1

PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT

ON
COMMUNICATION AND SIGNALLING
AT RAILWAYS
TRAINING TAKEN FROM
(May 17,2010 to 18 June,2010)
SITE OF TRAINING
SIGNAL AND TELE ENGINEERING DEPTT.,
WESTERN CENTRAL RAILWAYS,
DIVISIONAL OFFICE-KOTA

SUBMITTED BY:
AYUSH MAHESHWARI (07/186)
FINAL YEAR-INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, RTU, KOTA
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Any !""#$%&#" #$'('$y #nn!$ )% $&*"y +'n',-%. /'$-!*$ $-% -%"0 1
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/%&% 0&!('.%. )y 2#ny 'n.'('.*#",.
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#n. 0%&,',$%n$ $-&!*6-!*$ $-% $&#'n'n6 0%&'!..
A",!, I /!*". "'3% $! $-#n3 $-% DRM %20"!y%%, /-! %"#)!&#$%.
$-% $%-n'#" .%$#'", !+ $-% (#&'!*, $%-n!"!6'%, !n6!'n6 'n $-%'&
.%0#&$2%n$.
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'n.'('.*#", 'n(!"(%. 'n $-% .%(%"!02%n$ !+ $-', &%0!&$.
8
PREFACE
En6'n%%&'n6 ,$*.%n$, 6#'n $-%!&%$'#" 3n!/"%.6% !n"y $-&!*6-
)!!3,. On"y $-%!&%$'#" 3n!/"%.6% ', n!$ ,*++''%n$ +!& #),!"*$%
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%40%&'%n%. $-#$ $-%!&%$'#" 3n!/"%.6% ', (!"#$'"% 'n n#$*&%9 -!/%(%&
0&#$'#" 3n!/"%.6% '20#&$, ,!"'. +!*n.#$'!n 'n !*& 2'n..
T! #!20"',- $-', #,0%$, :RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY KOTA; -#, 'n"*.%. $&#'n'n6 +!& ,$*.%n$, !+ B.T%-. III
Y%#& !+ 8< .#y, 'n !*& *&&'*"*2.
W% -#(% !(%&%. 'n $-', &%0!&$ $-% -',$!&y ,"#$%,$ .%(%"!02%n$, 'n
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(#&'!*, *,%, !+ IT 'n &#'"/#y, "'3% PRS,D#$#L!66%&, IVRS,FOIS #n. CRIS.
W% -#(% #",! !(%&%. $-% R#'"N%$, '$, !)=%$'(%,, (#&'!*, 0-#,%, !+
'20"%2%n$#$'!n, *$'"'$y !+ R#'"N%$ #n. (#&'!*, ',,*%, 'n R#'"N%$.
T-', &%0!&$ ', 'n+#$ # ,*22#&y !+, /-#$ I -#(% "%#&n$ #n. ,%%n
.*&'n6 2y $&#'n'n6 'n :R#'"/#y O&6#n'>#$'!n, K!$#.; S*%%.'n6
-#0$%&, 6'(% .%$#'", /-#$ I -#(% "%#&n$ 'n D!"!#!$%&' R&!'(&)
M&%&*+, (DRM) O--!.+ K$/&0

Ay*,- M#-%,-/#&'
F'n#" Y%#& 5<?@1AB7
Information Technology
C
T&1'+ O- C$%/+%/#
Indian Railway(organizational structure) ________________ 1
Signaling _______________________________________________ 8
DataLogger _____________________________________________ D
Train Charting ___________________________________________ 12
Passenger Reservation System ________________________ 1E
IRS _____________________________________________________ 1B
!icrowave Communication ________________________________ 2<
Railnet____________________________________________________ 22
"#tical $i%er Communication _____________________________ 8<
"$C &etwor' at IR ________________________________________ 88
E
INTRODUCTION:-
Indian Railway (Hindi: ) is the state-owned railway o!"any o#
India$ whih owns and o"erates !ost o# the o%ntry&s rail trans"ort' It is o(erseen )y the
*inistry o# Railways o# the +o(ern!ent o# India'
India )oasts one o# the world,s lar-est railway networ. in the world' /(ery day$ 01
!illion "eo"le tra(el aro%nd the o%ntry in h%ndreds o# trains r%nnin- )etween (ario%s
stations s!oothly and sa#ely'
The #or!al ina%-%ration ere!ony o# IR was "er#or!ed on 23th A"ril 2456
with the #irst "assen-er train stea!ed o%t o# Howrah station destined #or Hoo-hly$ a
distane o# 63 .!$ on 25th A%-%st$ 2457 '
8na"shot s: -
It eno!"asses 3$ 919 stations o(er a total ro%te len-th o# !ore than
36$ 104 .ilo!etres o# ro%te len-th and a tra. len-th o# 222$ 311 .! '
It is one o# the world&s lar-est o!!erial or %tility e!"loyers$ with !ore than
2'3 !illion e!"loyees'
It -rossed a re(en%e o# : 44$ 655 r and )a--in- a net ino!e o# : 952 r in
the #inanial year 0119-21 '
It !o(es 0 !illion tons o# #rei-ht ; 01 !illion "eo"le daily aross the
o%nty with the hel" o# 011$ 111 (#rei-ht) wa-ons'
<$ 111 "assen-er trains aross the o%ntry ser(ies 01 !illion "eo"le to
their destinations '
=i(e. 8ahai is the %rrent Chair!an o# Railway >oard '
Or-ani sat ional 8t r%t%re:-
IR is a de"art!ent owned and ontrolled )y the +o(ern!ent o# India$ the
*inistry o# Railways' IR is ad!inistered )y the Railway >oard$ whih has a #inanial
o!!issioner$ #i(e !e!)ers and a hair!an'
B
Rai lway ?ones: -
IR is di(ided into ?ones$ whih are #%rther s%)-di(ided into di(isions' The n%!)er
o# ?ones in Indian Railways inreased #ro! si@ to ei-ht in 2952$ nine in 2950$ and #inally
23 in 0116' /ah ?onal railway is !ade %" o# a ertain n%!)er o# di(isions$ eah ha(in-
a di(isional headA%arters' There are a total o# 3< di(isions %nder 23 ?ones $ "resently
o"eratin- in the o%ntry '
8'
No
Na!e HeadA%arters Di(isions
2' Central *%!)ai *%!)ai$ >h%sawal$ B%ne$ 8ola"%r$ Na-"%r
0' /ast Central HaCi"%r
Dana"%r$ Dhan)ad$ *%-halsarai$ 8a!asti"%r$
8on"%r
6' /ast Coast >h%)aneswar Dh%rda Road$ 8a!)al"%r$ =isa.ha"atna!
7' /astern Dol.ata Howrah$ 8ealdah$ Asansol$ *alda
5' North Central Allaha)ad Allaha)ad$ A-ra$ Ehansi
3' North /astern +ora.h"%r I??atna-ar$ L%.now$ =aranasi
<' North Western Eai"%r Eai"%r$ AC!er$ >i.aner$ Eodh"%r
4' Northeast Frontier +%wahati Ali"%rd%ar$Datihar$ L%!din-$ Ran-ia$ Tins%.ia
9' Northern Delhi Delhi$ A!)ala$ Firo?"%r$ L%.now$ *orada)ad
21' 8o%th Central 8e%ndera)ad
8e%ndera)ad$ Hydera)ad$ +%nta.al$ +%nt%r$
Nanded$ =iCayawada
22' 8o%th /ast Central >ilas"%r$ C+ >ilas"%r$ Rai"%r$ Na-"%r
20' 8o%th /astern Dol.ata Adra$ Cha.radhar"%r$ Dhara-"%r$ Ranhi
26' 8o%th Western H%)li H%)li$ >an-alore$ *ysore
27' 8o%thern Chennai
Chennai$ *ad%rai$ Bala..ad$ 8ale!$
Tir%hhira"alli$ Thir%(anatha"%ra!
25' West Central Ea)al"%r Ea)al"%r$ >ho"al$ Dota
23' Western *%!)ai
*%!)aiCentral$ =adodara$ Ratla!$
Ah!eda)ad$ RaC.ot$ >ha(na-ar
/ah o# the 23 ?ones$ is headed )y a +eneral *ana-er (+*) who re"orts
diretly to the Railway >oard'
The ?ones are #%rther di(ided into di(isions %nder the ontrol o# Di(isional Railway
*ana-ers (DR*) ' The di(isional o##iers o# en-ineerin-$ !ehanial$ eletrial$ si-nal
and teleo!!%niation$ ao%nts$ "ersonnel$ o"eratin-$ o!!erial and sa#ety )ranhes
re"ort to the res"eti(e Di(isional *ana-er and are in har-e o# o"eration and
!aintenane o# assets'
F%rther down the hierarhy tree are the 8tation *asters who ontrol indi(id%al stations
and the train !o(e!ent thro%-h the tra. territory %nder their stations& ad!inistration'
?
