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By:
UJJWAL JAIN
Operation subsystem
The OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation, management, and maintenance of all GSM subsystems Components Authentication Center (AUC) generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system Equipment Identity Register (EIR) registers GSM mobile stations and user rights stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC) different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Mobile Handset
TEMPORARY DATA
- Temporary Subscriber Identity - Current Location - Ciphering Data
PERMANENT DATA
Permanent Subscriber Identity Key/Algorithm for Authentication.
Provides access to the GSM n/w Consists of Mobile equipment (ME) Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
935 NK NLI W DO
MOBILE
- 960
MHz
0 89 L UP K IN
z MH 15 9 -
890MHz
915MHz
935MHz
960MHz
124
124
Access Mechanism
Frequency multiplex
Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency bands A channel gets a certain band of the spectrum for the whole time k1 k2 k3 k4 Advantages: c no dynamic coordination necessary works also for analog signals Disadvantages: waste of bandwidth if the traffic is distributed unevenly t inflexible guard spaces
k5
k6
A channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain amount of time Advantages:
only one carrier in the medium at any time throughput high even for many users
Time multiplex
k1 c
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
Disadvantages:
precise synchronization necessary
k5
k6
c f
Better protection against tapping Protection against frequency selective interference Higher data rates compared to code multiplex
k1 c
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
GSM combines FDM and TDM: bandwidth is subdivided into channels of 200khz, shared by up to eight stations, assigning slots for transmission on demand.
890MHz
915MHz
935MHz
960MHz
124
124
Code Multiplex
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
Each channel has a unique code All channels use the same spectrum at the same time Advantages: Bandwidth efficient No coordination and synchronization necessary Good protection against interference and tapping Disadvantages: Lower user data rates More complex signal regeneration Implemented using spread spectrum technology t
Cells
I wish I could
Representation of Cells
Ideal cells
Fictitious cells
Cell structure
Implements space division multiplex: base station covers a certain transmission area (cell) Mobile stations communicate only via the base station Advantages of cell structures: higher capacity, higher number of users less transmission power needed more robust, decentralized base station deals with interference, transmission area etc. locally Problems: fixed network needed for the base stations handover (changing from one cell to another) necessary interference with other cells Cell sizes from some 100 m in cities to, e.g., 35 km on the country side (GSM) - even less for higher frequencies
4
D = 3K * R Frequency re-use distance is based on the cluster size K
D = 4.58R
The cluster size is specified in terms of the offset of the center of a cluster from the center of the adjacent cluster
K = i2 + ij + j2
K = 22 + 2*0 + 02 D K=4+0+0 K=4
D = 3K * R
D = 3.46R
R i
7
6 1 5 4 3 5 4 2 6 1 7
5
4 2
9 8 2 7 1 6 9 4 5 9 3 12 6
10
11
8
2 7 1
10
11 3 12 4 5
8
2 7 1 6 5
10
11 3 12 4
8
2 7 1 6
10 11 3 12 4
72 Cell = 1728 traffic channels 8 X (72/12 X 36) = 1728 246 Cell = 5904 traffic channels
GSM combines FDM and TDM: bandwidth is subdivided into channels of 200khz, shared by up to eight stations,
assigning slots for transmission on demand.
890MHz
915MHz
935MHz
960MHz
124
124
GSM - TDMA/FDMA
935-960 MHz 124 channels (200 kHz) downlink
3 bits
57 bits
1 26 bits 1
57 bits
546.5 s 577 s
LOGICAL CHANNELS
TRAFFIC
SIGNALLING
FCCH
SCH
FCCH -- FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNEL SCH -- SYNCHRONISATION CHANNEL BCCH -- BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL PCH -- PAGING CHANNEL RACH -- RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL AGCH -- ACCESS GRANTED CHANNEL SDCCH -- STAND ALONE DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNEL SACCH -- SLOW ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL FACCH -- FAST ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
57
26
57
8.25
142
3 8.25
SYNCHRONISATION BURST - SB
39
64
39
3 8.25
ACCESS BURST - AB
41
GUARD PERIOD
36
FIXED BITS
68.25
SYNCHRONISATION BITS
TAIL BIT
ENCRYPTION BIT
TRAINING BITS
FLAG BITS
MIXED BITS
HIERARCHY OF FRAMES
1 HYPER FRAME = 2048 SUPERFRAMES = 2 715 648 TDMA FRAMES ( 3 H 28 MIN 53 S 760 MS ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047
1 SUPER FRAME = 1326 TDMA FRAMES ( 6.12 S ) LEFT (OR) RIGHT 1 SUPER FRAME = 51 MULTI FRAMES TRAFFIC CHANNELS 0 1 2 3 4 48 49 50 SIGNALLING CHANNELS 1 SUPER FRAME = 26 MULTI FRAMES 0 1 MULTIFRAME = 26 TDMA FRAMES ( 120 ms ) 0 1 2 3 24 25 1 MULTI FRAME = 51 TDMA FRAMES (235 .4 ms ) 1 2 24 25
0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
48 49 50
(4.615ms) 0
1 TIME SLOT = 156.25 BITS ( 0.577 ms) 1 2 3 4 155 156 1 bit =36.9 micro sec
(4.615 ms) 1
GSM Frame
0 to 11 and 13 to 24 Are used for traffic data 0 1 2
SACCH is transmitted in frame 12
12
24
25
57
26
57
8.25
114 bits are available for data transmission. The training sequence of 26 bits in the middle of the burst is used by the receiver to synchronize and compensate for time dispersion produced by multipath propagation. 1 stealing bit for each information block (used for FACCH)
LOGICAL CHANNELS
TRAFFIC
SIGNALLING
FCCH
SCH
FCCH -- FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNEL SCH -- SYNCHRONISATION CHANNEL BCCH -- BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL PCH -- PAGING CHANNEL RACH -- RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL AGCH -- ACCESS GRANTED CHANNEL SDCCH -- STAND ALONE DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNEL SACCH -- SLOW ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL FACCH -- FAST ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
Authenticate on SDCCH
Receive setup message on SDCCH Receive traffic channel assignment on SDCCH
935 NK NLI W DO
MOBILE
- 960
MHz
0 89 L UP K IN
z MH 15 9 -
Transmit Path
Sampling Rate - 8K Encoding - 13 bit Encoding (104 Kbps) RPE/LTP - Regular Pulse Excitation/Long Term Prediction RPE/LTP converts the 104 Kbps stream to 13 Kbps
GSM is a digital system, so speech which is inherently analog, has to be digitized. The method employed by current telephone systems for multiplexing voice lines over high speed trunks and is pulse coded modulation (PCM). The output stream from PCM is 64 kbps, too high a rate to be feasible over a radio link.
