Theory of Plates

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Theory of Plates
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
Theory of Plates
Introduction
When a body is bounded by surfaces, flat
in geometry, whose lateral dimensions are
large compared to the separation between
the surfaces is called a PLATE
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Plates are initially flat structural elements
Introduction
Plates are subjected to transverse loads loads
normal to its mid-surface
Transverse loads supported by combined bending
and shear action
Plates may be subjected to in-plane loading also
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Plates may be subjected to in-plane loading also
=> uniform stress distribution => membrane
Membrane action in-plane loading or
pronounced curvature & slope
Plate bending plates mid-surface doesnt
experience appreciable stretching or contraction
In-plane loads cause stretching and/or contraction
of mid-surface
Introduction
Plate stretching
N
x
N
x
x
z
t
Uniform stretching of the plate => u
o
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Uniform stretching of the plate => u
o
q
Axial deformation due to transverse load
Net deformation = Algebraic sum of uniform stretching
and axial deformation due to bending load
Introduction
For plates -
Thin & thick plates
Thin plate => b = smallest side
Thick plate =>
b t 20 <
b t 20 >
2000
1
10
1

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Small deflections
Thin plate theory Kirchoffs Classical
Plate Theory (KCPT)
Thick plate theory Reissner Mindlin
Plate Theory (MPT)
5
t
w
KCPT - Assumptions
Assumptions
Thickness is much smaller than the other physical
dimensions
vertical deflection w(x, y, z) = w(x, y)
Displacements u, v & w are small compared to
plate thickness
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6
plate thickness
Governing equations are derived based on undeformed
geometry
In plane strains are small compared to unity
consider only linear strains
Normal stresses in transverse direction are small
compared with other stresses neglected
KCPT - Assumptions
Material linear elastic Hookes law holds good
Middle surface remains unstrained during bending
neutral surface
Normals to the middle surface before deformation
remain normal to the same surface after
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7
remain normal to the same surface after
deformation => doesnt imply shear across section
is zero transverse shear strain makes a negligible
contribution to deflections.
Transverse shear strains are negligible
Rotary inertia is neglected
Sign convention
Following sign convention will be followed
z
M
z
z

z
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8
y
x
M
x
M
y
M
z
x

x

y

z
y
Positive moments Positive rotations
Bending deformations
y
z
D
Bending takes
place in both planes
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9
x
A
B
z
x
A
B
A
B
View D
Rotation =>
y
Bending deformations
Deformation in x direction
Deformation in y direction
( ) y x z z y x u
y
, ) , , ( =
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Deformation in y direction
Vertical deformation
( ) y x z z y x v
x
, ) , , ( =
) , ( y x w w =
Strains
Assumption out of plane shear strain -
negligible
w w
x
w
z
u
xz

=
= 0
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11
y
w
y
w
y
w
z
v
x
w
x
w
x x yz
yz
y y xz
= => =
+ = =>
=
= => =
+ = =>

0
0
0
Strains
Non-zero strains
w v
x
w
z
x
z
x
u
y
xx

=
2
2
2
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12
y x
w
z
x
v
y
u
y
w
z
y
z
y
v
xy
x
yy

=
2
2
2
2

Stresses
Thin plate out of plane shear strains vanish out
of plane shear stresses also vanish
0 , 0 = =
yz xz

z
xz
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Out of plane normal stress is also assumed to be
zero logical thin structure plane stress
conditions
y
yz
yz
x
xz
xz
Stresses
Non-zero stress components
y
z
xx
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14
x
yy
yy
xx
xy
xy
All three stress components,
xx
,
yy
,
xy
in-plane
Curvatures
Curvature reciprocal of radius of bending
Rate of change of slope
z
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15
R
x
dx
x
w
w*
dx
y
dx
x
w
x
w
y
= = = - rotation slope
xx
y
x
w
x

=
2
2
curvatue
Curvatures
Similarly bending in yz plane introduces a
curvature
2
2
y
w
yy
=
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Twisting of plate
y
y x
w
xy

