Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 1 of 8

Title

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005
CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by Christian Mller Date June 2005
Example: Determination of loads on a building
envelope
This worked example explains the procedure of determination of loads on a
portal frame building. Two types of actions are considered: wind actions
and snow actions.

30,00
5
,
9
8
8

[m]
7
,2
0
7
,
3
0
7
2
,0
0


Basic data
Total length : b =72,00 m
Spacing: s =7,20 m
Bay width : d =30,00 m
Height (max): h =7,30 m
Roof slope: =5,0

Height above ground:
h =7,30 m
=5
leads to:
h =7,30 15 tan 5 =5,988 m

Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 2 of 8
Title

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005
CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by Christian Mller Date June 2005
1 Wind loads

Basic values
Determination of basic wind velocity:
v
b
=c
dir
c
season
v
b,0

Where: v
b
basic wind velocity
c
dir
directional factor
c
season
seasonal factor
v
b,0
fundamental value of the basic wind velocity




EN 1991-1-4
4.2



Fundamental value of the basic wind velocity (see European windmap):
v
b,0
=26 m/s (for Aachen - Germany)

Terrain category II z
0
=0,05 m
z >z
min


v
b
=c
dir
c
season
v
b,0
=26 m/s
For simplification the directional factor c
dir
and the seasonal factor c
season
are
in general equal to 1,0.



EN 1991-1-4
4.3.2
Table 4.1
Basic velocity pressure

2
b air b
2
1
v q =
where: 25 , 1
air
= kg/m (air density)
5 , 422 26 25 , 1
2
1
2
b
= = q N/m

EN 1991-1-4
4.5
eq. 4.10
Peak pressure
[ ]
2
m v p
(z)
2
1
(z) 7 1 (z) v l q + =
Calculation of v
m
(z)
v
m
(z) mean wind velocity
v
m
(z) =c
r
(z) c
o
(z) v
b


EN 1991-1-4
4.5, eq. 4.8
Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 3 of 8
Title

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005
CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by Christian Mller Date June 2005
Where: c
o
(z) is the orography factor
c
r
(z) is the roughness factor

max min
0
T r
for ln (z) z z z
z
z
k c

=

min min r r
for ) ( (z) z z z c c =

Where: z
0
is the roughness length
k
T
is the terrain factor, depending on the roughness length z
0

calculated using

07 , 0
II 0,
0
T
19 , 0

=
z
z
k
Where: z
0,II
=0,05 (terrain category II)
z
min
is the minimumheight
z
max
is to be taken as 200 m





EN 1991-1-4
4.3.2
Table 4.1
Calculation of l
v
(z)
l
v
(z) turbulence intensity

min min v v
max min
0 o
I
v
for ) (
for
) / ln( ) (
z z z l l
z z z
z z z c
k
l
< =

=

Where: k
I
is the turbulence factor recommended value for k
I
is 1,0
z =7,30 m
so: z
min
<z <z
max
( )
4 4 3 4 4 2 1
43 42 1
4 4 4 3 4 4 4 2 1
profile wind
pressure basic
factor gust squared
z z k v
z z z c
k
q ) / ln(
2
1
) / ln( ) (
7
1 (z)
0 T
2
b
0 o
I
p

+ =


EN 1991-1-4
4.4 eq. 4.7
Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 4 of 8
Title

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005
CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by Christian Mller Date June 2005

2
07 0
2
p
) 05 , 0 / 30 7 ( ln
05 0
05 0
19 0
26 25 1
2
1
) 05 0 30 7 ( ln
7
1 ) 30 7 (

+ =
,
,
,
,
,
, / ,
, q
,

911 , 0 10 947 , 0 5 , 422
) 05 0 30 7 ( ln
7
1
3 2
=

+ =

, / ,
kN/m

Wind pressure on surfaces
(pressure coefficients for internal frame)
A positive wind load stands for pressure whereas a negative wind load
indicates suction on the surface. This definition applies for the external wind
action as well as for the internal wind action.
EN 1991-1-4
7.2
External pressure coefficients
The wind pressure acting on the external surfaces, w
e
should be obtained from
the following expression:
w
e
=q
p
(z
e
) c
pe

where: z
e
is the reference height for the external pressure
c
pe
is the pressure coefficient for the external pressure
depending on the size of the loaded area A.
=c
pe,10
because the loaded area A for the structure is larger
than 10 m


