SOME IMPORTANT MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

Circle : Area =

r
2
;
Circumference = 2

r.
Square : Area = x
2
; Perimeter = 4x.
Rectangle: Area = xy

; Perimeter = 2(x+y).
Triangle : Area =
1
2
(base)(height)

; Perimeter = a+b+c.
Area of equiatera triange =
!
4
a
2
.

Sphere : "urface Area = 4

r
2

; #oume =
4
!

r
!
.
Cube : "urface Area = $a
2

; #oume = a
!
.
Cne : Cur%e& "urface Area =

r

; #oume =
1
!

r
2

h
'ota surface area = .

r +

r
2

Cubi! : 'ota surface area = 2 (ab + bh + h); #oume = bh.
C"lin!er : Cur%e& surface area = 2

rh; #oume =

r
2

h
'ota surface area (o(en) = 2

rh;
'ota surface area (cose&) = 2

rh+2

r
2
.
SOME #ASIC AL$E#RAIC FORMULAE:
1.(a + b)
2
= a
2
+ 2ab+ b
2

. 2. (a ) b)
2
= a
2
) 2ab+ b
2

.
!.(a + b)
!
= a
!
+ b
!

+ !ab(a + b). 4. (a ) b)
!
= a
!
) b
!

) !ab(a ) b).
*.(a + b + c)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

+2ab+2bc +2ca.
$.(a + b + c)
!
= a
!
+ b
!
+ c
!
+!a
2
b+!a
2
c + !b
2
c +!b
2
a +!c
2
a +!c
2
a+$abc.
+.a
2
) b
2

= (a + b)(a , b ) .
-.a
!
, b
!

= (a , b) (a
2
+ ab + b
2

).
..a
!
+ b
!

= (a + b) (a
2
) ab + b
2

).
1/.(a + b)
2

+

(a ) b)
2

= 4ab.
11.(a + b)
2

)

(a ) b)
2

= 2(a
2
+ b
2

).
12.0f a + b +c =/1 then a
!
+ b
!
+ c
!

= !

abc

.
IN%ICES AN% SUR%S
1. a
m

a
n
=
a
m + n

2.
m
a
m n
a
n
a

. !.
m n mn
(a ) a
. 4.
m m m
(ab) a b
.
*.
m m
a a
m
b
b
_

,
. $.
/
a 11 a /
. +.
1
m
a
m
a

. -.
y x
a a x y
..
x x
a b a b
1/.
a 2 b x y t t
1 2here x + y = a an& xy = b.

S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
1
LO$ARITHMS

x
a m og m x
a
(a 3 / an& a 4 1)
1. og
a
mn = ogm + ogn.
2. og
a
m
n
_

,
= ogm , ogn.
!. og
a
m
n

= n ogm.
4. og
b
a =
oga
og b
.
*. og
a
a = 1.
$. og
a
1 = /.
+. og
b
a =
a
1
og b
.
-. og
a
1= /.
.. og (m +n) 4 ogm +ogn.
1/. e
ogx

= x.
11. og
a
a
x

= x.
PRO$RESSIONS
ARITHMETIC PRO$RESSION
a1 a + &1 a+2&1)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))are in A.P.
n
th
term1 '
n
= a + (n)1)&.
"um to n terms1 "
n
= [ ]
n
2a (n 1)&
2
+ .
0f a1 b1 c are in A.P1 then 2b = a + c.
$EOMETRIC PRO$RESSION
a1 ar1 ar
2

1))))))))))))))))))))))))))) are in 5.P.
"um to n terms1 "
n
=
n
a(1 r )
1 r

if r 6 1 an& "
n
=
n
a(r 1)
r 1

if r 3 1.
"um to infinite terms of 5.P1
a
"
1 r

.
0f a1 b1 c are in A.P1 then b
2
= ac.
HARMONIC PRO$RESSION
7eci(rocas of the terms of A.P are in 8.P
1 1 1
1 1 1
a a & a 2& + +
))))))))))))))))) are in 8.P
0f a1 b1 c are in 8.P1 then b =
2ac
a c +
.
MATHEMATICAL IN%UCTION
1 + 2 + ! + )))))))))))))))))+n =
n(n 1)
n
2
+