=
2
2
Constitutive law
Linear elastic isotropic Hookean material
Three stress and strain components
=
E E
yy
xx
xx
Writing all three equations in
matrix form
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( )

+ = =
=
=
1 2
E G
E E
E E
xy xy
xy
xx
yy
yy
xx
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx
E
E
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1
) 1 ( 2 0 0
0 1
0 1
1
2
Constitutive law
Express strains in terms of curvatures
(
(
(
(
y
w
x
w
Ez
yy
xx
2
2
2
2
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1

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18
(
(
y x
w
y
xy
2
2
2
1
0 0
1

Variation of stresses across thickness is linear

Basis thin plates plane section remain plane after
bending variation of axial deflection is linear across
thickness strains also vary linearly
Equilibrium equations
Equilibrium of an infinitesimal element
y
z
dx
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19
x
dx
dy
t
*
yz
dx
dy
*
yy
yy
xx
*
xx
xy
*
xy
xy
*
xy
*
xz
*
yz
Forces acting on an infinitesimal
element dx dy dz
y
x
Equilibrium in x direction
| |

=
+ +
dzdx dxdy dydz
dzdx dxdy dydz
yx zx xx
yx zx xx

* * *
0
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|
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ =
dy
y
dz
z
dx
x
yx
yx yx
zx
zx zx
xx
xx xx

*
*
*
Substitute the following equation is
obtained
(1) - 0 =
z y x
xz
xy
xx

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Similarly take equilibrium in y and z directions
(2) - 0 =
z y x
yz yy xy

(3) - 0 =
z y x
zz
yz
xz


Shear stresses
From equation (1) shear stress
xz
can be
computed
Use stress deflection/curvature relations
w Ez w w Ez
2 2 2
(

(
| |

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( )
( ) w
x
Ez
z
y x
w
y x
w
x
w Ez
z
z y x
w Ez
y y
w
x
w Ez
x
xz
xz
xz
2
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
0
1 1
\
|
|
|
\
|

\
|
+
(
+
(
|
|
\
|
Integrate this across thickness to get shear stress

Shear stresses
Integrate from mid plane to top surface of
plate
( ) ( )
\
|
=

1 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
dz z
x
w E
dz
x
w Ez
d
h h
xz

z
z
z = h/2
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( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
|
|
\
|
= =>
|
|
\
|
= =>
(
\
|
=

\

4 1 2
4 1 2
2 1
1 1
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
0
2
h
z
x
w E
z
h
x
w E
z
x
w E
x x
xz
xz
h
z
xz
z
xz
Parabolic variation
Moments
Moment wrt y axis
|
|
\
|
=
= =
=
2
2
2
2
2
1 x
w
x
w Ez
dz z zdF dM
dz dF
xx
xx xx y
xx xx
Neutral plane
z
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24
( )
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
= =>
|
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 12
1
1
1
y
w
x
w Eh
M
dz z
y
w
x
w E
M
y
w
x
w Ez
dM
x x
y
h
h
y
y
x
y
xx
z
dz
dy
dx
Moments
Moment wrt x axis
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
2
2
2
3
) 1 ( 12 y
w
x
w Eh
M
x

Neutral plane
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25
x
y
z
xy z
dz
dy
dx
Twisting moment due to shear
stress
xy
( )
y x
w Eh
M
xy

=
2
2
3
1
) 1 ( 12

) 1 ( 12
2
3

=
Eh
D
Compare with section
modulus of beam
Shear forces
Vertical equilibrium of
plate
z
q
dx
x
Q
Q Q
dx Q dy Q qdxdy dx Q dy Q
x
x x
y x y x
+ =
= + +
*
* *
0
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26
x
y
q
dy
dx
Q
*
x
Q
*
y
Q
y
Q
x
dy
y
Q
Q Q
y
y y
+ =
*
Substitute these and simplify
q
y
Q
x
Q
y
x
=

