Psychosocial Theory Piaget: Cognitive Theory Freud: Psychosexual Theory Kohlberg: Moral Reasoning Infant Ages 0 to 18 mos Trust vs. mistrust (consistency of needs being met allows infant to predict responses) Ages 0 to 2 Sensorimotor (can't learn without doing; reflexive behavior) Ages 0 to 6 mos Oral passive (id develops; biological pleasure principle) Ages 7 to 18 mos Oral aggressive (teething begins; everything is put into mouth; oral satisfaction decreases anxiety) N/A Toddler Ages 18 mos to 3 yrs Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (desire to do things independently) N/A Ages 18 mos to 3 yrs Anal (bowel & bladder training occur; child projects feelings onto others; elimination & retention are used to control & inhibit) N/A Preschool Age Ages 3 to 6 Initiative vs. sense of guilt (mimics; more purposeful & active in goal setting) Ages 2 to 4 Preoperational- preconceptual(egocentric, magical thinking; no cause-effect reasoning; uses symbols) Ages 4 to 5 Phallic (ego develops objective conscious reality; Opedipal complex - love of opposite-sex parent) Ages 4 to 10 Preconventional Morality (based on external control; observe standards of others to avoid punishment or receive rewards) School Age Ages 6 to 13 Industry vs. inferiority (using hands to make things; being helpful; mastering tasks) Ages 4 to 7 Intuitive-preoperational (begin cause-effect) Ages 7 to 11 Concrete operations(collecting; mastering facts) Ages 6 to 12 Latent (superego develops morality; repressed sexual drive) Ages 10 to 13 Conventional Morality (observe and internalize the standards of other; want to please others) Adolescence Ages 13 to 18 Identity vs. confusion (defining self in relation to others) Ages 11 to 15 Formal operations (abstract ideas; reality based) N/A Age 13, later or never. Postconventional Morality (attainment of true morality - conduct control is internal)