.
1
2
+2
2
+!
2
+ )))))))))))))))))+n
2
=
2
n(n 1)(2n 1)
n
$
+ +

.
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
2
1
!
+2
!
+!
!
+ ))))))))))))))))+ n
!
=
2 2
!
n (n 1)
n
4
+

.
PERMUTATIONS AN% COM#INATION
n P
r
=
( )
n9
n r 9
.
nC
r
=
( )
n9
r9 n r 9
.
n9= 1.2 !.))))))))n.
nC
r
= nC
n)r
.

nC
r
+ nC
r)1
= (n + 1) C
r
.

(m + n)C
r
=
(m n)9
m9n9
+
.
#INOMIAL THEOREM
(x +a)
n

= x
n

+ nC
1
x
n)1
a + nC
2
x
n)2
a
2
+ nC
!
x
n)!
a
!
+))))))))))))+ nC
n
a
n
.
n
th
term1 '
r+1
= nC
r
x
n)r
a
r
.
PARTIAL FRACTIONS

f (x)
g(x)
is a (ro(er fraction if the &eg (g(x)) 3 &eg (f(x)).

f (x)
g(x)
is a im(ro(er fraction if the &eg (g(x)) &eg (f(x)).
1. :inear non) re(eate& factors

f (x) A ;
(ax b)(cx &) ax b (cx &)
+
+ + + +
.
2. :inear re(eate& factors

2 2
f (x) A ; C
(ax b)(cx &) ax b (cx &) (cx &)
+ +
+ + + + +
.
!. <on)inear(qua&ratic 2hich can not be factori=e&)

2 2 2 2
f (x) Ax ; Cx >
(ax b)(cx &) ax b (cx &)
+ +
+
+ + + +
.
ANAL&TICAL $EOMETR&
1. >istance bet2een the t2o (oints (x
1
1 y
1
) an& (x
2
1 y
2
) in the (ane is

2 2
2 1 2 1
(x x ) (y y ) + ?7
2 2
1 2 1 2
(x x ) (y y ) + .
2. "ection formua

2 1 2 1
mx nx my ny
1
m n m n
+ + _

+ +
,
(for interna &i%ision)1

2 1 2 1
mx nx my ny
1
m n m n
_


,
(for externa &i%ision).
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
!
!. @i& (oint formua

1 2 1 2
x x y y
1
2 2
+ + _

,
.
4. Centrio& formua

1 2 ! 1 2 !
x x x y y y
1
! !
+ + + + _

,
.
*. Area of triange 2hen their %ertices are gi%en1

[ ]
1 2 !
1 2 ! 2 ! 1 ! 1 2
1
x (y y )
2
1
x (y y ) x (y y ) x (y y )
2

+ +

STRAI$HT LINE
"o(e (or 5ra&ient) of a ine = tangent of an incination = tanA.
"o(e of a B) axis = /
"o(e of a ine (arae to B)axis = /
"o(e of a C) axis = D
"o(e of a ine (arae to C)axis = D
"o(e of a ine Eoining (x
1
1 x
2
) an& (y
1
1 y
2
) =
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

.
0f t2o ines are (arae1 then their so(es are equa (m
1
= m
2
)
0f t2o ines are (er(en&icuar1 then their (ro&uct of so(es is )1 (m
1
m
2
= )1)
E'UATIONS OF STRAI$HT LINE
1. y = mx + c (so(e)interce(t form)
y ) y
1
= m(x)x
1
) ((oint)so(e form)
2 1
1 1
2 1
y y
y y (x x )
x x

(t2o (oint form)

x y
1
a b
+ (interce(t form)
x cosF +y sinF = P (norma form)
Gquation of a straight ine in the genera form is a(
)
* b( * c + ,
"o(e of ax
2
+ bx + c = / is ,
a
b
_

