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GSM Planning & Engineering.
GSM Reference Model
A
MS MS BTS
BSC
Um
Abis
MSC HLR
EIR
VLR
AuC
VLR
OMC
MSC PSTN ISDN
E
F
C
B
D
G
General Planning Process
Mobility and traffic models
for the considered area
Equipment quantity
(BTS, BSC, MSC, links, ...)
Sites positioning
(radio planning)
BTS layout and
characteristics
Frequency
plan
Frequency
allocation
Dimensioning
(Erlang, QoS)
BSS design
(site positions and
interconnection network)
NSS, IN, WAP design
(equipment positions and
interconnection network)
Global network design
interconnection
BSCs and MSCs BTSs and BSCs
interconnection
Interconnection with
other networks
Planning Process
Business Plan
No. of Subscribers
Traffic per subscribers
Subs distribution
GOS
Spectrum availability
Frequency Reuse
Types of coverage
RF parameters
Field strength studies
Available sites
Site survey
Business Plan
No. of Subscribers
Traffic per subscribers
Subs distribution
GOS
Spectrum availability
Frequency Reuse
Types of coverage
RF parameters
Field strength studies
Available sites
Site survey
Capacity
Studies
Capacity
Studies
Coverage &
C/I study;
Search Areas
Coverage &
C/I study;
Search Areas
Plan Verification
Quality Check
Update documentation
Plan Verification
Quality Check
Update documentation
Initial Design
Plan
Implementation
Plan
Implementation
Monitor
Network
Monitor
Network
Network
Optimisation
Network
Optimisation
Capacity Studies
Coverage Plan and Coverage Studies
Frequency plans and Interference Studies
Antenna Systems& Orientation Studies
BSS parameter planning
Database and documentation of approved sites
Expansion plans
Capacity Studies
Coverage Plan and Coverage Studies
Frequency plans and Interference Studies
Antenna Systems& Orientation Studies
BSS parameter planning
Database and documentation of approved sites
Expansion plans
** **
** **
Acquisition of
Sites
Acquisition of
Sites
and re-design
GSM PLANNING: THE BASIC PROCESS
1. CAPACITY PLANNING
2. COVERAGE PLANNING
4. EQUIPMENT PLANNING
3. PARAMETER PLANNING
5. OPTIMIZATION.
CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO
SYSTEM DESIGN
Concept of frequency reuse channels
Co-channel interference reduction factor
Desired carrier to interference ratio
Hand off mechanism
Cell splitting
Note:Limitation in the system is the frequency
resource
CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO
SYSTEM DESIGN
Challenge is to serve the greatest number of
customers
1.How many customers can we serve in a busy
hour ?
2.How many customers can we take into our
system?
3.How many frequency channels do we need?
GSM NETWORK PLANNING PROCESS - I
Service Area
Estimation of traffic demand
Available frequency resources.
Evolving an optimum coverage scheme
of placing the cells over the entire
service area so as to provide complete
mobility to the subscribers.
GSM NETWORK PLANNING PROCESS- II
Traffic demand estimation
-Population distribution
-Car usage distribution
-Income level distribution
-Land usage distribution
-Telephone usage distribution.
GSM NETWORK PLANNING PROCESS-III
Estimation of Cell Radius
Service Area
Terrain conditions
Density of foilage
Man made structures
Signal level at an unit distance from base
station
Signal strength decay per decade of distance.
GSM NETWORK PLANNING PROCESS-IV
MOBILE RADIO NETWORK PLANNING
SOFTWARE TOOLS
Propagation Predictions based upon various
propagation models e.g OKUMARA- HATA,
WALFISCH-IKEGAMI or special external models
written by the users
Interference analysis
Automatic frequency planning
Coverage analysis by contour plots
Comparison with actual radio field measurements
Efficient tool to load,analyze and display system
performance evaluation
Traffic Model
Call Mix for other services
FAX/DATA subscribers - 5% in 40mE cities
and 2% in other cities.
IN subscribers - 70% of total subs
Prepaid subscribers - 80% of IN subs
Freephone (FPH) - 5%
MVPN - 5%
Premium Rate (PRM) - 5%
Universal Access No. - 5%
Traffic Model
Voice Mail - 100% of subscribers.
SMSC should be dimensioned for 50% of the
total subscribers with:
2 messages per subscriber per day
Max. length of SMS message 160 chars.
