1. It is the study of rocks, their occurrences, composition, origin and evolution.

Petrology is essentially a
fundamental part of geology. Petrology
2. These are aggregates of one or more mineral. Rocks
3. These are formed from magma, which has originated well below the surface, has ascended towards the surface,
and has crystallized as solid rock either on the surface or deep within the Earth’s crust as its temperature fell.
Igneous rocks
4. These are formed from pre-existing rocks of any type, which have been subjected to increases of temperature or
pressure or both, such that the rocks undergo change. Metamorphic rocks
5. Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of hot and fluid mass of rock called? magma
6. These are discordant bodies that cut across the bedding of country rock. Dykes
7. These are concordant bodies occurring parallel to the bedding planes. sills
8. It is a very large discordant igneous body ranging from tens to hundreds of square kilometres in size. Batholith
9. It is a concordant igneous body that appears crescent shaped at its surface. Phacolith
10. It is an intrusive igneous body that has a concordant relation with the country rock (native rock) and appears like
a dome at its upper part. Laccolith
11. It is an intrusive igneous body that maintains a concordant relationship with the country rock and exhibits
saucer-shaped appearance at the ground. Lopolith
12. Igneous rocks that originate from rapid cooling of lava under surface conditions are called? volcanic rocks
13. The constituent minerals of these rocks are alkali feldspar, quartz, and plagioclase feldspar in abundant amounts
with muscovite, biotite, and amphibole in subordinate amounts. Acidic igneous rocks
14. Minerals such as plagioclase feldspars are abundantly present in these rocks with biotite and amphibole in
smaller amounts. Intermediate igneous rocks
15. In these rocks, the silica content is less than 52 per cent (quartz is absent) and the rocks contain mostly
plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene with olivine. Basic igneous rocks
16. In this type, the silica content is less than 45 per cent and the minerals are mainly olivine and pyroxene.
Ultrabasic igneous rocks
17. If the crystals are not well developed, the rock is fine-grained, and if the ground mass is glassy in nature, it is said
to have an ________ texture. aphanitic
18. If the rock exhibits grains in the form of large crystals, it has __________ texture. pheneric
19. The arrangement of feldspar in a basaltic rock is called __________ texture. ophitic
20. The texture is termed _________ when large crystals called phenocrysts are embedded in a finegrained matrix.
porphyry
21. Granitic rock in which feldspar is abundant is called? monzonite
22. It occurs as a vein or dyke or as a large rock body intrusive into granite. Pegmatite
23. This rock is of deep-seated (plutonic) origin containing intermediate silica content and is high in alkali. Syenite
24. It consists essentially of plagioclase feldspar and ferromagnesian minerals such as biotite and hornblende or
pyroxene. Diorite
25. If the hypersthene content in gabbro exceeds that of augite, it is called? norite
26. If the mineral contents in gabbro are essentially plagioclase and labradorite with very little augite, the rock is?
anorthosite
27. It is similar to diorite in appearance but contains larger amounts of ferromagnesian minerals. Gabbro
28. It originates from moderate depth and occurs as dyke, being an intrusive body in country rocks. Dolerite
29. The product of weathering of basalt is __________, which is widely used in engineering constructions of road
and buildings. laterite
30. These are derived from pre-existing igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rocks
31. The most prominent primary structure of sedimentary rocks is? bedding
32. The maximum initial dip of a bed formed by deposition of the sediments on an inclined surface is about? 45°
33. These are the most dominant type of sedimentary rocks. Sandstones
34. This may originate from sediments derived from plutonic and metamorphic rocks and sometimes from detrital
matters of a sedimentary terrain. Greywacke
35. It contains 90 per cent or more of quartz sand. Orthoquartzite
36. It is light grey to pale pink in colour and consists of coarse and angular grains of quartz and feldspar nearly in
equal proportion. Arkose
37. It has a gritty feel, which is an identifying character in a hand specimen. Siltstone
38. It is a soft sedimentary rock with thin layering or lamination along which it breaks easily. Shale
39. The easily breakable characteristic of shale is called? fissility
40. This rock is formed from the consolidation of rounded boulders with siliceous, calcareous, or argillaceous type of
cementing materials. Conglomerate
41. When the majority of boulders in a sedimentary deposit are angular and uneven, the rock is termed? breccia
42. When boulders in large numbers remain embedded in clay, the resulted deposit is called? tillite
43. It is a variety of limestone consisting of spherical concretions. Oolite
44. When the carbonate rock is mixed with a large percentage of clay, it is called? marl
45. A metamorphic rock may show remnants of the earlier rocks from which it has been formed under pressure–
temperature conditions; such a rock is called? xenolith
46. country rocks react with intrusive igneous bodies causing changes in the surrounding rocks as a result of the
heat generated from intrusion or injection of magmatic fluids. contact metamorphism
47. This causes splits in rocks and hence has an important bearing in engineering geology related to metamorphic
rocks. Foliation
48. metamorphic rocks are classified into the following types: Slate, Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss, and Migmatite
49. In thermal or contact metamorphism, when granite intrudes a rock with silty and clayey composition, it forms a
rock which is hard and splintery called? hornfels
50. If the minerals are platy or columnar, their parallel orientation by regional metamorphism results in the texture
called? schistosity
51. Some minerals such as garnets have high strength of crystallization and develop large crystals, called?
porphyroblasts
52. This is a very hard rock and is suited for foundation of engineering structures. gneiss
53. These rocks are named according to the presence of the flaky or platy minerals. Schist
54. This is a hard rock and is suited for foundation. Slate
55. The rock is very hard and splits into sharp edges. Quartzite
56. It possesses good strength and durability and is resistant to meteoric weathering, but it is slightly susceptible to
chemical erosion. Marble