GSM Frame
0 to 11 and 13 to 24 Are used for traffic data 0 1 2
SACCH is transmitted in frame 12
12
24
25
57
26
57
8.25
The 260 bits are divided into three classes: Class Ia 50 bits - most sensitive to bit errors. Class Ib 132 bits - moderately sensitive to bit errors. Class II 78 bits - least sensitive to bit errors. Class Ia bits have a 3 bit cyclic redundancy code added for error detection = 50+3 bits. 132 class Ib bits with 4 bit tail sequence = 132 + 4 = 136. Class Ia + class Ib = 53+136=189, input into a 1/2 rate convolution encoder of constraint length 4. Each input bit is encoded as two output bits, based on a combination of the previous 4 input bits. The convolution encoder thus outputs 378 bits, to which are added the 78 remaining class II bits. Thus every 20 ms speech sample is encoded as 456 bits, giving a bit rate of 22.8 kbps.
To further protect against the burst errors common to the radio interface, each sample is interleaved. The 456 bits output by the convolution encoder are divided into 8 blocks of 57 bits, and these blocks are transmitted in eight consecutive time-slot bursts. Since each time-slot burst can carry two 57 bit blocks, each burst carries traffic from two different speech samples.
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
57 bits
1 26 1 26 1 26 1 26 1 26 1 26 1 26 1 26
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
57 bits
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
57 bits
57 bits
57 bits
57 bits
57 bits
57 bits
57 bits
57 bits
57 bits
57 bits
57 bits
57 bits
57 bits
57 bits
SS HLR
MM + CM
MSC VLR
RR
BSC
BTS
Radio interface
Link Layer
LAPDm is used between MS and BTS LAPD is used between BTS-BSC MTP2 is used between BSCMSC/VLR/HLR
Network Layer
To distinguish between CC, SS, MM and RR protocol discriminator (PD) is used as network address.
CC call control management MS-MSC. SS supplementary services management MSMSC/HLR. MM mobility management(location management, security management) MS-MSC/VLR. RR radio resource management MS-BSC.
CCS7 MTP
Q.931 Q.921
A-Bis Interface
BTS
BSC
MSC
CM
MM BSSAP
RR BTSM LAPD PCM PCM PCM
SS7
SS7
16/64 kbit/s
Physical access between BTS and BSC is PCM digital links of E1(32) or T1(24) TS at 64kbit/s. Speech:
Conveyed in timeslots at 4X16 kbit/s
Data:
Conveyed in timeslots of 4X16 kbit/s. The initial user rate, which may be 300, 1200, is adjusted to 16 kbit/s
SAPI
TEI
N(S)
N(R)
LAPD
The length is limited to 260 octets of information. LAPD has the address of the destination terminal, to identify the TRX, since this is a point to multipoint interface. Each TRX in a BTS corresponds to one or several signaling links. These links are distinguished by TEI (Terminal Equipment Identities). SAPI=0, SAPI=3, SAPI=62 for OAM.
TRAU BSC
MSC
X.25 TS2
X.25 TS2
OMC
PCM LINK
PCM LINK
Location Update, MS originated and terminated Calls, Short Message Service, User Supplementary Service registration, activation, deactivation and erasure
NSS
CM MM R R
M A P T C A P
SCCP
MTP3 MTP2
MTP1
Um Interface A bis Interface A Interface
MS
BSC
MSC
Channel=C2
Channel ID = N1 TRX:TEI=T1
SCCP Ref=R2
Radio Interface
Abis Interface
A Interface
Bearer Services
Telecommunication services to transfer data between access points Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3) Different data rates for voice and data (original standard) Data service
Synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s Asynchronous: 300 - 1200 bit/s
Tele Services
Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones. All these basic services have to obey cellular functions, security measurements etc. Offered services. Mobile telephony primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 3.1 kHz. Emergency number common number throughout Europe (112); Mandatory for all service providers; Free of charge; Connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible). Multinumbering several ISDN phone numbers per user possible.
Disadvantages of GSM
No full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbit/s to the user Reduced concentration while driving Electromagnetic radiation Abuse of private data possible High complexity of the system Several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
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