Bratial Trainin- %nder WCR:-
We&(e reei(ed the shed%led 8%!!er Bratial Trainin-$ as a "art o# o%r %rri%l%!$
#ro! 2< *ay$ 0121 G 23 E%ne$ 0121 %nder Di(isional Railway *ana-er$
West Central Railway$ Dota '
=' D' *an-li. is the +eneral *ana-er$ West Central Railway and *adh%.ar
*eshara! is the DR* o# Dota Di(ision "resently'
We&(e st%died a)o%t the #ollowin- o"erational tehnolo-ies in the IR -
2' DataLo--erH*I8
0' I=R8HBR8HUT8
6' O(erheadHOFCHI%ad-Ca)le o!!%niation
7' Railnet
5' *irowa(e Co!!%niation
Dot a Di(i sion: -
In the north-so%th diretion the di(ision has *ath%ra e@tendin- to Na-da$
e@l%din- )oth$ ro%te' It inl%des Chittor-arh-+%na in the west-east ro%te '
New ?onal railway-West Central Railway aters to 69 distrits (07 o# *'B'26 o#
RaCasthan and 0 o# U' B')' It has a total ro%te .ilo!eters o# 0972' 09 .!s' o#
whih 2604 ro%te .!s' are eletri#ied and a total tra. .ilo!eters o#
7337' 65'
We&ll o(er the )asis o# Train Wor.in- )e#ore dis%ssin- a)o%t the a#ore!ention
o"erational tehnolo-ies '
Brini "l es o# Train wor.in- and need #or si-nal in-: -
All o(er the world Railway trans"ortation is inreasin-ly %sed$ as this !ode o#
trans"ort is !ore ener-y e##iient and en(iron!entally #riendly than road trans"ortation'
Trains !o(e on steel rail tra.s and wheels o# the railway (ehile are also #lan-ed 8teel
wheels' Hene least #rition o%rs at the "oint o# ontat )etween the tra. ; wheels'
There#ore trains arry !ore loads res%ltin- in hi-her tra##i a"aity sine trains
!o(e on s"ei#i tra.s alled rails$ their "ath is to )e #%lly -%ided and there is no
arran-e!ent o# steerin-' Clear o# o)str%tion as a(aila)le with road trans"ortation$
A
so there is a need to "ro(ide ontrol on the !o(e!ent o# trains in the #or! o# Railway
si-nals whih indiate to the dri(ers to sto" or !o(e and also the s"eed at whih they an
"ass a si-nal'
8ine the load arried )y the trains and the s"eed whih the trains an attain are hi-h$
they need !ore )ra.in- distane )e#ore o!in- to the sto" #ro! #%ll s"eed' Witho%t
si-nal to )e a(aila)le on the ro%te to onstantly -%ide the dri(er aidents will ta.e "lae
d%e to ollisions'
There are )asially two "%r"oses ahie(ed )y railway si-nalin-:

To sa#ety reei(e and dis"ath trains at a station'
To ontrol the !o(e!ents o# trains #ro! one station to another a#ter ens%rin- that
the tra. on whih this train will !o(e to reah the ne@t station is #ree #ro!
!o(e!ent o# another train either in the sa!e or o""osite diretion'
A"art #ro! !eetin- the )asi reA%ire!ent o# neessary sa#ety in train o"eration$ !odern
railway si-nalin- "lays an i!"ortant role in deter!inin- the a"aity o# a setion 'The
a"aity deides the n%!)er o# trains that an r%n on a sin-le day' >y "ro"er si-nalin-
the a"aity an )e inreased to a onsidera)le e@tent witho%t resortin- to ostlier
alternati(es'
The essential o!"onents o# railway si-nalin-:
The #i@ed si-nals "ro(ided )y the side o# the railway tra. with indiation in the
#or! o# olo%r li-hts are the at%al a%thority to a dri(er to -et in to the "ortion o#
the tra. )eyond the si-nal' At stations the trains !ay )e reei(ed on any one o#
the "lat#or! lines'
To ta.e the train to any s"ei#i tra.$ "oints are "ro(ided' The "%r"ose o# the
"oint on the tra. is to di(ert the train #ro! one tra. to adCaent one' Hene the
si-nal has to )e onneted to the "oints in an arran-e!ent alled interlo.in-'
This Interlo.in- arran-e!ent only ens%res that a "oint is orretly set #or the
"arti%lar ro%te or a tra. and the si-nal on(eys this in#or!ation to the dri(er'
Trains r%n on dediated line 'A line onsists o# two rails r%nnin- "arallel to eah other'
This is also alled JTra.K'
Tra.:-
Indian railways %ses 7 -a%-es:-
>road +a%-e G It is 2$3<3!! o# 5&3K wide ; o"erational in !ost "arts o#
the o%ntry with 93$452 .! o# tra. len-th (43'4L o# entire tra. len-th o#
all the -a%-es) '
D
8tandard +%a-e G It is s!aller than the a)o(e with 2$765!! width'
*etre +%a-e - It is $o)(io%sly$ 2$111!! wide o!!on in re-ions with
less tra##i$ s%h as hilly areas'
Narrow +%a-e G It is 321 !! wide '
Tra. setions are rated #or s"eeds ran-in- #ro! <5 to 231 .!Hh'
The tra. is re"resented in 8i-nalin- "lans )y a sin-le line as shown )elow'
In station yards there will )e !ore than one tra. #or reei(in- and dis"athin- trains'
Boints are "ro(ided to di(ert the r%nnin- trains #ro! one tra. to another' The "oints ha(e
!o(a)le swithes whih an )e o"erated eletrially )y a "oint !ahine'
A "oint an )e sin-le-ended "oint or do%)le-ended "oint de"endin- on whether the
!o(a)le swithes are "ro(ided at one end or two ends o# the "oint$
1<
The two swith rails o# the "oint are ri-idly onneted to-ether )y a ross )ar so that they
an )e !o(ed #ro! one "osition to the other "osition to-ether )y the "oint !ahine' I#
the "osition o# the swithes is s%h that the train is !o(ed on to the !ain line as shown
a)o(e$ then the "oint is said to )e in its nor!al (N) "osition'
I# the swith rails are !o(ed to the other "osition as shown )elow so that the train is
di(erted to the loo" line$ then the "oint is said to )e in its R/=/R8/ (R) "osition'
In )oth the a)o(e ases$ when one swith rail is losed with its sto. rail$ the other swith
is o"en' In either ase$ the o"enin- shall )e 72H0K' >etween the losed swith and its
sto. rail not !ore than 2H4K -a"$ is "er!itted'
11

The entre to entre distane )etween the adCaent tra.s ()etween !ain line to the
adCaent loo" line or )etween one loo" line and other adCaent loo" line) shall not )e less
than 27K1,' Where ross-o(er "ints are "ro(ided )etween adCaent tra.s$ this distane
-ets red%ed' At the "lae where it is less than 27K$ one tra. !ay #o%l the other tra.' At
this "oint a M#o%lin- >arK (a e!ent la) o# a)o%t 5K len-th with insri"tion JFOULIN+
*ARDK is "ro(ided'
When a train drawn on a tra.$ it sho%ld stand lear o# the FOULIN+ *ARD as
otherwise$ the train !ay #o%l the !o(e!ent o# train on the adCaent tra.$ there)y a%sin-
a side-ollision'
Cl earane o# tra.:
8ine a train annot )e reei(ed on the "ortion o# tra. where another train is
standin- on sa!e "ortion o# the tra.$ the si-nal )e#ore it is leared #or the !o(e!ent o#
a train has to ens%re the tra. learane' There are eA%i"!ents %sed in Railway si-nalin-
to ahie(e the a)o(e sa#ety ondition'
Ty"es o# 8i-nals:
8i-nal:
8i-nal is a !edi%! to on(ey a "arti%lar "re-deter!ined !eanin- in non-(er)al #or!'

