phaistos (package) . . 91, 130, 131
Phaistos disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
pharmaceutical prescription . see
\textrecipe
\PHarrow (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\phase ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
phasor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\PHpapyrus (k) . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHbee (h)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHplaneTree (i) . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHbeehive (X) . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHplumedHead (B) . . . . . . 91
\PHram (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHboomerang (R) . . . . . . . . 91
\PHpedestrian (A) . . . . . . . 91
\PHrosette (l) . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHbow (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHbullLeg (b) . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHsaw (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHcaptive (D) . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHshield (L) . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHship (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHcarpentryPlane (S) . . . . 91
\PHsling (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHcat (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHsmallAxe (r) . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHchild (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHstrainer (q)
. . . . . . . . 91
\PHtattooedHead (C) . . . . . 91
\PHclub (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHcolumn (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHtiara (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHtunny (g) . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHcomb (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHvine (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHdolium (T) . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHwavyBand (s) . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHdove (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHeagle (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHflute (o)
. . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHgaunlet (H) . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHgrater (p)
. . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHhelmet (G) . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHhide (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHhorn (Z)
\Phi () . .
\phi () . .
\phiup ()
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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91
57
57
57
\PHlid (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHlily (m)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHmanacles (N)
. . . . . . . . . 91
\PHmattock (O) . . . . . . . . . . 91
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\PhoneHandset () . . . . . . . . 90
\Phone (
\phone (
phonetic (package) 15, 18, 113, 130

phonetic symbols . . . . . . . 1215
\photon () . . . . . . . . . . 78
photons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\PHoxBack (n) . . . . . . . . . . . 91
163
\PHwoman (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
physical symbols . . . . . . . . . . 78
\Pi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\pi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\pi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\Pickup (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
pict2e (package) . . . . . . . . . . . 79
pifont (package) . . 12, 8488, 90,
113, 130
pigpen (package) . . 108, 130, 131
pigpen cipher . . . . . . . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont A} (A) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont B} (B) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont C} (C) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont D} (D) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont E} (E) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont F} (F) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont G} (G) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont H} (H) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont I} (I) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont J} (J) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont K} (K) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont L} (L) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont M} (M) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont N} (N) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont O} (O) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont P} (P) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont Q} (Q) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont R} (R) . . . . . 108

{\pigpenfont S} (S) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont T} (T) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont U} (U) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont V} (V) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont W} (W) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont X} (X) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont Y} (Y) . . . . . 108
{\pigpenfont Z} (Z) . . . . . 108
pilcrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \P
pipe . . . . . . . . . . see \textpipe
\Pisces () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\pisces ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\Pisymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
\pitchfork (8) . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\pitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\pitchfork () . . . . . . . . . . . 54
pitchfork symbols . . . 34, 54, 73
Pitmans base-12 symbols . . . 72
\piup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\planck (
h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\Plane ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
playing cards . . . . see card suits
Plimsoll line . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
\Plus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
\plus (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
plus-or-minus sign . . . . . see \pm
\PlusCenterOpen ( ) . . . . . . 86
\pluscirc () . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\PlusOutline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 86
plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
\PlusThinCenterOpen ( ) . . . 86
\Pluto (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\Pluto () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\pluto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\pm () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\pm () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\pm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\pmb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
pmboxdraw (package) . . 107, 130,
131
\pmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\pod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\pointer ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
pointing nger . . . . . . . . see sts
\Pointinghand (Z) . . . . . . . 100
\polishhook (~) . . . . . . . . . . 20
\polter (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
polutonikogreek (babel package option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
polynom (package) . . . . . . . . . 66
polynomial division . . . . . . . . 66
polytonic Greek . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\Postbox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 109
PostScript . . 58, 77, 84, 113, 122
PostScript fonts . . . . . . . 84, 113
\Pound ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\pounds () . . . . . . 10, 126, 127
power set . . see alphabets, math
\powerset () . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\Pp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\pp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\ppm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
)
\Ppp ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\ppp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\Pppp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\pppp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\Ppppp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\ppppp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\Pr (Pr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\prec ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\prec () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\precapprox () . . . . . . . . . . 36
\precapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 34
\precapprox () . . . . . . . . . . 37
\preccurlyeq () . . . . . . . . . 36
\preccurlyeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34
\preccurlyeq () . . . . . . . . . 37
\precdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\preceq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\preceq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\preceqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\precnapprox () . . . . . . . . . 36
\precnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34
\precnapprox () . . . . . . . . . 38
\precneq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\precneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\precnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\precnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\precnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\precsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\precsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\precsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
prescription . . . see \textrecipe
present-value symbols . . . . . 118
\prime ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\prime () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\Printer () . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
printers st . . . . . . . . . see sts
probabilistic independence . . 116
\prod ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\prod () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
projective space (P) . . . . . . see
alphabets, math
\projlim (proj lim) . . . . . . . . 56
pronunciation symbols . . . . . see
phonetic symbols
proof, end of . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
proper subset/superset . . . . . see
\subsetneq/\supsetneq
proper vertices . . . . . . . . . . . 83
164
\propto (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\propto () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\propto () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
proto-Semitic symbols . . . . . . 91
protosem (package) . 91, 130, 131
\ProvidesPackage . . . . . . . . 130
\PrtSc ( PrtSc ) . . . . . . . . . . 80
\ps ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
pseudographics . . . . . . . . . . 107
\Psi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\psi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\psiup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
psnfss (package) . . . . . . . . . . . 87
\Pu ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
pullback diagrams . . . . . . . . 117
pulse diagram symbols . . . . . . 78
\PulseHigh ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 78
\PulseLow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 78
punctuation . . . . . . . . . . 11, 12
pushout diagrams . . . . . . . . 117
\pwedge () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
pxfonts (package) . . . . . . . 2325,
31, 34, 35, 41, 43, 47, 49, 55,
5759, 73, 76, 110, 125
\Pxp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\pxp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6
7
Q
Q.E.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\qoppa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\qside (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\Quadrad (]]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\quadrad (]]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\Quadras ([[) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\quadras ([[) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
quarter note see musical symbols
\quarternote () . . . . . . . . . 98
\quarternote ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 98
quaternions (H) . see alphabets,
math
quaver . . . . see musical symbols
queen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\quotedblbase () . . . . . 11, 128
\quotesinglbase () . . . 11, 128
R
\R () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\r ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
a)
\r () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\Radiation ( ) . . . . . . . . . 102
radicals . . . see \sqrt and \surd
\Radioactivity (j) . . . . . . . 82
\Rain ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\RainCloud ( ) . . . . . . . . . 101
raising . . . . . see \textraising
\RaisingEdge ( ) . . . . . . . . . 78
\Rangle (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\rAngle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
\rangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 61
\rangle () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\ranglebar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\RArrow ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\rarrowfill . . . . . . . . . . .
\ratio (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\RATIONAL ( ) . . . . . . . . . .
\Rational ( ) . . . . . . . . . .
rational numbers (Q) . . . . .
alphabets, math
rationalized Planck constant
\hbar
\Rbag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\rbag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\rbrace ( ) . . . . . . . . . .
\Rbrack (]) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\rBrack (]]) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\rc (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\rCeil ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\rceil ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\rceil ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\rcirclearrowdown ( ) . .
\rcirclearrowleft () . .
\rcirclearrowright () .
\rcirclearrowup () . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
80
69
41
56
56
see
. see
. . 60
. . 60
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
62
76
64
18
64
61
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
62
50
50
50
50
\recycle (
) . . . . . . 109
recycling symbols . . . . . . . . 109
reduced quadrupole moment
see
\rqm
\reflectbox . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
registered trademark . . . . . . see
\textregistered
relational symbols . . . . . . . . . 34
binary . 3436, 3945, 54, 55
negated binary . . 3436, 38
triangle . . . . . . . . . . 46, 47
\Relbar (=) . . . . . . . . . 55, 114
\Relbar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\relbar () . . . . . . . . . 55, 114
\relbar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\Request ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 109
\resizebox . . . . . . . . . . 54, 110
\Respondens () . . . . . . . . . 105
\respondens ( ) . . . . . . . . . 105
response ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
\restoresymbol . . . . . . . . . 110
\restriction . . . . . . . . . . . see
\upharpoonright
\restriction () . . . . . . . . . 49
\restriction () . . . . . . . . . 53
retracting . see \textretracting
\Return ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 80
return . . . . . . see carriage return
>
\rcircleleftint () . . . . . . . 33
\rcirclerightint () . . . . . . 33
\rcorners (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\rcurvearrowdown () . . . . . . 50
\rcurvearrowleft () . . . . . 50
\rcurvearrowne ( ) . . . . . . . 50
\rcurvearrownw ( ) . . . . . . . 50
\rcurvearrowright ( ) . . . . . 50
\rcurvearrowse ( ) . . . . . . . 51
\rcurvearrowsw ( ) . . . . . . . 51
\rcurvearrowup ( ) . . . . . . . . 51
\rdbrack (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\Re ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\REAL ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\Real ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
real numbers (R) . see alphabets,
math
recipe . . . . . . . see \textrecipe
\recorder ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\Rectangle ( )
. . . . . . . . . . . 89
v
\RectangleThin (t)
\RectangleBold ( ) . . . . . . . . 89
rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 90
.
\Rectpipe () . . . . .
\Rectsteel () . . . .
recycle (package) . . .
.
.
.
.
. . . . . . 89
. . . . . . 82
. . . . . . 82
. 109, 130
\revaw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\revD () . . . . . . . . . .
.
\revddots ( . . ) . . . . . .
\reve (#) . . . . . . . . . .
\reveject (f) . . . . . . .
\revepsilon (%) . . . . .
reverse solidus . . . . . . .
\textbackslash
reversed symbols . . . . .
\reversedvideodbend (
\revglotstop () . . . .
\Rewind () . . . . . . . .
\RewindToIndex () .
\RewindToStart () . .
?
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . 15
. . 117
. . . 14
. . . 14
14, 113
. . . see
...
)
...
...
...
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
113
. 99
. 14
100
100
100
\rfilet (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
?
\rFloor ( ) .
\rfloor ( ) .
\rfloor ()
)
\rgroup (
\rgroup ( )
\RHD ( ) . . .
\rhd ( ) . . .
\rhd () . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
...
....
....
....
165
.
.
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.
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.
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.
.
...
...
24,
45,
62
25
25
47
\rho () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\rho ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\rhookdownarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 51
\rhookleftarrow () . . . . . . 51
\rhooknearrow () . . . . . . . . 51
\rhooknwarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 51
\rhookrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 51
\rhooksearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 51
\rhookswarrow () . . . . . . . . 50
\rhookuparrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50
\rhoup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\right . . . . 61, 63, 64, 110, 112
\rightangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 75
\RIGHTarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 98
\Rightarrow () . . . . . . 23, 47
\Rightarrow () . . . . . . . . . 50
\rightarrow () . . . . . . . . . 49
\rightarrow () . . . . . . . . . 47
\rightarrow () . . . . . . . . . . 50
\rightarrowtail ( ) . . . . . . 48
\rightarrowtail () . . . . . . 50
\rightarrowtriangle ( ) . . . 48
\rightbarharpoon () . . . . . 49
\RIGHTCIRCLE ( ) . . . . . . . . . 98
\RIGHTcircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 98
\Rightcircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 98
\RightDiamond ( ) . . . . . . . . 89
\rightevaw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\rightfilledspoon ( )
\rightfootline ( ) . . .
\rightfree ( ) . . . . . . .
\righthalfcap () . . . .
\righthalfcup () . . . .
\righthand ( ) . . . . . .
\rightharpoonccw ( ) .
\rightharpooncw () . .
\rightharpoondown ()
\rightharpoondown ( )
\rightharpoonup () . .
\rightharpoonup ( ) . .
\rightleftarrows () .
\rightleftarrows ( ) .
\rightleftarrows ( ) .
\rightleftharpoon ()
\rightleftharpoons ()
\rightleftharpoons ( )
\rightleftharpoons ( )
\rightleftharpoons ()
\rightleftharpoonsfill
\rightlsquigarrow () .
\rightmapsto () . . . . .
\rightModels () . . . . .
\rightmodels () . . . . .
\rightmoon (v) . . . . . . .
\rightmoon ( ) . . . . . . .
\rightp (w) . . . . . . . . . .
\rightpitchfork ( ) . .
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54
37
37
27
27
85
53
53
49
48
49
48
49
48
50
49
49
48
48
53
69
50
50
37
37
79
79
20
54
\rightpointleft (
L)
. . . . . 85
\rightpointright (
) .
\rightpropto ( ) . . . . . .
\rightrightarrows () .
\rightrightarrows ( ) .
\rightrightarrows () . .
\rightrightharpoons ()
\rightrsquigarrow ( ) . .
\Rightscissors (Q) . . . .
\rightslice ( ) . . . . . . .
\rightslice () . . . . . . .
\rightspoon () . . . . . .
\rightsquigarrow () .
\rightsquigarrow ( ) . .
\rightsquigarrow () . .
\rightt (o) . . . . . . . . . . .
\righttherefore ( ) . . . .
\rightthreetimes (7) . .
\rightthreetimes ( ) . .
\rightthreetimes () . . .
\rightthumbsdown (
) .
\rightthumbsup (
) ...
\righttoleftarrow () .
\Righttorque (') . . . . . .
\rightturn ( ) . . . . . . .
\rightVdash () . . . . . . .
\rightvdash () . . . . . . .
d
u
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..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
26,
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
85
37
49
48
50
49
50
84
25
37
54
49
48
51
20
71
73
24
26
85
85
49
82
98
37
37
\rightwave ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\rightY ( ) . . . . .
\ring () . . . . . . .
ring ( . . . . . . . . .
a)
ring equal to . . . . .
ring in equal to . . .
\riota () . . . . . . .
\rip (y) . . . . . . . .
\risingdotseq ()
\risingdotseq ( )
\risingdotseq ()
\rJoin ( ) . . . . . .
\rlap . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
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.
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.
.
. . . . . . . 26
. . . . . . . 66
see accents
see \circeq
see \eqcirc
. . . . . . . 15
. . . . . . 103
. . . . . . . 36
. . . . . . . 34
. . . . . . . 37
. . . . . . . 35
89, 116, 117
\rmoustache () . . . . . . . . . 61
\rmoustache ( ) . . . . . . . . . 62
Roman coins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Romanian comma-belo accent (a)
,
. . . . . . see accents
rook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \sqrt
\rotatebox . . . . . . . . . . 19, 113
rotated symbols . . 1215, 19, 113
rotating (package) . . . . . . 21, 80
\rotm (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\rotOmega () . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\rotr (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\rotvara (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\rotw (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\roty (y) . . . . . . . .
\RoundedLsteel ()
\RoundedTsteel () .
\RoundedTTsteel ()
\Rparen ()) . . . . . . .
\rqm (I) . . . . . . . . .
\rrangle ()
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15
82
82
82
76
115
. . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\rrbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\rrbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 64
\rrceil ( ) . . . . . .
\rrfloor ( ) . . . . .
\Rrightarrow ( )
\Rrightarrow () .
\rrparenthesis ( )
\RS () . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
\rsem ( ) .
\rsemantic .
\Rsh () . . .
\Rsh ( ) . . .
\Rsh () . . .
\rtimes ()
\rtimes ( )
\rtimes ()
\rtriple . .
\rVert (||) . .
\rVert ( ) .
\rvert (|) . .
. . . . . . . . 62
see \rdbrack
. . . . . . . . 49
. . . . . . . . 48
. . . . . . . . 50
. . . . . . . . 26
. . . . . . . . 24
. . . . . . . . 26
. . . . . . . . 64
. . . . . . . . 64
. . . . . . . . 61
. . . . . . . . 61
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60
60
49
50
60
81
\rwave ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\rWavy (
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\rwavy ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
S
\S () . . . . . . . . . . . .
\SAa (a) . . . . . . . . . .
\SAb (b) . . . . . . . . . .
\SAd (d) . . . . . . . . . .
\SAdb (D) . . . . . . . . .
\SAdd (B) . . . . . . . . .
\SAf (f) . . . . . . . . . .
safety-related symbols
\SAg (g) . . . . . . . . . .
\SAga (G) . . . . . . . . .
\Sagittarius () . . .
\sagittarius ( ) . . .
\SAh (h) . . . . . . . . . .
\SAhd (H) . . . . . . . . .
\SAhu (I) . . . . . . . . .
\SAk (k) . . . . . . . . . .
\SAl (l) . . . . . . . . . .
\SAlq () . . . . . . . . .
\SAm (m) . . . . . . . . . .
\samebishops (s) . . .
166
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10, 127
. . . 97
. . . 97
. . . 97
. . . 97
. . . 97
. . . 97
. . . 82
. . . 97
. . . 97
. . . 79
. . . 79
. . . 97
. . . 97
. . . 97
. . . 97
. . . 97
. . . 97
. . . 97
. . 104
\Sampi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\sampi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\SAn (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
sans (dsfont package option) . . 76
\SAo (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\SAq (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\SAr (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\sarabfamily . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
sarabian (package) . . 97, 130, 132
\SAs (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\SAsa (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\SAsd (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\SAsv (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\SAt (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\SAtb (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\SAtd (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\satellitedish ( ) . . . . . . . 90
satises . . . . . . . . . . see \models
\Saturn (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\Saturn () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\saturn ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
savesym (package) . . . . . . . . 110
\savesymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
\SAw (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\SAy (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\SAz (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\SAzd (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\Sborder ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
\scalebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
scaling
mechanical . . . . . . 120, 122
optical . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
\scd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\scg (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\schwa (!) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\schwa (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Schwartz distribution spaces . see
alphabets, math
\sci (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
scientic symbols . . . . . . . 7883
) . . . 84
\ScissorHollowRight () . . 84
\ScissorLeft () . . . . . . . . 84
\ScissorLeftBrokenBottom ()
. . . . . . . . . 84
\ScissorLeftBrokenTop () . 84
\ScissorRight () . . . . . . . . 84
\ScissorRightBrokenBottom ()
. . . . . . . . . 84
\ScissorRightBrokenTop () 84
\ScissorHollowLeft (
scissors . . . . .
\scn (X) . . . .
\scoh () . . .
\Scorpio ()
\scorpio ( )
\scr (t) . . . .
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84,
..
..
..
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..
85
14
40
79
79
14
script letters see alphabets, math