,
2. Ange bet2een t2o straight ines is gi%en by1 tanA =
1 2
1 2
m m
1 m m

+
:ength of the (er(en&icuar from a (oint (x
1
1x
2
) an& the straight ine ax
2
+ bx + c
= / is
1 1
2 2
ax by c
a b
+ +
+
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
4
Gquation of a straight ine (assing through intersection of t2o ines a
1
x
2
+ b
1
x + c
1
= / an& a
2
x
2
+ b
2
x + c
2
= / is a
1
x
2
+ b
1
x + c
1
+ H(a
2
x
2
+ b
2
x + c
2
) = /1 2here H is
any constant.
'2o ines meeting a (oint are cae& intersecting ines.
@ore than t2o ines meeting a (oint are cae& concurrent ines.
Gquation of bisector of ange bet2een the ines a
1
x

+ b
1
y+ c
1
= / an&
a
2
x

+ b
2
y + c
2
= / is
1 1 1 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
a x b y c a x b y c
a b a b
+ + + +
t
+ +
PAIR OF STRAI$HT LINES
1. An equation ax
2
+2hxy +by
2
= /1 re(resents a (air of ines (assing through origin
generay cae& as homogeneous equation of &egree2 in x an& y an&
ange bet2een these is gi%en by tanA =
2
2 h ab
a b

+
.
ax
2
+2hxy +by
2
= /1 re(resents a (air of coinci&ent ines1 if h
2
= ab an& the same
re(resents a (air of (er(en&icuar ines1 if a + b = /.


0f m
1
an& m
2
are the so(es of the ines ax
2
+2hxy +by
2
= /1then m
1
+ m
2
=
2h
b

an&

m
1
m
2
=
a
b
.
2. An equation ax
2
+2hxy +by
2
+2gx +2fy +c = / is cae& secon& genera secon&
or&er equation re(resents a (air of ines if it satisfies the the con&ition
abc + 2fgh ,af
2
, bg
2
, ch
2
= /.
'he ange bet2een the ines ax
2
+2hxy +by
2
+2gx +2fy +c = / is gi%en by
tanA =
2
2 h ab
a b

+
.
ax
2
+2hxy +by
2
+2gx +2fy +c = /1 re(resents a (air of (arae ines1 if h
2
= ab an&
af
2
= bg
2
an& the &istance bet2een the (arae ines is
2
2 g ac
a(a b)

+
.
ax
2
+2hxy +by
2
+2gx +2fy +c = /1 re(resents a (air of (er(en&icuar ines
1if a + b = /.


S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
*
TRI$NOMETR&
Area of a sector of a circe =
2
1
r
2
.
Arc ength1 " = r A.
sinA =
o((
hy(
1cosA =
a&E
hy(
1tanA =
o((
a&E
1cotA =
a&E
o((
1 secA =
hy(
a&E
1 cosecA =
hy(
o((
.
"inA =
1
cos ec
or cosecA =
1
sin
1 cosA =
1
sec
or secA =
1
cos
1
tanA =
1
cot
or cotA =
1
tan
1 tanA =
sin
cos

1 cotA =
cos
sin

.
sin
2
A + cos
2
A = 1;

sin
2
A = 1) cos
2
A; cos
2
A = 1) sin
2
A;
sec
2
A ) tan
2
A = 1;

sec
2
A = 1+ tan
2
A; tan
2
A = sec
2
A , 1;
cosec
2
A ) cot
2
A = 1;

cosec
2
A = 1+ cot
2
A; cot
2
A = cosec
2
A , 1.
STAN%AR% AN$LES


/
/
or
/
/
!/
or
$

/
4*
or
4

/
$/
or
!

/
./
or
2

/
1*
or
12

/
+*
or
*
12

"in
/

1
2

1
2

!
2

1
! 1
2 2
! 1
2 2
+
Cos

1

!
2

1
2

1
2

/
! 1
2 2
+ ! 1
2 2

'an

/

1
!