*%lti"le As"et Color Li-ht 8i-nal (*ACL8):
*%lti"le !eans !ore than 0 indiations 'They !ay ha(e 6 or 7 di##erent as"ets or
indiations to )e -i(en to the dri(er' These si-nals ha(e lon-er ran-e o# (isi)ility and
I!"ro(ed relia)ility'

12
Classi#iation o# CL8:
18
Data Lo--ersH Trai n *oni torin- 8yst e!s:-
Train *onitorin- 8yste! !onitors the !o(e!ents o# trains within the ontrol
setion #ro! re!ote ontrol roo! and -ra"hially si!%lates online 8tat%s o# the !%lti"le
stations (Di-iti?ed Yard Layo%ts with Train *o(e!ents) in LCD *onitors'
*ore than one 8tation yard Layo%t an )e (iewed in eah *onitor de"endin- on the si?e
o# the Yard'
The IR %ses Datalo--er $ Del"hi de(elo"ed )y /##tronis B(t' Ltd' $ =iCayawada '
Dot a Di(i sion %ses ser(ies o# Dat al o--ers si ne & 94 '
Tehnially s"ea.in-$ a data lo--er is any de(ie that an )e %sed to store data'
This inl%des !any data aA%isition de(ies s%h as "l%--in )oards or serial
o!!%niation syste!s whih %se a o!"%ter as a real ti!e data reordin-
syste!'
Howe(er$ !ost instr%!ent !an%#at%rers onsider a data lo--er a standalone
de(ie that an read (ario%s ty"es o# eletrial si-nals and store the data in internal
!e!ory #or later download to a o!"%ter'
The ad(anta-e o# data lo--ers is that they an o"erate inde"endently o# a
o!"%ter$ %nli.e !any other ty"es o# data aA%isition de(ies'
Cont e!"l ati n- o(er the #at t hat 94L o# ai dent s ha""en d%e
to i norret si-nal "ere"t ion$ dat al o--er ser(es as a )oon to
thwart s%h #al laies '
Data lo--ers are a(aila)le in (ario%s sha"es and si?es' The ran-e inl%des si!"le
eono!ial sin-le hannel #i@ed #%ntion lo--ers to !ore "ower#%l "ro-ra!!a)le
de(ies a"a)le o# handlin- h%ndreds o# in"%ts'
Data lo--in- is now a standard tehniA%e within railway si-nalin- en-ineerin- #or
)oth sa#ety and "er#or!ane !ana-e!ent "%r"oses '
Data lo--in- #ailitates the "ast analysis o# any e(ent ' Also i!"ro(in- %"on
the reation ti!e o# any e(ent '
Datalo--ers #ailitates the ontin%o%s !onitorin- o# tra.$ trains$ et'
1C
Feat%res :-
Online +ra"hial Dis"lay o# 8tat%s o# all the >oard 8tation yards #or e##iient
ontrol'
Online 8tat%s o# all a%to setions #or e##eti(e "lannin- and !onitorin- o# train
!o(e!ents'
Online stat%s o# (ario%s assets li.e "oints$ si-nals$ 8h%nt si-nals$ ran. handles$
+ates$ A@le Co%nters$ Ro%te Relays and Dno)s'
Ro%te 8et Indiation'
Details o# Train li.e Train No' H Na!e "assin- thro%-h a station'
Details o# train(s) in a%to setion'
Tehni al Det ai l s :-
/!)edded syste! )%ilt on *otorola 34111 !iro"roessor'
LCD$ L/D and Dey)oard %ser inter#ae '
*in 520 - *a@ 7193 o"to isolated di-ital in"%t N 23 !8e sa!"lin-' O 93
indi(id%ally isolated analo- in"%t (olta-eH%rrent hannels N2 8e '
Non(olatile data stora-e in #lash ra! and 4 serial "orts #or data networ. '
Net wor. *ana-e!ent: -
Front end a""liation so#tware at entral ontrol "lae'
Lin. stat%s o# all the datalo--ers in the networ.'
Online stat%s o# di-italHanalo- in"%ts'
Data seleti(e (iewin-'
Online -ra"hial !i!i dis"lay o# e(ery station layo%t' A%to )a.%" on
e@eedin- on#i-%red si?e o# data )ase'
1E
Cost sa(i n-s
The de"loy!ent is the !ost ost-e##eti(e data lo--in- sol%tion$ #ro! le(el rossin- to
!aCor interlo.in- she!es' Dey sa(in-s are o##ered #ro!:
/ase o# installation
Low !aintenane
Inte-ration o# UB8$ !ode!$ dis"lay and in"%t ards
At the !ost o!"at end$ a 74 or 93 hannel %nit will !onitor a le(el rossin-'
For lar-er installations %" to 4 %nits an )e onneted to-ether$ ena)lin- 61<0 hannels to
)e !onitored si!%ltaneo%sly' All syste!s %se the sa!e o!!on "lat#or! res%ltin- in
eono!ies o# "rod%tion'
Reorded data an )e aessed %sin- a standard we) )rowser' For ad(aned re!ote
analysis and dia-nosti #eat%res (s%h as slow !o(in- "oint alar!s or 8BAD
in(esti-ations)$ a so#tware "l%--in has )een de(elo"ed #or the >al#o%r >eatty Rail Asset
=iew syste!'
In addition$ it has a to%h sreen LCD to allow !aintenane tehniians to aess data
diretly on site' This re!o(es the need #or an inon(enient la"to" o!"%ter or se"arate
handheld ter!inal'
Rel i a)i li ty:-
Contained within the %nit is a #%lly #%ntional Uninterr%"ti)le Bower 8%""ly -i(in- si@
ho%rs o# )attery )a.%" in the ase o# !ains #ail%re'
Low "ower ons%!"tion !eans that no oolin- #an is reA%ired$ whih in t%rn !eans there
are no d%st #ilters to lean or !o(in- !ehanial "arts to #ail' I# !aintenane is reA%ired$
the entire %nit an )e re!o(ed si!"ly )y disonnetin- the in"%t leads and a !ains "l%-'
8a#ety: -
The Del"hi$ has )een desi-ned s"ei#ially to !eet the strin-ent sa#ety reA%ire!ents o#
railway si-nalin- a""liations' All di-ital and analo- in"%t hannels are o"to isolated to a
!ini!%! o# 2.='
1B
DATALO++/R >A8/D CO*BUT/RI8/D TRAINCHARTIN+
INTRODUCTION:-
All the stations on Na-da-Dota-+an-a"%rity-*ath%ra ro%te o# Dota Di(ision are
eA%i""ed with data lo--ers'
Data lo--ers are networ.ed as "er ontrol setions'
In Dota-+an-a"%rity setion 06 stations are "ro(ided with 05 data lo--ers'
8ine the in#or!ation o# the (ital relays is a(aila)le at Control O##ie i'e' Dota' It is
"ossi)le to tra. a train and to hart the train !o(e!ent a%to!atially'
The syste! is not only tra. the train )%t also "redit the train !o(e!ent #or the
ne@t #ew ho%rs$ whih is eA%i(alent to the !an%al "lannin- )y the ATNL' >ased on the
train in#or!ation ; hartin- data (ario%s statistis an )e -enerated in the #or! o# re"orts
whih are ti!e ons%!in- ; tedio%s i# done !an%ally'
8etion No o# Data lo--ers
Dota - Na-da 09
Dota - +an-a"%rity 05
+an-a"%rity - *ath%ra 24
8/TUB: -
/ntire RaCdhani ro%te o# DOTA di(ision (ha(in- 30stations$ 579D!s) ha(e
)een "ro(ided with Networ.ed Data lo--ers'
All the Data lo--ers are onneted thro%-h e@istin- R/ teleo! a)le in series to F/B'
The F/B o# the Data lo--er Networ. is onneted to the 8er(ers thro%-h a o!"%ter
ontainin- N*DL so#tware with Train hartin- lo-is' (8ee Fi-: 2-8yste!
Con#i-%ration) The lient so#tware is "ro(ided #or (iewin- the hart H data' This lient
so#tware )y de#a%lt is a "assi(e lient (whih doesn,t ena)le hart editin- ; !an%al
entry) )%t on aessin- into hi-her le(els )y iss%in- "asswords it ats as an ati(e lient
(whih ena)les hart editin- ; !an%al entry "ro(isions)'
Ati(e Client !aintained )y ATNL who has the ontrol o(er the train !o(e!ents and
is onneted to the ser(er thro%-h LAN' At any ti!e$ ati(e Client an ontrol the train
!o(e!ent hartin-' Ati(e Client an #eed the Train in#or!ation as shown in
Bassi(e Clients to (iew the hart anywhere #ro! the networ.$ the hart a(aila)le at this
lient is %nhan-ed and annot )e !odi#ied' Any n%!)er o# "assi(e lients an (iew the
train hart )y onnetin- to the ser(er'
1?
