Strength of Materials:

Lecture 1

1-Refrences:

Introduction to Mechanics of Solid, By: E. Popov
Elements of Strength of Materials, By: Timishinko
Strength of Materials, By: Singer



2-Units:


British Metric S.I.

1. Force Ib, kip, Ton g, kg, N, kN

1 kip =1000 Ib 1 kg =1000 g 1 kN =1000 N
1 ton =2240 Ib Ton =1000 kg 1 kg = 10 N

2. Long in, ft m, cm, mm m, cm, mm

1 f =12 in 1 m =100 cm 1 m =100 cm
1 cm =10 mm 1 cm =10 mm
1 m =1000 mm 1 m =1000 mm
1 in =2.54 cm 1 in =2.54 cm

3. Stress psi, ksi Pa (
2
mm
N
), MPa, GPa
2
in
p
,
2
in
kip


MPa =10
6
Pa =10
6
N/mm
2

2
2
2
1000
1
m
mm

MPa =
2
mm
N

GPa =10
9
Pa =10
9
N/mm
2

2
2
2
1000
1
m
mm
=10
3
2
mm
N

kN
N
1000
1

GPa =kN/mm
2



1
Strength of Materials:
Lecture 2

1-Axial Force, Shear Force, and Bending Moment Diagrams:










The three components of
moment which can occur
at a section of a member
act around the three
coordinate axes Fig. (c).
The positive sense of the
force components on the
cut section viewed toward
the origin coincides with
the positive direction of the
coordinate axes as shown
in Fig. (b).
The quantities shown in
Fig.(c) will be represented
alternatively by double
headed vectors as in fig.
(d). The sense of these
vectors follows the right-
hand screw rule.
*Mx is the torque = T











For planar problems the notation for
and the diagrammatic representation
of the forces components are shown in
Fig. (e and f).
















Side view of forces acts on the body;
P (axial force), V (shear force), and the
M (moment).
7
From the drawing shown before (P = F):
Fx: Axial Force (normal or direct stress) =
A
P
--- (1)
Fy, Fz: Shear Force (shear force) =
It
VQ
--- (2)
Mx: Twisting Moment or Torsion T =
J
R . T
--- (3)
My, Mz: Bending Moment =
I
c M
--- (4)













Q
Q


a) Axial Force b) Shear Force c) Torsion Force





P



d) Bending Moment



Sign Conventions:

1) SHEAR is considered Positive at section when it tends to Rotate the portion
of the beam. In The Clock Wise Direction about an axis through @ point in
side the force and normal to the plane of loading, otherwise it is negative.

For concreteness consider a beam, such as shown in Fig. (1-a). Any part of this
beam to either side of an imaginary cut, as (1-1), which is made perpendicular to the
x-axis of the member, can treated as a free body.

8


Simply supported beam with
Concentrated force in the middle.





To maintain a segment of a beam
such as shown in Fig. (1-b) in equilibrium
there must be an internal vertical force
Fy at the cut to satisfy the equation

= 0 Fy . This force is called;

"Shear force, v". The shear is numerically
equal to the algebraic sum of all the
vertical components of the external
forces the external forces acting on the
isolated segment, but it opposite in
direction.

By apply: +

= 0 Fy

Fy = P/2
















Figure (1) Simply Supported Beam

P/2
X
Fx
Fy
Mz
(b) Section 1-1
P/2
X
Fy =V
(c)
v
v
(+ v) Shear
v
v
(- v) Shear
L/2 L/2
X
Y
1
1
P
X Z
P/2 P/2
(a)
2
2

Assumption
9
P
P/2 P/2
V V
(d) Section 2-2
2) BENDING MOMENT is considered Positive at section when it tends to bend the
member Con @ + ve upward; otherwise it is negative.





















1
1
P
P/2 P/2
+ M + M
( + ) Moment
Ex1:










3) AXIAL FORCE



T=Tension (+), Increase in LENGTH



C = Compression (-), decrease in LENGTH


+M -M
- M -M
( - ) Moment
P P
1
1
-M
T T
C C
10
1- Methods of Sections


Ex2: Draw A.F., S.F & B.M. Diagrams?