1

!


! 1
! 1

+
! 1
! 1
+

Cot



!

1

1
!

/
! 1
! 1
+

! 1
! 1

+
"ec
1

2
!


2

1


2 2
! 1 +
2 2
! 1
Cosec


2


2

2
!

1
2 2
! 1
2 2
! 1 +
ALLIE% AN$LES
'rigonometric functions of anges 2hich are in the 2
n&
1 !
r&
an& 4
th
qua&rants can be
obtaine& as foo2s I
0f the transformation begins at ./
/
or 2+/
/
1 the trigonometric functions changes as
sin J cos
tan J cot
sec J cosec
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
$
2here as the transformation begins at 1-/
/
or !$/
/
1 the same trigonometric functions
2i be retaine&1 ho2e%er the signs (+ or )) of the functions &eci&es A"'C rue.
COMPOUN% AN$LES
"in(A+;)=sinAcos;+cosAsin;.
"in(A);)= sinAcos;)cosAsin;.
Cos(A+;)=cosAcos;)sinAsin;.
Cos(A);)=cosAcos;+sinAsin;.
tan(A+;)=
tan A tan ;
1 tan Atan ;
+

tan(A);)=
tan A tan ;
1 tan Atan ;

+

tan A
4
_
+

,
=
1 tan A
1 tan A
+

tan A
4
_

,
=
1 tan A
1 tan A

+
tan(A+;+C)=
tan A tan ; tan C tan Atan ;tan C
1 (tan Atan ; tan ;tan C tan Ctan A)
+ +
+ +
sin(A+;) sin(A);)=
2 2 2 2
sin A sin ; cos ; cos A
cos(A+;) cos(A);)=
2 2
cos A sin ;
MULTIPLE AN$LES
1.sin 2A=2 sinA cosA. 2. sin 2A=
2
2tan A
1 tan A +
.
!.cos 2A =
2 2
cos A sin A
=1)2
2
sin A.
= 2
2
cos A 1
=
2
2
1 tan A
1 tan A

+

4. tan 2A=
2
2tan A
1 tan A
1 *. 1+cos 2A=
2
2cos A1 $.
2
cos A =
1
(1 cos 2A)
2
+ .
+. 1)cos 2A=
2
2sin A1 -.
2
sin A=
1
(1 cos 2A)
2
1 ..1+sin 2A=
2
(sin A cos A) + 1
1/. 1)sin 2A=
2
(cos A sin A) =
2
(sin A cos A) 1 11.cos !A=
!
4cos A !cos A 1
12. sin !A=
!
!sin A 4sin A 1 1!.tan !A=
!
2
!tan A tan A
1 !tan A

.
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
+
HALF AN$LE FORMULAE
1) sin =2sin cos
2 2

. 2) sin =
2
2tan
2
1 tan
2
_

,
_
+

,
. !) cos =
2 2
cos sin
2 2

.
4)
2
cos 1 2sin
2

. *)
2
cos 2cos 1
2

. $)
2
2
1 tan
2
cos
1 tan
2
_

,

_
+

,
.
+)
2
2tan
2
tan
1 tan
2
_

,

_

,
. -)
2
1 cos 2cos
2

+ . .)
2
1 cos 2sin
2

.
PRO%UCT TO SUM
2 sinA cos; = sin(A+;) + sin(A);).
2 cosA sin; = sin(A+;) , sin(A);).
2 cosA cos; = cos(A+;) + cos(A);).
2 sinA sin; = cos(A+;) , cos(A);).
SUM TO PRO%UCT
"in C + sin > =
C >
2sin
2
+ _

