Electrical Machines I Prof. Krishna Vasudevan, Prof. G. Sridhara Rao, Prof. P.

Sasidhara Rao








Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6 Phasor diagrams
r
1
R
c
jX
m V
1
I
o
Z

L V

2
jx
l1
jx
l2
r
2
I
c I
m
I
1
(a)
r
1
I
o
Z

L
jxl1
jx

l2
r

2
I

2 I
1
I
c I
m
jxm
R
c
V
1
V
2
V

2
V
1
I
1
R
jX
I

2
R=r
1
+r

2
x=x
l1
+x
l2
I
1
=I

2
(b) (c)
Figure 16: Exact,approximate and simplied equivalent circuits
The resulting equivalent circuit as shown in Fig. 16 is known as the exact
equivalent circuit. This circuit can be used for the analysis of the behavior of the transform-
ers. As the no-load current is less than 1% of the load current a simplied circuit known
as approximate equivalent circuit (see Fig. 16(b)) is usually used, which may be further
41
Electrical Machines I Prof. Krishna Vasudevan, Prof. G. Sridhara Rao, Prof. P. Sasidhara Rao








Indian Institute of Technology Madras

simplied to the one shown in Fig. 16(c).
On similar lines to the ideal transformer the phasor diagram of operation can be
drawn for a practical transformer also. The positions of the current and induced emf phasor
are not known uniquely if we start from the phasor V
1
. Hence it is assumed that the phasor
is known. The E
1
and E
2
phasor are then uniquely known. Now, the magnetizing and loss
components of the currents can be easily represented. Once I
0
is known, the drop that takes
place in the primary resistance and series reactance can be obtained which when added to
E
1
gives uniquely the position of V
1
which satises all other parameters. This is represented
in Fig. 17(a) as phasor diagram on no-load.
Next we proceed to draw the phasor diagram corresponding to a loaded transformer.
The position of the E
2
vector is known from the ux phasor. Magnitude of I
2
and the load
power factor angle
2
are assumed to be known. But the angle
2
is dened with respect
to the terminal voltage V
2
and not E
2
. By trial and error the position of I
2
and V
2
are
determined. V
2
should also satisfy the Kirchos equation for the secondary. Rest of the
construction of the phasor diagram then becomes routine. The equivalent primary current
I

2
is added vectorially to I
0
to yield I
1
. I
1
(r
1
+jx
l1
)is added to E
1
to yield V
1
. This is shown
in g. 17(b) as phasor diagram for a loaded transformer.
42
Electrical Machines I Prof. Krishna Vasudevan, Prof. G. Sridhara Rao, Prof. P. Sasidhara Rao








Indian Institute of Technology Madras

V
1
E
1
I
o
X
l1
I
o
r
1
I
o
I
m
I
l

E
2
(a)No-load
V
1
E
1
I
1
X
l1
I
1
r
1
I
o
I

2
I
l

E
2
V
2
I
2
I2x2
I2r2
(b)On-load
Figure 17: Phasor Diagram of a Practical Transformer
43