1

CNC
TECHNOLOGY

2
INTRODUCTION TO
CNC AND METAL
CUTTING
3
HISTORY
US Air Force commissioned MIT to develop the
first "numerically controlled" machine in 1949. It
was demonstrated in 1952.
At 1970-1972 first Computer Numeric Control
machines were developed.
Today, computer numerical control (CNC)
machines are found almost everywhere, from
small job shops in rural communities to
companies in large urban areas.





4
DEFINITION
In CNC (Computer Numerical Control), the
instructions are stored as a program in a
micro-computer attached to the machine.
The computer will also handle much of the
control logic of the machine, making it
more adaptable than earlier hard-wired
controllers.

5
CNC APPLICATIONS
Machining
2.5D / 3D
Turning ~ Lathes, Turning Centre
Milling ~ Machining Centres
Forming
2D
Plasma and Laser Cutting
Blanking, nibbling and punching
3D
Rapid Prototyping


6
SAMPLE
CNC MACHINES
7
CNC TURNING
8
CNC MILLING
9
CNC LASER CUTTING
10
CNC PLASMA CUTTING
11
CNC PRESS
12
CNC RAPID PROTOTYPING
13
INDUSTRIES MOST AFFECTED
by CNC
Aerospace
Machinery
Electrical
Fabrication
Automotive
Instrumentation
Mold making
14
SAMPLE PRODUCTS
OF
CNC MANUFACTURING
15
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

Engine Block
16
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY(Contd)

Different Products
17
AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
Aircraft Turbine Machined by
5-Axis CNC Milling Machine
18
CNC MOLD MAKING
19
ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY
20
RAPID PROTOTYPING
PRODUCTS
21
ADVANTAGES OF CNC
22
Utilization of computers in
manufacturing applications has
proved to be one of the most
significant advantages &
developments over the last couple
of decades in helping to improve
the productivity and efficiency of
manufacturing systems.
23
ADVANTAGES of CNC
Productivity
Machine utilisation is increased because
more time is spent cutting and less time is
taken by positioning.
Reduced setup time increases utilisation
too.


24
PROFIT increases as COST decreases
and as PRODUCTIVITY increases.


PRODUCTIVITY through AUTOMATION
25
AUTOMATION
any means of helping
the workers to perform
their tasks more
efficiently
transfer of the skill of
the operator to the
machine
26
Transferred
skill
Results
muscle power engine driven
machine tools
First industrial
revolution
manipulating
skill
mechanization hard automation
vision skill use of position
transducers,
cameras
increase of
accuracy, part
recognition
brain power
cnc machines, industrial
robots, soft
automation,
computer control of
manufacturing
systems
second industrial
revolution
27
EFFICIENCY OF
MANUFACTURING
COST = COST OF
MANUFACTURING AND
COST OF MATERIAL
HANDLING
PROFIT = INCOME - COST
PRODUCTIVITY =
AVERAGE OUTPUT PER
MAN-HOUR
28
ADVANTAGES of CNC
Quality
Parts are more accurate.
Parts are more repeatable.
Less waste due to scrap.

29
ADVANTAGES of CNC

Reduced inventory
Reduced setup time permits smaller
economic batch quantities.
Lower lead time allows lower stock levels.
Lower stock levels reduce interest charges
and working capital requirements.

30
ADVANTAGES of CNC
Machining Complex shapes
Slide movements under computer control.
Computer controller can calculate steps.
First NC machine built 1951 at MIT for
aircraft skin milling.

31
ADVANTAGES of CNC
Management Control
CNC leads to CAD
Process planning
Production planning

32
DRAWBACKS of CNC
High capital cost
Machine tools cost $30,000 - $1,500,000
Retraining and recruitment of staff
New support facilities
High maintenance requirements
Not cost-effective for low-level production on
simple parts
As geometric complexity or volume increases
CNC becomes more economical
Maintenance personnel must have both
mechanical and electronics expertise