EN 1991-1-4
5.2 eq. 5.1


a) vertical walls
for 25 , 0 24 , 0
00 , 30
30 , 7
= =
d
h

D: c
pe
=0,7
E: c
pe
=- 0,3

EN 1991-1-4
7.2
Table 7.1
Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 5 of 8
Title

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005
CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by Christian Mller Date June 2005
b) duopitch roofs
with =5,0,
=0 (wind direction)
e =min (b; 2h)
=min (72,00; 14,60)
=14,60 m

G: c
pe
=- 1,2
H: c
pe
=- 0,6
I: c
pe
=- 0,6
J : c
pe
=0,2 / - 0,6
c
pe
=- 0,6
(see Table 7.4a , Note 1)

1) upwind face
2) downwind face

EN 1991-1-4
7.2
Table 7.4a
External pressure coefficients c
pe
(for zone D, E, G, H, I and J ):
I: =-0,6
J : =-0,6 H: =-0,6
G: =-1,2
E: =-0,3 D: =0,7
c
c c
c
c c
pe
pe pe
pe
pe pe


Internal pressure coefficient
The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure, w
i
should be
obtained from the following expression
w
i
=q
p
(z
i
) c
pi

where: z
i
is the reference height for the internal pressure
c
pi
is the pressure coefficient for the internal pressure
EN 1991-1-4
5.2 eq.5.2

Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 6 of 8
Title

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005
CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by Christian Mller Date June 2005
The internal pressure coefficient depends on the size and distribution of the
openings in the building envelope.
Within this example it is not possible to estimate the permeability and
opening ratio of the building. So c
pi
should be taken as the more onerous of
+0,2 and 0,3. In this case c
pi
is unfavorable when c
pi
is taken to +0,2.


EN 1991-1-4
7.2.9 (6)
Note 2
Wind loads
The wind loadings per unit length w (in kN/m) for an internal frame are
calculated using the influence width (spacing) s =7,20 m:
w =(c
pe
+c
pi
) q
p
s
Internal and external pressures are considered to act at the same time. The
worst combination of external and internal pressures are to be considered for
every combination of possible openings and other leakage paths.




EN 1991-1-4
7.2.9
Characteristic values for wind loading in [kN/m] for an internal frame:
- zones D, E, G, H, I and J
D: =4,59 E: =3,28
I: =5,25
J : =5,25 H: =5,25
G: =9,18
w w
w
w w
w
30,00
e/10 =1,46 1,46
7
,
3
0
[m]


Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 7 of 8
Title

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005
CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by Christian Mller Date June 2005
2 Snow loads
General
Snow loads on the roof should be determined as follows:
s =
i
c
e
c
z
s
k
where:
i
is the roof shape coefficient
c
e
is the exposure coefficient, usually taken as 1,0
c
t
is the thermal coefficient, set to 1,0 for normal situations
s
k
is the characteristic value of ground snow load for the
relevant altitude



EN 1991-1-3
5.2.2 eq.5.1
Roof shape coefficient
Shape coefficients are needed for an adjustment of the ground snow load to a
snow load on the roof taking into account effects caused by non-drifted and
drifted snow load arrangements.
The roof shape coefficient depends on the roof angle.
30 0
1
=0,8



EN 1991-1-3
5.3
Table 5.1
Snow load on the ground
The characteristic value depends on the climatic region.
For a site in Aachen (Germany) the following expression is relevant:
( )

+ =
2
k
256
1 002 , 0 2 264 , 0
A
s kN/m
Where: z is the zone number (depending on the snow load on sea
level), here: z =2
A is the altitude above sea level, here A =175 m
( ) 772 , 0
256
175
1 002 , 0 2 264 , 0
2
k
=

+ = s kN/m



EN 1991-1-3
Annex C
Table C1
Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 8 of 8
Title

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005
CALCULATION SHEET

Checked by Christian Mller Date June 2005
Snow load on the roof
s =0,8 1,0 1,0 0,772 =0,618 kN/m
spacing =7,20 m
for an internal frame:
s =0,618 7,20 =4,45 kN/m

7
,
3
0
30,00
s =4,45 kN/m
[m]