\scripta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\scriptg (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\scriptscriptstyle . . . . . . 116
\scriptstyle . . . . . . . . . . . 116
\scriptv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\Scroll ( Scroll ) . . . . . . . . . 80
\scu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\scy () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\sddtstile (
) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\sdststile (
) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\sdtstile (
) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\sdttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39
seagull . . . . . see \textseagull
\Searrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\Searrow () . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\searrow () . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\searrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 47, 117
\searrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\searrowtail ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50
\sec (sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\Sech ( ) )= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
=
=
=
=
\SechBl ( =
)
=
\SechBR ( =
)
=
=)
\SechBr (
\SechBL (= )
=
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
\second (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
seconds, angular . . . see \second
\secstress (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
section mark . . . . . . . . . . see \S
\SectioningDiamond ( ) . . 102
sedenions (S) see alphabets, math
\sefilledspoon ( ) . . . . . . . 54
\sefootline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 37
\sefree ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
segmented digits . . . . . . . . . . 78
\seharpoonccw ( ) . . . . . . . . 53
\seharpooncw ( ) . . . . . . . . . 53
\selectfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\selsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 50
semantic valuation . . . . . . 62, 64
\semapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 50
semibreve . . see musical symbols
semidirect products . . 24, 26, 73
semiquaver . see musical symbols
semitic transliteration . . . 15, 19
\seModels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\semodels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 37
semtrans (package) . . 15, 19, 130,
131
\senwarrows ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50
\senwharpoons ( ) . . . . . . . . 53
\SePa ( @ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
\separated ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\sepitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . . . 54
\seppawns (q) . . . . . . . . . . 104

\SerialInterface () . . . . . 80
\SerialPort () . . . . . . . . . . 80
\sersquigarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 50
\sesearrows ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50
\sespoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
set operators
intersection . . . . . see \cap
membership . . . . . . see \in
union . . . . . . . . . . see \cup
\setminus (\) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\setminus () . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\seVdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\sevdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
SGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
sha ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
\sharp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 98
\sharp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\shfermion () . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\Shift ( Shift ) . . . . . . . . . 80
\shift () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\Shilling () . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\shneg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\shortcastling (O-O) . . . . 104
\shortdownarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 48
\ShortFifty () . . . . . . . . 100
\ShortForty () . . . . . . . . 100
\shortleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . 48
\shortmid ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\shortmid ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\ShortNinetyFive () . . . . 100
\shortparallel ( ) . . . . . . . . 34
\shortparallel ( ) . . . . . . . 36
\ShortPulseHigh ( ) . . . . . . 78
\ShortPulseLow ( ) . . . . . . . 78
\shortrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 48
\ShortSixty () . . . . . . . . 100
\ShortThirty () . . . . . . . 100
\shortuparrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 48
\showclock . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\shpos () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
shue (package) . . . 27, 130, 131
\shuffle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
shue product ( ) . . . . . . . . 27
\SI () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\Sigma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\sigma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\sigmaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\sim () . . . . . . . . . 34, 114, 125
\sim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\simcolon (:) . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\simcoloncolon (::) . . . . . . 41
\simeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\simeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
simplewick (package) . . . . . . 119
simpsons (package) . . . . 106, 130
Simpsons characters . . . . . . . 106
\sin (sin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4
5
167
\sincoh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\sinh (sinh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\SixFlowerAlternate ( ) . . . 87
\SixFlowerAltPetal ( ) . . . 87
\SixFlowerOpenCenter ( ) . . 87
\SixFlowerPetalDotted ( ) . 87
\SixFlowerPetalRemoved ( ) 87
\SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetal
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
\SixStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
\SixteenStarLight ( ) . . . . 87
sixteenth note see musical symbols
\sixteenthnote () . . . . . . . 98
skak (package) . . . . 104, 130, 131
skull (package) . . . . 103, 130, 131
\skull ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\slash (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
\slashb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\slashc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\slashd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\slashdiv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
slashed (package) . . . . . . . . . 115
\slashed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
slashed letters . . . . . . . . . . . 115
slashed.sty (le) . . . . . . . . 115
\slashu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\Sleet ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\sliding (a . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
)
\smallbosonloop () . . . . . . . . 83
\smallbosonloopA () . . . . . . . 83
\smallbosonloopV () . . . . . . . 83
\SmallCircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 89
\SmallCross ( ) . . . . . . . . . 89
\smalldiamond ( ) . . . . . . . . 28
\SmallDiamondshape ( ) . . . 89
\smallfrown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 34
\smallfrown () . . . . . . . . . . 55
\SmallHBar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 89
\smallin ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\smallint () . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\SmallLowerDiamond ( ) . . . 89
\smalllozenge () . . . . . . . . . 88
\smallowns ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\smallpencil (
) . . . . . . . 85
\smallprod () . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\SmallRightDiamond ( ) . . . 89
\smallsetminus ( ) . . . . . . . 24
\smallsetminus () . . . . . . . 27
\smallsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 34
\smallsmile () . . . . . . . . . . 55
\SmallSquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . 89
\smallsquare () . . . . . . . . . 28
\smallstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\SmallTriangleDown ( ) . . . 89
\smalltriangledown () . . . . 28
i

