mica felspar quartz hornlane calsite

colour Brown maroon Glass

white
black white
luster Shine smooth smooth shine smooth
clevage 1 2 0 2 3
hardness <2.5 5.5<f<7 7 5.5<h<7 4.5
Mineral
group
K(!"#e"$l%$lSi3&22(
&'%2
K$lSi3&( Si&2 ()a"*a"#e"
!"$l%Si(&2
2(&'%2
)a)&3
Using hcl no no no no +es
Plutonic Volcanic
Biotite !ranite &bsi,ian
-e!matite -.mice
S+enite Scoria
/iorite Basalt
Gabbro 0h+olite(#elsite%
-eri,otite 0h+olite 1or1h+r+
Glassy Plutonic Volcanic
&bsi,ian Granite 0h+olite
-.mice /iorite $n,esite
2.3 Gabbro Basalt
Fe Mg rich (Si poor !ntermediate Si"#l rich (Fe Mg
poor
Granite /iorite Gabbro
0h+olite $n,esite Basalt
$lastic $hemical %iorganic
)la+ 4 shale 0ock !+1s.m 5ime stone
Silt 4 silt stone
San, 4 san, stone
Gra6el 4 con! lomerate
Igneous Rock Formation
Igneous rock formation can happen when sedimentary rocks are remelted. This takes place at
subduction zones. Subduction zones occur when one of the earth's plates moves under another.
Any sedimentary rocks sitting atop the subducting plate is pulled down. Tremendous heat is
generated as the two plates grind against each other. This heat and the heat of the underlying
magma melts the rock.
Volcanoes are usually present along subduction zones. They allow the heat and energy created by
the grinding plates to escape to the surface of the earth.
hen the magma reaches the surface through volcanoes it cools !uickly" a matter of days or
weeks.hen the magma forms pockets underground it cools much more slowly. This could take
thousands or even millions of years.
The rate at which the magma cools determines the kind of igneous rocks that are formed. #aster
cooling surface lava creates rock that is fine grained or aphanitic. The rapid cooling doesn$t
allow large crystals to form. I addition most of the gasses are driven off into the atmosphere.
The slower cooling that takes place underground allows larger crystal formation. %ranite is an
e&ample of this type of rock formation.
'ther igneous rocks are pumice" scoria" gabbro" basalt" ryolite" dacite" andesite and obsidian.
Sedimentary Rock Formation
Sedimentary rock formation begins with igneous" metamorphic" or other sedimentary rocks.
hen these rocks are e&posed at the earth$s surface they begin the long slow but relentless
process of becoming sedimentary rock.
Weathering
All rocks are sub(ect to weathering. eathering is anything that breaks the rocks into smaller
pieces or sediments. This can happen by the forces of like wind" rain" and freezing water.
Deposition
The sediments that form from these actions are often carried to other places by the wind" running
water" and gravity. As these forces lose energy the sediments settle out of the air or water. As the
settling takes place the rock fragments are graded by size. The larger heavier pieces settle out
first. The smallest fragments travel farther and settle out last. This process of settling out is called
deposition.
Erosion
The combination of weathering and movement of the resulting sediments is called erosion.
Lithification
)ithification is the changing of sediments into rock. There are two processes involved in this
change. They are compaction and cementation.
Compaction
*ompaction occurs after the sediments have been deposited. The weight of the sediments
s!ueezes the particles together. As more and more sediments are deposited the weight on the
sediments below increases. aterborne sediments become so tightly s!ueezed together that most
of the water is pushed out. *ementation happens as dissolved minerals become deposited in the
spaces between the sediments. These minerals act as glue or cement to bind the sediments
together.
The process of sedimentary rock formation takes millions of years to complete only to begin a
new cycle of rock formation.
Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic rocks are one of the three types of rock classifications" the other two being
igneous and sedimentary. +ocks are classified by the processes under which they were formed.
The differences in formation account for variations in the appearance of the rocks and" with some
practice" you can learn to recognize the different types by sight.
,etamorphic +ocks are rocks that have changed form due to heat and pressure. ,etamorphic
comes from the %reek words meta and morph. ,eta means change and morph means form. So
we get metamorphic meaning to change form.
,etamorphic rocks were once sedimentary" igneous or even other metamorphic rocks that have
been changed by heat and pressure.
here are t!o kinds of metamorphism"
Contact metamorphism
Regiona# metamorphism
Contact metamorphism occurs when magma intrudes or forces its way into e&isting rock. The
heat of the magma bakes the surrounding rocks causing them to change. This is a local event.
The changes due to contact metamorphism are relatively small and are said to be low-grade
metamorphism. An e&ample of contact metamorphism is the metamorphic rock marble. ,arble
is created from limestone that has been sub(ected to heat.
Regiona# metamorphism by contrast takes place over large areas and is high-grade
metamorphism. +egional metamorphism is associated with mountain building.
he Causes or $gents of Metamorphism
The causes or agents of metamorphism are heat" pressure" and hydrothermal solution. .ut
where does this heat and pressure come from/ And what is hydrothermal solution/ ell read
on0
The heat and pressure comes from inside the earth. #rom the upper mantle up to within a few
kilometers of the surface of the earth there is a tremendous amount of heat and pressure. This
heat and pressure increase with depth. It is estimated that the temperature increases about 12
o
to
32
o
* per kilometer of depth.
%#ate ectonics $dds &eat $nd %ressure
There is something else that adds to both the heat and pressure" and that is plate tectonics. hen
the plates of the earth collide" they s!ueeze the rocks at the borders with unbelievable force. This
force increases the pressure in this and surrounding areas. #riction is also created by the plates
grinding together. This friction generates enough heat to melt the rocks at the point of contact.
&eat
#or metamorphism to occur energy is needed to fuel the chemical reactions. 4eat is the primary
source of this energy.
%ressure
The pressure within the earth is the result of gravity pulling the crust of the earth downward.)ike
heat" pressure increases with depth. This pressure can actually s!ueeze the spaces out of the
minerals within the rock. This makes the rocks denser. The heat and pressure together cause the
rock to flow instead of break or fracture. The mineral grains become realigned. They flatten out
and get longer.