Shear forces
Shear forces across thickness can be
computed by integrating shear stress across
thickness
dz Q
h
h
yz y
=
2
2
per unit width
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27
y
w
D
y
w Eh
Q
dz
h
z
y
w E
Q
h
z
y
w E
y
h
h
y
yz
h
=
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
) ( ) (
) 1 ( 12
4
) (
) 1 ( 2
4
) (
) 1 ( 2
2 2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Governing equation
Similar expression for Q
x
x
w
D Q
x

=
) (
2
Substitute Q
x
and Q
y
in the following expression vertical
equilibrium
q
Q
Q
y
x
=
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28
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
D
q
w
y x
D
q
w
y
w
x
q w
y
D
y
w
x
D
x
q
y
Q
x
Q
y
x
=
|
|
\
|
=>
=
=>
=
|
|
\
|

+
|
\
|

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
Governing equation
Governing equation
( )
D
q
w
D
q
w
y x
= =>
=
|
|
\
|
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
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29
( )
D
q
D
w
= =>
= =>
4
D
q
y
w
y x
w
x
w
=
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
2
Bi-harmonic equation
Compare with beam equation
Boundary conditions
Well posed problem Governing equations
and boundary conditions
Three basic boundary conditions
Simply supported
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Simply supported
Clamped and
Free edge
Vertical deflection and their derivatives
Simply supported
Simply supported for eg beam => vertical
deflection = 0 and moment = 0
( ) 0 , = y x w
Simply supported
x = const
For edge, x = const
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31
0
2
2
2
2
=
|
|
\
|
=
y
w
x
w
D M
y

Simply supported
x
y
y = const
w = 0 implies second derivative in the
direction tangent to this line is zero
0
2
2
=
x
w
Simply supported
Simply supported condition along edge y =
const
|
|
|
|

+
=
=
2 2
0
w w
D M
w
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32
|
|
\
|
=
2 2
y
w
x
w
D M
x

w = 0 implies second derivative in the
direction tangent to this line is zero
0
2
2
=
y
w
Clamped
Deflection and slope in normal directions
vanish
0
0
=
=
w
w
x = constant
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33
0 =
x
0
0
=
=
y
w
w
y = constant
Free edges
Free edge Free from any external loads
Natural boundary conditions
Bending moment and Shear force vanish
Bending moment
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Bending moment
const y at 0
const at x 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= =
|
|
\
|
=
= =
|
|
\
|
=
y
w
x
w
D M
y
w
x
w
D M
x
y

Free edges
Moment M
xy
and shear forces
M
xy
M
dy
The net force acting on
the face
M
M
M Q
xy
+
=
'
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35
dy
M
xy
dx
M
xy
M
xy
dy
dy
y
M
M
xy
xy
+
dy
y
M
M
xy
xy
+
y
M
Q
M
y
M
M Q
xy
x
xy
xy
xy x
= =>
+
=
'
'
Total shear force,
V
x
= Q
x
+ Q
x

Free edges
Total shear force,
( ) ( )
|
|
\
|
= =>
+ =
x
w
x
D w
x
D V
Q Q V
x
x x x
2
2
2
'
1
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36
( ) ( )
( )
( )
(
=
(
= =>
|
|
= =>
y x
w
y
w
D V
y x
w
x
w
D V
x x
D w
x
D V
y
x
x
2
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
1

Free edges
The forces, V
x
and V
y
=> reduced, or
Kirchoffs or effective shear forces
In case of a free edge,
3 3
(

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37
( )
( ) const y at 0 2
const at x 0 2
2
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
= =
(
=
= =
(
=
y x
w
y
w
D V
y x
w
x
w
D V
y
x

Bending of plates
Governing equation of plate rectangular
plate bending
( )
D
q
w =
2 2
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Solution to this equation product of two
functions Assume
w= vertical deflection = w(x, y)
external loading, q = q(x, y)
( ) ( ) ( ) y G x F y x w w = = ,
Bending of plates
Choice of functions algebraic,
trigonometric, hyperbolic etc or
combination of these function
Selection of a function depends on
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39
Selection of a function depends on
boundary conditions
Simply supported edges trigonometric
function Navier solution
Deflection of a plate can be written as sum
of infinite trigonometric functions
Bending of plates
Edges, x = 0 and x = a simply supported
Vertical deflection vanish
w(x=0, y)=0, w(x=a, y)=0
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40
x
y
x = 0
x = a
SS
SS
Possible form of solution
( )