WAP subscribers - 10% for high traffic cities
and 5% for others with:
50% on Circuit Switched Data (CSD)
50% on SMS
Design Parameters
Grade of Service
MSC-MSC/PSTN - 1%
MSC-BSS - 0.5%
Um interface - 2%
BSC-BTS - 0%
Handover
Total HO - 50%
Inter MSC - 5%
Inter BSC - 10%
Intra BSC - 85%
Design Parameters
Location Update
Normal
Intra MSC (New LAI) - 0.3 nr/sub
Intra MSC (new registration) - 0.18 nr/sub
Periodic - 0.5 nr/sub
Attach
Subscribers registered earlier - 0.25 nr/sub
New registration - 0.1 nr/sub
Detach
GSM Cell Planning Requirement
Provision of required Capacity
Optimum use of the available frequency spectrum
Minimum number of cell sites
Provision of easy and smooth expansion of the network in future
Provision of adequate Coverage of the given area,
for a minimum specified level of interference
Example : Basic Planning (1/3)
Say the service provider wants to launch his network
with 20 sites or for 10,000 subscribers in a city
The following assumptions are made in the planning process :
25 mE average traffic per subscriber
Grade of Service 2%
Mobile to Mobile traffic 10%
Mobile to PSTN traffic 70%
Land to Mobile traffic 20%
Average call duration 90 seconds
Contd..
Example : Basic Planning (1/3) contd.
Traffic capacity of 1 carrier with 7 TCHs =2.94E
(approximately 120 subscribers ); a 1/1/1 site will have
capacity of approximately 350 subscribers.
Traffic capacity of 2 carrier with 15 TCHs =8.2E
(approximetly330 subscribers). A 2/2/2 site will have
a capacity of about 990 subscribers.
Example - Basic Planning (2/3)
Case 1: For specified number of sites (20)
1/1/1 sites (350 subs per site) 7000 subscribers.
2/2/2 sites (990 subs per site) 19800 subscribers.
Case 2: For specified capacity requirement (10000)
1/1/1 sites.10000/350 . 30 sites.
2/2/2 sites.10000/990 . 11sites.
For 10000 capacity, at 25mE traffic, the total traffic
is 250E. We assume a hypothetical distribution of
traffic as shown below:
We may choose 2/2/2 sites for first 3area types and 1/1/1 sites for the rest.
This makes a total of 18 sites. After customers approval,site selection is done.
Example - Basic Planning (3/3)
Area Type % tfc tfc 1/1/1 2/2/2
Urban high density 20 50E 6 2
Urban 30 75E 10 3
Industrial 15 37.5E 5 2
Suburban 25 62.5E 7 3
Highways 5 12.5E 2 1
Quasi open 5 12.5E 2 1
Total 100 250E 32 12
Cell Planning (1/2)
What is the area to be covered ?
How many sites are required for this area ?
(cell radius of 1km means an approximate coverage
area of 3 Sq.kms).
Do we need so many sites? Can some sites be bigger?
Decide number of sites based on capacity and coverage
requirements.
Divide city into clutter types such as:
> Urban
> Suburban
> Quasi Open
> Water.
Identify search areas covering all clutter types.
Customer selects a few sample sites.
Cell Planning (2/2)
Survey sites with reference to
> Clutter heights
> Vegetation levels
> Obstructions
> Sector orientation
> Building strength and other Civil requirements
Prepare Power budgets
Conduct Propagation tests
Calculate coverage probabilities
Verify against predictions and modify planning tool
parameters
Prepare final coverage map
Cell Planning and C/I issues
Assume all cell are of the same size
All cells transmit the same power.
The path loss is not free space and is governed by the
attenuation constant .
The reuse distance D and cell radius R are related to
the C/I as given below:
(D/R)

=6 (C/I)
The C/I is in absolute value.
SELECTING A PROPER CELLSITE
When a cell site is selected
Determine whether an UHF TV station is
nearby and whether any new ongoing
construction would affect the coverage
Check the local noise level and no spurious
signals fall in the freq.band
Existing multi-antenna tower can be used with
proper earthing and shielding
RF LINK DESIGN
Radio link design is one of the most important problem
for design engineers
Fundamental parameters:
1.Transmitted power
2.Co-channel reuse design
In order to provide quality transmission ie.a specified
bit error rate (BER) and allowable outage is
decided.(outage is defined as the fraction of the
service area over which the required transmission
quality cannot be maintained within the service area)
CELLULAR CONCEPTS-
ESSENTIAL FEATURES
Frequency reuse-refers to the use of radio channels on the same
carrier frequency to cover different areas,which are physically
separated from each other sufficiently to ensure that co-channel
interference is not objectionable.