\smalltriangledown ( ) . 28, 47
\SmallTriangleLeft ( ) . . . 89
\smalltriangleleft () . . . . 28
\smalltriangleleft ( ) . 28, 47
\SmallTriangleRight ( ) . . . 89
\smalltriangleright () . . . 28
\smalltriangleright ( ) 28, 47
\SmallTriangleUp ( ) . . . . . 89
\smalltriangleup () . . . . . . 28
\smalltriangleup ( ) . . . 28, 47
\SmallVBar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 89
\smile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\smile () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
smile symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\smileeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\smileeqfrown ( ) . . . . . . . . 55
\smilefrown () . . . . . . . . . . 55
\smilefrowneq ( ) . . . . . . . . 55
\Smiley () . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\smiley ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
smiley faces . . . . 81, 98, 101, 108
\sndtstile ( ) . . . . . . .
\Snow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\SnowCloud ( ) . . . . . . .
\Snowflake ( ) . . . . . . .
\SnowflakeChevron ( ) .
\SnowflakeChevronBold (
snowakes . . . . . . . . . . . .
\SNPP (
. . . 40
. . 101
. . 101
. . . 87
. . . 87
) . 87
87, 88
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\snststile (
) . . . . . . . . . . 40
\sntstile (
) . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\snttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 40
\SO () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\SOH () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
South Arabian alphabet . . . . . 97
space
thin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . see
\textvisiblespace
\Spacebar (
) . . . . . 80
spades (suit) . . . . . . . 7375, 90
\spadesuit () . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\spadesuit () . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\Sparkle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
\SparkleBold ( ) . . . . . . . . . 87
sparkles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 88
special characters . . . . . . . . 10
\SpecialForty () . . . . . . 100
\sphericalangle (c) . . . . . . 73
\sphericalangle ( ) . . . . . . 73
\sphericalangle () . . . . . . 74
\SpinDown () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
\SpinUp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
\spirituslenis (a) . . . . . . . . 65
\spirituslenis () . . . . . . . . 65
\splitvert () . . . . . . . . . . . 81
spoon symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\spreadlips (a) . . . . . . . . . . 18
\sqbullet () . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\sqcap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\sqcap ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\sqcap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\sqcapdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\sqcapplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\sqcapplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\sqcup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\sqcup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24
\sqcup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\sqcupdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\sqcupplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\sqcupplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\sqdoublecap () . . . . . . . . . 26
\sqdoublecup () . . . . . . . . . 26
\sqdoublefrown ( ) . . . . . . . . 55
\sqdoublefrowneq ( ) . . . . . . 55
\sqdoublesmile ( ) . . . . . . . . 55
\sqdoublesmileeq ( ) . . . . . . 55
\sqeqfrown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\sqeqsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\sqfrown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\sqfrowneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\sqfrowneqsmile ( ) . . . . . . . 55
\sqfrownsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . 55
\sqiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\sqiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\sqiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\sqint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\sqint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\sqrt (
) . . . . . . . 66, 116117
\sqsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\sqsmileeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\sqsmileeqfrown ( ) . . . . . . . 55
\sqsmilefrown ( ) . . . . . . . . 55
\Sqsubset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqSubset () . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsubset () . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsubset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\sqsubset () . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsubseteq () . . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsubseteq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 41
\sqsubseteq () . . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsubseteqq () . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsubseteqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsubsetneq () . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsubsetneq () . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsubsetneqq () . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsubsetneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . 42
\Sqsupset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqSupset () . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsupset () . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsupset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\sqsupset () . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
168
\sqsupseteq () . . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsupseteq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 41
\sqsupseteq () . . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsupseteqq () . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsupseteqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsupsetneq () . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsupsetneq () . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsupsetneqq () . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsupsetneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . 42
\sqtriplefrown ( ) . . . . . . . . 55
\sqtriplesmile ( ) . . . . . . . . 55
\Square ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
\Square ( vs.
vs. ) . . . 111
\Square ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
\Square ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
\square () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\square ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\square () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
square root . . . . . . . . see \sqrt
hooked . . . . . . see \hksqrt
\SquareCastShadowBottomRight
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
\SquareCastShadowTopLeft ( )
. . . . . . . . . 89
\SquareCastShadowTopRight ( )
. . . . . . . . . 89
\Squaredot () . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\squaredots ( ) . . . . . . . 26, 71
\Squarepipe () . . . . . . . . . . 82
squares . . . . . . . . . . . 8990, 105
\SquareShadowA ( ) . . . . . . . 89
\SquareShadowB ( ) . . . . . . . 89
\SquareShadowBottomRight ( )
. . . . . . . . . 89
\SquareShadowC ( ) . . . . . . . 89
\SquareShadowTopLeft ( ) . . 89
\SquareShadowTopRight ( ) . 89
\SquareSolid ( ) . . . . . . . . . 89
\Squaresteel () . . . . . . . . . 82
f H
m
l
j
i
\squarewithdots ( ) . . . .
\squigarrowdownup ( ) . .
\squigarrowleftright ()
\squigarrownesw ( ) . . . .
\squigarrownwse ( ) . . . . .
\squigarrowrightleft ( )
\squigarrowsenw ( ) . . . .
\squigarrowswne ( ) . . . .
\squigarrowupdown ( ) . . .
\squplus () . . . . . . . . . .
\SS (SS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ss () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
90
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
26
11
11
\ssdtstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 40
\ssearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\sslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\ssststile (
) . . . . . . . . . . 40
\sststile (
) . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\ssttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 40
\sswarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\stackrel . . . . . . . . 23, 114, 118
standard state . . . . . . . . . . . 115
\star ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 118
\star () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Star of David . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
\starredbullet ( ) . . . . . . . . 88
stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 87, 88
\stater () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
statistical independence . . . . 116
\staveVIII (
) . . . . . . . 107
\staveX (
. . . . . . . . . . 108
\staveXI (
. . . . . . . . . . 108
\staveXII (
) . . . . . . . . . 108
\staveXIII (
) . . . . . . . . 108
\staveXIV (
\staveXIX (
) . . . . . . . . 108
) . . . . . . . . 108
\staveXL (
) . . . . . . . . . . 108
) . . . . . . . . . 108
\staveI (
) . . . . . . . . . . 107
\staveXLI (
\staveII (
) . . . . . . . . . . 107
\staveXLII (
. . . . . . . 108
\staveIII (
\staveIV (
) . . . . . . . . 107
) . . . . . . . . . 107
\staveXLIII (
\staveXLIV (
) . . . . . . . . 108
) . . . . . . . 108
\staveIX (
) . . . . . . . . . . 107
\staveXLIX (
) . . . . . . . . 107
\staveL (
\staveLI (
) . . . . . . 107, 108
) . . . . . . . . . 107
\staveXLV (
) . . . . . . . . 108
)
\staveXXXV (
\staveXXXVI (
\staveXXXVII (
\staveXXXVIII (
\stdtstile (
. . . . . . . 108
)
. . . . . . 108
) . . . . . 108
) . . . . 108
) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\steaming () . . . . . . . . . . . 75
steinmetz (package) . 79, 130, 132
Steinmetz phasor notation . . . 79
sterling . . . . . . . . . . see \pounds
stick gures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\Stigma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\stigma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
stmaryrd (package) . . . . . . . . 25,
29, 34, 41, 46, 48, 55, 60, 62,
111, 115, 129, 130
stochastic independence see \bot
\StoneMan ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\Stopsign (!) . . . . . . . . . . . 82
) . . . . . . .
\StopWatchStart () . . . . .
\StopWatchEnd (
\staveLII (
) . . . . . . . . 107
\staveXLVI (
. . . . . . . . 108
\staveLIII (
) . . . . . . . . 107
\staveXLVII (
\staveLIV (
\staveLIX (
) . . . . . . . . 107
) . . . . . . . . 108
\staveXLVIII (
) . . . . . 107
\staveXV (
) . . . . . . . . . 108
) . . . . . . . 107
\stress (h) . . .
\strictfi ( )
\strictif ( )
\strictiff ( )
\strokedint ()
Y
XXXX
....
....
....
...
...
\StrokeFive ( )
.
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.
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.
.
102
.
.
.
.
.
102
20
35
35
35
33
. . . . . . . . 102
\staveLV (
) . . . . . . . . . . 107
\staveXVI (
) . . . . . . . . . 108
\StrokeFour ( ) . . . . . . . . . 102
\staveLVI (
) . . . . . . . . . 108
\staveXVII (
) . . . . . . . . 108
\StrokeOne ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\staveXVIII (
) . . . . . . . 108
\staveLVII (
) . . . . . . . . 108
\staveLVIII (
\staveLX (
) . . . . . . . 108
) . . . . . . . 108
\staveXX (
\staveXXI (
\staveXXII (
\staveLXI (
) . . . . . . . . . 108
\staveLXII (
) . . . . . . . . 108
\staveLXIII (
) . . . . . . . 108
. . . . . . . . . 108
) . . . . . . . . 108
) . . . . . . . . 108
\staveXXIII (
) . . . . . 108
\staveLXIV (
) . . . . . . . . . 108
\staveXXIV (
\staveXXIX (
\staveXXV (
\staveLXV (
) . . . . . . . . . 108
\staveXXVI (
) . . . . . . . 107
\staveLXVI (
) . . . . . . . . 108
\staveXXVII (
) . . . . . . . 107
\staveLXVII (
) . . . . . . . . 108
\staveXXVIII (
\staveLXVIII (
) . . . . . . . 108
staves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
staves (package) . . . . . . 107, 130
) . . . . . . . . 107
) . . . . . . . 107
) . . . . . . . . 107
\staveXXX (
) . . . . . . 107
)
\staveXXXI (
. . . . . . . . 107
) . . . . . . . . 107
\staveXXXII (
) . . . . . . . . . 107
) . . . . . . . 108
) . . . . . . . . . . 107
\staveVI (
) . . . . . . 107
\staveXXXIII (
\staveV (
\staveVII (
) . . . . . . . . 107
\staveXXXIV (
\staveXXXIX (
169
) . . . . . . 108
) . . . . . . 108
XXX
\StrokeThree ( ) . . . . . . . . 102
XX
\StrokeTwo ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 102
\stst ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
\stststile (
) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\sttstile (
) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\stttstile (
) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\STX () . . . . . . . . . . . .
\SUB () . . . . . . . . . . . .
subatomic particles . . . .
\subcorner (a) . . . . . . .
^
\subdoublebar (a) . . . .
\subdoublevert (a) . . . .
\sublptr (a) . . . "". . . . . .
\subrptr (a) . . . . . . . . .
subscripts
new symbols used in
\Subset () . . . . . . . . .
\Subset ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\Subset () . . . . . . . . . .
\subset () . . . . . . . . .
\subset () . . . . . . . . .
\subset () . . . . . . . . . .
\subseteq () . . . . . . .
\subseteq () . . . . . . .
.
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81
81
83
18
18
18
18
18
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.
116
42
41
42
42
41
42
42
41
\subseteq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\subseteqq () . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\subseteqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 41
\subseteqq () . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\subsetneq () . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\subsetneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 41
\subsetneq () . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\subsetneqq () . . . . . . . . . . 42
\subsetneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 41
\subsetneqq () . . . . . . . . . . 42
\subsetplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 41
\subsetpluseq ( ) . . . . . . . . 41
subsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 42
\succ ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\succ () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\succapprox () . . . . . . . . . . 36
\succapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 34
\succapprox () . . . . . . . . . . 36
\succcurlyeq () . . . . . . . . . 36
\succcurlyeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34
\succcurlyeq () . . . . . . . . . 37
\succdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\succeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\succeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\succeqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\succnapprox () . . . . . . . . . 36
\succnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34
\succnapprox () . . . . . . . . . 38
\succneq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\succneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\succnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\succnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\succnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\succsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\succsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\succsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
such that . . . . . . . . . . 113, 115
\suchthat ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 115
\sum ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\sum () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\sumint () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\Summit ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\SummitSign ( ) . . . . . . . . . 102
\Sun (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\Sun ( vs.
vs. d) . . . . . 111
\Sun ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\Sun () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\sun () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\SunCloud ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 101
\SunshineOpenCircled ( ) . . 90
\sup (sup) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
superscripts
new symbols used in . . . 116
supersets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 42
supremum . . . . . . . . . . see \sup
\Supset () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\Supset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