\
|
=
m
m
a
x m
F x F

sin

F
1
, F
2
,.F
are coefficients
Symmetric loading wrt x = a/2
Maximum deflection at x = a/2
Bending of plates
Other edges simply supported
y = b
SS
Vertical deflection vanish
w(x, y=0)=0, w(x, y=b)=0
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41
x
y
x = 0,
y = 0
x = a
SS
SS
SS
Possible form of solution
( )

\
|
=
n
n
b
y n
G y G

sin

G
1
, G
2
,.G
are coefficients
Selection of functions based on BCs
Bending of plates
Final solution,
( )
( )
b
y n
a
x m
G F y x w
m n
n m

sin sin ,

|
\
|
|
\
|
=

r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
42
( )
b
n
a
m
y x w y x w
n m
n
m n
m mn

,
sin sin ,

= =
= =>

Coefficients, F
m
, G
n
and w
mn
computed using
Fourier Series
Coefficients
Any periodic function can be expanded into
a sine or cosine function using Fourier
expansion
Function of one variable
r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
43
( )
( )
a
x m
a
x m
f
a
x m
x f
a
x m
f x f
m
m
m

sin sin sin

sin
' '

= =>
=
Integrate the above from limits 0 to a

Coefficients
Integration
( )
( ) ( )
a
m
a
m
a
m
a
dx m m
x
m m
x f
dx
x m x m f
dx
a
x m
a
x m
f dx
a
x m
x f
' '
'
0
'
0
'
cos cos sin sin 2
sin sin sin
(
+ = =>
=

r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
44
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
a
m
m m
m m
m m
x
m m
m m
x
f
dx m m
x
m m
x f
dx
a
x m
a
x m f
0
'
'
'
'
0
' '
0
a
a
sin
a
a
sin
2

a
cos
a
cos
2
sin sin 2
2
(
(
(
+
+
=>
(
+ = =>

Lower limit vanishes, evaluate upper limit
Coefficients
Upper limit
( )
( )
( ) m m
a
m m
a
x
f
dx
a
x m
x f
m
a
=
'
'
0
'
sin
2

sin
r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
45
( )
( )
( ) dx
a
x m
x f
a
f
m m
m m
a f
dx
a
x m
x f
m m
a
a
m
m
a
a x
=
=
= = =>
=
0
'
'
0
'

sin
2
for 0
for
2

sin

Coefficients
Function of variable y
( )
b
y n
g y g
n
n

sin

r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
46
( )
( ) dy
b
y n
y g
b
g
b
y n
b
y n
g
b
y n
y g
b
n
n

sin
2

sin sin sin
0
' '
=
= =>
Coefficients
Function of two variables
( )
( ) dx
a
x m
a
x m
b
y n
w dx
a
x m
y x w
b
y n
a
x m
w y x w
a x
x
m n
mn
a x
x
m n
mn
=
=

=
=

|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
=>
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
0
' '
0

sin sin sin sin ,

sin sin ,

r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
47
( )
( )
( ) dxdy
b
y n
a
x m
y x w
ab
w
dy
b
y n
b
y n
w
a
dxdy
b
y n
a
x m
y x w
b
y n
w
a
dx
a
x m
y x w
a a b a
b y
y
a x
x
mn
b y
y
m n
mn
b y
y
a x
x
m n
mn
a x
x
x
m n
x

=
=
=
=
=
=

=
=
=
=

=
=
= =
|
\
|
|
\
|
= =>
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=>
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
\
\ \
\
0 0
'
0 0 0
' '
'
0
0 0

sin sin ,
4

sin sin
2

sin sin ,

sin
2

sin ,

Simply supported plate
Assume loading over plate
( )
b
y n
a
x m
q y x q q
m n
mn

sin sin ,

= =
Solution
r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
48
Solution
( )
b
y n
a
x m
w y x w w
m n
mn

sin sin ,

= =
Governing equation
D
q
y
w
y x
w
x
w
=
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
2
Differentiating vertical displacement
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=

b
y n
a
x m
w
a
m
x
w
m n
mn

sin sin
4
4
4

r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
49
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=