8yste! Con#i-%ration
A%to!at i Tra.i n- o# Train:
For tra.in- a train !o(e!ent$ )asi one"t o# seA%ential o"eration o# tra.
ir%it is !onitored alon- with the "osition o# "oints en-ro%te' For this "%r"ose all
/@itH/ntry ro%tes are ta)%lated in ter!s o# +eo-ra"hial "osition o# Tra. ir%its ;
"oint "osition$ station wise'
Whene(er any T'C' is dro""ed it ati(ates the ro%te$ whih ontains that tra.
ir%it' As the train !o(es$ tra. ir%its will dro" seA%entially ; #inally only one
%niA%e ro%te will )e seleted'
At this sta-e this train will )e allotted train inde@ A%to!atially #or #%rther
identi#iation o# the train'
With the "oint "osition and the )erthin- tra. "osition it an )e deter!ined that
what line H "lat#or! the train is reei(ed'
8i!ilarly when the train lea(es the station$ it will selet the a""ro"riate e@it ro%te'
When this train to%hes the Ho!e 8i-nal tra. o# ne@t station it he.s i# "rior to
this APTR o# >lo. setion in rear ; the Ad(ane 8tarter tra. o# "re(io%s station
were dro""ed' This is o-related the station-to-station train hartin-' 8ine the
train inde@ is arry #orward in this "roess$ it is there#ore "ossi)le to "lot the
orret train'
1A
The train hartin- so#tware #ailitates the ATNL to enter the train No'$ and other
train in#or!ation s%h as Loo H /n-ine No'$ Dri(er,s na!e$ load$ +%ard,s na!e$
(a%%!$ et' This so#tware also #ailitates to edit the train hartin- whene(er neessary' It
allows !a.in- lin.s i# Coints in a%to !ode'
It allows hartin- !an%ally e(en i# A%to!ati hartin- is "artially or totally #ailed' For
the on(eniene o# ATNL two !onitors are "ro(ided' One sreen always shows the hart
and another is %sed to o"en the !an%al-hartin- strin- -rid or to "o"-%" other #or!s'
F/ATUR/8:-
A%to tra.in- o# train on real ti!e'
Online Blottin- o# hart'
Chartin- o# train #ro! startin- to destination "oint'
Alar! -eneration ; tra.in- o# any new train entered in the setion a%to!atially'
Re"ortin- o# de(iation #ro! shed%led ti!in-s'
Use#%l tools are a(aila)le G Lin.$ Delin.$ Draw )lo.s ; Line with UNDO$
Co!!ents on +ra"h$ Hi-hli-htin- train$ 8earhin- train et'
User an selet !a@i!%! 27hrs hart (<hrs o# %rrent hart Q <hrs o# "redition)'
Trans"arent Control syste!' Anyone an !onitor ontrol hart in ontrol o##ie on
LAN'
Ad(ant a-e thro%-h Dat al o--er )ased Trai nhart in-:-
Controller an de(ote !ore ti!e on "lannin- '
Blottin- is on Real ti!e' No h%!an in(ol(e!ent to "lot the train so !ore a%rate'
Online loo" o%"any "osition '
LI*ITATION8 OF AUTO*ATIC TRAIN CHARTIN+ 8Y8T/*: -
Networ.in- o!!%niation !edia sho%ld wor. "er#etly to !aintain on-line
stat%s'
All the stations o# the ontrol setion sho%ld )e eA%i""ed with Data lo--er'
Train ontrollers sho%ld ha(e )asi o!"%ter .nowled-e'
1D
Contin%o%s tra. ir%itin- reA%ired'
CO*BUT/RIP/D BA88/N+/R R/8/R=ATION
8Y8T/*
INTRODUCTION:
The IR arries a)o%t 5'5 la.h "assen-ers in Reser(ation reser(ed ao!!odation
e(ery day'
The o!"%teri?ed Bassen-er Reser(ation 8yste! (BR8) #ailitates )oo.in- and
Canellin- o# ti.ets #ro! any o# the 7111Ter!inals(i'e' BR8 )oo.in-
windows)all o(er the o%ntry'
These ti.ets an )e )oo.ed or anelled #or Co%rneys o!!enin- in any "arty
o# India and endin- in any other "art $with tra(els ti!es as lon- as <0 ho%r and
distanes %" to se(eral tho%sands .ilo!etre'
There are !ainly 5 ser(ers in INDIA' These are New Delhi $ Dol.ata$ Channai$
*%!)ai ; si.andra)ad'
/IUIB*/NT8:
The eA%i"!ent %sed in BR8 are --
*ode!
*%lti"le@in- /A%i"!ent
/nd ter!inal'
*OD/*
*ode! are %sed #or o!!%niation (ario%s o!"%ter or )etween Co!"%ter ;
ter!inals o(er ordinary or leased(dediated ) tele"hone lines'
We an %se !ode!s to lo- on to !iro$ !ini$ !ain #ra!e o!"%ter #or line "roessin-'
We an %se the! to onnet two re!ote o!"%ters #or data'
How does !ode! wor.s
The word !ode! in #eed is deri(ed #ro! the words !od%late ;
de!od%lator'
Co!"%ter o!!%niate in di-ital lan-%a-es while tele"hone lines
o!!%niate in analo- lan-%a-e' 8o an inter !ediator reA%ired whih an
o!!%niate )oth these lan-%a-e '
2<
*ode! trans!its in#or!ation )etween o!"%ter )it )y one strea!' To
re"resent a )it (or -ro%" o# )its)$ !ode! !od%lates the harateristis o# the
wa(e that are arried )y tele"hone lines'
The rate at whih the !ode! han-e these harateristis deter!ines the
trans!ission s"eed o# data trans!ission 'The rate o# !ode! is alled )o%nd
rate o# !ode!'
The )o%nd rate o# !ode! is )its "er seond' In ad(ane !od%lation s%h as
A%adrat%re a!"lit%de !od%late 7 )its ; trans!itted it in eah )and' Th%s the
s"eed o# the !ode! trans!ittin- at 311 )and wo%ld )e 0711 )"s'
The !ode!s an trans!it data in two #or!ats: Asynhrono%s ;
8ynhrono%s'
The analo- !ode! swith at eah loation is onneted to analo- !ode!s
o# the !ain as well as the stand )y lin.s' I# the !ain lin.s #ails$ the
swith %nits at either end swith the %ser eA%i"!ent at the stand )y lin.'
When the !ain lin.s -et restored$ the analo- !ode! swithes the %ser
eA%i"!ent )a. to !ain lin.'
*%l ti "le@in- /A%i "!ent :-
There are two ty"e !%lti"le@in- eA%i"!ents #or eah hannel'
The !%lti"le@er %sed !ay )e o# 4-"orts or 23-"ort 'The data is -et !%lti"le@ed at the rate
o# the 93D>"s' The !%lti"le@in- -enerally o# analo- ty"e'
/nd Ter!i nal :-
The end ter!inals o# syste! is the station where the ti.ets to )e Brinted o%t '
The ter!inal onsists o# a o!"%ter syste! with a dot !atri@ "rinter' The n%!)er o# the
total end ter!inal at the station an )e inreased or dereased aordin- to the
!%lti"le@in- %sed'
I=R8 (Interat i(e (oie res"onse syst e!)