\Supset () . . . . . . .
\supset () . . . . . .
\supset () . . . . . .
\supset () . . . . . . .
\supseteq () . . . .
\supseteq () . . . .
\supseteq () . . . . .
\supseteqq () . . . .
\supseteqq ( ) . . .
\supseteqq () . . . .
\supsetneq () . . . .
\supsetneq ( ) . . .
\supsetneq () . . . .
\supsetneqq () . . .
\supsetneqq ( ) . . .
\supsetneqq () . . .
\supsetplus ( ) . . .
\supsetpluseq ( ) .
`
\surd ( ) . . . . . . . .
\SurveySign ( ) . . .
\Swarrow ( ) . . . . .
\Swarrow () . . . . .
\swarrow () . . . . .
\swarrow ( ) . . . . .
\swarrow ( ) . . . . .
\swarrowtail ( ) . .
\swfilledspoon ( )
\swfootline ( ) . . .
\swfree ( ) . . . . . .
\swharpoonccw ( ) .
\swharpooncw ( ) . .
\swlsquigarrow ( )
\swmapsto ( ) . . . .
\swModels ( ) . . . .
\swmodels ( ) . . . .
\swnearrows ( ) . .
\swneharpoons ( ) .
swords . . . . . . . . . .
\swpitchfork ( ) . .
\swrsquigarrow ( )
\swspoon ( ) . . . . .
\swswarrows ( ) . .
swung dash . . . . . . .
\swVdash ( ) . . . . .
\swvdash ( ) . . . . .
\syl (a) . . . . . . . . .
\syllabic (j) . . . . .
\symA ( ) . . . . . . . .
\symAE ( ) . . . . . . .
\symB ( ) . . . . . . . .
\symbishop (B) . . .
Symbol (font) . . . . .
symbols
actuarial . . . . .
alpine . . . . . . .
ancient language
annuity . . . . . .
APL . . . . . . . .
170
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. . . 42
. . . 42
. . . 41
. . . 42
. . . 42
. . . 41
. . . 42
. . . 42
. . . 41
. . . 42
. . . 42
. . . 41
. . . 42
. . . 42
. . . 41
. . . 42
. . . 41
. . . 41
. . . 73
. . 102
. . . 49
. . . 50
. . . 49
47, 117
. . . . 50
. . . . 50
. . . . 54
. . . . 37
. . . . 37
. . . . 53
. . . . 53
. . . . 50
. . . . 50
. . . . 37
. . . . 37
. . . . 50
. . . . 53
. . . 101
. . . . 54
. . . . 50
. . . . 54
. . . . 50
see \sim
. . . . . 37
. . . . . 37
. . . . . 18
. . . . . 20
. . . . . 76
. . . . . 77
. . . . . 76
. . . . 104
. 58, 113
...
...
..
...
...
.
.
.
.
.
. . 118
. . 102
9197
. . 118
. . . 80
astrological . . . . . . . . . . 79
astronomical . . . . . 79, 108
biological . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
block-element . . . . . . . . 107
body-text . . . . . . . . . 1022
bold . . . . . . . . . . . 123124
box-drawing . . . . . . . . . 107
chess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
cipher . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
clock . . . . . . . . 98, 100, 102
communication . . . . . . . . 82
computer hardware . . . . . 80
contradiction . . . . . . 23, 55
currency . . . . . . 20, 21, 76
dangerous bend . . . . . . . 99
denition . . . . . . . . 23, 118
dictionary . . . . . 1215, 106
dingbat . . . . . . . . . . 8490
dot . . . . . . . 10, 7072, 117
electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
engineering . . . . . . . 78, 82
extensible 54, 6670, 79, 112,
118119
Feynman diagram . . . . . . 83
Frege logic . . . 54, 60, 72, 75
frown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
gates, digital logic . . . . . 81
genealogical . . . . . . . . . . 98
general . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Go stones . . . . . . . . . . 105
information . . . . . . . . . 100
informator . . . . . . . . . . 104
inverted . . . . 1215, 19, 113
keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Knuths . . . . . . . . . 99, 100
laundry . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
legal . . . . . . . . 10, 21, 127
letter-like . . . . . . . . . 59, 60
life insurance . . . . . . . . 118
linear logic . . 2325, 28, 29,
3233, 40, 59
linguistic . . . . . . . . . 1215
log-like . . . . . . . . . 56, 123
logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
magical signs . . . . . . . . 107
mathematical . . . . . . 2377
METAFONTbook . . . . . 100
metrical . . . . . . . . 105, 106
miscellaneous . . . 7375, 90,
98109
monetary . . . . . . 20, 21, 76
musical . . 22, 73, 74, 98, 99
navigation . . . . . . . . . . 100
non-commutative division 70
particle physics . . . . . . . 83
Phaistos disk . . . . . . . . . 91
phonetic . . . . . . . . . 1215
physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
pitchfork . . . . . . 34, 54, 73
Pitmans base-12 . . . . . . 72
present value . . . . . . . . 118
proto-Semitic . . . . . . . . . 91
pulse diagram . . . . . . . . 78
recycling . . . . . . . . . . . 109
relational . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
reversed . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
rotated . . . . 1215, 19, 113
safety-related . . . . . . . . . 82
scientic . . . . . . . . . 7883
Simpsons characters . . . 106
smile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
spoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
staves . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
subset and superset . 41, 42
technological . . . . . . 7883
TEXbook . . . . . . . . 99, 100
transliteration . . . . . . . . 15
upside-down . 1215, 19, 113,
124
variable-sized 2933, 110, 112
weather . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
zodiacal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
symbols.tex (le) . . . . 110, 130
\symC ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\symking (K) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\symknight (N) . . . . . . . . . 104
\symOE ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
\sympawn (p) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\symqueen (Q) . . . . . . . . . . 104
\symrook (R) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\symUE ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
\SYN () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
T
\T . . . . . . . . . . . .
\T ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\T () . . . . . . . .
\t (a) . . . . . . . . .
\t () . . . . . . . . .
t4phonet (package)
131
\Tab ( ) . . .
\tabcolsep . . . . .
tacks . . . . . . . . . .
\taild () . . . . .
\tailinvr (r) . . .
\taill (H) . . . . . .
\tailn (W) . . . . .
\tailr (p) . . . . . .
\tails (v) . . . . . .
\tailt () . . . . . .
\tailz () . . . . .
\Takt . . . . . . . . .
\talloblong ( ) .
tally markers . . . .
\tan (tan) . . . . . .
\tanh (tanh) . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . . . . 11
. . . . . . 19
. . . . . 105
. . . . . . 16
. . . . . 105
15, 19, 130,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . . . . . 80
. . . . . . 114
. . . . 34, 59
. . . . . . . 14
. . . . . . . 14
. . . . . . . 14
. . . . . . . 14
. . . . . . . 14
. . . . . . . 14
. . . . . . . 14
. . . . . . . 14
. . . . . . . 99
. . . . . . . 25
95, 102, 103
. . . . . . . 56
. . . . . . . 56
\Tape ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
\Taschenuhr ( ) . . . . . . . . 102
Tate-Shafarevich group . see sha
\tau ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\Taurus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\Taurus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\taurus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
tautology . . . . . . . . . . see \top
\tauup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\tccentigrade () . . . . . . . . 72
\tcmu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
\tcohm () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
\tcpertenthousand () . . . 72
\tcperthousand () . . . . . . . 72
\td (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
..
\tddtstile (
) . . . . . . . . . 39
\tdststile (
\tdtstile (
) . . . . . . . . . . 39
)
. . . . . . . . . . 39
) . . . . . . . . . 39
\tdttstile (
technological symbols . . . 7883
\Telefon (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\Telephone ( ) . . . . . . . . 102
\Telephone ( ) . . . . . . . . . 109
Tennent, Bob . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\Tent ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\Terminus () . . . . . . . . . . 105
\terminus () . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\Terminus* () . . . . . . . . . . 105
\terminus* () . . . . . . . . . . 105
\tesh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
testfont.dvi (le) . . . . . . . 122
testfont.tex (le) . . . 120, 122
\tetartemorion () . . . . . . . . 21
teubner (package) 21, 72, 97, 106,
130, 131
TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,
54, 71, 79, 107, 110, 113120,
122, 123, 125, 126, 129, 133
TEXbook, The 113, 114, 116, 117,
119, 123
symbols from . . . . . 99, 100
\text . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 115, 117
\textacutedbl () . . . . . . . . 20
\textacutemacron () . . . . . . 16
a
\textacutewedge () . . . . . . . 16
a
\textadvancing (a) . . . . . . . . 16
\textaolig (") . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textasciiacute () . . . 20, 127
\textasciibreve () . . . . . . . 20
\textasciicaron () . . . . . . . 20
\textasciicircum () . . 10, 125,
128
\textasciidieresis ()
20, 127
\textasciigrave (`) . . . . . . . 20
\textasciimacron . . . . . . . . 126
\textasciimacron () . 20, 127
@
@
171
\textasciitilde () 10, 125, 128

\textasteriskcentered () . 10,
22
\textbabygamma () . . . . . . . . 12
\textbackslash (\) . . . . 10, 125
\textbaht () . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\textbar (|) . . . . . . 10, 124, 125
\textbarb (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textbarc (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textbard (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textbardbl () . . . . . . . . . . 22
\textbardotlessj () . . . . . . 12
\textbarg (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textbarglotstop () . . . . . . 12
\textbari (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textbarl () . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textbaro (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textbarrevglotstop () . . . 12
\textbaru (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textbeltl () . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textbenttailyogh (B) . . . . . 13
\textbeta (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textbigcircle () . . . . . . . 22
\textbktailgamma (.) . . . . . . 13
\textblank () . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\textblock ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 107
\textborn ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\textbottomtiebar (a) . . . . . 16
<
\textbraceleft ({) . . . . . . . . 10
\textbraceright (}) . . . . . . . 10
\textbrevemacron () . . . . . . 16
a
\textbrokenbar () . . . . 22, 127