\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=

b
y n
a
x m
w
b
n
a
m
y x
w
b
y n
a
x m
w
b
n
y
w
m n
mn
m n
mn

sin sin 2 2

sin sin
2 2
2 2
4
4
4
4

Plug in governing equation
=
(
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
q
D
q
w
b
n
b
n
a
m
a
m
mn
mn
2
4 2 2 4

r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
50
( )
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
= =
|
|
\
|
+
= =>

b
y n
a
x m
b
n
a
m
q
D
y x w w
b
n
a
m
D
q
w
m n
mn
mn
mn

sin sin
1
,
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
4


UDL
Uniformly distributed load
q
o
Computation of coefficients
( )
|
|
|
|
|
|
=

y n x m
q y x q
mn

sin sin ,

r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
51
( ) dxdy
b
y n
a
x m
y x q
ab
q
a b
mn

sin sin ,
4
0 0

=
( )
|
\
|
\
=

b a
q y x q
m n
mn
sin sin ,
q(x, y) = q
o
UDL
Coefficients q
mn
0 0

sin sin
4
dxdy
b
y m
a
x m
q
ab
q
a b
o mn
=

r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
52
2 2
0 0
16 4 4

sin sin
4

mn
q
mn
ab
ab
q
q
dy
b
y m
dx
a
x m
ab
q
q
o o
mn
b a
o
mn
=
|
\
|
= =>
=

UDL
Vertical deflection
( )

(
(
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
= =
m n
mn
n m
b
y n
a
x m
q
D
y x w w
2
2 2
4

sin sin
1
,

r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
53
( )

(
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
= =>
(
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
m n
o
b
n
a
m
b
y n
a
x m
D
q
y x w
b
n
a
m
2
2 2
6

sin sin
16
,


Patch load
A patch load applied over an area u x v
( )
|
\
|
|
\
|
=

b
y n
a
x m
q y x q
mn

sin sin ,

v
q
o
Centroid at (x
o
, y
o
)
r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
54
|
\
|
|
\
|
= =>
\ \

b
y n
a
x m
q q
b a
m n
mn o
m n
mn

sin sin

u
v
q
o
dxdy
b
y m
a
x m
ab
q
q
u
x
u
x
v
y
v
y
o
mn
o
o
o
o

sin sin
4
2
2
2
2

+
=
Patch load
Patch load
Evaluating integrals
=

+
dxdy
b
y m
a
x m
ab
q
q
u
x
u
x
v
y
v
y
o
mn
o
o
o
o

sin sin
4
2 2

r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
55
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
= =>
|
\
|
|
\
|
=

b
v m
b
y n
a
u m
a
x m q
mn
q
a
u m
a
x m
m
a
dx
a
x m
o o o
mn
o
u
x
u
x
x y
o
o
o o
2

sin sin
2

sin sin
16
2

sin sin
2
sin
2
2
2
2 2


Patch load
Deflection
( )
(
(
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=

n m
mn
b
y n
a
x m
S
D
q
y x w
m n
mn
o

sin sin
16
,
2 2
6

r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
56
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
(
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
b
v m
b
y n
a
u m
a
x m
S
b
n
a
m
mn
D
o o
mn
m n
2

sin sin
2

sin sin
where,


Point load
Point load
uv
P
q
o
=
P
(x
o
, y
o
)
Assume the point load acts over
an infinitesimal area u x v
Corresponding UDL P
q =
r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
57
From the earlier analysis
b
v n
a
u m
b
y n
a
x m
uv
P
mn
q
b
v n
a
u m
b
y n
a
x m q
mn
q
o o
mn
o o o
mn
2

sin
2

sin sin sin
16
2

sin
2

sin sin sin
16
2
2

= =>
=
uv
q
o
=
Point load
Simplifying
v m
b
v n
u m
a
u m
b
y n
a
x m
ab
P
q
o o
mn