3 m 2 m
4
3
10 kN
A
+

--- (1) = 0 Fx

RAX -6 =0
RAX = 6 kN
B

+ --- (2)

= 0 A M

8 3 RBY 5 = 0
RBY = 4.8 kN


10 kN
104/5 = 8 kN
+

--- (3) = 0 Fy

+ RAY - 8 + 4.8 = 0
RAY = 3.2 kN



For Section 1-1: (0 X 3)










+

= 0 Fx

6- N1 = 0 N1= 6 kN


+

= 0 Fy

+ 3.2 V1 = 0 V1= 3.2 kN


N1
3.2 kN
6 kN
V1
M1
1
1
X
3 m 2 m
4
3
1
RAx = 103/5 = 6 kN
6 kN
A B
RAY =
3.2 kN
RBY =
4.8 kN

A.S.F.
1
2
X
2
- 6 kN
Constant
+

3.2kN S.F.D.
-4.8kN
Linear 1st Degree
+9.6kN
B.M.D.
+ +
11
+

= 0 A M

+ 3.2 * X M1 = 0 M = + 3.2X kN Variable to X-1
st
Degree



For Section 2-2: (3 X 5)
12



+

= 0 Fx

6-6- N2 = 0 N2= 0


+

= 0 Fy

+ 3.2 8 +V2 = 0 V2= 4.8 kN


+

= 0 A M

+ 3.2 * X2 8 (X2 3) M2 = 0 M2 = - 4.8X2 +24


Just for Checking:

Where X = 5m M = - 4.8 5 +24 = 0

Where X = 3m M = - 4.8 3 +24 = 9.6




Note: V
dx
dM
= , P
dx
dV
=








N2
3.2 kN
6 kN
V2
M2
2
2
8 kN
6 kN
3
X
3-Supports Reactions:


1-One Reaction Supports (Roller Supports):




Signs used to represent the ROLLER support



The Roller or a Link is capable of
resisting a force in only one specific
line of action.












One Reaction Supports (Link Supports)







A




R
A

R
A



2
2-Two Reaction Supports (Hinge Supports):




Signs used to represent the HING support









A Pinned support is capable of resisting a force, the
reaction at such a support may have two components
one in the horizontal and one in the vertical direction.

Two Reaction Supports (2-Link Supports)

Link

Rx

Link




Ry

3-Three Reaction Supports (Fixed Supports):


The third support is a Fixed support,
Three forces can exist at such support
Two components of forces and
a moment, the physical such a suport
is obtained by building a beam into
a brick wall


3
Ex1:


10 kN 10 kN 10 kN 10 kN











R1 +R2 +R3 +M =4 UKNOWNS >3 EQUATIONS THEN (Intermediate)


Ex2:



Ry =10-10
Ry = 0

Rx = 0

M =20 +103 -105
M = 0





4-Classification of Beams:

1) Simple Beam









2) Cantilever Beam
2 m 3 m 4 m
M
R3
R2 R1 9 m
10 kN 10 kN
1.5 m 1.5 m 2 m
20 kN
Ry =0
Rx =0
M =0
4










3) Simple Beam with Overhanging OR "Overhanging Beam"












4) Compound Beam




Moment at (Internal Hinge) = ZERO













5) Indeterminate Beam
R4
R5 R6
R1 R2
R3
R7
R3 R4
M =0
5



3 3

6



3 1









Calculations of Beam Reactions


Ex3:



--- (1) 0 =

x F
RAx =0


+ --- (2)

= 0 @A M

250 +80 2.5 +80 3.75 RB 5 =0

RBy =+135 N


--- (3) 0 =

Fy

RAy =-5 N RAy =5 N

1 1 1 2
1.25 m 1.25 m 1.25 m 1.25 m
80 N 50 N 250 N
A
B
RAy RBy
RAx

RAy
4 > 3
6 > 3
5 > 3
Note: The number of equations for a
suppose structure at the x-y plane are
(3) equations.

0 =

x F 0 =

Fy

= 0 axis - x @ M , ,