\textbullet () . . . 10, 22, 128
\textbullseye () . . . . . . . . 12
\textcelsius () . . . . . 78, 128
\textceltpal ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textcent () . . . . . . . . 20, 127
\textcentoldstyle () . . . . . 20
\textchi ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textcircled ( ) . . . . . . . . . 16
\textcircledP () . . . . . . . 21
\textcircumacute () . . . . . . 16
a
\textcircumdot ( . . . . . . . . 16
a)
\textcloseepsilon () . . . . . 12
\textcloseomega () . . . . . . . 12
\textcloserevepsilon () . . . 12
\textcolonmonetary () . . . . 20
\textcommatailz () . . . . . . . 12
textcomp (package) . . . . . 9, 10,
16, 2022, 48, 65, 74, 78, 98,
110, 125, 126, 130
\textcopyleft ( ) . . . . . . . 21
\textcopyright () 10, 21, 127
\textcorner (^) . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textcrb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textcrd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textcrd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\textcrg (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textcrh () . . . . . . . . .
\textcrh () . . . . . . . . .
\textcrinvglotstop ()
\textcrlambda () . . . .
\textcrtwo (2) . . . . . . .
\textctc (C) . . . . . . . . .
\textctd () . . . . . . . . .
\textctdctzlig () . . .
\textctesh () . . . . . . .
\textctinvglotstop (D)
\textctj (J) . . . . . . . . .
\textctjvar (2) . . . . . .
\textctn () . . . . . . . . .
\textctstretchc (%) . . .
\textctstretchcvar (&)
\textctt () . . . . . . . . .
\textcttctclig (C) . . .
\textctturnt (@) . . . . . .
\textctyogh () . . . . . .
\textctz () . . . . . . . . .
\textcurrency () . . . .
\textcypr . . . . . . . . . . .
\textdagger () . . . . . .
\textdaggerdbl () . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . 12
. . . 15
. . . 12
. . . 12
. . . 12
. . . 12
. . . 12
. . . 12
. . . 12
. . . 13
. . . 12
. . . 13
. . . 12
. . . 13
. . . 13
. . . 12
. . . 12
. . . 13
. . . 12
. . . 13
20, 127
. . . . 96
. 10, 22
. 10, 22
\textdbend ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 99
\textdblhyphen ( ) . . . . . . . . 22
\textdblhyphenchar ( ) . . . . . 22
\textdblig ()) . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textdctzlig (d) . . . . . . . . . 13
\textdegree () . . . . . . 74, 127
\textdied ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\textdiscount ( ) . . . . . . . . 22
\textdiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\textdivorced ( ) . . . . . . . . 98
\textdkshade ( ) . . . . . . . . 107
\textdnblock ( ) . . . . . . . . 107
\textdollar ($) . . . . . . . 10, 20
\textdollaroldstyle () . . . 20
\textdong () . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\textdotacute () . . . . . . . . 16
a
\textdotbreve () . . . . . . . . 16
a
\textdoublebaresh (S) . . . . . 13
\textdoublebarpipe (}) . . . . 13
\textdoublebarpipevar (H) . . 13
\textdoublebarslash (=) . . . 13
/
\textdoublegrave () . . . . . . 16
a
\textdoublegrave (a) . . . . . . 19
\textdoublepipe ({) . . . . . . . 13
\textdoublepipevar (G) . . . . 13
\textdoublevbaraccent () . . 16
a
\textdoublevbaraccent (a) . . 19
\textdoublevertline () . . . 13
\textdownarrow () . . . . . . . . 48
\textdownfullarrow () . . . . 13
\textdownstep () . . . . . . . . . 13
\textdyoghlig () . . . . . . . . 13
\textdzlig (dz) . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\texteightoldstyle () . . . . 22
\textellipsis (. . . ) . . . . . . . 10
\textemdash () . . . . . . . . . 10
\textendash () . . . . . . . . . . 10
\textepsilon (E) . . . . . . . . . 13
\textepsilon () . . . . . . . . . 15
\textesh (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textesh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\textestimated () . . . . . . . 22
\texteuro ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\texteuro ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\texteuro () . . . . 20, 126, 128
\textexclamdown () . . . . . . . 10
\textfemale (7) . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textfishhookr (R) . . . . . . . . 13
\textfiveoldstyle () . . . . . 22
\textfjlig () . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\textflorin () . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\textfouroldstyle () . . . . . 22
\textfractionsolidus () . . . 74
\textfrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\textfrbarn (5) . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textfrhookd () . . . . . . . . . 13
\textfrhookdvar (() . . . . . . . 13
\textfrhookt (?) . . . . . . . . . 13
\textfrtailgamma (-) . . . . . . 13
\textg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textgamma (G) . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textglobfall () . . . . . . . . 13
\textglobrise () . . . . . . . . 13
\textglotstop (P) . . . . . . . . 12
\textglotstopvari (T) . . . . . 13
\textglotstopvarii (U) . . . . 14
\textglotstopvariii (V) . . . 14
\textgoth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\textgravecircum () . . . . . . 16
a
\textgravedbl () . . . . . . . . 20
\textgravedot () . . . . . . . . 16
a
\textgravemacron (`) . . . . . . 16
a
\textgravemid () . . . . . . . . 17
a
\textgreater (>) . . 10, 124, 125
\textgrgamma (,) . . . . . . . . . 14
\textguarani ( ) . . . . . . . . . 20
\texthalflength (;) . . . . . . . 12
\texthardsign () . . . . . . . . 12
\textheng (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\texthmlig (4) . . . . . . . . . . 14
\texthooktop (#) . . . . . . . . . . 12
\texthtb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\texthtb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\texthtbardotlessj () . . . . . 12
\texthtbardotlessjvar (3) . . 13
\texthtc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\texthtc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\texthtd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\texthtd () . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\texthtg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\texthth (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\texththeng () . . . . . . . . . . 12
\texthtk () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
172
\texthtk () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\texthtp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\texthtp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\texthtq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\texthtrtaild () . . . . . . . . 12
\texthtscg () . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\texthtt () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\texthtt () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\texthvlig () . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textifsym . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
\textinterrobang () . . . . . . 22
\textinterrobangdown ( ) . . . 22
\textinvglotstop () . . . . . . 12
\textinvomega (;) . . . . . . . . 13
\textinvsca (p) . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textinvscr (K) . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textinvscripta (!) . . . . . . . 13
\textinvsubbridge (a) . . . . . 17
\textiota () . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textiota () . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\textlambda () . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textlangle () . . . . . . 65, 124
\textlbrackdbl () . . . . . . . . 65
\textleaf ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\textleftarrow () . . . . . . . 48
\textlengthmark (:) . . . . . . . 12
\textless (<) . . . . 10, 124, 125
\textlfblock ( ) . . . . . . . . 107
\textlfishhookrlig (I) . . . . 13
\textlhdbend ( ) . . .
\textlhookfour (#) . . .
\textlhookp (<) . . . . .
\textlhookt () . . . . .
\textlhti (1) . . . . . . .
\textlhtlongi () . . . .
\textlhtlongy () . . .
\textlinb . . . . . . . . . .
\textlira () . . . . . . .
\textlnot () . . . . . . .
\textlonglegr () . . . .
\textlooptoprevesh (>)
\textlowering (a) . . .
\textlptr () . . . . . . .
\textlquill () . . . . .
\textltailm (M) . . . . .
\textltailn () . . . . .
\textltailn () . . . . .
\textltilde () . . . . .
\textltshade ( ) . . . .
\textlyoghlig () . . .
\textmarried ( ) . . . .
\textmho () . . . . . . .
\textmidacute () . . .
a
\textminus () . . . . . .
\textmu () . . . . . . . . .
\textmusicalnote () .
\textnaira () . . . . . .
\textnineoldstyle ()
.
.
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. . 99
. . 13
. . 13
. . 12
. . 13
. . 12
. . 12
95, 96
. . . 20
74, 127
. . . 12
. . . 13
. . . 17
. . . 12
. . . 65
. . . 12
. . . 12
. . . 15
. . . 12
. . 107
. . . 12
. . . 98
. . . 78
. . . 17
. . . 74
78, 127
. . . 22
. . . 20
. . . 22
\textnrleg (6) . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textnumero () . . . . . . . . . . 22
\textObardotlessj () . . . . . 12
\textObullseye (9) . . . . . . . 13
\textohm () . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
\textOlyoghlig () . . . . . . . . 12
\textomega () . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textonehalf () . . . . . 74, 127
\textoneoldstyle . . . . . . . . . 22
\textoneoldstyle () . . . . . . 22
\textonequarter () . . . 74, 127
\textonesuperior () . . 74, 127
\textopenbullet () . . . . . . . 22
\textopencorner (_) . . . . . . . 12
\textopeno (O) . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textopeno () . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\textordfeminine () 10, 22, 127
\textordmasculine () . . 10, 22,
127
\textovercross () . . . . . . . . 17
a
\textoverw (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\textpalhook (%) . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textpalhooklong () . . . . . . 13
\textpalhookvar () . . . . . . . 13
\textparagraph () . . . . 10, 22
\textperiodcentered () . 10, 22,
127
\textpertenthousand () . . 22
\textperthousand () . 22, 128
\textpeso ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\textphi (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textpilcrow () . . . . . . . . . 22
\textpipe (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textpipe (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\textpipevar (F) . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textpm () . . . . . . . . . 74, 127
\textpmhg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\textpolhook (a) . . . . . . . . . 17
\textprimstress (") . . . . . . . 13
\textproto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\textqplig (=) . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textquestiondown () . . . . . 10
\textquotedbl (") . . . . 11, 124
\textquotedblleft () . . . . . 10
\textquotedblright () . . . . 10
\textquoteleft () . . . . . . . . 10
\textquoteright () . . . . . . . 10
\textquotesingle (') . . 22, 124
\textquotestraightbase () . 22
\textquotestraightdblbase ()
. . . . . . . . . 22
\textraiseglotstop () . . . . 13
\textraisevibyi () . . . . . . . 13
\textraising (a) . . . . . . . . . 17
\textramshorns (7) . . . . . . . . 13
\textrangle () . . . . . . 65, 124
\textrbrackdbl () . . . . . . . . 65
\textrecipe ( ) . . . . . . 22, 112
\textrectangle () . . . . . . . . 13
\textreferencemark () .
\textregistered () 10,
\textretracting (a) . . . .
\textretractingvar () .
\textrevapostrophe (\) . .
\textreve (9) . . . . . . . . .
\textrevepsilon (3) . . .
22, 23
21, 127
. . . 17
. . . 13
. . . 13
. . . 13
13, 113
\textreversedvideodbend (
. . . . . . . . . 99
\textrevglotstop (Q) . . . .
\textrevscl (v) . . . . . . . .
\textrevscr (z) . . . . . . . .
\textrevyogh () . . . . . . .
\textrhooka ( ) . . . . . . . .
\textrhooke (*) . . . . . . . .
\textrhookepsilon (+) . . .
\textrhookopeno (:) . . . . .
\textrhookrevepsilon ()
\textrhookschwa () . . . . .
\textrhoticity (~) . . . . . .
\textrightarrow () . . . .
\textringmacron () . . . . .
a
\textroundcap () . . . . . .
a
\textrptr () . . . . . . . . . .
\textrquill () . . . . . . . .
\textrtaild () . . . . . . . .
\textrtaild () . . . . . . . .
\textrtailhth (/) . . . . . .
\textrtaill () . . . . . . . . .
\textrtailn () . . . . . . . .
\textrtailr () . . . . . . . .
\textrtails () . . . . . . . .
\textrtailt () . . . . . . . .
\textrtailt () . . . . . . . .
\textrtailz () . . . . . . . .
\textrtblock ( ) . . . . . . .
\textrthook ($) . . . . . . . . .
\textrthooklong () . . . . .
\textsarab . . . . . . . . . . . .
\textsca () . . . . . . . . . . .
\textscaolig (q) . . . . . . .
\textscb () . . . . . . . . . . .
\textscdelta (r) . . . . . . .
\textsce () . . . . . . . . . . .
\textscf (s) . . . . . . . . . . .
\textscg () . . . . . . . . . . .
\textsch () . . . . . . . . . . .
\textschwa (@) . . . . . . . . .
\textschwa () . . . . . . . . .
\textsci (I) . . . . . . . . . . .
\textscj () . . . . . . . . . . .
\textsck (t) . . . . . . . . . . .
\textscl () . . . . . . . . . . .
\textscm (w) . . . . . . . . . .
\textscn () . . . . . . . . . . .
\textscoelig () . . . . . . .
\textscomega () . . . . . . .
\textscp (x) . . . . . . . . . . .
173
) .
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13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
13
13
13
48
17
17
13
65
13
15
14
13
12
12
12
12
15
12
107
. 12
. 13
. 97
. 12
. 13
. 12
. 13
. 12
. 13
. 12
. 12
. 12
. 15
. 12
. 12
. 13
. 12
. 13
. 12
. 12
. 12
. 13
\textscq (y) . . . . . . . .
\textscr () . . . . . . . .
\textscripta (A) . . . .
\textscriptg (g) . . . .
\textscriptv (V) . . . .
\textscriptv () . . . . .
\textscu () . . . . . . . .
\textscy (Y) . . . . . . . .
\textseagull (a) . . . .
\textsecstress ( ) . . .
\textsection () . . . .
\textservicemark () .
\textsevenoldstyle ()
\textSFi ( ) . . . . . . . .
\textSFii ( ) . . . . . . .
\textSFiii ( ) . . . . . .
\textSFiv ( ) . . . . . . .
\textSFix ( ) . . . . . . .
\textSFl ( ) . . . . . . . .
\textSFli ( ) . . . . . . .
\textSFlii ( ) . . . . . .
\textSFliii ( ) . . . . .
\textSFliv ( ) . . . . . .
\textSFv ( ) . . . . . . . .
\textSFvi ( ) . . . . . . .
\textSFvii ( ) . . . . . .
\textSFviii ( ) . . . . .
\textSFx ( ) . . . . . . . .
\textSFxi ( ) . . . . . . .
\textSFxix ( ) . . . . . .
\textSFxl ( ) . . . . . . .
\textSFxli ( ) . . . . . .
\textSFxlii ( ) . . . . .
\textSFxliii ( ) . . . .
\textSFxliv ( ) . . . . .
\textSFxlix ( ) . . . . .
\textSFxlv ( ) . . . . . .
\textSFxlvi ( ) . . . . .
\textSFxlvii ( ) . . . .
\textSFxlviii ( ) . . .
\textSFxx ( ) . . . . . . .
\textSFxxi ( ) . . . . . .
\textSFxxii ( ) . . . . .
\textSFxxiii ( ) . . . .
\textSFxxiv ( ) . . . . .
\textSFxxv ( ) . . . . . .
\textSFxxvi ( ) . . . . .
\textSFxxvii ( ) . . . .
\textSFxxviii ( ) . . .
\textSFxxxix ( ) . . . .
\textSFxxxvi ( ) . . . .
\textSFxxxvii ( ) . . .
\textSFxxxviii ( ) . . .
\textshade ( ) . . . . . .
\textsixoldstyle () .
\textsoftsign () . . . .
\textspleftarrow () .
\textsterling () . . .
\textstretchc () . . .
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. . 13
. . 12
. . 12
. . 12
. . 12
. . 15
. . 12
. . 12
. . 17
. . 12
10, 22
. . . 21
. . . 22
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . 107
. . . 22
. . . 12
. . . 13
10, 20
. . . 12
\textstretchcvar ($) . . . . . . 13
\textstyle . . . . . . . . . 116, 123
\textsubacute (a) . . . . . . . . 17
\textsubarch (a) . . . . . . . . . 17
. . . . . . . . . . 17
\textsubbar (a)
\textsubbridge (a) . . . . . . . . 17
\textsubcircum (a) . . . . . . . . 17
\textsubdot (a) . . . . . . . . . 17
.
\textsubdoublearrow () . . . 13
\textsubgrave (a) . . . . . . . . 17
\textsublhalfring (a) . . . . . 17
\textsubplus (a) . . . . . . . . . 17
\textsubrhalfring (a) . . . . . 17
\textsubrightarrow () . . . . 13
\textsubring (a) . . . . . . . . . 17

