21.

61: a)Changing the orientation of a dipole from parallel to perpendicular yields:

U U f U i ( pE cos 90 pE cos 0) (5.0 10 30 C m)(1.6 106 N C)
8 10 24 J.

3
2

24
b) kT 8 10 J T

2(8 10 24 J)
0.384 K.
3(1.38 10 23 J K )