33
FUNDAMENTAL OF
METAL CUTTING
34
The metal cutting operations (also
called machining) is one of the
most important manufacturing
processes in industry today (as it
was yesterday).
35
MACHINING IS THE REMOVAL
OF MATERIALS IN FORMS OF
CHIPS FROM THE WORKPIECE
BY SHEARING WITH A SHARP
TOOL.
36
The main function of a machine
tool is to control the workpiece-
cutting tool positional relationship in
such a way as to achieve a desired
geometric shape of the workpiece
with sufficient dimensional
accuracy.
37
Machine tool provides:

work holding
tool holding
relative motion between tool
and workpiece

primary motion
secondary motion
38
Primary motion

Relative motion
between tool and
workpiece
Secondary motion
Cutting motion
Cutting
speed
Feed motion
Feed rate
39
CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHIP REMOVING
METHODS ACCORDING TO THE RELATIVE MOTION
40
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS
THOSE USING
SINGLE
POINT
TOOLS
THOSE USING
MULTIPOIN
T TOOLS
THOSE USING
ABRASIVE
TOOLS
lathes
shapers
planers
boring m/cs
etc.
drilling m/cs
milling m/cs
broaching m/cs
hobbing m/cs
etc.
grinding m/cs
honing m/cs
etc.
41
BASIC COMPONENTS
OF CNC SYSTEMS
42
m a c h i n e c o n t r o l u n i t
p o s i t i o n t r a n s d u c e r s
w o r k h o l d i n g d e v i c e
t o o l h o l d i n g d e v i c e
43
ISO MACHINE TOOL AXIS DEFINITION
44
ISO MACHINE TOOL AXES DEFINITIONS

AXIS MACHINE TOOL WITH SPINDLE MACHINE TOOL WITH
NO SPINDLE
Z axis of spindle,
(+Z) as tool goes away from the work piece
perpendicular to work
holding surface, (+Z) as
tool goes away from the
workpiece
MACHINE
TOOL WITH
ROTATING
WORKPIECE
MACHINE TOOL WITH
ROTATING TOOL

HORIZONT
AL AXIS
VERTICAL
AXIS
X radial and
parallel to
cross slide,
(+X) when
tool goes away
from the axis
of spindle
horizontal
and parallel
to work
holding
surface,
(+X) to the
right when
viewed
from
spindle
towards
work piece
horizontal
and parallel
to the work
holding
surface,
(+X) to the
right when
viewed
from
spindle
towards
column
parallel to and positive in
the principal direction of
cutting (primary motion)
Y apply right hand rules
45
RIGHT HAND RULE
Vertical Machine Horizontal Machine
46
STANDARD LATHE
COORDINATE SYSTEM
47
STANDARD MILLING MACHINE
COORDINATE SYSTEM
48
NUMERICALLY CONTROLLED MACHINE
TOOLS:
An NC machine tool is functionally the same
as a conventional machine tool. The
technological capabilities NC machine tools
in terms of machining are no different from
those of conventional ones. The difference
is in the way in which the various machine
functions and slide movements are
controlled.
49
The functions and motions such as;

turning the spindle on and off
setting cutting speeds
setting feed rate
turning coolant on and off
moving tool with respect to workpiece

are performed by Machine Control Unit
(MCU) in NC machine tools.
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MACHINE TOOL
AUTOMATION
51
CNC SYSTEM ELEMENTS
A typical CNC system consists of the
following six elements
Part program
Program input device
Machine control unit
Drive system
Machine tool
Feedback system
52
NC SYSTEM ELEMENTS
53
OPERATIONAL FEATURES of
CNC MACHINES
54
PART PROGRAM
A part program is a series of coded instructions required
to produce a part. It controls the movement of the
machine tool and the on/off control of auxiliary functions
such as spindle rotation and coolant. The coded
instructions are composed of letters, numbers and
symbols and are arranged in a format of functional
blocks as in the following example
N10 G01 X5.0 Y2.5 F15.0
| | | | |
| | | | Feed rate (15 in/min)
| | | Y-coordinate (2.5")
| | X-coordinate (5.0")
| Linear interpolation mode
Sequence number

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PROGRAM INPUT DEVICE
The program input device is the
mechanism for part programs to be
entered into the CNC control. The most
commonly used program input devices are
keyboards, punched tape reader, diskette
drivers, throgh RS 232 serial ports and
networks.
56
MACHINE CONTROL UNIT
The machine control unit (MCU) is the heart of a CNC
system. It is used to perform the following functions:

Read coded instructions
Decode coded instructions
Implement interpolations (linear, circular, and helical) to
generate axis motion commands
Feed axis motion commands to the amplifier circuits for
driving the axis mechanisms
Receive the feedback signals of position and speed for
each drive axis
Implement auxiliary control functions such as coolant or
spindle on/off, and tool change
57
TYPES of CNC CONTROL
SYSTEMS
Open-loop control
Closed-loop control
58
OPEN-LOOP CONTROL
SYSTEM
In open-loop control system step motors are
used
Step motors are driven by electric pulses
Every pulse rotates the motor spindle through a
certain amount
By counting the pulses, the amount of motion
can be controlled
No feedback signal for error correction
Lower positioning accuracy
59
CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL
SYSTEMS
In closed-loop control systems DC or AC
motors are used
Position transducers are used to generate
position feedback signals for error
correction
Better accuracy can be achieved
More expensive
Suitable for large size machine tools
CONTROL
Desired path (p, v, a)
3-axis position control (encoder feedback)
Velocity control (tachometer feedback)
Torque control (current feedback)
Path generator
Linear interpolation
Circular interpolation
Complex path interpolation (contouring)
61
DRIVE SYSTEM
A drive system consists of amplifier
circuits, stepping motors or servomotors
and ball lead-screws. The MCU feeds
control signals (position and speed) of
each axis to the amplifier circuits. The
control signals are augmented to actuate
stepping motors which in turn rotate the
ball lead-screws to position the machine
table.
62
STEPPING MOTORS
A stepping motor provides open-loop, digital
control of the position of a workpiece in a
numerical control machine. The drive unit
receives a direction input (cw or ccw) and pulse
inputs. For each pulse it receives, the drive unit
manipulates the motor voltage and current,
causing the motor shaft to rotate bya fixed angle
(one step). The lead screw converts the rotary
motion of the motor shaft into linear motion of
the workpiece .
63
STEPPING MOTORS
64
RECIRCULATING BALL
SCREWS
Transform rotational motion of the motor
into translational motion of the nut attached to the
machine table.
65
RECIRCULATING BALL
SCREWS
Accuracy of CNC
machines depends on
their rigid
construction, care in
manufacturing, and
the use of ball screws
to almost eliminate
slop in the screws
used to move portions
of the machine.
COMPONENTS OF
RECIRCULATING BALL SCREWS
Ball screw
Ball nut (anti-backlash)
Ways
Linear bearings
67
68
POSITIONING
The positioning resolution of a ball screw drive
mechanism is directly proportional to the
smallest angle that the motor can turn.
The smallest angle is controlled by the motor
step size.
Microsteps can be used to decrease the motor
step size.
CNC machines typically have resolutions of
0.0025 mm or better.

69
MACHINE TOOL
CNC controls are used to control various
types of machine tools. Regardless of
which type of machine tool is controlled, it
always has a slide table and a spindle to
control of position and speed. The
machine table is controlled in the X and Y
axes, while the spindle runs along the Z
axis.
70
FEEDBACK SYSTEM
The feedback system is also referred to as
the measuring system. It uses position and
speed transducers to continuously monitor
the position at which the cutting tool is
located at any particular time. The MCU
uses the difference between reference
signals and feedback signals to generate
the control signals for correcting position
and speed errors.
71
CNC MACHINES FEEDBACK
DEVICES
72
ENCODERS
A device used to convert linear or
rotational position information into
an electrical output signal.

73
ENCODERS
74
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS of
ENCODERS
75
RESOLVERS
A resolver is a rotary
transformer that produces
an output signal that is a
function of the rotor
position.

76
SERVOMOTOR with
RESOLVER
DRIVE MOTORS
DC servo motors
AC servo motors
Stepper motors
Hydraulic motors
POSITION FEEDBACK
Incremental encoder
Quadrature
Absolute encoder
Resolver
Tachometer
No feedback (open
loop)

79
POTENTIOMETERS
80
POTENTIOMETERS
CNC Programming
Manual
Write code directly
Computer-assisted
Draw cutter path
CAD/CAM
Draw the part
Cutter path is generated
82
VELOCITY FEEDBACK
Tachometers:
Electrical output is proportional to rate of
angular rotation.
Encoders, Resolvers, Potentiometers:
Number of pulses per time is proportional
to rate change of position.


83
CNC MACHINES
CUTTING TOOLS (CUTTERS)
84
CNC CUTTERS
Turning center cutters
Machining center cutters
85
TURNING CENTER CUTTERS
Types of cutters used on CNC turning
centers
Carbides (and other hard materials) insert
turning and boring tools
Ceramics
High Speed Steel (HSS) drills and taps

86
STANDART INSERT SHAPES
V used for profiling, weakest
insert, 2 edges per side.
D somewhat stronger, used for
profiling when the angle allows it,
2 edges per side.
T commonly used for turning
because it has 3 edges per side.
C popular insert because the
same holder can be used for
turning and facing. 2 edges per
side.
W newest shape. Can turn and
face like the C, but 3 edges per
side.
S Very strong, but mostly used
for chamfering because it wont
cut a square shoulder. 4 edges
per side.
R strongest insert but least
commonly used.