INTRODUCTION:
The syste! in whih$ the in#or!ation a(aila)le in the o!"%ter is retrie(ed )y the
%ser in the #or! o# (oie with the hel" o# the interation )etween tele"hone and
o!"%ter is .nown as Interati(e =oie Res"ond 8yste! (I=R8)'
With the hel" o# this syste! in#or!ation re-ardin- "%)li reser(ationR arri(al
Hde"art%re o# trainR #are an )e deli(ered to %ser when and where it is as.ed
thro%-h tele"hone'
21
/ah setion ontrol o##ie is ha(in- a o!"%ter alled DATA /NTRY
CO*BUT/R alon- with dial %"Hlease line !ode! whih is %sed #or lin.in- the
o!"%ter o# other ontrol o##ies either diretly or thro%-h ser(er a(aila)le at
Ch%rh +ate ' /ah ontrol o##ie o!"%ter is identi#ied as he. H data entry
"oint' In#or!ation re-ardin- the r%nnin- o# the train an )e re-istered or he.ed
at e(ery 25 !in%tes d%ration'
At "lae where the in#or!ation is to )e retrie(e thro%-h Tele"hone$ an another
o!"%ter is lin.ed with data entry o!"%ter alled I=R8 CO*BUT/R$ whih is
onneted to data entry o!"%ter )y /TH/RN/T CARD' These o!"%ters read
the in#or!ation #ro! data entry o!"%ter and then on(ert it to (oie #or %ser
"%r"ose'
HARDWAR/
DATA /NTRY T/R*INAL
It is a "ersonal o!"%ter o# !ore than 233 *H? with 23 *> RA*R 0'2 +> Hard
dis.R 212 .ey .ey)oardR a !o%se ; a olo%r !onitor'
*OD/*
The data entry ter!inals are lin.ed with lease lineH dial%" !ode! o# s"eed )etter
than 66'3 D>B8'
I=R8 T/R*INAL:
It is Benti%! 266 *H? B'C' with 07 "ort dialo-i ards alled I=R8 ard a"a)le
to res"ond on )oth "%lse and tone' O%t o# 07 "orts G7 "orts are %sed #or (oie and FAS
on de!andR 0 "orts are %sed #or railway B8TN linesR 0 "orts are %sed #or #are inA%iry and
rest 23 "orts are %sed #or train inA%iry'
8OFTWAR/:
There are three ty"es o# so#tware'
It is #riendly %ser so#tware$ whih is %sed to reord the train shed%le ti!in-
in#or!ation in data #iles'
This so#tware is ha(in- #ollowin- #ailities$
(2) The syste! is se%red )y 6 sta-es o# "assword #aility'
22
(0) It is ha(in- the #aility #or data entry o# r%nnin-Hshed%le ti!e'
(6) /ntry #or e@"eted arri(alH de"art%re'
(7) Addition and re!o(al o# data entry "oints'
(5) Addition and re!o(al o# train in the syste!'
(3) Chan-es in the data)ase #or ti!eta)leR #are ta)le et'
(<) This so#tware is ha(in- a #aility to -enerate the re"ort o#
(a) 8tat%s o# r%nnin- train as "erT
Aordin- to train
Aordin- to ontrol o##ie
As "er a s"ei#i inter(al
()) In#or!ation o# train$ when the train is late !ore than s"ei#i ho%rs'
() 8%!!ary o# any train r%nnin- o(er the !onth'
(d) It also shows the train -ra"h'
(4) It restrits the entry o# train a#ter a s"ei#i "eriod i'e'the #ile is deleted #or a train
a#ter 0 ho%rs o# its arri(alR and deletes the #iles whih are 74 ho%rs old and
restr%t%reHreor-ani?e the #iles'
CO**UNICATION 8OFTWAR/:-
This so#tware wor.s on the "rini"le o# "a.et swithin- in whih eah train #ile is
de(elo"ed in the #or! o# "a.et alon- with destination address'
In I=R8 syste! *%!)ai Central o!"%ter ats as HU> and it will dial or
onnet thro%-h lease line a#ter a s"ei#i inter(al to the data entry o!"%ters o# di##erent
ontrol o##ies and e@han-e the #iles with the!'
When a "o" #ile is -enerated a#ter e(ery 25 !in%tes in data entry o!"%ter$ then
#ile is trans#erred to its A%e%e diretory' When HU> o!"%ter is onneted to data entry
o!"%ter$ HU> searhes the #iles #ro! A%e%e diretory and then down load in its reei(e
diretory and si!ilarly the A%e%e diretory #iles a(aila)le in HU> will )e reei(ed and
stored )y data entry o!"%ter' >y this way the A%e%e diretory #iles are e@han-ed and
%"dated'
28
The o!!%niation so#tware is also ha(in- the #aility #or CRC he. (yli
red%ndany he.) and reei(e he.' 8o in ase o# line #ail%re or !ode! #a%lty$ when
the #ile o%ld not )e e@han-ed$ then HU> try to esta)lish the lin. and i# is not a)le to
e@han-e$ then it will reate alar!R and show lin. )rea.
The i!"ortant #ailities o# o!!%niation so#tware: -
2) A%to dialin- #aility #or ori-ination o# trans!ission o# in#or!ation or data'
0) Ha(in- #aility o# a%to "i.%" o# #ile #ro! re!ote A%e%e diretory'
6) Faility o# a%to trans#er o# own #ile to re!oteHreA%ired "lae'
7) Faility o# trans#er o# #ile as "er "riority deided )y HU>'
5) It has #aility to s%""ort WAN and is a"a)le o# inter#ain- with any ty"e o#
o!!%niation syste! li.e Internet$ =HFR UHF$ leased line'
3) Faility o# !onitorin- o# trans' and reei(e #ile'
<) It is "ro(ided with the list o# trans!itted #iles and re!ainin- #iles'
OLTRI8 8OFTWAR/:-
The !ain ai! o# the syste! is to "ro(ide JON LIN/ TRAIN RUNNIN+
INFOR*ATIONK li.e ter!ination o# the train )e#ore shed%le R han-ed the ro%te o# the
trainR aident o# trainR a)nor!al delayHlate o# the train and so on' 8o the so#tware is
de(elo"ed to s%""ort all the a)nor!al ati(ity'
This so#tware is ha(in- the #ollowin- #ailities:
a) It is ha(in- the #aility to interat with )oth "%lse and tone %sers'
)) It is ha(in- a #aility o# FAS on de!and$ #or that se"arate ter!inal is "ro(ided'
) It is s%""ortin- and selet !ore than one lan-%a-e'
d) Aordin- to tra##i$ "orts an )e inreased or dereased'
e) It is ha(in- the #aility o# !ail)o@'
#) It is ha(in- the #aility o# aordin- the alls on eah "ort and -i(e a re"ort o# no'
o# alls in 07 ho%rs and the alls in a s"ei#i "eriod'
O(erhead lines or o(erhead wires are %sed to trans!it eletrial ener-y to tra!s$
trolley$ )%ses or trains at a distane #ro! the ener-y s%""ly "oint' In this artile the
-eneri ter! o(erhead line is %sed O(erhead line is desi-ned on the "rini"le o# one or
2C
!ore o(erhead wires sit%ated o(er rail tra.s$ raised to a hi-h eletrial "otential )y
onnetion to #eeder stations at re-%lar inter(als' The #eeder stations are %s%ally #ed #ro!
a hi-h-(olta-e eletrial -rid'
*irowa(e Co!!%niat i on
Introd%t ion: -
The o)Ceti(e o# !irowa(e o!!%niation syste!s is to trans!it in#or!ation
#ro! one "lae to another witho%t interr%"tion$ and lear re"rod%tion at the reei(er' Fi-'
indiates how this is ahie(ed in its si!"lest #or!'
A)o(e 211 *H? the wa(es tra(el in strai-ht lines and an there#ore )e narrowly
#o%sed' Conentratin- all the ener-y into a s!all )ea! %sin- a "ara)oli antenna
(li.e the satellite T= dish) -i(es a !%h hi-her si-nal to noise ratio$ )%t the
trans!ittin- and reei(in- antennas !%st )e a%rately ali-ned with eah other'
>e#ore the ad(ent o# #i)er o"tis$ these !irowa(es #or!ed the heart o# the lon-
distane tele"hone trans!ission syste!'
