ME 546

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing

ASME Y14.5M-1994 Standard
History of Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
symbols have been in use since at least the turn
of the century. GDT was especially important
during the Second World War in relation to
extremely high volume production of Liberty
Ships, aircraft, and ground vehicles. The
automotive industry, with its high volumes, has
also benefited from GDT. The American National
Standards Institute publication in 1982 of ANSI
Y14.5M-1982 was a turning point in the rigorous,
unambiguous standardization of the
methodology.
Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing: Why ?
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
(GDT) is a method for precisely defining
the geometry of mechanical parts.
It conveys the product function and design
relationship.
VariabilityMass Production.
Dimensioning
All dimensions either locate or indicate a
size of a feature
Basic dimension: a theoretical dimension
Limits of Size: acceptable amount of variation
allowed on a dimension
Limit Dimensions =
(+/-) Tolerances = .455
.499
.495
+.003
-.002
Tolerance Accumulation
Emphasis is on proper Dimensioning.
Chain Dimensioning: point-to-point dimensioning-all
feature are dimensioned from one another. This
dimension type has the greatest tolerance
accumulation effect.
Base Line: all the dimensions extend from a baseline.
This dimension schema lowers tolerance accumulation
seen by chain dimensioning.
Direct: the utilization of both direct and baseline
Dimensioning is captured here.
GTOL Symbology
The 5 types are:
Form
Orientation
Profile
Runout
Location
Other symbols:
Dimensional values that
require classification via
symbols
Example: DIA. Symbol
Modifying Symbols
Symbols to remember:
MMC
LMC
RFS
Used often in Industry
MMC
Feature Control Frame
A B C .011
M
Position Tolerance Zone Symbol
Tolerance Zone Shape
Tolerance Zone Size
Material Condition Modifier
Primary Datum
M
Secondary Datum
Datum Material Condition Modifier
Tertiary Datum
All Geometric Tolerances are specified in a FCF.
Datum
What is a datum?
A datum is the origin from which the
location or geometric shape of features of
a part are established.
It is a theoretically perfect point, line or
plane.
Tolerance specifications will reference
these datum's.
Datum Reference Frame
Positioning the part with relation to three
mutually perpendicular planes: the datum
reference frame.
This reference frame exist in theory only
In some cases a single datum may be
sufficient
Datum Reference Frame
Datum Simulation
Theoretical
Datum simulation is required since
fabrication and inspection operations
must be made in relationship to the
specified datum
Features of Size
Features of size are often classified as
datum features.
Examples are: holes, slots, tabs and
shafts
Placement of a datum feature symbol with
a size dimension indicates that the feature
of size is a datum feature
External Feature (Datum Call-Out)
Internal Feature (Datum Call-Out)
Material Condition Modifiers
Material condition modifiers influence tolerance
zone sizes
Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)
The specified tolerance value is to remain constant
regardless of the size of the toleranced part.
The tolerance zone does not change
RFS is typically used for applications where holes
have zero clearance or press fits.
Maximum Material Condition
(MMC)
Definition: MMC is the condition in which a feature of
size contains the maximum amount of material within the
stated terms of the size.
For external features we add the tolerance
For internal feature we subtract the tolerance
MMC is used for clearance hole applications.
For example: As my hole size increases my positional
tolerance increases.
Bonus Tolerance
Least Material Condition (LMC)
Definition: LMC is the condition in which a
feature of size contains the least amount of
material within the stated terms of the size.
For external features we subtract the tolerance
For internal feature we add the tolerance
Bonus Tolerance
When departing from the specified
material condition modifier, the positional
tolerance zone size will increase.
.014 .000 .520 (LMC)
.015 .001 .519
.016 .002 .518
.017 .003 .517
.018 .004 .516
.019 .005 .515
.020 .006 .514 (MMC)
Position Tol. Bonus Tol.
Hole Size
Positional Tolerance at LMC
LMC Applied to Boss and Hole
Axes Relation to Tolerance Zone
Virtual Condition
The position resulting from the collective
effects of size and geometric tolerancing
applied to the feature.
Virtual condition for external feature: Tab
MMC + geometric tolerance.
Virtual Condition for Internal feature: Hole
MMC geometric tolerance.
Virtual Condition contd
A virtual condition can be thought of as the
required size for a mating part, assuming
he mating part is perfect.
For a pin with perpendicularity assigned:
VC is the size of a perfect hole that fits
over the pin when the pin is at MMC and is
in the worst permitted orientation.
Virtual Condition Example
If a hole is at .510 dia. (+/- .005) with a tol.
zone dia. of .002 and a pin is at .498 dia.
(+.003/-.006) with a tol zone of .003, will
the pin fit into the hole under virtual
conditions?
Answer_______.
Answer!!!
NO!
Pin: .498 + .003 + .003 = .504 Dia.
Hole: .510 - .005 - .002 = .503 Dia.
Interference fit by .001
Confused?
Any Questions?
There will be a Quiz.
Date: TBD