2

sin

2

sin

sin sin
4

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
= =>
r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
58
b
y n
a
x m
ab
P
q
b
v m
a
u m
b a ab
q
o o
mn
mn

sin sin
4
2

2

sin sin

= =>
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
= =>
Point load
Deflection due to point load
( )
b
y m
a
x m
S
abD
P
y x w
mn

sin sin
4
,
2
'
4

(
=

r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
59
( )
b
y m
a
x m
S
b
n
a
m
abD
y x w
o o
mn
m m

sin sin
,
'
2
2 2
4

=
(
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
=

Bending & in-plane loading
Plates are subjected to in-plane loading also in
addition to lateral / transverse loads
In-plane loading tensile or compressive
Large in-plane compressive loads Buckling takes
place
r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
60
place
Buckling non-linear phenomenon
disproportionate increase of displacement with
load
Critical load ability to resist axial load ceases
change in deformation shape
Bending & in-plane loading
Thin walled members cross-sections like
I, L, H, C etc undergo buckling
thin plates of small widths
Combined loading of a rectangular plate
r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
61
Combined loading of a rectangular plate
loads
In-plane forces: N
x
, N
y
, N
xy
and N
yx
Transverse forces / moments: M
x
, M
y
, M
xy
, M
yx
,
Q
x
and Q
y
Small deformation and large deformation
In-plane forces
Infinitesimal element => dA = dx dy
N
x
*
dx
N
xy
*
x
*
Q
x
*
x
*
r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
62
N
x
dx
x
z

x
Q
x
x
In-plane loading Transverse/out-of-plane loading
For small angles => Sin and Cos 1
In-plane forces
Force equilibrium in x-direction
sin cos
cos cos cos
* *
*
|
|
|

+ |
|
|

+
+
|
\
|
+ +
dy dx
Q
Q dx dy
N
N
dx N dy dx
x
N
N dy N
x
xy
y xy x
x
x x x

r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
63
0
0 sin sin sin
sin cos
*
* *
=
=>
= +
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
y
N
x
N
dx Q dx dy
y
Q
Q dy Q
dy dx
x
Q
Q dx dy
y
N
N
xy
x
y y y
y
y x x
x
x
x y
xy
xy

If there are no in-plane forces equation vanishes
In-plane forces
Force equilibrium in y-direction
Angle is not equal to zero, but, small
0 =
y
N
x
N
y xy
r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
64
Angle is not equal to zero, but, small
y
w
x
w
y x
=

,
1 cos and sin
In-plane forces
Force equilibrium in x-direction

2
|
|
|
|

+
|
|
|

+
|
|
|
|

+
+
|
\
|
+ +
dx
w w
dy dx
Q
Q dx dy
N
N
dx N dy dx
x
N
N dy N
x
xy
xy
x
x x
r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
65
0
s order term higher Neglect
0
2
2
2
=
=>
=
+
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
y
N
x
N
y
w
dx Q dy
y
w
y
w
dx dy
y
Q
Q
x
w
dy Q
dx
x
w
x
w
dy dx
x
Q
Q dx dy
y
N
N
xy
x
y
y
y x
x
x
xy
xy
No change in in-
plane equilibrium
equations
In-plane forces
Similar expression for force equilibrium in
y-direction
Force equilibrium in z-direction
Contribution from in-plane normal forces, N
x
r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
66
Contribution from in-plane normal forces, N
x
and N
y
and shear force, N
xy
Contribution from shear force, Q
x
and Q
y
Contribution from externally applied load, q
Z-direction
sin sin
sin sin
sin sin
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