In its si!"lest #or! the !irowa(e lin. an )e one ho"$ onsistin- o# one "air
o# antennas s"aed as little as one or two .ilo!eters a"art$ or an )e a )a.)one$
inl%din- !%lti"le ho"s$ s"annin- se(eral tho%sand .ilo!eters'
A sin-le ho" is ty"ially 61 to 31 .! in relati(ely #lat re-ions #or #reA%enies in
the 0 to 4 +H? )ands' When antennas are "laed )etween !o%ntain "ea.s$ a (ery
lon- ho" len-th an )e ahie(ed' Ho" distanes in e@ess o# 011 .! are in
e@istene'

The Uline-o#-si-htU nat%re o# !irowa(es has so!e (ery attrati(e ad(anta-es o(er
a)le syste!s' Line o# si-ht is a ter! whih is only "artially orret when
desri)in- !irowa(e "aths'
2E
At!os"heri onditions and ertain e##ets !odi#y the "ro"a-ation o# !irowa(es
so that e(en i# the desi-ner an see #ro! "oint A to "oint > (tr%e line o# si-ht)$ it
!ay not )e "ossi)le to "lae antennas at those two "oints and ahie(e a
satis#atory o!!%niation "er#or!ane'
In order to o(ero!e the "ro)le!s o# line-o#-si-ht and "ower a!"li#iation o#
wea. si-nals$ !irowa(e syste!s %se re"eaters at inter(als o# a)o%t 05 to 61 .! in
)etween the trans!ittin- reei(in- stations'
The #irst re"eater is "laed in line-o#-si-ht o# the trans!ittin- station and the last
re"eater is "laed in line-o#-si-ht o# the reei(in- station' Two onse%ti(e
re"eaters are also "laed in line-o#-si-ht o# eah other'
The data si-nals are reei(ed$ a!"li#ied$ and re-trans!itted )y eah o# these
stations'
*irowa(e Trans!it t er and Reei(er
>elow #i-%re shows )lo. dia-ra! o# !irowa(e lin. trans!itter and reei(er setion --
The (oie$ (ideo$ or data hannels are o!)ined )y a tehniA%e .nown as
!%lti"le@in- to "rod%e a >> si-nal' This si-nal is #reA%eny !od%lated to an IF
and then %" on(erted (heterodyned) to the RF #or trans!ission thro%-h the
at!os"here'
The re(erse "roess o%rs at the reei(er' The !irowa(e trans!ission
#reA%enies are within the a""ro@i!ate ran-e 0 to 07 +H?'
The #reA%eny )ands %sed #or di-ital !irowa(e radio are reo!!ended )y the
CCIR' /ah reo!!endation learly de#ines the #reA%eny ran-e$ the n%!)er o#
hannels that an )e %sed within that ran-e$ the hannel s"ain- the )it rate and
the "olari?ation "ossi)ilities'
2B
RAILNET
The Indian Railways is Asia&s lar-est and the world&s seond lar-est rail
networ.' Ado"tin- e-+o(ernane in ri-ht earnest and to rea" the )ene#it o# IT e@"losion$
Indian Railways ha(e esta)lished a & Cor"orate Wide In#or!ation 8yste!&
(CWI8) alled RAILN/T$ a))re(iated as RN hene#orth'
It "ro(ides s!ooth #low o# in#or!ation on de!and #or ad!inistrati(e "%r"oses$
whih wo%ld ena)le ta.in- A%i.er and )etter deisions'
Realisin- the i!"ortant role that in#or!ation "lays in %sto!er ser(ies and in
railways o"erations$ IR had e!)ar.ed on its o!"%terisation "ro-ra!' IR de(elo"ed a
dediated s.eletal o!!%niation networ.$ as a )asi reA%ire!ent #or train o"eration'
RN was est a)l i shed in Dot a Di(i sion in & 99 '
A#ter the early introd%tion o# )asi o!"%ter a""liations e'-' Bay rolls$
In(entory Control and O"eratin- 8tatistis$ Railways went #or de"loy!ent o# o!"%ters
#or "rod%ti(ity i!"ro(e!ent thro%-h )%ildin- %" o"erational data)ases'
Use o# IT i n Rai lway :-
Bassen-er Reser(at ion 8yste! (BR8)
CONC/RT (Co%ntry-wide Networ. o# Co!"%terised /nhaned
Reser(ation ; Ti.etin-) $ Indian Railways #%lly a%to!ated BR8 so#tware$ is a
o!"le@ online distri)%ted transation a""liation )ased on lient ser(er arhitet%re
interonnetin- the re-ional o!"%tin- syste! into a National BR8 -rid'
The salient #eat%res o# CONC/RT so#tware inl%de allowin- "assen-er #ro!
anywhere to do a )oo.in- #or a Co%rney in any train in any lass #ro! anywhere to
anywhereR handlin- reser(ation$!odi#iations anellationHre#%nds'
e-Ti.etin-
CRI8 (Centre #or Railway In#or!ation 8yste!) has s%ess#%lly
de(elo"ed the Internet ti.etin- sol%tion la%nhed )y IRCTC (Indian Railway Caterin-
and To%ris! Cor"oration)'
2?
The e##ort in(ol(ed inter#ain- the IRCTC #ront end with )a.end BR8 Al"ha
ser(ers$ writin- "roed%res #or searh and A%eries at the )a.end$ ti.et "rintin- on
e@istin- lients and ao%ntin- so#tware'

UT8 (Unreser(ed Ti.et 8yste!)
UT8 is the o!"lete sol%tion #or o!"%terised %nreser(ed ti.etin- #ro!
dediated o%nter ter!inals and re"laes !an%al Brinted Card Ti.etsH/@ess Fare
Ti.etsH>lan. Ba"er Ti.ets' In #%t%re$ ti.etin- #ro! handheld ter!inals s!art ard$
a%to!ati (endin- !ahines$ et' is also en(isa-ed'
I=R8 (Interati(e =oie Res"onse 8yste!)
I=R8 is a tele"honi enA%iry syste! whih in#or!ation s%h as Bassen-er Na!e
Reord (BNR) enA%iry$ Train Arri(alHDe"art%re in#or!ation enA%iry thro%-h NT/8$ and
>erth a(aila)ility "osition in any train$ in !%lti"le lan-%a-es'
NT/8 (National Train /nA%iry 8yste!)
NT/8 "ro(ides arri(alHde"art%re as well as %rrent stat%s in#or!ation
a)o%t any "assen-er train in the entire Indian Railways ' NT/8 is "arallel to
BR8'
The ser(ers are loated at #i(e !etros i' e' Delhi$ Dol.ata$ *%!)ai$ Chennai$
8e%ndera)ad and all are interonneted'
/ntries are !ade re-ardin- r%nnin- o# train e(ery hal# an ho%r at (ario%s loations
inl%din- di(isional headA%arter all o(er the Indian Railways'
NT/8 is %sed )y I=R8 and other we) ena)led ser(ies and !o)ile ser(ies #or "ro(idin-
train in#or!ation to the "%)li'
RAILN/T *I8 :-
For r%nnin- any )%siness or-anisation$ the e##iieny o# the *I8 is (ery i!"ortant'
Indian Railways ha(e !any areas$ where %se o# IT is -oin- to ha(e a tellin- e##et' 8o!e
o# these are listed down:
Rai l >%d-et Co!"i l at i on 8yst e! (R>C8):-
CRI8 has de(elo"ed R>C8 #or olletin- )%d-etary in"%ts #ro! the di##erent
?ones and "rod%tion %nits o# the Indian Railways' The syste! #ailitates a"t%rin- o#
2A
data$ )%ildin- o# data)ase$ analysis o# de!ands and "r%nin- o# the esti!ates #or inl%sion
in the Railway >%d-et'
>esides *I8 re"orts$ the syste! ena)les "rintin- o# )%d-et do%!ents in
)ilin-%al$ Hindi and /n-lish' This syste! is i!"le!ented at 44 loations s"read o(er
Ponal Railways and Brod%tion Units a"art #ro! Railway >oard'
Co!"rehensi(e Bayrol l Broessin- 8yste! (CBB8):-
CBB8 is a o!"rehensi(e )ilin-%al "a.a-e -eneratin- !onthly salary )ills
inl%din- Inenti(e >on%s Cal%lation and La)o%r Ao%ntin- !od%les and "ay sli"s in
Hindi'
=i -i lane 8o#tware 8yste! (=88):-
=88 is desi-ned s"eially #or the reA%ire!ents o# =i-ilane De"art!ent o# Indian
Railways and has )een i!"le!ented in all the =i-ilane De"art!ents o# Indian Railway
Ponal HeadA%arters'
=88 !aintains in#or!ation a)o%t (i-ilane asesHo!"laints inl%des (ario%s
re"orts$ #orwardin- letters -enerated )y =i-ilane De"art!ent and .ee"s tra. o# Reei"t'
*at eri al *ana-e!ent In#or!ati on 8yst e! #or B-Way !at eri al: -
This "a.a-e is desi-ned s"eially #or the reA%ire!ents o# Ci(il /n-ineerin-
de"art!ent o# Indian Railways and hel"s the %sers in ao%ntin-& stores #or B-Way
!aterials' 8"eial e!"hasis has )een -i(en to sra" dis"osal'
Co!"rehensi(e Ao%ntin- ; Transation 8yste! (CAT8):-