87
TYPICAL TURNING,
THREADING and PARTING
TOOLS

88
MACHINING CENTER CUTTING
TOOLS
Most machining centers
use some form of HSS or
carbide insert endmill as
the basic cutting tool.
Insert endmills cut many
times faster than HSS,
but the
HSS endmills leave a
better finish when side
cutting.

89
MACHINING CENTER CUTTING
TOOLS (contd)
Facemills flatten large
surfaces quickly and
with an excellent
finish. Notice the
engine block being
finished in one pass
with a large cutter.

90
MACHINING CENTER CUTTING
TOOLS (contd)
Ball endmills (both
HSS and insert) are
used for a variety of
profiling operations
such as the mold
shown in the picture.
Slitting and side
cutters are used when
deep, narrow slots
must be cut.

91
MACHINING CENTER CUTTING
TOOLS (contd)
Drills, Taps, and Reamers
Common HSS tools such as
drills, taps, and reamers are
commonly used on CNC
machining centers. Note that a
spot drill is used instead of a
centerdrill. Also, spiral point or
gun taps are used for through
holes and spiral flute for blind
holes. Rarely are hand taps
used on a machining center.

92
TOOL HOLDERS
All cutting tools must be held in a holder
that fits in the spindle. These include end
mill holders (shown), collet holders, face
mill adapters, etc. Most machines in the
USA use a CAT taper which is a modified
NST 30, 40, or 50 taper that uses a pull
stud and a groove in the flange. The
machine pulls on the pull stud to hold the
holder in the spindle, and the groove in
the flange gives the automatic tool
changer something to hold onto. HSK tool
holders were designed a number of years
ago as an improvement to CAT tapers,
but they are gaining acceptance slowly.

93
CNC PROGRAMMING
94
CNC PROGRAMMING
Offline programming linked to CAD programs.
Conversational programming by the operator.
MDI ~ Manual Data Input.
Manual Control using jog buttons or `electronic
handwheel'.
Word-Address Coding using standard G-codes
and M-codes.

95
During secondary motion, either the tool
moves relative to the workpiece or the
workpiece moves relative to the tool. In
NC programming, it is always assumed
that the tool moves relative to the
workpiece no matter what the real
situation is.
Basics of NC Part Programming:

96
The position of the tool is described
by using a Cartesian coordinate
system. If (0,0,0) position can be
described by the operator, then it is
called floating zero.
97
In defining the motion of the tool
from one point to another,
either
absolute positioning mode or
incremental positioning mode
can be used.
98
1. Absolute positioning. In this mode, the
desired target position of the tool for a
particular move is given relative to the origin
point of the program.

2. Incremental positioning. In this mode, the
next target position for the tool is given
relative to the current tool position.
99
Structure of an NC Part Program:
Commands are input into the controller in
units called blocks or statements.
Block Format:
1. Fixed sequential format
2. Tab sequential format
3. Word address format
100
EXAMPLE:
Assume that a drilling operation is to be
programmed as:
1. The tool is positioned at (25.4,12.5,0) by a
rapid movement.
2. The tool is then advanced -10 mm in the z
direction at a feed rate of 500 mm/min., with the
flood coolant on.
3.The is then retracted back 10 mm at the rapid
feed rate, and the coolant is turned off.
101
1. Fixed sequential format
0050 00 +0025400 +0012500 +0000000 0000 00
0060 01 +0025400 +0012500 -0010000 0500 08
0070 00 +0025400 +0012500 +0000000 0000 09
2. Tab sequential format
0050 TAB 00 TAB +0025400 TAB +0012500 TAB +0000000 TAB TAB
0060 TAB 01 TAB TAB TAB -0010000 TAB 0500 TAB 08
0070 TAB 00 TAB TAB TAB -0000000 TAB 0000 TAB 09
3. Word address format
N50 G00 X25400 Y125 Z0 F0
N60 G01 Z-10000 F500 M08
N70 G00 Z0 M09
102
Modal commands: Commands issued in the
NC program that will stay in effect until it is
changed by some other command, like, feed
rate selection, coolant selection, etc.