,
C >
cos
2
_

,
.
"in C ,sin > =
C > C >
2cos sin
2 2
+ _ _

, ,
.
Cos C + cos > =
C > C >
2cos cos
2 2
+ _ _

, ,
.
Cos C) cos > =
C > C >
2sin sin
2 2
+ _ _

, ,

?7
Cos C) cos > =
> C > C
2sin sin
2 2
+ _ _

, ,

PROPERTIES AN% SOLUTIONS OF TRIAN$LE
Sine Rule:
a b c
27
sin A sin ; sin C
1 2here 7 is the circum ra&ius of the
triange.
C-ine Rule: a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
)2bc cosA or cosA =
2 2 2
b c a
2bc
+
1
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
-
b
2
= a
2
+ c
2
)2ac cos; or cos; =
2 2 2
a c b
2ac
+
1
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
)2ab cosC or cosC =
2 2 2
a b c
2ab
+
.
Pr.ectin Rule: a = b cosC +c cos;
b = c cosA +a cosC
c = a cos; +b cosA
Tangent- Rule:
; C b c A
tan cot
2 b c 2
_ _

+
, ,
1
C A c a ;
tan cot
2 c a 2
_ _

+
, ,
1
A ; a b C
tan cot
2 a b 2
_ _

+
, ,
.
Hal/ angle /r0ula:
A (s b)(s c)
sin
2 bc
_

,
1
A s(s a)
cos
2 bc
_

,
1
A (s b)(s c)
tan
2 s(s a)
_

,
.
; (s a)(s c)
sin
2 ac
_

,
1
; s(s b)
cos
2 ac
_

,
1
; (s a)(s c)
tan
2 s(s b)
_

,
.
C (s a)(s b)
sin
2 ab
_

,
1
C s(s c)
cos
2 ab
_

,
1
C (s a)(s b)
tan
2 s(s c)
_

,
.
Area of triange A;C = s(s a)(s b)(s c) 1
Area of triange A;C =
1 1 1
bcsin A acsin ; absin C
2 2 2
.
LIMITS
1. If
( ) ( ) f x f x
, then
( ) f x
is called Even Function
2. If
( ) ( ) f x f x
, then
( ) f x
is called Odd Function
!. If P is the smallest
ve +
real number such that if
( ) ( ) + f x P f x
, then
( ) f x
is called
a periodic function with period P.
4. Right Hand Limit (RHL) =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+
+

lim lim
x a h
f x f a h
Left Hand Limit (LHL) =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

lim lim
x a h
f x f a h
If RHL=LHL then
( ) ( )

lim
x a
f x
e!ists and

( ) ( )

lim
x a
f x
= RHL=LHL
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
.
*.
"

p
n
Lt
n

, if
p >
and
p
n
Lt n

if
p >
#. ( )

sin tan
in radians "
sin tan
x x x x
x x x x
Lt Lt x Lt Lt
x x x x


$.





sin tan
"%
x x
x x
Lt Lt
x x
%.

&
sin &
x
x
Lt
x
'.
" "

sin tan
lim " lim
x x
x x
x x



1/.

"
lim
n n
n
x a
x a
na
x a
, where n is an integer or a fraction.
"".

" "
lim log , lim log "
x x
x x
a e
a e
x x



"&. ( )
"

"
lim " , lim "
n
n
x x
e n e
n

_
+ +

,
"(.
( ) ( )

1
]
lim lim
x a x a
kf x k f x
").
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) lim lim lim
x a x a x a
f x g x f x g x

t t 1
]
"*.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) lim . lim . lim
x a x a x a
f x g x f x g x

( )
( )
( )
( )

_


,
lim
lim lim ( )
lim
x a
x a x a
x a
f x
f x
provided g x
g x g x
1$. + function
( ) f x
is said to be continuous at the point
x a
if
(i)
( ) lim
x a
f x

e!ists (ii) ( ) f a is defined (iii)

( ) ( ) lim
x a
f x f a

1+. + function
( ) f x
is said to be discontinuous or not continuous at
x a
if
(i) ( ) f x is not defined at
x a
(ii)
( ) lim
x a
f x

does not e!ist at

x a
(iii)
( ) ( ) ( )

lim lim
x a x a
f x f x f a
+

1-. If two functions
( ) f x
and
( ) g x
are continuous then
( ) ( ) f x g x +
is continuous
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
1/