Cell splitting-when the demand for service exceeds the number
of channels allocated to a particular cell, cell splitting is used to
handle the additional growth in traffic in within the particular
cell.Cell splitting involves a revision of cell boundaries, so that
the local area formerly regarded as a single cell can now contain
a number of smaller cells.These cells are called micro cells.The
transmitted power and antenna height of these base stations are
correspondingly reduced and the same set of frequencies are
reused.
Freq Reuse & C/I Requirement
N
D/R= \3N
C/I= 10log(1/6(D/R)
3.5
3 3.00 8.917 dB
4 3.46 13.29 dB
7 4.58 21.80 dB
9 5.19 25.62 dB
12 6.00 29.99 dB
9
CO-CHL INTERFERENCE
D
R
A Multi Cell Environment
Frequency Planning Aspects
A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 3536
A1
A2
A3 B1
B2
B3
D1
D2
D3
C1
C2
C3
Traffic Capacity of Cells
Control CCH No. of TRX No. of TCH
1 1 7
2 2 14
2 3 22
25mE SUBS
SUPPORTED
TFC CAP IN
ERLANG*
40mE SUBS
SUPPORTED
118 2.94 74
328 8.20 205
596 14.9 373
3 4 29
3 5 37
3 6 45
840 21 525
1132 28.3 708
1424 35.6 890
* GOS AT 2%
Traffic Capacity of BTS
* GOS AT 2%
No. of TRX
BTS
CONFGN
No. of
CELLS
3 1-1-1 3
4 1-1-2 3
5 1-2-2 3
25mE SUBS
SUPPORTED
No. of A-bis
TS reqd.
40mE SUBS
SUPPORTED
354 9 221
564 11 353
774 13 484
6 2-2-2 3
7 2-2-3 3
8 2-3-3 3
984 15 615
1252 17 783
1520 19 950
9 3-3-3 3
10 3-3-4 3
1788 21 1118
2032 23 1270
Traffic Capacity of BTS..contd..
* GOS AT 2%
No. of TRX
BTS
CONFGN
No. of
CELLS
11 3-4-4 3
12 4-4-4 3
13 4-4-5 3
25mE SUBS
SUPPORTED
No. of A-bis
TS reqd.
40mE SUBS
SUPPORTED
2276 25 1423
2520 27 1575
2812 30 1758
14 4-5-5 3
15 5-5-5 3
16 5-5-6 3
3104 33 1940
3396 36 2123
3688 38 2305
17 5-6-6 3
18 6-6-6 3
3980 40 2488
4272 42 2670
Traffic Capacity of BTS..contd..
* GOS AT 2%
No. of TRX
BTS
CONFGN
No. of
CELLS
1 Omni 1 1
2 Omni 2 1
3 Omni 3 1
25mE SUBS
SUPPORTED
No. of A-bis
TS reqd.
40mE SUBS
SUPPORTED
118 3 74
328 5 205
596 7 373
4 Omni 4 1
5 Omni 5 1
6 Omni 6 1
840 9 525
1132 11 708
1424 13 890
2 2000/2C 1
2 HW 1-1 2
328 5 205
235 6 147
A-bis Connectivity Types
Multi-drop configuration
BSC
MSC
Star configuration
BSC
MSC
BSC
MSC
Ring configuration
BSC
MSC
Urban star configuration
Basic Planning
For 30000 lines @40mE traffic, the total traffic would be 1200E.
Assuming the IMPCS specification for traffic distribution:
TYPE OF AREA
% OF
TFC
URBAN INDOOR 40%
URBAN INCAR 40%
URBAN OUTDOOR 20%
1/1/1
TFC IN
ERLANG*
2/2/2
54 480 E 20
54 480 E 20
27 240 E 10
TOTAL 100% 127 1200 E 50
6/6/6 5/5/5
5 7
5 7
3 3
13 17
Decision on choice of BTS type and TRX configuration is very crucial to
provide the specified capacity and coverage
Coverage Model
Indoor Coverage:
Commercial areas, airports, etc
In-car coverage
Residential areas, industrial areas, roads, all
national/state highways, by-passes and
important rail routes, etc.
Outdoor coverage
Remaining areas of the coverage area.