CAT8 has )een desi-ned with o!!on data)ase to address #%ntionalities #or )oth
"ersonnel and Finane De"art!ents' CAT8 ontain two !aCor !od%les Finanial
Ao%ntin- 8yste! (FA8) and Bayroll 8yste! (B8)'
OR+ANIPATION: -
First Rail-Net was esta)lished )etween RAILWAY >OARD$ 9 Pones$ and 3
"rod%tion %nits in "hase 2'
Then e@tended to 3 new ?ones$ 5 entrali?ed trainin- instit%tes$ researh and
de(elo"!ent and standard or-ani?ations$ *etro"olitan trans"ort "roCet in "hase 0'
2D
The di(isional o##ies$ Ponal trainin- instit%tes will )e onneted to rail net in "hase 6
and #inally to station$ yards$ shads et'
RN o!"rises o# -
2' Intra-net
Intra-net is an internal networ. o# Indian railway allowin- the railway
o##iers and sta## to o!!%niate on this di-iti?ed networ. '
0' Inter-net
Internet allows %ser to -et into a -lo)al o!!%niation !ethod and -lo)al
"ool o# .nowled-e$ ad(ertise!ent and entertain!ent thro%-h www (World Wide We)) in
a se%red !anner'
TOOL8: -
/-*ail
/DI (/letroni Data Interhan-e)
WWW
FTB (File Trans#er Brotool)
TCB (Trans!ission Control Brotool)
O>E/CTI=/8:-
Railnet is %sed to "ro(ide #ollowin- ser(ies :
Creation o# We) "a-es'
/-!ail'
/letroni trans#er o# data %sed #or !onitorin- and oordination "%r"ose'
=oie-o(er IB'
=ideo-on#erenin-
We)-)ased a""liation so#tware de(elo"!ent
We) s%r#in- (>rowser %sa-e #or internet and intranet)'
HARDWAR/ CO*BON/NT8:-
8<
VCo!"aA, 8er(ers'
VCI8CO, Ro%ters$ 8withes ; H%)s
8tr%t%red a)lin- %sin- UTB-Cat 5 a)lin- (21 *>B8) (*a@i!%! distane
"er!issi)le 211 !eters )etween )
8OFTWAR/ CO*BON/NT8
*8 Windows NT 8er(er
O"eratin- syste! #or ser(er
*8 Windows NT Wor.station 7'1
O"eratin- syste! #or wor.stations
Internet In#or!ation 8er(er 6'1
Ciso Wor.s with 8N*BC
Bro(ides sa#ety to railway in#or!ation'
HOW DO/8 RAILN/T WORDO
Railnet is si!ilar to internet' All the o!"%ters and o!!%niation a)les that
!a.e %" the tho%sands o# s!aller networ.s at (ario%s railway o##ies are onneted
to-ether to #or! the railnet'
It #ollows a si!"le r%le$ TCBHIB' Here "a.et swithin-$ where a o!"%ter
!essa-e is )ro.en into s!all "a.ets $ is %sed ' /ah "a.et onsists o# a destination
address $ a so%re address and "a.et identity and %ser data' A "a.et an tra(el thro%-h
any "ath on the networ. '
Di##erent ser(ers o# railways are onneted to eah other (ia its own
!irowa(e stations to #or! a nationwide networ. o# Indian Railways'
Fo%r wires are o!in- #ro! !irowa(e station and they are ter!inated on the
lease line !ode!' This !ode! is onneted to ro%ter thro%-h a a)le' Ro%ter is
onneted to the swith'
8with is an inter#ae )etween ser(er and ro%ter' =ario%s h%)s an )e onneted in
a asade to inrease the no' o# ter!inations' This is a star to"olo-y'
81
H%)s alon- with o!"%ters within the distane o# 51 !eter are ter!inated on the
swith' In this !anner all the o!"%ters in the LAN an share the data and an
aess the internet thro%-h ser(er'
Ro%ter also "ro(ides the #aility o# Dial U" Networ.in- ' It an ao!!odate 4
dial tone !ode!s whih "ro(ide internet #aility on distant o!"%ters'
Railnet +enral Arran-!ent
RAILN/T N/TWORD CO*BON/NT8
A' 8/R=/R
A networ. is a !%lti%ser syste! )ea%se !ore than one "erson at a ti!e an send
reA%ests to a !ahine' A shared !ahine to-ether with the so#tware "ro-ra!s $ whih
82
handles reA%ests and distri)%tes the networ. reso%res s%h as data #iles and "rinter ti!e
)oth the !ahine and its so#tware are Cointly re#erred as the ser(er'
8er(er has #ollowin- harateristis :
2) Hardware inl%din- !other)oard o# the ser(er is entirely di##erent #ro! a nor!al
B'C'
0) It an )e %sed with two "roessors o# 511*H?'
6) It ontains 6 hard dis.s ha(in- a"aity o# 9+>'These are onneted to the
!other)oard thro%-h RAD ontroller ard '
7) A ser(er sho%ld )e a)le to i!"le!ent se%rity #or its data'
5) It ontains *iroso#t >a. O##ie 8er(er 7'12 so#tware whih o!"rises #ollowin-
"ro-ra!s:
a) *iroso#t NT'
)) *iroso#t >a.O##ie'
) 8ite *ana-e!ent 8er(er'
d) Bro@y 8o#tware'
e) 8er(ie Networ. Ad!inistrator
#) /@han-e 8er(er'
>' ROUT/R
A ro%ter translates in#or!ation #ro! one networ. to anotherR it is si!ilar to a s%"er
intelli-ent )rid-e' Ro%ters selet the )est "ath to ro%te a !essa-e$ )ased on the
destination address and ori-in' The ro%ter an diret tra##i to "re(ent head-on ollisions$
and is s!art eno%-h to .now when to diret tra##i alon- )a. roads and short%ts'
Ro%ters .now the addresses o# o!"%ters$ )rid-es$ and other ro%ters on eah
side o# the networ.' Ro%ters an e(en UlistenU to the entire networ. to deter!ine whih
setions are )%siest$ they an then rediret data aro%nd those setions %ntil they lear %"'
Ro%ters an:
Diret si-nal tra##i e##iiently'
Ro%te !essa-es )etween any two "rotools'
Ro%te !essa-es )etween linear )%s$ star$ and star-wired rin- to"olo-ies'
Ro%te !essa-es aross #i)er o"tis$ oa@ial$ and twisted "air a)lin-'
C' 8WITCH
The swith is %sed to interonnet the Nodes' >%t it is !ore o!"le@ and (ersatile$
and also there is no di(ision o# )andwidth a!on- the nodes'
They are ati(e de(ie with #ollowin- "oints :
(2) 21*)"s$ 211 *)"s$ sin-le-s"eed$ or d%al s"eed o"eration'
88
(0) Con-estion ontrol$ whih !eans that the swith sho%ld ha(e eno%-h )%##ers to
ta.e are o# the tra##i "ea.s'
(6) 8e-!entation o# loal networ.
(7) 8"eed %" the loal networ.' They are o# 4$23 or 74 "orts ati(e ter!inal'
D' FIR/WALL
It is se%rity "%r"ose so#tware$ whih is %sed to se%re the ser(er ontents$ so the
o%tside %ser o%ld not te!"er the in#or!ation' The %ser an read the in#or!ation )%t an
not write anythin-'
/' HU>
It is ati(e C%ntion )o@$ whih is %sed to onnet the nodes and all the ser(ers
%sin- any ty"e o# a)le (UTB$ Coa@ial et)' It ontains a di(ision o# networ. )andwidth'
The i!"ortant "ara!eters to )e onsidered whole seletin- are: -
8%""ort #or d%al-s"eed o"erations'
N%!)er and ty"es o# "orts$ UTB and >NC'
A%to swithin-'
8%""ort a )%ilt-in se-!ent swith'
/ase o# on#i-%ration'
It an ha(e a a"aity o# 4$ 23 or 07 nodes and the !a@i!%! distane )etween
H%) and nodes is 211 *t' I# distane is !ore$ then additional HU> !%st )e %sed ()%t not
!ore than 6)'
8C
S2++3!%* /4+ .$556%!.&/!$% (!/4
O2/!.&' F!1+,#
Today&s -eneral de!ands to railway ad!inistrations all o(er the world are:
i!"ro(ed tra##i re-%larity$
!ore #reA%ent de"art%res and$
shorter tra(ellin- ti!es'
In order to !eet a)o(e de!ands it is "ara!o%nt to e@"and the e@istin-
trans!ission a"aity #or tele-o!!%niation and to i!"le!ent !ore #le@i)le si-nal
interlo.in- syste!s'
The teleo!!%niation networ. has to o"erate with !ore s%)sri)ers as well as to
arry a n%!)er o# new ser(ies$ s%h as a%to!ati train n%!)erin-$ eletroni
re"ortin- and "assen-er in#or!ation$ #rei-ht ontrol and (oie hannels to
radio )ase stations #or
!o)ileradio o!!%niation'
The old relay )ased si-nal interlo.in- syste!s #or line )lo. interlo.in- ha(e to )e
re"laed )y hea"er and !ore #le@i)le #%lly eletroni syste!s #or the ontrol o# si--nals$
"oints and other sa#ety !eas%res alon- the tra.'