\textsubsquare (a) . . . . . . . . 17
\textsubtilde (a) . . . . . . . . 17
\textsubumlaut ) . . . . . . . . 17
(a
\textsubw (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 17
.
\textsubwedge (a) . . . . . . . . 17
\textsuperimposetilde (a) . . 17
&
\textsuperscript . . . . . . . . . 18
\textsurd () . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\textswab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\textsyllabic (a) . . . . . . . . 17
"
\texttctclig (tC) . . . . . . . . . 12
\textteshlig () . . . . . . . . . 12
\textteshlig () . . . . . . . . . 15
\texttheta (T) . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textthing ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 101
\textthorn () . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textthornvari (P) . . . . . . . . 13
\textthornvarii (Q) . . . . . . . 13
\textthornvariii (R) . . . . . . 13
\textthornvariv (S) . . . . . . . 13
\textthreeoldstyle () . . . . 22
\textthreequarters ()
74, 127
\textthreequartersemdash () .
. . . . . . . . . 22
\textthreesuperior ()
74, 127
\texttildedot (
a) . . . . . . . . 17
\texttildelow ( ) . . . . 22, 125

\texttimes () . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\texttoneletterstem () . . . . 12
\texttoptiebar (> . . . . . . . . 17
a)
\texttrademark ()
10, 21, 128
\texttslig ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textturna (5) . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textturncelig () . . . . . . . 12
\textturnglotstop (E) . . . . . 13
\textturnh (4) . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textturnk () . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textturnlonglegr () . . . . . 12
\textturnm (W) . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textturnmrleg () . . . . . . . 13
\textturnr () . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textturnrrtail () . . . . . . . 13
\textturnsck (u) . . . . . . . . . 13
\textturnscripta (6) .
\textturnscu ({) . . . .
\textturnt () . . . . . .
\textturnthree (C) . . .
\textturntwo (A) . . . .
\textturnv (2) . . . . . .
\textturnw () . . . . . .
\textturny (L) . . . . . .
\texttwelveudash ( ) .
\texttwooldstyle . . . .
\texttwooldstyle () .
\texttwosuperior () .
\textuncrfemale (8) . .
\textunderscore ( ) . .
\textuparrow () . . . .
\textupblock ( ) . . . .
\textupfullarrow () .
\textupsilon (U) . . . .
\textupstep ( ) . . . . .
\textvbaraccent () . .
a
\textvbaraccent (a) . .
\textvertline () . . . .
\textvibyi () . . . . . .
\textvibyy () . . . . . .
\textvisiblespace ( )
\textwon () . . . . . . .
\textwynn ( ) . . . . . . .
\textxswdown ( ) . . . .
\textxswup ( ) . . . . .
\textyen () . . . . . . .
\textyogh (Z) . . . . . . .
\textyogh () . . . . . . .
\textzerooldstyle ()
\TH () . . . . . . . . . . . .
\th () . . . . . . . . . . . .
Th`nh, H`n Th . . . . .
a
a
e
\therefore (T) . . . . . .
\therefore () . . . . . .
\therefore () . . . . . .
\Thermo . . . . . . . . . . .
\Theta () . . . . . . . . .
\theta () . . . . . . . . .
\thetaup () . . . . . . . .
\thething ( ) . . . . . .
\thickapprox () . . . .
\thicksim () . . . . . .
\thickvert (~) . . . . . .
thin space . . . . . . . . . .
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.
\ThinFog ( ) . . .
\thinstar () . . .
\third (Q) . . . . .
thirty-second note
symbols
\Thorn () . . . . .
\thorn (f) . . . . .
\thorn (p) . . . . .
\thorn () . . . . .
.
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174
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. . . 13
. . . 13
. . . 13
. . . 14
. . . 14
. . . 13
. . . 13
. . . 13
. . . 22
. . . 22
. . . 22
74, 127
. . . 14
. . . 10
. . . 48
. . 107
. . . 14
. . . 13
. . . 13
. . . 17
. . . 19
. . . 13
. . . 13
. . . 13
. . . 10
. . . 20
. . . 13
. . 101
. . 101
20, 127
. . . 13
. . . 15
. . . 22
11, 127
11, 127
. . 118
. . . 36
34, 71
. . . 71
. . 101
. . . 57
. . . 57
. . . 57
. . 101
. . . 34
. . . 34
. . . 62
. . 123
.
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. . . . . . 101
. . . . . . . 28
. . . . . . . 73
see musical
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14
14
15
14
thousandths . . . . . . . . . . . . see
\textperthousand
\threesim () . . . . . . . . . . 114
tick . . . . . . . . . . see check marks

tilde 10, 12, 14, 1617, 20, 22, 65,
66, 68, 118, 125
extensible . . . . . . . . 66, 68
vertically centered . . . . 125
\tilde () . . . . . . . . . . 65, 118
\tildel (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
time of day . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\timelimit (T) . . . . . . . . . 104
\times () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\times () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Times Roman (font) . . . 20, 112
timing (package) . . . . . . . . . . 78
tipa (package) . 12, 13, 1517, 19,
113, 130, 131
tipx (package) . . . . . 13, 130, 131
) . . . . . . . . . 39
\tndtstile (
\tnststile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\tntstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\tnttstile (
) . . . . . . . . . 39
\to . . . . . . . . . see \rightarrow
\ToBottom () . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\tone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\top ( ) . . . . . . . . . 24, 59, 116
\top () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\topbot () . . . . . . . . 116, 117
\topdoteq () . . . . . . . . . . . 36
torus (T) . . see alphabets, math
\ToTop () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
trademark . . see \texttrademark
\TransformHoriz (
) . . . . . 40
transforms . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 70
\TransformVert ( ) . . . . . . . 40
transliteration
semitic . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 19
transliteration symbols . . . . . 15
transpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
transversal intersection . . . . see
\pitchfork
trema () . . . . . . . . see accents
a
trfsigns (package) . 40, 59, 70, 130
\triangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\triangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 47
triangle relations . . . . . . . 46, 47
\TriangleDown ( ) . . . . . . . . 89
\TriangleDown ( vs. ) . . 111
\TriangleDown ( ) . . . . . . . . 89
\triangledown ( ) . . . . . . . . 73
\triangledown ( ) . . . . . . . . 47
\triangleeq () . . . . . . . . . . 47
\TriangleLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . 89
\triangleleft () . . . . . . . . 46
\triangleleft ( ) . . . . . . . . 24
\triangleleft ( ) . . . . . . . . 47
o Q
o
P
\trianglelefteq ()
\trianglelefteq ( )
\trianglelefteq () .
\trianglelefteqslant
..
..
..
(
....
....
. 45,
) ..
46
46
47
46
\triangleq ( ) . . . . . . . 23, 46
\triangleq () . . . . . . . . . . . 47
\TriangleRight ( ) . . . . . . . 89
\triangleright () . . . . . . . 46
\triangleright ( ) . . . . . . . . 24
\triangleright ( ) . . . . . . . 47
\trianglerighteq () . . . . . 46
\trianglerighteq ( ) . . . . . 46
\trianglerighteq () . . . 45, 47
\trianglerighteqslant ( ) . 46
triangles . . . . 73, 81, 8990, 105
\TriangleUp ( )
. . . . . . . . . 89
n vs. I) . . . . 111
\TriangleUp (n) . . . . . . . . . 89
\TriangleUp (
\triple . . . . . .
\triplefrown ( )
\triplesim () .
\triplesmile ( )
trsym (package) .
\tsbm ( ) . . . . .
..
.
..
.
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . . . . . 64
. . . . . . . 55
. . . . . . . 37
. . . . . . . 55
40, 130, 131
. . . . . . 105
\tsdtstile (
) . . . . . . . . . 39
\tsmb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\tsmm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\tsststile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\Tsteel () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\tststile (
txfonts (package) 2325, 31, 34, 35,

41, 43, 47, 49, 55, 5759, 73,
76, 110, 112, 125, 130, 131
type1cm (package) . . . . . . . . 110
Type 1 (font) . . . . . . . 122, 123
\underleftrightarrow ( ) .
underline . . . . . . . 10, 23, 66,