Coverage Model
HIGH TRAFFIC CITIES COVERAGE OTHER CITIES
40% INDOOR 25%
40% INCAR 40%
20% OUTDOOR 35%
TRAFFIC DENSITY
SIGNAL LEVEL MEASURED AT STREET COVERAGE
SHOULD BE BETTER THAN -75 dBm INDOOR
SHOULD BE BETTER THAN -85 dBm INCAR
SHOULD BE BETTER THAN -95 dBmIN 90% OF
TOTAL COVERAGE AREA
OUTDOOR
SIGNAL LEVEL FOR 95% OF THE TIME FOR THE COVERAGE
Coverage Planning
Involves designing two aspects of Radio:
Link Budget
Power Balance
LINK BUDGET brings out whether the uplink
or the downlink is the limiting factor for
coverage.
POWER BALANCE ensures that the coverage
of DL is equal to that of UL
RADIO LINK ANALYSIS
Link budget or link power budget is the totalling
of all the gains and losses incurred in operating a
communication link.It provides a detailed accounting
of three broadly defined items:
1.Apportionment of the resources available to the
transmitter and the receiver
2.Sources responsible for the loss of signal power
3.Sources of noise
RF LINK BUDGET UL DL
TRANSMITTING END MS BTS
Tx RF Output 33 dBm 43 dBm
Body Loss -2.0dB 0dB
Combiner Loss 0dB 0dB
Feeder Loss (@2dB/100m) 0dB 1.5dB
Connector Losses 0dB 2dB
Tx Antenna Gain 0dB 17.5dB
EIRP 31dBm (A) 57dBm ( C)
RECEIVING END BTS MS
Rx sensitivity -107 dBm -102 dBm
Rx. Antenna gain 17.5dB 0dB
Diversity Gain 3dB 0dB
Connector Loss 2dB 0dB
Feeder Loss 1.5dB 0dB
Interference Degradation Margin 3dB 3dB
Body Loss 0dB 3dB
Duplexer Loss 0dB 0dB
Rx Power -121dBm -96dBm
Fade Margin 4dB 4dB
Required Isotropic Rx .Power -117dBm (B) -92dBm ( D)
Maximum Permissible Path 148dB 149dB
RF LINK BUDGET
Propagation Loss
L
FS
= 10 log | ( 4 t d / )
2
|
L
FS
= 32.44 +20 log (f )+ 20 log (d)
Where f = frequency in MHz
d = distance in Kms
L
FS
= Lo + 10 log ( d)
Where is the SLOPE of the attenuation
characteristic
B
T
S
Multipath Environment
Classical Propagation Models
Basically curve fitting exercises
Okumara
Basically curve fitting exercisesCosat 231 - Hata
(similar to Hata:for 1500-2000Mhz)
Walfisch - Ikegami Cost 231
Walfisch - Xia JTC
XLOS
Okumara Model
The Okumara tests are valid for :
150-2000 Mhz
1-100 Kms
BTS heights of 30 -100 meters
MS antenna height , typically 1.5 m (1-10m)
The results of Okumara tests were graphically represented
PROPAGATION MODELS
Hata Model
The basic equation for the 150-1000 MHz band is given by
Lp=69.55+ 26.16 log(f) -13.82 log (hbts)-a (hm)
+ {44.9- 6.55log(hbts)} log(d)
Where f=frequency in MHz
Hbts =BTS antenna height in meters (30-100m)
d=distance in Kms (1 to 20 Kms)
hm=mobile antenna height in meters (1-10m)
a(hm)=correction for mobile height if hmis >1.5 meters
=3.2 [log(11.75hm)-4.97 for Dense urban and
={1.1 log(f)-0.7} hm-{1.56 log (f)-0.8} for Urban areas
Okumara-Hata Model
The path loss equation can be rewritten as :
Lp=Lo + {44.9-6.55 log (hbts)} log(d)
Where Lo=[69.55+26.16 log(f)-13.82 log (hbts)-a(hm)].
OR more conveniently
Lp=Lo +10 log (d)
is the SLOPE and is ={44.9-6.55log (hbts)} /10
typically varies from 3.5 to 4 for urban environments.
Calculate the path loss in a BTS site in an Urban environment,
given the following parameters
Frequency : 900 MHz
Cell radius : 5Kms
BTS antenna height 30 m
Mobile antenna height 3m.
Also calculate the Attenuation slope for this site.