Nonmodal commands: Commands that are
effective only when issued and whose
effects are lost for subsequent commands,
like, a dwell command which instructs the
tool to remain in a given configuration for a
given amount of time.
103
CNC PROGRAMMING
104
INFORMATION NEEDED by a
CNC
1. Preparatory Information: units, incremental or absolute
positioning
2. Coordinates: X,Y,Z, RX,RY,RZ
3. Machining Parameters: Feed rate and spindle speed
4. Coolant Control: On/Off, Flood, Mist
5. Tool Control: Tool and tool parameters
6. Cycle Functions: Type of action required
7. Miscellaneous Control: Spindle on/off, direction of
rotation, stops for part movement
This information is conveyed to the machine through a set
of instructions arranged in a desired sequence Program.

105
BLOCK FORMAT

Sample Block
N135 G01 X1.0 Y1.0 Z0.125 F5

Restrictions on CNC blocks
Each may contain only one tool move
Each may contain any number of non-tool move G-
codes
Each may contain only one feedrate
Each may contain only one specified tool or spindle
speed
The block numbers should be sequential
Both the program start flag and the program number
must be independent of all other commands (on
separate lines)
The data within a block should follow the sequence
shown in the above sample block

106
WORD-ADDRESS CODING
N5 G90 G20
N10 M06 T3
N15 M03 S1250
N20 G00 X1 Y1
N25 Z0.1
N30 G01 Z-0.125 F5
N35 X3 Y2 F10
N40 G00 Z1
N45 X0 Y0
N50 M05
N55 M30

Example CNC Program
Each instruction to the machine
consists of a letter followed by a
number.

Each letter is associated with a
specific type of action or piece of
information needed by the machine.
Letters used in Codes
N,G,X,Y,Z,A,B,C,I,J,K,F,S,T,R,M
107
G & M Codes
N5 G90 G20
N10 M06 T3
N15 M03 S1250
N20 G00 X1 Y1
N25 Z0.1
N30 G01 Z-0.125 F5
N35 X3 Y2 F10
N40 G00 Z1
N45 X0 Y0
N50 M05
N55 M30

Example CNC Program
G-codes: Preparatory Functions
involve actual tool moves.

M-codes: Miscellaneous
Functions involve actions
necessary for machining (i.e.
spindle on/off, coolant on/off).
108
G Codes
G00 Rapid traverse
G01 Linear interpolation
G02 Circular interpolation,
CW
G03 Circular interpolation,
CCW
G04 Dwell
G08 Acceleration
G09 Deceleration
G17 X-Y Plane
G18 Z-X Plane
G19 Y-Z Plane
G20 Inch Units (G70)
G21 Metric Units (G71)
G40 Cutter compensation
cancel
G41 Cutter compensation
left
G42 Cutter compensation-
right
G70 Inch format
G71 Metric format
G74 Full-circle programming
off
G75 Full-circle programming
on
G80 Fixed-cycle cancel
G81-G89 Fixed cycles
G90 Absolute dimensions
G91 Incremental dimensions
109
Modal G-Codes


Most G-codes set the machine in a mode
which stays in effect until it is changed or
cancelled by another G-code. These
commands are called modal.

110
Modal G-Code List
G00 Rapid Transverse
G01 Linear Interpolation
G02 Circular Interpolation, CW
G03 Circular Interpolation,
CCW
G17 XY Plane
G18 XZ Plane
G19 YZ Plane
G20/G70 Inch units
G21/G71 Metric Units
G40 Cutter compensation
cancel
G41 Cutter compensation left
G42 Cutter compensation right
G43 Tool length compensation
(plus)
G43 Tool length
compensation (plus)
G44 Tool length
compensation (minus)
G49 Tool length
compensation cancel
G80 Cancel canned cycles
G81 Drilling cycle
G82 Counter boring cycle
G83 Deep hole drilling cycle
G90 Absolute positioning
G91 Incremental positioning
111
M Codes
M00 Program stop
M01 Optional program stop
M02 Program end
M03 Spindle on clockwise
M04 Spindle on counterclockwise
M05 Spindle stop
M06 Tool change
M08 Coolant on
M09 Coolant off
M10 Clamps on
M11 Clamps off
M30 Program stop, reset to start
112
N Codes
Gives an identifying number for each block
of information.