Co!!%ni ati on *edi a:-
The o!!%niation lin.s !a.in- %" the data networ. !ay )e o(er a o!)ination
o# any o# the #ollowin- !edia :
OFC$
Di-ital *W$
IB Radio lin.s$
=8AT$ Analo- *W$
Twisted "air o""er$ #or last !ile onneti(ity'
8E
Where(er #easi)le wireless LAN (WiFi$ Wi*a@) as "er latest international
standards !ay also )e ado"ted'
Rai l ways Bri (at e Net wor. is )%ilt %" )y %tilisin- )andwidth #ro!
Railways, own Railtel Cor"oration o# India (RCIL) or leasin-
)andwidth #ro! >8NL or other ser(ie "ro(iders'
Networ. 8"eeds: -

The earlier networ.s were non-IB )ased and wor.ed at s"eeds o# 9'3 D)"s'
+rad%ally so!e o# the non-IB )ased networ. s"eeds were %"-raded to 37 D)"s'
+enerally hi-her s"eeds are not ado"ted in non-IB networ.s'
Bresently networ.s are !ostly IB )ased and o"erate at s"eeds o# 0
*)"s at the ore and distri)%tion le(els and 37 .)"s at the aess le(el'
8"eeds o# n @ 37 D)"s !ay )e %sed at i!"ortant aess "oints de"endin- on the
networ. tra##i'
8i!ilarly at the ore le(el n @ 0 *)"s !ay also )e ado"ted'
In a entrali?ed syste! as in FOI8$ the ore le(el o!"rises the o!!%niation
lin.s )etween CRI8 (Centre #or Railway In#or!ation 8yste!)H Rly'>oard and
?onal HArs'
Distri)%tion le(el o!"rises the o!!%niation lin.s )etween ?onal HArs' and
di(isions and aess le(el is !ade %" o# lin.s onnetin- the di(ision to the
ati(ity entres '
In a distri)%ted syste! as in BR8$ the o!"%ters at the 5 !etro ities are
onneted in a !esh to"olo-y and #or! the ore networ.' The networ. onnetin-
the 5 loations to other ?onal headA%arters and di(isional headA%arters #or!s the
distri)%tion layer and the onnetions #ro! the ?onalHdi(isional headA%arters to the
other loations #or!s the aess networ.'
Networ. 8e%rity:-
The !ain as"ets o# se%rity is :
Data sent )y the sender sho%ld )e reei(ed only )y the intended reei(er' This is
8B
ahie(ed thro%-h enry"tion at (ario%s le(els' /nry"tion an )e )%ilt in at a""liation
le(el as well as networ. le(el' The (ario%s data enry"tion standards are IB se' D/8$ 6
D/8$ A/8$ "ri(ateH"%)li .ey et'
O"ti al #i)er Tel eo!!%ni ati on #or Rai l way Ut il i ty
A !odern teleo!!%niation networ. #or railway %tility !%st )e a)le to handle
the e!er-in- o# ad(aned re!ote ontrol entres$ di-i tal tele"hone e@han-es $ train
radio syste!s and the e@tensi(e de(elo"!ent o# entral and loal data syste!s' T
here#ore$ it is reo!!ended to a""ly di-ital BC* trans!ission eA%i"!ent$ %sin-
o"tial #i)ers as trans!ission !edia'
The ad(anta-es o# this .ind o# teleo!!%niation networ.s are the low
esta)lishin- osts o!"ared to its enor!o%s a"aity'
For e@'$ an 4 or 20 #i)er a)le is a)le to handle all to- day .nown railway
trans!ission reA%ire!ents and e(en !ore' F%rther!ore$ the trans!ission networ. is
i!!%ne to eletro!a-neti dist%r)anes in onnetion with eletri railway
tra##i' In o"tial #i)er teleo!!%niation syste!s$ "ri!arily !ono!ode #i)ers are %sed
today$ "ro(idin- an e@tre!ely hi-h )andwidth (W611+H? @ .!) and a (ery
low atten%ation (1' 0 d>H.!) '
We&ll -i(e a )rie# introd%tion to o"tial #i)ers here'
An o"tial #i)er is a thin$ #le@i)le$ trans"arent #i)er that ats as a wa(e-%ide$
or Jli-ht "i"eK$ to trans!it li-ht )etween the two ends o# the #i)er'
O"tial #i)ers are widely %sed in #i)er-o"ti o!!%niations$ whih "er!its
trans!ission o(er lon-er distanes and at hi-her (data rates) than other #or!s o#
o!!%niation'
Fi)ers are %sed instead o# !etal wires )ea%se si-nals tra(el alon- the! with less
loss and are also i!!%ne to eletro!a-neti inter#erene' Fi)ers are also %sed #or
ill%!ination$ and are wra""ed in )%ndles so they an )e %sed to arry i!a-es$ th%s
allowin- (iewin- in ti-ht s"aes' 8"eially desi-ned #i)ers are %sed #or a (ariety
o# other a""liations$ inl%din- sensors and #i)er lasers'
8?
The str%t%re o# a ty"ial sin-le-!ode #i)er '
2' Core: 4X! dia!eter
0' Claddin-: 205X! dia'
6' >%##er: 051X! dia'
7' Ea.et: 711X! dia'
O"t ial Fi)er Co!!%ni ati on Networ. at IR

IR =ision is to ta" re(en%e -eneration "otential in the teleo! and IT setor$ %sin- the
37$ 111-.! lon- & ri-ht o# way& #or layin- o"ti #i)res$ si-nallin- towers and
other in#rastr%t%re assets that Indian Railways owns'
OFCs are laid down alon- the tra. '
This will )e done in olla)oration )etween the RailTel Cor"oration and "ri(ate setor
o!"anies in a trans"arent #ra!ewor.'
Use o# OF Tehnol o-y in IR
The ad(anta-es o# %sin- OFCs o(er on(entional o""er a)les inl%de:
i) #ree #ro! /*I and RFI !a.in- it es"eially %se#%l in eletri#ied areas'
ii) s%""orts low )it-error rate di-ital o!!%niation '
iii) (ery hi-h tra##i arryin- a"aity and hene "otential #or leasin- e@ess
a"aity to other %sers and "ro(idin- other ser(ies'
8A
i() ne-li-i)le ross-tal. )etween hannels'
() ins%##iient o!!erial (al%e o# )its o# a)le and hene less "rone to the#t'
(i) !%lti"le Coints does not si-ni#iantly de-rade >/R and there#ore s"eeh
A%ality'
IR ha(e o!!issioned their #irst o"tial #i)er o!!%niation syste!$
in the )%sy s%)%r)an area o# *%!)ai o(er a distane o# 31 .! onnetin-
61 s%)%r)an stations d%rin- 2949'
This was #ollowed )y installation o# another 911 .! #i)er in onnetion with railway
eletri#iation "roCets '
EOINTIN+ AND T/R*INATION OF OBTIC FI>R/ CA>L/
Tehni A%es #or Cointi n- o# o"t i #i)re a)l e: -

(a) *ehanial 8"l ie
This ali-n the a@is o# the two #i)res to )e Coined and "hysially hold the! to-ether'
()) F%si on 8"li in-
This is done )y a""lyin- loali?ed heatin- (i'e' )y eletri ar or #la!e) at the
inter#ae )etween the )%tted$ "re-ali-ned #i)re end$ a%sin- the! to so#ten and #%se
to-ether'
Followin- ste"s are in(ol(ed #or C oi nt in- o# t he a)le :-
Bre"aration o# a)le #or Cointin-
8tri""in-H%ttin- the a)le
Bre"aration o# a)le and Coint los%re #or s"liin-
8tri""in- and lea(in- o# #i)res
8ealin- o# Coint los%re and
Blain- Coint in "it