Lp =[69.55+26.16 log(f)- 13.82 log (hBTS) -a (hm)]+ [44.9 -6.55 log (hBTS)] log(d).
a(hm) = { 1.1 log (f) -0.7 } hm-{1.56 log (f) -0.8}
26.16 log (f) = 77.28 dB
13.82 log (hBTS) = 20.41dB
[44.9-6.55log (hBTS)]log (d) = 24.62 dB
a(hm) = 3.81 dB
Path Loss Lp =69.55+77.28 -20.41 +24.62 -3.81 = 147.23dB.
Attenuation Slope = [44.9-6.55 log (hBTS )]/10
=35.225/10 =3.5225.
PropagationOkumara-Hata Model
The receive signal strength RSS is given by :
RSS = ERP- {Lo +10 log(d)}.
The distance d can be calculated from :
d= 10
[ERP -Lo-RSS]/10
Or, from the equation for RSS,
Log (d) =[ERP-RSS-Lo]/10
ie.., d=antilog [ERP-RSS-Lo)/10 ]
Lo=69.55+26.16 log (f)-13.82 log(hbts)-a(hm).
Example- To Calculate cell radius (d)
Calculate the cell radius for a site that has:
Frequency : 900 MHz BTS height: 30meters
Mobile height: 3 meters BTS ERP: 55dBm
Expected RSS at the cell boundary (d=R) = -75dBm.
Lo= 122.61 dB; = 3.5 (calculated in the previous example).
122.61 -75+35 log (d) =55 dBm.
log (d) = 7.39/35 =0.2111
Therefore d= antilog (0.2111) =1.62 Kms.
Calculating the Signal Strength
After the terrain has been acquired in the database for the entire
site signal strength calculations can be made on the individual
stations
The propagation model calculates the path loss using the
following components.
Basic Path Loss - Okumuras Model
Diffraction Effects - Picquenards Multiple Knife Edge Diffraction
model
Water Enhancement
Antenna Patterns, Tilt amount, Tilt type
Curvature of the Earth
Morphology
Morphological Categories
Water
Bushes
Wet Farm land
Dense Residential Area
Heavy Urban Trees
Dry Farm Land
Light Residential Area
Light Urban
Heavy Urban
Location Area Planning
HLR
MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR
1 location area = several cells
Drive Test Analysis
Drive test gathers accurate propagation data for candidate
site for evaluation and approval.
Uses both Omni-directional and sector antenna.
Radiation center and ERP modeling.
Measurement integration performed to improve modeling
efficiency.
Based on drive data and prediction, the optimum antenna
radiation center, ERP and sector orientation determined.
BSS Parameters setting
GSM base station parameters setting achieves the
following functions
MS measurement of serving and neighbouring stations
Call set up - Call Processing, Paging, System Access, & Short Message
Service.
Radio functions: DTX, DRX, Frequency Hopping
BTS Radio Resource Management
Mobiles uplink Power Control
Timing Advance
Handover - Based on PWRBGT (Power budget), RXLEV, RXQUAL,
distance and intra-cell
Signal Variations
F
a
s
t

F
a
d
i
n
g
Slow Fades
Long term
average
Distance
RSS
Standard Deviation
Example
The RSS values obtained from a drive test in a BTS area in a city
- 80 dBm , - 79 dBm , - 77 dBm , -82.5 dBm , - 84.35 dB - 78.65 dBm
Mean RSS M = -79.97 dBm
Standard deviation o = 6.068
Confidence Interval
M- 3o M- 2o M- o M M+o M+2o M+3o
99.72 %
95.44 %
68 %
Probability
Probability (P) that a random sample of RSS will have
a value of - 92dBm or better (ASSUME M=-79 & o= 8)
Compute z =( x-M)/ o = -92 -( - 79 )/8 = - 1.625
Refer the standard table for normal distribution curve
we get P=94.74%
Probability that RSS value would be better than -92 dBmis
P (RSS
< -92 dBm
) = 94.74%
Typical values for building penetration loss
If the minimum RF signal strength for 90 % coverage on
the street is ,say - 92 dBm , then for 75 % in building
coverage in a central business area ,we should have a
signal level of - 72 dBm on the road;
This shall provide - 92 dBm inside the building.
Area 75%
Coverage
50 %
Coverage
Central Business area
20 dB 15 dB
Residential area
15 dB 12 dB
Industrial area
12 dB 10 dB
In Car 6 to 8 dB