\underline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . .
\underlinesegment ( ) . . . . .
U
\U (a) . . . . . . . . . .
\U (a) . . . . . . . . . .
\u () . . . . . . . . . .
a
\UArrow ( ) . . .
\UB (< . . . . . . . . .
)
\ubar (u) . . . . . . .
\ubarbbrevis ()
\ubarbrevis () . .
\ubarsbrevis ()
\ubrevislonga ()
ubulb.fd (le) . . .
ucs (package) . . . . .
\udesc (u) . . . . . .
\udot () . . . . . . . .
\udotdot ( ) . . . . .
\udots () . . . . . .
\udtimes ( ) . . . .
\UHORN () . . . . . .
\uhorn () . . . . . .
\ulcorner (x) . . . .
\ulcorner ( ) . . . .
\underrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 67
\underrightharp ( ) . . . . . . . 54
\underrightharpdown ( ) . . . 54
\underring (y) . . . . . . . . . . . 20
underscore . . . . . . see underline
underscore (package) . . . . . . . 10
\underset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
undertilde (package) . 68, 130, 131
\undertilde (|) . . . . . . . . . . 20
\underwedge (}) . . . . . . . . . . 20
Unicode . . . . . . 9, 107, 126129
union . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \cup
unit disk (D) see alphabets, math
\unitedpawns (u) . . . . . . . . 104
units (package) . . . . . . . . . . . 74
unity (1) . . . see alphabets, math
universa (package) . 90, 101, 130,
131
universal (package) 84, 86, 90, 101,
130, 131
\unlhd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25
\unlhd () . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 47
\unrhd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25
\unrhd () . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 47
\upalpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\UParrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\Uparrow () . . . . . . . . . . 47, 61
\Uparrow () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\uparrow () . . . . . . 47, 61, 110
\uparrow () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\uparrowtail ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50
\upbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\upbeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\upbracketfill . . . . . . . . . 119
\upchi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\Updelta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\updelta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\Updownarrow ( ) . . . . . . 47, 61
\Updownarrow () . . . . . . . . . 51
\updownarrow ( ) . . . . . . 47, 61
\updownarrow () . . . . . . . . . 51
\updownarrows () . . . . . . . . 49
\updownarrows ( ) . . . . . . . . 51
\updownharpoonleftright ( ) 53
\updownharpoonrightleft ( ) 53
\updownharpoons () . . . . . . . 49
\updownharpoons () . . . . . . . 53
\Updownline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 37
\updownline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 37
\upepsilon () . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\upeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\upfilledspoon ( ) . . . . . . . . 54
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. . 19
. . 16
. . 16
. . 80
. . 99
. . 15
. 106
. 106
. 106
. 106
. 122
. 128
. . 15
. . 26
26, 71
. . . 71
. . . 27
. . . 11
. . . 11
. . . 60
. . . 60
\ulcorner () . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\ullcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 63
. . . . . . . . . . 40
\tsttstile (
) . . . . . . . . . 40
\ulrcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\ttdtstile (
) . . . . . . . . . 40
ulsy (package) . . 27, 55, 113, 130
\TTsteel () . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\ttststile (
\tttstile (
) . . . . . . . . . . 40
)
\ttttstile (
. . . . . . . . . . 40
) . . . . . . . . . 40
TUGboat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
\Tumbler () . . . . . . . . . . . 100
turnstile (package) 39, 40, 130, 131
\TwelweStar ( ) . . . . .
twiddle . . . . . . . . . . . .
\twoheaddownarrow () .
\twoheadleftarrow ( )
\twoheadleftarrow ()
\twoheadnearrow ( ) . .
\twoheadnwarrow ( ) . .
\twoheadrightarrow ( )
\twoheadrightarrow ()
\twoheadsearrow ( ) . .
\twoheadswarrow ( ) . .
\twoheaduparrow () . . .
\twonotes ( ) . . . . . . . .
. . . . 87
see tilde
. . . . 50
. . . . 48
. . . . 50
. . . . 50
. . . . 50
. . . 48
. . . 50
. . . . 50
. . . . 50
. . . . 50
. . . . 98
\Umd ( a) . . . . . . . .
umlaut () . . . . . . .
a
unary operators . . . .
\unclear (k) . . . . .
\underaccent . . . . .
\underarc (a) . . . . .
\underarch (a) . . . .

\underbrace (lo mo n)
o o
. . . . . . . 99
see accents
. . . . . . . 23
. . . . . . 104
. . . . . . 118
. . . . . . . 19
. . . . . . . 18
. . . . . . . 67
\underbrace ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 67
\underbrace (
) . . . . . . . . 67
\underbrace (
) . . . . . . . . 66
\underbracket ( )
. . . . . . . . 67
\underbracket ( )
...
118, 119
\underdots (r) . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\undergroup (lo o n) . . . . . . . . 67
o
\undergroup ( )
. . . . . . . . . 67
\underleftarrow () . . . . . . 67
\underleftharp ( ) . . . . . . . . 54
\underleftharpdown ( ) . . . . 54
175
\underparenthesis ( )
67
68
66
67
118, 119
\upfootline ( ) . . .
\upfree ( ) . . . . . .
\Upgamma () . . . . . .
\upgamma () . . . . . .
upgreek (package) . .
\upharpoonccw () . .
\upharpooncw () . .
\upharpoonleft () .
\upharpoonleft ( ) .
\upharpoonright ()
\upharpoonright ( )
\upiota () . . . . . . .
\upkappa () . . . . . .
\Uplambda () . . . . .
\uplambda () . . . . .
\uplett . . . . . . . . .
\uplsquigarrow ( ) .
\uplus () . . . . . . .
\uplus ( ) . . . . . . .
\uplus () . . . . . . .
\upmapsto () . . . . .
\upModels ( ) . . . . .
\upmodels ( ) . . . . .
\upmu () . . . . . . . .
\upnu () . . . . . . . .
\Upomega () . . . . .
\upomega () . . . . .
\upp (t) . . . . . . . . .
\upparenthfill . . .
\Upphi () . . . . . . .
\upphi () . . . . . . .
\Uppi () . . . . . . . .
\uppi () . . . . . . . .
\uppitchfork () . .
\uppropto ( ) . . . . .
\Uppsi () . . . . . . .
\uppsi () . . . . . . .
upquote (package) . .
\uprho () . . . . . . .
upright Greek letters
\uprsquigarrow ( ) .
upside-down symbols
upside-down symbols
113
\Upsigma () . . . . . .
\upsigma () . . . . . .
\Upsilon () . . . . .
\upsilon () . . . . . .
\upsilonup () . . . .
\upslice ( ) . . . . .
\upspoon () . . . . . .
\upt (l) . . . . . . . . .
\uptau () . . . . . . . .
\uptherefore () . .
\Uptheta () . . . . .
\uptheta () . . . . . .
\uptodownarrow ()
\upuparrows () . . .
\upuparrows ( ) . .
. . . . . . . 37
. . . . . . . 37
. . . . . . . 58
. . . . . . . 58
58, 130, 131
. . . . . . . 53
. . . . . . . 53
. . . . . . . 49
. . . . . . . 48
. . . . . . . 49
. . . . . . . 48
. . . . . . . 58
. . . . . . . 58
. . . . . . . 58
. . . . . . . 58
. . . . . . . 18
. . . . . . . 51
. . . . . . . 26
. . . . . . . 24
. . . . . . . 27
. . . . . . . 51
. . . . . . . 37
. . . . . . . 37
. . . . . . . 58
. . . . . . . 58
. . . . . . . 58
. . . . . . . 58
. . . . . . . 20
. . . . . . 119
. . . . . . . 58
. . . . . . . 58
. . . . . . . 58
. . . . . . . 58
. . . . . . . 54
. . . . . . . 37
. . . . . . . 58
. . . . . . . 58
. . . . . . 125
. . . . . . . 58
. . . . 57, 58
. . . . . . . 51
. . . . . . 124
. 1215, 19,
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..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
26,
...
...
...
...
...
58
58
57
57
57
28
54
20
58
71
58
58
49
49
48
\upuparrows () .
\upupharpoons ()
\Upupsilon () . .
\upupsilon () . .
\upvarepsilon ()
\upvarphi () . . .
\upvarpi () . . .
\upvarrho () . . .
\upvarsigma () .
\upvartheta () .
\upVdash () . . .
\upvdash () . . . .
\Upxi () . . . . . .
\upxi () . . . . . .
\upY ( ) . . . . . . .
\upzeta () . . . . .
\Uranus (q) . . . .
\Uranus () . . . . .
\uranus ( ) . . . . .
\urcorner (y) . . .
\urcorner ( ) . . .
..
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
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51
49
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
37
37
58
58
26
58
79
79
79
60
60
\urcorner () . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
url (package) . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
\US () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\usepackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
ushort (package) . . . 68, 130, 132
\ushort ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
\ushortdw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
\ushortw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
\ut (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
UTF-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 129