+
|
|
|

+ +
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
\
|
+ +
dy
w w
dx dy
N
N
w
dx N
dy
y
w
y y
w
dx dy
y
N
N
y
w
dx N
dx
x
w
x x
w
dy dx
x
N
N
x
w
dy N
xy
y
y y
x
x x
r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
67
0 cos cos
cos cos
sin sin
sin sin
= +
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+ +
qdxdy dy
y
w
y y
w
dy
y
Q
Q
y
w
dx Q
dx
x
w
x x
w
dy dx
x
Q
Q
x
w
dy Q
dx
y
w
x y
w
dy dx
x
N
N
y
w
dy N
dy
x
w
y x
w
dx dy
y
N
N
x
w
dx N
y
y y
x
x x
xy
xy xy
xy
xy xy
Z-direction
If no in-plane forces acting
q
y
Q
x
Q
y
x
=
r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
68
Presence of in-plane forces
0 2
2
2 2
2
2
= +
q
y
Q
x
Q
y
w
N
y x
w
N
x
w
N
y
x
y xy x
Z-direction
Substituting Q
x
and Q
y
( ) ( ) w
y
D Q w
x
D Q
y x
2 2
,
+
w
N
w
N
w
N
2 2 2
2
r
d
_
m
e
c
h
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
n
69
( ) ( )
|
|
\
|
+
= =>
= +
|
|
\
|

+
|
\
|

+

+
q
y
w
N
y x
w
N
x
w
N
D
w
q w
y
D
y
w
x
D
x
y
N
y x
N
x
N
y xy x
y xy x
2
2 2
2
2
4
2 2
2 2
2
1
0
2
Plate buckling
Buckling of thin plate
(
+ =
2
2 2
2
2
4
2
1
y
w
N
x y
w
N
x
w
N q
D
w
y xy x
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Assume, q = 0, in-plane load, N
x
= N
1
, rest zero
2
2
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
2
x
w
D
N
y
w
y x
w
x
w
x
Assume all four edges are simply supported

Navier solution to plate bending
Plate buckling
Plate deflection
( )
n m
y x w y x w w
m n
n m mn

= =
= =

,
sin sin ,
Substitute in
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71
b
n
a
m
n m
= = ,
Substitute in
governing equation
( )
2
1
2
2 2
2
1
4 2 2 4
0 2
m n m
m n n m m
D
N
D
N

= + =>
= + +
Characteristic
equation
Plate buckling
From characteristic equation
( )
2
2 2 2
1
2
1
2
2 2
n m m N
D
N
m n m
(
(
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
=>
= +

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ratio Aspect - /
2
2
2
2
1
2
2 2
2
2 2
1
1
b a c
n
m
c
c
m
b
D
N
b
n
a
m
m
a D
N
b a a D
=
(
+ = =>
(
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
= =>
(
(
\
+
|
\
=
|
\
=>

Plate buckling
Critical load smallest value
Increase in N
1
with n
2
Minimum value of
n is equal to one buckled shape in y-
direction single half sine wave
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direction single half sine wave
2
2
2
1
(
+ =
m
c
c
m
b
D
N

N
1
is a function of variable m for minimum value of
m, differentiate N
1
wrt m
Plate buckling
Differentiate
2 2
2
1
1
0
1 2
c
m
c
c m
c
c
m
b
D
dm
dN
| |
=
|
\
|

|
\
|
+ =
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2
2
1
2
4

0
1
b
D
N
b
a
c m
m
c
c
cr
=
= = =>
=
|
\
|
=>
Whole number
Plate buckling
Number of half sine waves cant be a
whole number it should be an integer
Equation for critical load for n = 1
2
2
(
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75
2
2
1
b
D
K N

=
2
(
+ =
m
c
c
m
K
Plotting K vs aspect ratio = c = a/b
for various integer values of m
Plate buckling
K vs aspect ratio
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1.414 2.449
Plate buckling
From figure, value of K is same as
intersection points of m and m+1
N
1
critical load at m when load is increased, buckled
form changes from m to m+1
Curves for m = 1 and
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At transition from m to m+1
( )
( ) 1
1
1
1
2
2 2
+ =
+ = =>
|
\
|
+
+
+
=
|
\
|
+
m m c
m m c
m
c
c
m
m
c
c
m
Curves for m = 1 and
m = 2 meet at c = 2
Aspect ratio less than
2 => m = 1
Aspect ratio from 2
to 6, m = 2
C>4 => K 4
Plate buckling
Estimation of buckling load
t = 1 cm, a = 2.3 m, b = 1 m, E = 200 GPa, = 0.30
Flexural modulus
( ) 10 1 10 200
2
2 9 3
=