It is generally good practice to increment
each block number by 5 or 10 to allow
additional blocks to be inserted if future
changes are required.

113
X,Y, and Z Codes
X, Y, and Z codes are used to specify the
coordinate axis.
Number following the code defines the
coordinate at the end of the move relative
to an incremental or absolute reference
point.

114
I,J, and K Codes
I, J, and K codes are used to specify the
coordinate axis when defining the center
of a circle.

Number following the code defines the
respective coordinate for the center of the
circle.

115
F,S, and T Codes
F-code: used to specify the feed rate

S-code: used to specify the spindle speed

T-code: used to specify the tool
identification number associated with the
tool to be used in subsequent operations.

116
Application of Some Codes
G01 Linear Interpolation
Format: N_ G01 X_ Y_ Z_ F_

Linear Interpolation results in a straight
line feed move.

Unless tool compensation is used, the
coordinates are associated with the
centerline of the tool.

117
Application of Some Codes
G01 Linear Interpolation
. As an example, for the motion that occurs in x-
y plane with the same maximum speed for the x-
and y-axis, initial motion is at an angle of 45o to
the axes until motion in one of

the axes is completed and then the balance of
the motion occurs in the other axis. This is called
point-to-point motion.
118
Application of Some Codes
G01 Linear Interpolation
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0
A
B C
P o s i t i o n i n g m o t i o n f r o m A t o C
N 1 0 G 0 0 X 3 0 0 0 0 Y 2 0 0 0 0 F 0
119
Application of Some Codes
G01 Linear Interpolation
G01 is another preparatory function to specify
that the tool should be moved to a specified
location along a straight line path. It is referred
to as linear interpolation.

This function is typically used to specify
machining of straight features such as turning
a cylindrical surface in turning, cutting a slot in
milling, etc.
120
Application of Some Codes
G01 Linear Interpolation
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0
A
C
L i n e a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n f r o m A t o C
N 1 0 G 0 1 X 3 0 0 0 0 Y 2 0 0 0 0 F 2 5 0 0
121
N10 G00 X1 Z1
N15 Z0.1
N20 G01 Z-0.125 F5
N25 X2 Z2 F10

G01 Linear Interpolation
X
Z
122
G02 Circular Interpolation
G02 is also a preparatory function to specify that
the tool should be moved to a specified location
along a circular path in a clockwise direction. In
order to specify the path to the MCU, the end
point of the arc and the location of the center of
the arc should be specified. Within the block in
which the G02 code is programmed, the center
of the arc is given by specifying its location
relative to the start of the arc.
123
G02 Circular Interpolation (CW)
The G02 command requires
an endpoint and a radius in
order to cut the arc.
I,J, and K are relative to the
start point.

N_ G02 X2 Y1 I0 J-1 F10
or
N_ G02 X2 Y1 R1


124
G02 Circular Interpolation (CW)
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0
C
C
C i r c u l a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n f r o m A t o B
a b o u t a c i r c l e c e n t e r e d a t C
N 1 0 G 0 2 X 2 0 0 0 0 Y 1 0 0 0 0
I 5 0 0 0 J 1 5 0 0 0 F 2 5 0 0
A
B
I = 5
J = 1 5
125
The sequence of some machining operations is may
be the same for any part and for any machine. For
example, drilling a hole involves the following steps:

Position the tool above the point where the hole will be
drilled

Set the correct spindle speed

Feed the tool into the workpiece at a controlled feed
rate to a predetermined depth

Retract the tool at a rapid rate to just above the point
where the hole started
Canned Cycles
126
Some Commonly Used Canned Cycle
Code Function Down feed At bottom Retracti
on

G81 Drilling Continuous
feed
No action Rapid

G82 Spot face,
counterbore
Continuous
feed
Dwell Rapid

G83 Deep hole drilling Peck No action Rapid

G84 Tapping Continuous
feed
Reverse
spindle
Feed
rate

G85 Through boring(in
& out)
Continuous
feed
No action Feed
rate

G86 Through boring(in
only)
Continuous
feed
Stop
spindle
Rapid

127
G81 ILLUSTRATION
128
Three Main parts of a CNC
program
N5 G90 G21 (Absolute units, metric)

N10 M06 T2 (Stop for tool change, use
tool # 2)
N15 M03 S1200 (Turn the spindle on CW to
1200 rpm)
Part 1- Program Petup
129
Three Main parts of a CNC
program
N20 G00 X1 Y1 (Rapid to X1,Y1 from origin
point)
N25 Z0.125 (Rapid down to Z0.125)
N30 G01 Z-0.125 F100 (Feed down to Z-0.125 at
100 mm/min)
N35 G01 X2 Y2 (Feed diagonally to X2,Y2)
N40 G00 Z1 (Rapid up to Z1)
N45 X0 Y0 (Rapid to X0,Y0)
Part 2- Chip Removal
130
Three Main parts of a CNC
program
N50 M05 (Turn the spindle off)