utf8x (inputenc package option) 128
\utilde ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
\utimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\utimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Utopia (font) . . . . . . . . . . 20, 33
V
\v () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
a
\vara () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\varangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\varbigcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . . 25
\VarClock ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 102
\varclub () . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
\varclubsuit ( ) . . . . . . . . . 73
\varcoppa () . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\varcurlyvee ( ) . . . . . . . . . 25
\varcurlywedge ( ) . . . . . . . 25
\vardiamond () . . . . . . . . . . 75
\vardiamondsuit ( ) . . . . . . . 73
\varEarth (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\varepsilon () . . . . . . . . . . 57
\varepsilonup () . . . . . . . . . 57
\VarFlag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 102
varg (txfonts/pxfonts package option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\varg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
176
\varg (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\vargeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\varhash (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\varheart () . . . . . . . . . . . 75
\varheartsuit ( ) . . . . . . . . 73
\varhexagon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 88
\varhexstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 87
\vari (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
variable-sized symbols 2933, 110,
112
\VarIceMountain ( ) . . . . . 102
\varinjlim (lim) . . . . . . . . . . 56
\varint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\various (R) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\varkappa () . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\varleq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\varliminf (lim) . . . . . . . . . . 56
\varlimsup (lim) . . . . . . . . . . 56
\varmathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
\VarMountain ( ) . . . . . . . . 102
\varnothing () . . . . . . . 23, 73
\varnothing () . . . . . . . . . . 74
\varnotin () . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\varnotowner () . . . . . . . . . 59
\varoast ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\varobar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\varobslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 25
\varocircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 25
\varodot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\varogreaterthan ( ) . . . . . 25
\varoiiintclockwise ( ) . . 31
\varoiiintctrclockwise ( ) 31
!
\varoiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\varoiintclockwise ( ) . . . 31
\varoiintctrclockwise ( ) . 31
\varoint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\varointclockwise ( ) . . . . . 31
\varointclockwise ( ) . . . . . 32
\varointctrclockwise ( ) . . 31
\varointctrclockwise ( ) . . . 32
\varolessthan ( ) . . . . . . . . 25
\varomega () . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\varominus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\varopeno (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\varoplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\varoslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\varotimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\varovee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\varowedge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\varparallel ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35
\varparallelinv ( ) . . . . . . . 35
\varpartialdiff ( ) . . . . . . . 60
\varphi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\varphiup () . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\varpi ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\varpi ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\varpiup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\varprod ( ) . . . . . .
\varprojlim (lim) . . .
\varpropto () . . . .
\varpropto () . . . . .
\varQ ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\varrho ( ) . . . . . . . .
\varrho ( ) . . . . . . . .
\varrhoup ( ) . . . . . .
\varsigma () . . . . . .
\varsigmaup () . . . .
\varspade () . . . . .
\varspadesuit ( ) . .
\varsqsubsetneq ()
\varsqsubsetneqq ()
\varsqsupsetneq ()
\varsqsupsetneqq ()
\varstar () . . . . . . .
\varstigma () . . . . .
\varsubsetneq () . .
\varsubsetneq ( ) . .
\varsubsetneq () . .
\varsubsetneqq () .
\varsubsetneqq ( ) .
\varsubsetneqq () . .
\VarSummit ( ) . . . .
\varsupsetneq () . .
\varsupsetneq ( ) . .
\varsupsetneq () . .
\varsupsetneqq () .
\varsupsetneqq ( ) .
\varsupsetneqq () . .
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\VarTaschenuhr ( ) . .
\vartheta () . . . . . . .
\varthetaup () . . . . .
\vartimes ( ) . . . . . . .
\vartriangle ( ) . . . .
\vartriangle ( ) . . . .
\vartriangleleft ()
\vartriangleleft ( )
\vartriangleleft () .
\vartriangleright ()
\vartriangleright ( )
\vartriangleright ()
\varv ( ) . . . . . . . . . .
\varvarpi ( ) . . . . . .
\varvarrho ( ) . . . . . .
\varw ( ) . . . . . . . . . .
\vary ( ) . . . . . . . . . .
\VBar ( ) . . . . . . . . . .
\vbipropto ( ) . . . . . .
\vcentcolon (:) . . . . . .
\vcenter . . . . . . . . . .
\vcrossing ( ) . . . . . .
\VDash (@) . . . . . . . . .
\VDash () . . . . . . . . .
\Vdash (D) . . . . . . . . .
\Vdash ( ) . . . . . . . . .
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31
56
34
37
101
. 57
. 58
. 57
. 57
. 57
. 75
. 73
. 42
. 42
. 42
. 42
. 26
. 97
. 42
. 41
. 42
. 42
. 41
. 42
102
. 42
. 41
. 42
. 42
. 41
. 42
. 102
. . 57
. . 57
. . 25
. . 73
. . 47
. . 46
. . 46
45, 47
. . . 46
. . . 46
45, 47
. . . 58
. . . 58
. . . 58
. . . 58
. . . 58
. . . 89
. . . 26
. . . 39
. . 114
. . . 37
. . . 36
. . . 37
. . . 36
. . . 34
\Vdash () . . . . . . .
\vDash (@) . . . . . . .
\vDash ( ) . . . . . . .
\vDash () . . . . . . .
\vdash ( ) . . . . . . .
\vdash () . . . . . . .
\vdotdot ( ) . . . . . .
.
\vdots (. . . . . . . . .
.)
\vdots ( ) . . . . . . . .
\vec () . . . . . . . . .
\vec ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\Vectorarrow (p) . . .
\Vectorarrowhigh (P)
\vee () . . . . . . . . .
\vee () . . . . . . . . .
\vee () . . . . . . . . .
\veebar () . . . . . .
\veebar ( ) . . . . . .
\veedot ( ) . . . . . .
\veedoublebar () .
\Venus (f) . . . . . . .
\Venus () . . . . . . .
\venus () . . . . . . .
\vernal ( ) . . . . . .
versicle ( ) . . . . . . .
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26,
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37
36
34
37
34
37
71
70
71
65
65
74
74
26
24
26
26
24
27
26
79
79
79
79
129
\VERT ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
\Vert ( ) . . . . .
\vert (|) . . . . . .
\vertbowtie ()
\vertdiv ( ) . . .
\VHF ( ) . . . . . .
\Vier ( ) . . . . .
vietnam (package)
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61, 63
61, 63
. . . 27
. . . 27
. . . 78
. . . 99
. . 130
\Village (
) . . . . . . . . 102
\vin ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
vinculum . . . . . . . see \overline
\ViPa (> ) . . . .
\Virgo () . . .
\virgo ( ) . .
\VM (>) . . . . . .
vntex (package)
\vod (v) . . . . .
\voicedh (h) . .
\vppm ( ) . . . .
\vpppm ) . . .
(
\vrule . . . . .
.
\VT () . . . . . .
\vv ( #) . . . . .
\VvDash ( ) . .
\Vvdash (D) . .
\Vvdash ( ) . .
\Vvdash () . .
\vvvert (~) . .
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. . 99
. . 79
. . 79
. . 99
11, 16
. . . 15
. . . 15
. . 105
. . 105
. . 107
. . . 81
. . . 68
. . . 35
. . . 36
. . . 34
. . . 37
. . . 62
W
\WashCotton () . . . . . . . . 100
177
\WashSynthetics () . . . . 100
\WashWool () . . . . . . . . . . 100
\wasylozenge () . . . . . . . . . 98
\wasypropto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 35
wasysym (package) 14, 20, 22, 24,
25, 29, 34, 35, 41, 43, 47, 71,
73, 7880, 82, 8688, 98, 111,
130
\wasytherefore () . . . . . . . 71
wavy-line delimiters . . . . . 62, 63
\wbetter (f) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\wdecisive (h) . . . . . . . . . 104
\weakpt (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\WeakRain ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 101
\WeakRainCloud ( ) . . . . . . 101
weather symbols . . . . . . . . . 101
\Wecker ( ) . . . . . .
\wedge () . . . . . . . .
\wedge () . . . . . . . .
\wedge () . . . . . . . .
\wedgedot ( ) . . . . . .
Weierstrass function
\wfermion ( ) . . . . . .
\Wheelchair (w) . . . .
\whfermion ( ) . . . .
\whistle (a) . . . . . . .
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m
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. . 102
. . . 26
. . . 24
. . . 27
. . . 27
see \wp
. . . . 83
. . . 100
. . . . 83
. . . . 18
A)
\WhiteBishopOnWhite (B)
\WhiteEmptySquare (0) .
\WhiteKingOnBlack (J) .
\WhiteKingOnWhite (K) .
\WhiteKnightOnBlack (M)
\WhiteKnightOnWhite (N)
\WhitePawnOnBlack (O) .
\WhitePawnOnWhite (P) .
\WhiteQueenOnBlack (L)
\WhiteQueenOnWhite (Q)
\WhiteRookOnBlack (S) .
\WhiteRookOnWhite (R) .
\WhiteBishopOnBlack (
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
\whitestone . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
whole note . see musical symbols
Wick contractions . . . . . . . . 119
\widearc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
\widearrow (t) . . . . . . . . . . . 67
\widebar (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
\widecheck (q)
\widehat ( ) . .
\widehat ( ) . .
\wideOarc ( ) .
\wideparen (u)
\wideparen ( )
\wideparen ( )
\wideparen ()
u
\widering () .
) .
\widering (
\widering () .
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67
67
66
68
67
68
67
66
67
68
. . . . . . . . . . . 66
\widetilde () . . . . . . . . . . . 67
\widetilde ( ) . . . . . . . . 66, 68
\widetriangle () . . . . . . . . 66
\wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
\with (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\with (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\withattack (A) . . . . . . . . . 104
\withidea (E) . . . . . . . . . . 104
\withinit (C) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\without (w) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\wn (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
woman . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 101
\Womanface () . . . . . . . . . 101
won . . . . . . . . . . . see \textwon
world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\wp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\wp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\wr ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\wr () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\wreath () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
wreath product . . . . . . . see \wr
\Writinghand (b) . . . . . . . . 100
wsuipa (package)
14, 18, 20, 111,
113, 118, 130, 131
\wupperhand (c) . . . . . . . . . 104
X
\x (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
\x () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\XBox ( ) . . .
Xdvi . . . . . . .
A
XEL TEX . . . .
xfrac (package)
....
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. . . . 86
54, 113
. . . 129
. . . . 74
\xhookleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . 69
\xhookrightarrow ( )
\Xi () . . . . . . . . . . . .
\xi () . . . . . . . . . . . .
\xiup () . . . . . . . . . .
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69
57
57
57
\xrightleftharpoons ( ) . . 69
\xrightleftharpoons ( ) . . 69
Xs . . . . . . . . . . .
\XSolid ( ) . . . .
\XSolidBold ( )
\XSolidBrush ( )
\xswordsdown ( )
\xswordsup ( ) .
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7
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86, 100
. . . 86
. . . 86
. . . 86
. . 101
. . 101
. . . . . . . . . 69
\xtwoheadleftarrow ( ) . 70
\xleftarrow ( . . . . . . . . . 68
)
\xtwoheadrightarrow ( ) 70
X -pic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Y
\xLeftarrow (
=)
\xleftharpoondown ( ) . . . . 69
\xleftharpoonup ( ) . . . . . . 69
\xLeftrightarrow (
)
. . . . 69
\xLeftrightarrow (
)
. . . . 69
)
\xleftrightarrow (
. . . . 69
\xleftrightarrow (
)
. . . . 69
\xleftrightharpoons ( ) . . 69
=
\xlongequal (==) . . . . . . . . . 70
\xlongequal (==) . . . . . . . . . 69
=
\xLongleftarrow (=) . . . . . 69
=
\xlongleftarrow () . . . . . 69
\xLongleftrightarrow (=) 69
=
\xlongleftrightarrow () 69
=
\xLongrightarrow (=) . . . . 69
\xlongrightarrow () . . . . 69
)
\xmapsto (
. . . . . . . . . . . 69
\xmapsto (
) . . . . . . . . . . . 70
XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
\xRightarrow (= ) . . . . . . . . . 69
Y
\Ydown ( ) . . . .
yen . . . . . . . . . .
yfonts (package) .
yhmath (package)
130
\Yinyang (Y) . .
\Yleft ( ) . . . .
\yogh () . . . . .
\yogh (x) . . . . .
\Yright ( ) . . .
Yu, Billy . . . . . .
\Yup ( ) . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 25
. . see \textyen
76, 77, 130, 131
66, 68, 71, 117,
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Z
Zapf Chancery (font)
Zapf Dingbats (font)
\Zborder ( ) . . . . .
\zeta () . . . . . . . .
\zetaup () . . . . . . .
\Zodiac . . . . . . . . .
zodiacal symbols . . .
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\Ztransf (
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101
25
14
15
25
118
. 25
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76
87
90
57
57
79
79
) . . . . . . . . . . 40
.
..
\xrightarrow (
) . . . . . . . . 68
) . . . . . . . . . . 40
\ztransf (
\zugzwang (D) . . . . . . . . . . 104
\xrightharpoondown ( ) . . . 69
\Zwdr ( * ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
\xrightharpoonup ( ) . . . . . 69
\ZwPa ( A ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
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The Comprehensive L A T E X Symbol List

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The Comprehensive L A T E X Symbol List

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A

The Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List

arcs Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . .

MnSymbol Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . .

extarrows Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . .

Science and technology symbols

Frequently Requested Symbols

The underscore package redenes _ to produce an underscore in text mode (i.e., it

\^{} and \~{} can be used instead of \textasciicircum and \textasciitilde.

Table 5: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters)

Table 6: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages

\m{v} and \m{V} are synonyms for \m{u} and \m{U}.

Table 7: Letters Used to Typeset Vietnamese

Table 8: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1

Table 9: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks

Table 10: tipa Phonetic Symbols

(continued on next page)

(continued from previous page)

Table 11: tipx Phonetic Symbols

(continued on next page)

(continued from previous page)

Table 12: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols

Table 13: wasysym Phonetic Symbols

Table 14: phonetic Phonetic Symbols

Table 15: t4phonet Phonetic Symbols

Table 16: semtrans Transliteration Symbols

Table 17: Text-mode Accents

Requires the textcomp package.

Requires the T4 font encoding, provided by the fc package.

Requires the T5 font encoding, provided by the vntex package.

Table 18: tipa Text-mode Accents

(continued on next page)

(continued from previous page)

Table 19: extraipa Text-mode Accents

Table 20: wsuipa Text-mode Accents

Table 21: phonetic Text-mode Accents

produces and \acarc{\"}{e} produces . \labvel joins two characters with

Table 22: metre Text-mode Accents

Table 23: t4phonet Text-mode Accents

Table 24: arcs Text-mode Accents

Table 25: semtrans Accents

Table 26: ogonek Accents

Table 27: combelow Accents

Table 28: wsuipa Diacritics

Table 29: textcomp Diacritics

Table 30: textcomp Currency Symbols

Table 31: marvosym Currency Symbols

Table 32: wasysym Currency Symbols

Table 34: teubner Currency Symbols

Table 35: eurosym Euro Signs

\euro is automatically mapped to one of the aboveby default, \officialeuro

Table 36: fourier Euro Signs

Table 37: textcomp Legal Symbols

Table 38: cclicenses Creative Commons License Icons

Table 39: textcomp Old-style Numerals

Rather than use the bulky \textoneoldstyle, \texttwooldstyle, etc. commands

Table 40: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols

Table 41: Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols

Table 42: Math-Mode Versions of Text Symbols

Table 43: cmll Unary Operators

Table 44: Binary Operators

Table 45: AMS Binary Operators

Some people use a superscripted \intercal for matrix transpose: A^\intercal

Table 46: stmaryrd Binary Operators