= =
Et
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( )
( )
( )
0786 . 4
2
3 . 2
3 . 2
2
2 3 . 2
1
3 . 2
96 . 17
3 . 0 1 12
10 1 10 200
1 12
2 2
2
2 9
2
3
=
(
+ =
(
+ = =>
= => = = =
=
m
c
c
m
K
m
b
a
c
kNm
Et
D

Plate buckling
Minimum critical load
MN b N N
m MN
b
D
b
D
K N
cr
cr
72 . 73
/ 72 . 73 086 . 4
1
2
2
2
2
1
= =
= = =

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MN b N N
cr
72 . 73
1
= =
In the above expression, for a given width and elastic
properties of plate, critical load depends on K. In turn
K depends on m for a given aspect ratio, c
2890 . 4 , 3
0786 . 4 , 2
4790 . 7 , 1 , 3 . 2
= =
= =
= = =
K m
K m
K m c
Minimum value of
K is considered for
estimation of N
cr
Plate and column buckling
Uniaxial load for plate buckling
( )
3 2 2
1
2
2
1

= = =
=
Et
K
D
K
N
b
D
K N
crp
crp
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80
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1
2
2
1 1
2
2
2
1
2 2 2
1
1
1 12
,
1 12
1 12
= = =>
= =>
= = =
K
C
t
b
E
C
t
b
E K
Et
t b
K
t b
D
K
t
crp
crp
crp
crp
Buckling of a column
( )
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
EA
C
EAk
C P
l
EI
C P
cr
cr

= = =>
=
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81
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
t
b
E
C
k
l
E
C
A
P
k
l
C
l
C P
crp
cr
crc
cr
=
= = =>
= = =>
Column
Plate
Critical stress for plate depends on thinness
ratio = t/b not on the length
depends on width
More thinner plate lesser bucking load
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82
More thinner plate lesser bucking load
Critical stress in column depends on
slenderness ratio
Longer columns lower critical load
Strain energy
In thin plate theory, out-of-plane shear
stresses vanish =>
xz
,
yz
and
zz
Stress components contributing to strain
energy =>
xx
,
yy
and
xy
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83
energy =>
xx
,
yy
and
xy
Strain energy,
( ) V d U
V
xy xy yy yy xx xx

2
1
+ + =
Linear elastic material
Strain energy
Strain energy,
{ }{ }
=
V
T
xy yy xx xy yy xx
V d U
2
1
w

2
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84
{ } [ ]{ }
C
y x
w
y
w
x
w
Ez Ez
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx
= =>
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1
Strain energy
Strain energy,
{ } { } { } [ ]{ }
w w w
V d C V d U
V
T
V
T
2 2 2
2
1
2
1

(

|
|
|

= =
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85
( )
( )
V d z
y x
w
x
w
y
w
x
w
x
w
y
w
x
w
E
U
V
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 2
1 2

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
\
|

|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
= =>

Strain energy
Infinitesimal volume, dV = dxdydz
Carry out integration over thickness => dz
3 2
2
=
+
h
h
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86
( )
2
3
2
2
2
1 12
12

=
=
Eh
D
h
dz z
h
Strain energy
Simplify
dxdy
x
w
x
w
D
U
(
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
2
2
2
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87
( )
dxdy
y x
w
x
w
x
w
U
A
)
`
(
(
|
|
\
|

=
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 2
2
Strain energy Finite Element Method Total

potential approach
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88

Theory of Plates

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Theory of Plates

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R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Variation of stresses across thickness is linear

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Integrate this across thickness to get shear stress

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Integrate the above from limits 0 to a

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Assume all four edges are simply supported

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

Strain energy Finite Element Method Total

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