N55 M00 (Program stop)

Part 3- System Shutdown
131
EXAMPLE OPERATION on CNC
MILLING MACHINE
132
G-CODE PROGRAM
First pass : conventional mill to
a depth of 0.125 around edge
profile. Tool 1 is a inch dia.
end mill.

%
:1002
N5 G90 G20
N10 M06 T1
N15 M03 S1200
N20 G00 X0.125 Y0.125
N30 Z0.125
N35 G01 Z-0.125 F5
N40 X3.875
N45 Y4.125
N50 X0.125
N55 Y0.125


133
Second pass:
conventional mill to a
depth of 0.25 around
edge profile.

N35 Z-0.250
N40 X3.875
N45 Y4.125
N50 X0.125
N55 Y0.125
N60 Z0.125


134
Third pass:
conventional mill to a
depth of 0.125 around
pocket profile.

N65 G00 X1.25 Y1.0
N70 G01 Z-0.125 F5
N75 X1.75
N80 Y2.5
N85 X1.25
N90 Y1.0
N95 Z0.125


135
Fourth pass: climb
mill to a depth of
0.125 across
remaining material.

N100 Y2.125
N105 X2.625
N110 Z0.125
N115 G00 X-5 Y-5 Z5
N120 M05
N125 M30


136
Advanced features:

Execution of the part of the program in a
rotated or mirrored position.
Ability to scale the program and produce
larger or smaller programs.
Three dimensional circular interpolation
which produces a helical shape.
Parabolic and cubic interpolation.
137
Program Loading:

Through keyboard
Through punched tape reader
Through diskette drive
Through RS 232 serial port
Through network interface card
138
A system in which a central computer
downloads the NC programs block by block
to many NC machine tools simultaneously is
called Direct Numerical Control (DNC)
system.

Direct Numerical Control (DNC):
139
This system used to work with the early NC
machine tools which can not read more than a
block of information at a time. The central
computer feed the program information one
block at a time. When the machine execute the
information, the next block of information would
be fed.

Direct Numerical Control (DNC):
140
Distributed NC is known by the same acronym
as Direct Numerical Control (DNC). After the
introduction of CNC, the machine tools have
had the capability of storing large amount of
information. Therefore, there have been no
need to have drip feed information system, like,
Direct Numerical Control. Instead, Distributed
Numerical Control is introduced. In such a
system, a host computer communicate with
many CNC machine tools via networks and
download or upload programs.
Distributed Numerical Control (DNC):
141
With Distributed Numerical Control systems, it
is possible to monitor the activities in individual
CNC machine tools on host computer.
Therefore, better shop floor control can be
achieved.
Distributed Numerical Control (DNC):
142
NC program preparation may be tedious and
difficult if the part to be machined has a
complex geometry. The main difficulty is to find
out the cutter locations during the machining.
Computers may be used to assist the
programmers in preparing the NC codes.
Computer Aided Part Programming:
143
Advantages of applying computer-aided part
programming include the following:

1. It reduces the manual calculations
involves in determining the geometric
characteristics of the part.
It provides the cutter path simulation.
It provides tool collision checking.
It shortens the program preparation time.
It makes the program preparation easier.
144
The Aerospace Industries Association
sponsored the work that led to the first part
programming language, developed in MIT in
1955.
This was called: Automatically Programmed
Tools (APT).
APT is an English like simple programming
language which basically produce the Cutter
Location (CL) data.
Using the cutter location data, the program can
generate the actual NC codes by using a
postprocessor .
145
The output of any CAD package include the
geometric data of the part to be machined.
Therefore, many CAD/CAM package can
produce cutter location (CL) data to be used for
NC code generation.
There is still to be a process planning module
for a workable NC code generation.
Some of the CAD/CAM packages that have the
NC code generation capabilities are
Computervision, CATIA, CADAM,
ProEngineer, MechanicalDesktop (Auto Desk).
CAD/CAM Based Part Programming: