WALLS

Sometimes our
walls exist just to
see who has the strength
to knock them down.
Darnell Lamont Walker, Creep
Graftti Art on Israel/Palestine Wall by
Graftti Artist Banksy
7th grade
Social
Studies/
eogra!h"
#esearch
unit
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
1 Learnin! Tar!ets/G"i#in!
$"estions%E&'e(tations ) *"bri(
+ WALLS ,i#eos/links
- WALL BETWEEN .E/ICO ) 01S1
2WALL BETWEEN IS*AEL )PALESTINE
3INTE*NET 4WALL5 IN I*AN
6FALL OF BE*LIN WALL
7WALL ST1 ) +889 ECONO.IC C*ISIS
9:ET*OIT WALL OF *ACIAL SEG*EGATION
; <IETNA. WA* .E.O*IAL WALL
18 SO0T= AF*ICAN APA*T=EI: WALL
11 LOTS OF E/T*A WALLS
WALLS $nit Learning %argets and &x!ectations'
Learning Targets:
I can ANALYZE various geographic areas utilizing the five themes of geography.
I can CN!"CT short research pro#ects to ans$er self%generate& 'uestions that allo$ for
e(ploration.
)ui&ing *uestion+s,:
-hat -ALL. e(ist in your $orl&/ -hat -ALL. e(ist in the $orl& aroun& us/
-hat are the purposes of these $alls/
&x!ectations'
() S*+, Walls !acket, rele-ant text.ook !ages, http://salsa.net/peace/walls/famouswalls.html
/) 0122S& 3 #&S&A#01 wall with assigned !artner 4World5ook, Assigned Data.ases, 62%
wiki!edia)
7) Answer these 8uestions +6 02,9L&%& S&6%&60&S 3 92W&#92+6%/9#&S&6%A%+26
:2#,'
A) What is the name o; "our wall<
5) What are the longitude/latitude coordinates o; "our wall< o to htt!'//www.g!s=
coordinates.net/
4ask i; need hel! or cannot >nd coordinates)
0) What is the !ur!ose o; "our wall<
D) Does "our wall se!arate someone/some!lace< What does it se!arate<
&) Who .uilt "our wall<
:) Who uses the wall toda"<
) Wh" was "our wall .uilt<
1) Where is "our wall located< 40ountr", #egion, etc)
+) What is "our wall made out o;<
?) When was "our wall made<
*) 1ow was "our wall made<
&@%#A 01ALL&6&4S)'
A) #ecreate "our wallB ,ake a diorama or Lego or .locks or !o!sicle sticks, etc
C) 0hoose a !oem ;rom .elow a.out walls. Write "our own !oem a.out "our wall or walls
in "our li;e.
D) aller" walk o; walls 4ALL students walk around taking notes o; each).
7) +; use shoe.oxes, etc' Dis!la" Wall o; Walls in school somewhere< Where it actuall"
di-ides !eo!le<
E+D&2S'
,26DAF' 5aghdad' 0it" o; Walls' htt!'//www."outu.e.com/watch<-G%%,!=
F6aDdg3listG9L7(AA7DDH7AH(IJ:&3indexG7
%$&' $S/,&@+02 52#D&# E+D&2' htt!'//www."outu.e.com/watch<-GKHjg/$(h-;A
W&D' +sr/9alestine 4angnam St"le)' htt!'//www.theguardian.com/world/-ideo//J(7/aug//I/israeli=soldiers=gangnam=st"le=dance=
!alestinian=wedding=-ideo
:amilies 9ra" ;or 0ease:ire' htt!s'//www."outu.e.com/watch<-GKa",7=c.7-L
%1$#' 5erlin Wall' htt!'//www."outu.e.com/watch<-GLdMEs:jWn.+
:#+' *orean D,M' 4C most dangerous .orders)' htt!s'//www."outu.e.com/watch<
-GsS/c,,hn6dL
Fences Clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ibfhw-kZ!
"All right Mr. Death I'm gonna take and build a fence around this yard. See? I'm gonna build me a
fence around what belongs to me. And then I want you to stay on the other side. See? ... !ou stay on the
other side of that fence until you ready for me."
"ow to make a wall in minec#aft: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=$#pn%&'l%i(
)#eview fo# %all-* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zis%$+$s-,-
#$5#+0'
*esear(> *e'ort : Walls 0nit *"bri(
Teacher Name: E Theis
Student Name: ________________________________________
CATEGORY 4 3 2 1
Organization Information is very
organized with well-
constructed paragraphs and
subheadings.
Information is organized
with well-constructed
paragraphs.
Information is organized,
but paragraphs are not well-
constructed.
The information appears to
be disorganized. 8)
Sources All sources (information and
graphics) are accurately
documented in the desired
format.
All sources (information and
graphics) are accurately
documented, but a few are
not in the desired format.
All sources (information and
graphics) are accurately
documented, but many are
not in the desired format.
Some sources are not
accurately documented.
Quality of Information Information clearly relates
to the main topic. It includes
several supporting details
and/or examples.
Information clearly relates
to the main topic. It provides
1-2 supporting details and/or
examples.
Information clearly relates
to the main topic. No details
and/or examples are given.
Information has little or
nothing to do with the main
topic.
Diagrams & Illustrations Diagrams and illustrations
are neat, accurate and add to
the reader\'s understanding
of the topic.
Diagrams and illustrations
are accurate and add to the
reader\'s understanding of
the topic.
Diagrams and illustrations
are neat and accurate and
sometimes add to the
reader\'s understanding of
the topic.
Diagrams and illustrations
are not accurate OR do not
add to the reader\'s
understanding of the topic.
0u1lishe&: 2ay 3445
Our Wall
A wall along the U.S.-Mexico border prompts divided feelings: it offends people. t comforts people. And it
!eeps expanding.
.y Cha#les .ow+en
"orders ever#where attract violence$ violence prompts
fences$ and eventuall# fences can mutate into walls.
%hen ever#one pa#s attention because a wall turns a
legal distinction into a visual slap in the face. We seem
to love walls$ but are embarrassed b# them because the#
sa# something unpleasant about the neighbors&and
us. %he# flow from two sources: fear and the desire for
control. 'ust as our houses have doors and loc!s$ so do
borders call forth garrisons$ customs officials$ and$
now and then$ big walls. %he# give us divided feelings because we do not li!e to admit we need them.
(ow as the United States debates fortif#ing its border with Mexico$ walls have a new vogue. At various spots
along the dust#$ )$*+,-mile -.$)/) !ilometers0 boundar#$ fences$ walls$ and vehicle barriers have been constructed
since the )**1s to slow the surge in illegal immigration. n San 2iego$ nine miles -)/ !ilometers0 of a double-la#ered
fence have been erected. n Ari3ona$ the state most overrun with illegal crossings$ 4+ miles -)1+ !ilometers0 of
barriers have been constructed alread#. 2epending on the direction of the ongoing immigration debate$ there ma#
soon be hundreds more miles of walls.
%he boundar# between Mexico and the United States has alwa#s been 3ealousl# insisted upon b# both
countries. "ut initiall# Mexicans moved north at will. %he U.S. patrols of the border that began in )*1/ were mainl#
to !eep out illegal Asian immigrants. Almost *11$111 Mexicans legall# entered the United States to flee the violence
of the revolution. 5ow population in both nations and the need for labor in the American Southwest made this
migration a non-event for decades. %he flow of illegal immigrants exploded after the passage of the (orth American
6ree %rade Agreement in the earl# )**1s$ a pact that was supposed to end illegal immigration but wound up
dislocating millions of Mexican peasant farmers and man# small-industrial wor!ers.
%he result: (aco$ Ari3ona was overrun b# immigrants on their wa# north. At night$ do3ens$ sometimes hundreds$ of
immigrants would crowd into motel rooms and storage rental sheds along the highwa#. %he local desert was stomped
into a powder of dust. (aco residents found their homes bro!en into b# desperate migrants. %hen came the wall in
)**4$ and the flow of people spread into the high desert outside the town.
%he "order 7atrol credits the wall$ along with better surveillance technolog#$ with cutting the number of
illegal immigrants captured near (aco8s ..-mile -+. !ilometers0 border b# half in the past #ear. "efore this new
heightening of enforcement$ the number caught each wee!$ hiding in arro#os thic! with mes9uite and #ucca$ often
exceeded the town8s population. At the moment$ the area is relativel# 9uiet as :co#otes$: or people smugglers$ pause
to feel out the new realit#$ and the (ational ;uard has been sent in to assist the "order 7atrol. At the nearb#
abandoned U.S. Arm# camp$ the roofs are collapsing and the adobe bric!s dribble mud onto the floor. Scattered
about are Mexican water bottles&illegals still hole up here after climbing the wall.
<esidents register a hodgepodge of feelings about the wall. =ven those who have let passing illegal immigrants use
their phones or given them a ride sa# the exodus has to stop. And even those sic! of finding trash in their #ards
understand wh# the immigrants !eep coming.
:Sometimes feel sorr# for the Mexicans$: sa#s "r#an %omlinson$ /+$ a custodial engineer for the "isbee
school district. >is brother 2on chimes in$ :"ut the wall8s a good thing.:
A border wall seems to violate a deep sense of identit# most Americans cherish. We see ourselves as a nation
of immigrants with our own goddess$ the Statue of 5ibert#$ a s#mbol so potent that dissident ?hinese students
fabricated a version of it in )*@* in %iananmen S9uare as the visual representation of their #earning for freedom.
Walls are curious statements of human needs. Sometimes the# are built to !eep restive populations from fleeing. %he
"erlin Wall was designed to !eep citi3ens from escaping from communist =ast ;erman#. "ut most walls are for
!eeping people out. %he# all wor! for a while$ until human appetites or sheer numbers overwhelm them. %he ;reat
Wall of ?hina$ built mostl# after the mid-)/th centur#$ !ept northern tribes at ba# until the Manchu con9uered ?hina
in the )Ath centur#. >adrian8s Wall$ standing about )+ feet -+ meters0 high$ * feet -. meters0 wide$ and A. miles -))A
!ilometers0 long$ !ept the cra3ed tribes of what is now Scotland from running amo! in <oman "ritain&from A.2. ),,
until it was overrun in .4A. %hen #ou have the Maginot 5ine$ a series of connected forts built b# 6rance after World
War to !eep the ;erman arm# from invading. t was a success$ except for one flaw: %he troops of the %hird <eich
simpl# went around its northwestern end and invaded 6rance through the (etherlands and "elgium. (ow tourists
visit its lab#rinth of tunnels and underground barrac!s.
7erhaps the closest thing to the wall going up on the U.S.-Mexico border is the separation wall being built b#
srael in the West "an!. 5i!e the new American wall$ it is designed to control the movement of people$ but it faces the
problem of all walls&roc!ets can go over it$ tunnels can go under it. t offends people$ it comforts people$ it fails to
deliver securit#. And it !eeps expanding.
:6or so man# #ears$ we Mexicans have gone to the U.S. to wor!. don8t understand wh# the# put up
a wall to turn us awa#. t8s not li!e we8re robbing an#bod# over there$ and the# don8t pa# us ver# much.:
Salvador <ivera$ a solid man in his earl# .1s$ has been here about a #ear. >e wor!ed in Washington State$
but$ when his mother fell ill$ he returned home to (a#arit$ Mexico$ and is now having trouble getting past
the increased securit#. >e left behind an American girlfriend he can no longer reach.
2an 2ule#$ +1$ operates heav# e9uipment and is a native of the (aco area. >e was living in ;erman# after
serving in the Air 6orce when the "erlin Wall came down$ and he thought that was a fine thing. "ut here he figures
something has to be done. :We need help$: he sa#s. :We8re being invaded. %he#8ve ta!en awa# our Bobs$ our securit#.
8m Bust a blue-collar man living in a small town. And Bust wish the government cared about a man who was blue.:
"ut then$ as in man# conversations on the border$ the rhetoric calms down. 2ule#$ along with man# other (aco
residents$ believes the real solution has to be economic$ that Bobs must be created in Mexico. %here is an iron law on
this border: %he closer one gets to the line$ the more rational the tal! becomes because ever#one has personal ties to
people on the other side. =ver#one reali3es the wall is a police solution to an economic problem. %he Mexicans will go
over it$ under it$ or tr# to tear holes in it. Or$ as is often the case$ enter legall# with temporar# visiting papers and then
melt into American communities. Of the millions of illegal immigrants living in the United States$ few would have
come if there wasn8t a Bob waiting for them.
%he steel barrier is ma#be a hundred feet -.1 meters0 awa#. Outside in the dar!ness$ Mexicans are
moving north$ and "order 7atrol agents are hunting them down. %omorrow$ wor! will continue on the
construction of the wall as it slowl# creeps east and west from the town. %ourists alread# come to loo! at it.
have no doubt someda# archaeologists will do excavations here and write learned treatises about the
;reat Wall of the United States. 7erhaps one of them will be the descendant of a Mexican stealing north at
this moment in the midnight hour.
ibtimes.com 6$est%1an7%$all%$hat%life%palestinians%israelis%&ivi&e&%1arrier%839:;3<
=y )a1riele =ar1ati May 18 2013 10:17 AM

A section of the controversial Israeli 1arrier is seen 1et$een the

.huafat refugee camp +right,> in the -est =an7 near ?erusalem> an&
0isgat Zeev +rear,> in an area Israel anne(e& to ?erusalem after
capturing it in the 8@95 2i&&le East $ar> ?anuary 35> 3483.
AE"TEA.6=az Aatner
?EA".ALE2 %% Brom Al%-ala#ah> a 0alestinian village in the southern -est =an7> ?erusalemCs Te&&y .ta&ium> one
of the venues for the European "n&er%38 Boot1all Cup in ?une> is only a fe$ hun&re& meters a$ay. =ut this village
on a hill coul&nCt 1e further from the city an& the international au&iences $atching games 1roa&cast from so close.
.oon> it $ill 1e enclose& 1y the separation 1arrier Israel is 1uil&ing to isolate itself from 0alestinians. The
com1ination of concrete $alls> $ire fences an& chec7points> 1egun in 3443> is 1eing constructe& in stages. Its
purpose: to protect Israel from terrorist attac7s. The Israeli government says itCs a fun&amental part of the stateCs
security. 0alestinians say it &isrupts their lives. An& on the groun&> the evi&ence of 1ro7en lives is every$here.
A ne$ pave& roa& flan7e& 1y 1ar1e& $ire $in&s through the hills of Al%-ala#ah> mar7ing the route of the future fence.
=uilt three years ago> the roa& is for construction $or7ers an& vehicles> not villagers. =ut for the past t$o months> no
one has 1een seen at $or7.
DThey $ill come 1ac7>E Atta Al%Ar#a> one of the 3>:44 inha1itants of Al%-ala#ah> sai& $hile sipping coffee in his house.
Fis three%1e&room home> an& his personal history> perfectly e(emplify the separation 1et$een Israelis an&
0alestinians> an& the suffering it still 1rings. The house lies in the half of the village inclu&e& in the ?erusalem
municipal 1oun&aries after the 8@95 $ar. The remaining part of Al%-ala#ah is classifie& mostly as Garea C>G un&er
IsraelCs #uris&iction 1ase& on the 8@@: slo Agreements.
D?e$s $ill ta7e this hill> as they &i& $ith the one in front &uring the 8@H; $ar. Not only $ere the villagers strippe& of
their lan&s an& force& to resettle here> 1ut in 8@@@ Israeli authorities sent them official $arnings against any ne$
construction $ithout a permit. No$> you $ell 7no$ that a permit is almost al$ays &enie& for IsecurityC reasons>E Al%
Ar#a sai& as he sat on his patio overloo7ing the valley.
D.o later> &emolition or&ers $ere issue& for aroun& 94 houses of the village> inclu&ing mine. Falf of them have 1een
&emolishe&>E he a&&e&.
Last $ee7> tensions rose in response to the Israeli 2inistry of !efenseCs announcement of a plan to 1uil& almost <44
housing units in the settlement of =eit El> close to the 0alestinian to$n of Aamallah> in the northern -est =an7.
That announcement came #ust ahea& of the fourth visit to Israel an& the 0alestinian territories this year 1y "...
.ecretary of .tate ?ohn Jerry> $ho has 1een trying since ta7ing office in ?anuary to revive peace tal7s stalle& since
3484.
The "... .tate !epartment $arne& Israel that the &ecision to 1uil& is hin&ering the peace process. Confronte& 1y
the complicate& facts on the groun&> Jerry may $ell fin& himself ne(t $ee7 face& $ith $hat loo7s li7e an impossi1le
mission.
/eptembe# 01th2 3403
4@:89 A2 ET .y 5ucky 6ol+2 C77
Imagine a $orl& $here the =erlin -all came &o$n K an& $ent
right 1ac7 up again.
n 2on&ay> an e(traor&inary t$eet $as sent 1y Thomas Er&1rin7> Tehran 1ureau chief for The Ne$ Yor7 Times.
DIs IranLs =erlin -all of internet censorship crum1ling &o$n/ I am t$eeting from Tehran from my cell MphoneN $ithout
restrictions.E
An& he $asnLt alone. .u&&enly> Iranians $ere a1le to access T$itter an& Bace1oo7 $ithout si&e%stepping government
fire$alls K a free&om of e(pression almost un7no$n since the 344@ election of 2ahmou& Ahma&ine#a&> an& the
crac7&o$n against his political opponents> 1oth insi&e an& outsi&e the country.
Iranian internet users $ere euphoric 2on&ay> an& they $ere 'uic7 to cre&it their ne$ presi&ent> Fassan Aouhani> $ho
has his o$n T$itter an& Bace1oo7 pages> an& has encourage& the free%flo$ of information amongst people.
Even IranLs ne$ foreign minister is an avi& t$eeter.
Then> #ust as su&&enly> the t$eets too7 a &ifferent an& mysterious turn. Iranians a$o7e to fin& social me&ia 1loc7e&
once again> $hile the government insiste& that the 1rief internet interlu&e $as #ust Ga glitch.G
r $as it/
.ome see it as a &eli1erate test of 1oun&aries in a ne$ Iran. thers say it reflects a political struggle $ithin the
lea&ership.
)litch or government policy> something has change&.
IranLs foreign ministry confirme& to&ay that 0resi&ents Aouhani an& 1ama have e(change& letters.
It is the first &irect communication 1et$een lea&ers of the t$o countries since &iplomatic relations $ere severe& in
8@;4.
FALL OF T=E BE*LIN WALL
Ne?sC"rrents No,e@ber ;% +88;
We remem.er an e-ent that s"m.oliNed ;reedom ;or
millions o; !eo!le. %his wall was real, .ut it also
re!resented the wa" the world was di-ided ;or ;ar too
long. During World War %wo, the $nited States and other
countries ;ormed the Allied 9owers. What were the other
main Allied nations< 4:rance, reat 5ritain, and So-iet
$nion)
What countries did the Allies >ght against in WW++<
4erman", ?a!an, +tal".) Which side won the war< 4%he Allies.) +n (IAC, when the war ended,
the Allies di-ided erman" into ;our sections called occu!ation Nones. %he $.S., reat
5ritain, :rance, and the $.S.S.#. each had control o-er one o; these Nones.
%he cit" o; 5erlin was dee! in the So-iet $nionOs None, .ut it was also di-ided into ;our
sectors. Wh" do "ou
think the Allied countries insisted on this< 2-er the next ;ew "ears, tensions grew .etween
the $.S.S.#. and the other countries. What was this time o; tension .etween the $.S. and the
So-iet $nion called< 4%he 0old War.)
+n (IAI, reat 5ritain, :rance, and the $nited States .rought their three Nones together to
create the :ederal #e!u.lic o; erman", or West erman". 5ut the So-iet $nion created a
se!arate countr"Pthe erman Democratic #e!u.lic, or &ast erman". %he !eo!le in &ast
erman" did not ha-e the ;reedoms that the !eo!le in West erman" had. 5erlin was also
s!lit into two !arts' democratic West 5erlin, and &ast 5erlin, which was
controlled ." the So-iet $nion.
5etween (IAI and (ID(, at least /.C million !eo!le esca!ed &ast erman", mostl" through
West 5erlin. So on Aug. (7th, (ID(, the &ast erman go-ernment !ut u! a .ar.ed=wire ;ence
through the middle o; 5erlin. Wh" did the" do this< 4%o kee! !eo!le ;rom esca!ing.) 2-er the
next (A "ears, the ;ence .ecame a wall that was
strengthened and re.uilt in concrete. +t se!arated ;amil" and ;riends who li-ed in diQerent
!arts o; the cit".
0an "ou imagine what it would .e like i; the go-ernment ke!t "ou ;rom seeing "our ;amil"
and ;riends <

Although &ast ermans were not allowed into West 5erlin, !eo!le came u! with ingenious
wa"s to esca!e. 2ne man dro-e a -er" low s!orts car under a .arrier at the Wall. :i;t"=se-en
!eo!le esca!ed through a tunnel under a .aker". +n all, a.out C,JJJ !eo!le got !ast the Wall,
and more than /JJ !eo!le were killed tr"ing to get out.
Wh" do "ou think so man" !eo!le were willing to risk their li-es to esca!e &ast 5erlin< %he
5erlin Wall .ecame a s"m.ol o; So-iet o!!ression. ,an" ;eared it would .e a !ermanent !art
o; the landsca!e.
5ut in the (IHJs, the leader o; the So-iet $nion .egan to o!en his countr" u! to re;orms.
:rom "our histor" reading, who was the leader o; the So-iet $nion ;rom (IHC to (II(<
4,ikhail or.ache-.)
2n 6o-. Ith, (IHI, the &ast erman go-ernment announced that it would allow citiNens to
tra-el to West 5erlin. 6ews o; this announcement s!read ra!idl", and thousands o; &ast
ermans gathered at the wall, demanding to .e let through.
%he guards were not a.le to control the crowds, so the" o!ened u! the .orders. %he
cele.ration continued o-er the next ;ew weeks, as !eo!le such as the man "ou see here
came to the wall with sledgehammers, destro"ing it ;or good. Wh" do "ou think the 5erlin
Wall .ecame such a s"m.ol o; the 0old War< What do "ou
think the ;all o; the wall meant to the !eo!le o; 5erlin< %o the rest o; the world<
Less than one "ear later, on 2cto.er 7rd, (IIJ, erman" was reuni>ed as a single countr".
&6D
:#26%L+6& R 5usiness / &conom" / :inancial R ,one", 9ower and Wall Street R
%he :inancial 0risis :i-e Fears Later P 1ow +t 0hanged $s
Se!tem.er (J, /J(7, (J'CJ am &% ." ?ason ,. 5reslow
E- MAI L THI S
72
+n Se!tem.er /JJH, the outlook ;or the >nancial s"stem couldnOt ha-e .een
worse. ,arkets were !lunging, la"oQs were mounting, and 0ongress was
scram.ling. As :ederal #eser-e 0hairman 5en 5ernanke warned lawmakers in
an emergenc" meeting that month, without a S7JJ .illion .ank .ailout, We
ma" not ha-e an econom" on ,onda".
%he a;termath u!ended countless li-es. 5" the low !oint o; the recession,
AmericansO retirement sa-ings had shrunk ." a.out S/.C trillion. ,ore than
H.H million jo.s were lost, and roughl" 7 million homes had gone into
;oreclosure.
:i-e "ears later, the econom" is on the mend, .ut the legac" o; the crash still
re-er.erates. 2-er the next two da"s, :#26%L+6& is joining with a grou! o;
leading journalists to ex!lore where we are a hal; decade a;ter the worst
>nancial crisis since the reat De!ression. %oda"Os con-ersation will ;ocus on
how the meltdown has resha!ed the nation, and whether weOre sa;e ;rom
another crash. %omorrow, weOll look at the !olicing o; Wall Street.
%he con-ersation will .egin .elow at (('JJ am and continue throughout the
a;ternoon.
<acial$ <egional 2ivide Still >aunt 2etroit8s 7rogress
by SARAH HULETT, NPR
September 11, 2012 7:01 PM

A Deeply Entrenched Regional Divide
Jef Horner is standing in a park bordered by a concrete wall in the city's Eight Mile Wyoming
neighborhood. Horner, an urban planning lecturer at Wayne State University, says this wall is a
very visible marker of Detroit's segregated history.
In the 1940s, this part of Detroit was largely African-American, Horner says. In those days, the
city was growing, and white residents sought to build houses next to black neighborhoods like
this one. But frst, developers needed to get fnancing usually secured by the Federal
Housing Administration.
"And the developer who wanted to develop in this area was told no by the FHA," Horner says.
"Because it was considered to be too close to an African-American neighborhood. And so the
solution that the developer came up with was to build a 6-foot-high wall that runs for about
three long city blocks."
The wall is just one example of Detroit's historical divisions. In the 1950s and '60s, the car
companies started moving factories from the urban core to the suburbs. Many white families
followed, but discriminatory practices blocked that option for black families.
As a result, Detroit got poorer and blacker, while the suburbs got richer and whiter especially
after the city's 1967 riots over race and income disparities.
The wall where Horner stands is just a few blocks south of Eight Mile Road still a stark
dividing line. South of Eight Mile, the city of Detroit is still 83 percent black, with high levels of
poverty. North of Eight Mile, Oakland County is 78 percent white and the richest county in the
state.
But the demographics are shifting here, Horner says. Young white people are moving into the
city of Detroit, while the racial makeup of the suburbs is changing.
"I would venture to say by 2020, there will be more black folks in Detroit suburbs than there are
in the city of Detroit," he says. "We're on that path right now to have more suburban blacks in
Detroit than in the city."
But in many ways, the acrimony remains, and it's tangible any time there's a debate over
regional cooperation between Detroit and its suburbs. Inside the city, residents fear a loss of
political power. In the suburbs, the fear is that hard-earned tax dollars will be siphoned of by a
poorly run city.
It's a debate that's played out repeatedly through the years: over the city-owned water system
that serves the suburbs, for example, and over the zoo and the convention center that serve
the region but needed help staying afoat.

T=E =EALING WALL
?an 0. Scruggs concei-ed o; the idea to .uild
the Eietnam Eeterans ,emorial, and ser-ed
9resident o;
the Eietnam Eeterans ,emorial :und. 1e is the
author o; %o 1eal a 6ation' %he Eietnam
Eeterans
,emorial, he wrote. America has other great
and ins!iring national memorials. 5ut the
Eietnam
Eeterans ,emorial, with nearl" DJ,JJJ names
engra-ed on its .lack granite wall, is unlike an"
other.
6o other memorial so occu!ies a !lace in the
heart and soul o; the nation as does this sim!le, reTecti-e
wall.
6o one remem.ered the names o; the !eo!le killed in the war. + wanted a memorial
engra-ed with all the names. %he nation would see the names and would remem.er the men
and women who went to Eietnam, and who died there.
%he creation, de-elo!ment, and construction o; the Eietnam Eeterans ,emorial ultimatel"
in-ol-ed
two $.S. !residents, the $.S. 0ongress, hundreds o; -olunteers, a dedicated ;ull=time staQ,
and hundreds o; thousands o; Americans who donated the nearl" SI million needed to .uild
it.
,an" ad-ocates came to the ;ront to !reser-e this unusual conce!t. Larr" 0entur" !er;ected
a techni8ue using !hoto stencils, which, with some de-elo!mental work, could do the jo. o;
inscri.ing the names. Architect ,a"a Lin, the designer, wanted the Wall to tell the da"=."=
da" stor" o; the traged" o; deaths. She also s!eci>ed that the end o; the list o; names .e
near the .eginning, to show a closed circle, like a wound that is closed and healing.
2!tima was chosen ;or the t"!e, a classic ;ace ;rom the house o; 1ermann Ma!;. 6ames are
a!!roximatel" hal; an inch high and are !hotoetched to a de!th o; .J(C inches. %he two walls
extend almost CJJ ;t and are slightl" higher than (J ;t in the middle. 2n the we., interested
indi-iduals can search the actual Wall in -irtual realit" and >nd an" name on the Wall as seen
at' htt!'//www.the-irtualwall.org/-iew/-iewKindex.htm
%here are (AJ .lack granite !anels, num.ered 7JW to (W ;rom the le;t and ;rom (& to 7J&
on the right. round was .roken in ,arch o; (IH/ and the Wall was dedicated in 6o-em.er
o; (IH/. %he uni8ue tradition o; lea-ing gi;ts at the .ase o; the wall .egan .e;ore the Wall
was e-en com!leted.
PostAa'art>ei# ?all (o@es t"@blin! #o?n B T>e National
www.thenational.ae/news/world/a;rica/!ost=a!artheid=wall=comes=tum.ling=downU;ull (/(
Se.astian 5erger
6o- ((, /JJI
?21A66&S5$#, S2$%1 A:#+0A //
erman"Vs am.assador to South A;rica,
Dieter 1aller, is more used to a desk
and dealing with the minutiae o;
international relations than a demolition
site. 5ut on ,onda" night he
swa!!ed his oWce chair ;or the ca. o;
an exca-ator to take on the wall
surrounding the oethe +nstitute, the
erman cultural centre in
?ohannes.urg, South A;rica. %he
-ehicleVs scoo! strained against the
.rickwork ;or a
;ew seconds, the energ" .eing ex!ended momentaril" li;ting the machine oQ its ;ront wheels,
until the cement ga-e wa" and a section crashed to the ground.
&xactl" two decades to the da" a;ter the 5erlin Wall came down, the oethe +nstitute .arrier
showed much less resistance than had the white concrete in &uro!e, and within minutes,
nearl" /J metres o; the wall surrounding the com!lex was reduced to distinctl" un%eutonic
!iles o; .ricks littering the !a-ement. X+tVs a wonder;ul ;eeling,X ,r 1aller said. X+tVs like /J
"ears ago. We want to signal to our South A;rican
;riends that we donVt need the wall.X
+n the (C "ears since the ;all o; a!artheid, South A;rica has !ut u! its own !h"sical walls. %he
residents o; wealth" su.ur.s and increasingl", in !oorer townshi!s surround their !ro!erties
with high .arriers, usuall" to!!ed with electric ;ences, as crime has s!iralled and ;ear has
rocketed e-en higher. +t is a !henomenon that .oth reTects and rein;orces a mindset o;
di-ision, ex!ressing itsel; in an ur.an landsca!e that longterm -isitors soon .ecome used to,
onl" to .e shocked when the" return to &uro!e, 6orth America or Australia to realise the" can
see houses.
While much o; the oethe +nstituteVs wall will .e demolished, it will .e re!laced with
increased lighting, guards and securit" doors on the .uilding itsel;, which will .e directl"
accessi.le ;rom the street. XA world without walls is !erha!s a sa;er world,X ,r 1aller said.
XWe are not onl" talking a.out the -isi.le walls, .ut also the in-isi.le walls which se!arate
!eo!le in diQerent societies and diQerent regions.X
%he !roject has ca!tured the imagination o; ?ohannes.urgVs residents, and hundreds o; them
turned out to watch. Among them was ,oswetsa ,olotsi, a -eteran o; $mkhonto we SiNwe,
the A;rican 6ational 0ongress 4A60)Vs armed wing, who was in erman" undergoing !olitical
training in the cit" o; ,agde.urg he had alread" taken courses in guerrilla war;are in Angola
in the runu! to the 5erlin WallVs coming down. 1e does not ha-e a wall around his house in
&m;uleni, south o; the cit", and said the" Xdi-ide societ"X.
X9eo!le ha-e ado!ted that mentalit" o; erecting walls now,X he said. X%hatVs terri.leY it is
creating that situation, that attitude o; isolation, "ou donVt know "our neigh.our, ;ront, .ack
or o!!osite.X 5ut the ;all o;
the 5erlin Wall le;t him with mixed ;eelings at the time the 0ommunist regimes o; &astern
&uro!e were acti-el" assisting the A60 in its struggle against a!artheid, and with the !ossi.le
conse8uences
unclear, he and his detachment were hastil" e-acuated da"s .e;ore the Wall came down.
X2ur instructors were -er" edg",X he said. X%he" didnVt want to cause con;usion in the ranks.
+t was diWcult to understand. We were told it was .ecause o; western in>ltration. XWe ;elt
strongl" allied to the 0ommunist state at that time, which was !re!ared to hel! us >ght
a!artheid. 5ut we said i; the erman !eo!le will acce!t that, then we acce!t it, though it was
hard ;or us.X 6onetheless the colla!se o; communism in &astern &uro!e was a ke" ;actor in
the coming o; democrac" to South A;rica. As the 0old WarVs !rox" conTicts in A;rica came to
an end, the a!artheid regimeVs ;ear o; a 0ommunist takeo-er one o; its dri-ing moti-ations
against majorit" rule dissi!ated in turn. 6elson ,andela was ;reed ;rom /7 "ears in !rison
onl" three months a;ter the tumultuous e-ents in 5erlin, !a-ing the wa" ;or ;ree elections
;our "ears later.
5ut in a !arallel with the diWculties erman" has had with reuni>cation and the enduring
diQerences .etween the western and eastern !arts o; the countr", South A;rica remains e-en
more di-ided. XWe started to .uild walls in ?ohannes.urg when the s"m.olic wall o; a!artheid
came down and the wealth" were no longer !rotected ;rom those who are not wealth" ." the
rou! Areas Act Zke" a!artheid legislation that reser-ed diQerent areas ;or diQerent races[,X
said 5ar.ara 1oltmann, the head o; crime !re-ention studies ;or South A;ricaVs 0ouncil ;or
Scienti>c and +ndustrial #esearch.
X+tVs a -er" sad thing that we ha-e de-elo!ed this ;ortress mentalit". +; we hadnVt started
.uilding walls /J "ears ago in ?ohannes.urg and we had .uilt houses with the .ricks instead
we would not need to .uild walls toda".X Walls make residents less sa;e, she argued, as the"
create an incenti-e ;or -iolence with criminals needing a householderVs hel! to enter a
!ro!ert", rather than merel" .urgling it.
X9eo!le ha-e turned lea;" su.ur.an roads into dark alle"wa"s where !eo!le canVt see in or
out and that !uts !eo!le at greater risk,X she said. ,a".e it is time, she said, Xto contem!late
li;e without these walls, to start de-elo!ing relationshi!s with each other rather than
continuing with the exclusion that we learned through a!artheidX. She li-es in 9arktown, not
;ar ;rom the oethe +nstitute, and does not ha-e a wall around her house, instead using a
!aling ;ence ;or !rotection, to!!ed with electric ca.ling.
X+tVs a traged" o; our societ" that !eo!le make the assum!tion that itVs onl" ." locking
oursel-es awa" that "ou can .e sa;e,X ,s 1oltmann said. 5ut she declined to sa" how man"
times she had .een ro..ed.
F8-9:/ %855/ ; F*7C*/ F9< /=:>*7=/ =9 <*/*8<C"/<*)9<=/<*)<9>:C*:
/ou#ce: http://salsa.net/peace/walls/famouswalls.html
Walls of Babylon% IraC: Sa##a@ ="ssein C"nieDor@ Bri(k
The )ree7 historian Fero&otus> $ho visite& =a1ylon in the Hth Century =.C.E.> $rote that the city $alls $ere :9 miles aroun&> 8:4 feet high an& $i&e enough for a four%
horse chariot to ri&e 1et$een the to$ers. In 8@;:> .a&&am Fussein starte& to restore them. .ome of the 1ric7s of ancient =a1ylon still carry the message> GI am
Ne1ucha&nezzar> the 7ing of the $orl&.G In the mo&ern recreation> they 1ear inscriptions such as G.a&&am Fussein> the protector of Ira'> re1uilt civilisation an& re1uilt
=a1ylon>G an& GThis $as 1uilt 1y .a&&am Fussein> son of Ne1ucha&nezzar> to glorify Ira'.G
Great Zimbabwe Wall / Great Enclosure

The ruins of the )reat Zim1a1$e un&ulate across almost 8>;44 acres of present%&ay southeastern Zim1a1$e. =egun &uring the eleventh century A.!. 1y =antu%spea7ing
ancestors of the .hona> )reat Zim1a1$e $as constructe& an& e(pan&e& for more than <44 years. Its most formi&a1le e&ifice> the )reat Enclosure> has $alls as high as <9
feet e(ten&ing appro(imately ;34 feet> ma7ing it the largest ancient structure south of the .ahara !esert.
=he 6#eat %all of China is a series of stone an& earthen fortifications in China> 1uilt> re1uilt> an& maintaine& 1et$een the 9th century =C an& the 89th century
to protect the northern 1or&ers of the Chinese Empire from Oiongnu attac7s &uring the rule of successive &ynasties. The )reat -all stretches over
appro(imately 9>H44 7m +H>444 miles, from .hanhaiguan in the east to Lop Nur in the $est> along an arc that roughly &elineates the southern e&ge of Inner
2ongolia> 1ut stretches to over 9>544 7m +H>894 miles, in total. At its pea7> the 2ing -all $as guar&e& 1y more than one million men.
=he .e#lin %all $as a physical 1arrier separating -est =erlin from East =erlin for more than 3:
years> from the &ay construction 1egan on August 8<> 8@98 until it $as opene& on Novem1er @th> 8@;;.
=he 8tlantic %all $as an e(tensive system of coastal fortifications 1uilt 1y the )erman Thir& Aeich in
8@H3 until 8@HH &uring -orl& -ar II along the $estern coast of Europe to &efen& against an anticipate& Allie& invasion of the continent from )reat =ritain.
=he 6#een -onste# is the nic7name of the thirty%seven%foot> t$o%inch left fiel& $all
at Ben$ay 0ar7> home to the =oston Ae& .o(. The )reen 2onster is famous for preventing home runs on many line &rives that $oul& clear the $alls of other
1allpar7s.
=he ?o#ean %all is a concrete 1arrier that is allege&ly 1uilt along the length of the !2Z in .outh Jorea
1et$een 8@55 an& 8@5@. North Jorea conten&s that there is a concrete $all $hich stretches more than 8:4 miles from east to $est> is 89 to 39 feet high> <3 to
93 feet thic7 at the 1ottom> an& 84 to 3< feet $i&e in the upper part. It is set $ith $ire entanglements an& &otte& $ith gun em1rasures> loo7%outs an& varieties of
military esta1lishments.
=he %este#n %all is an important ?e$ish religious site locate& in the l& City of ?erusalem $hich is also of significance to Islam. The $all &ates from the en& of
the .econ& Temple perio&> 1eing constructe& aroun& 8@ =CE 1y Fero& the )reat.
=he )eace 5ines are a series of separation 1arriers ranging in length from a fe$
hun&re& yar&s to over three miles separating Catholic an& 0rotestant neigh1ourhoo&s in =elfast> !erry an& else$here in Northern Irelan&. The state& purpose of
the 1arriers is to minimize intercommunal sectarian violence 1et$een 0rotestants an& Catholics. The 1arriers themselves consist of iron> 1ric7> an& steel $alls
up to 3: feet high> toppe& $ith metal netting> or simply a $hite line painte& on the groun& similar to a roa& mar7ing. .ome have gates in them occasionally
manne& 1y police> $hich allo$ passage 1y &ay> an& $hich are close& at night.
=he -o#occan %all $as 1uilt 1y 2orocco in the 8@;4s to cur1 attac7s 1y the
-estern .ahara in&epen&ent movement> 0olisario> on territory it claims for itself. The series of $alls some 8>544 miles long an& 84 feet high ma&e of earth> roc7
an& san&> &efen&e& 1y thousan&s of 2oroccan troops an& fortifie& 1y 1un7ers an& fences> 1ar1e& $ire an& an estimate& million lan&mines.
"a+#ian@s %all is a stone an& turf fortification 1egun in A! 833 &uring the rule of
emperor Fa&rian across the $i&th of $hat is no$ northern Englan& to prevent military rai&s on Aoman =ritain 1y the 0ictish tri1es to the north> to improve
economic sta1ility an& provi&e peaceful con&itions in =ritain> an& to mar7 physically the frontier of the Aoman Empire.
=he :nite+ /tates--eico ba##ie#> also 7no$n as the Te(as 1or&er $all or Te(as
1or&er fence> is locate& on 1oth ur1an an& uninha1ite& sections of the 8.@:8 "..%2e(ican 1or&er> inclu&ing .an !iego> California an& El 0aso> Te(as. As of
August 344;> the "... !epartment of Fomelan& .ecurity ha& 1uilt 8@4 miles of pe&estrian 1or&er fence an& 8:H.< miles of vehicle 1or&er fence> for a total of
<HH.< miles of fence. The 1or&er fence is not one continuous structure 1ut rather a grouping of short physical $alls secure& in 1et$een $ith a system of sensors
an& cameras monitore& 1y =or&er 0atrol agents.
=he Communa#+s@ %all at the 0Pre Lachaise cemetery is $here> on 3; 2ay 8;58>
one%hun&re& forty%seven fQ&QrQs> com1atants of the 0aris Commune> $ere shot an& thro$n in an open trench at the foot of the $all. To the Brench left the $all
1ecame the sym1ol of the peopleLs struggle for their li1erty an& i&eals.
)ablo 7e#u+a@s Fence still stan&s at Isla Negra> Chile> long after the poetLs 8@5<
&eath. It $as 1uilt to 7eep his &ogs from chasing sheep> an& has 1ecome a message 1oar&> a shrine. n ?uly 83> his 1irth&ay> people visit an& pin paper
messages to the $oo&en slats of the fence> carve $or&s of love into posts> scra$l lines in charcoal that $ill 1e $ashe& a$ay an& replace& $ith ne$ messages>
ne$ prayers. A frien& oif his $rote: GThere is not a scrap of the $oo& not $ritten on. They all a&&ress him as though he $ere alive. -ith pencils or nail%points>
each an& all of them fin& a particular $ay of saying Than7 you.G
=he %all of /epa#ation .etween Chu#ch an+ /tate $as a term first use& 1y Thomas ?efferson in
a letter to the !an1ury +CT, =aptists in 8;43: G=elieving $ith you that religion is a matter $hich lies 1et$een a man an& his )o&> that he o$es account to none
other for his faith an& $orship> that the legislative po$ers of government reach actions only> an& not opinions> I contemplate $ith sovereign reverence that of the
$hole American people $hich &eclare& that their legislature shoul& Lma7e no la$ respecting an esta1lishment of religion or prohi1iting the free e(ercise thereof>L
thus 1uil&ing a $all of separation 1et$een Church an& .tate.G

. %all /t#eet is a street in lo$er 2anhattan that an& $as the first permanent home of the
Ne$ Yor7 .toc7 E(changeR -all .treet is also shorthan& for the American financial in&ustry. The name originally referre& to the -alloons> Brench spea7ing
=elgians that helpe& populate this settlement. It came to refer to a fortifie& 83%foot high $all of tim1er an& earth that $as 1uilt 1y 0eter .tuyvesant on 1ehalf of
the !utch East In&ia Company to &efen& the area against attac7 from Native American tri1es> Ne$ Englan& colonists> an& the =ritish. The street $as lai& out
along the $all in 89;: an& the $all itself $as &ismantle& 1y the =ritish in 89@@.
=he >in,o Fence or !og Bence is <><49 mile%long pest%e(clusion fence that $as
1uilt in Australia &uring the 8;;4s an& finishe& in 8;;: to 7eep &ingoes out of the relatively fertile south%east part of the continent +$here they ha& largely 1een
e(terminate&, an& protect the sheep floc7s of southern *ueenslan&. It is one of the longest structures on the planet an& the $orl&Ls longest fence.
=he %alls :nit is the common name for the Te(as .tate 0enitentiary at Funtsville>
the stateLs first enclose& penitentiary for convicte& felons> opene& in 8;H@. The name comes from the large 1ric7 $alls surroun&ing the facility. !eath ro$ $as
locate& here from 8@3; to 8@9:> $hen they $ere move& to the near1y Ellis "nit. The &eath cham1er is still locate& here.
=he cafA wall illusion is an optical illusion> first &escri1e& 1y Aichar& )regory in
8@5<. Accor&ing to )regory> this effect $as first o1serve& 1y a mem1er of his la1oratory> .teve .impson> in the tiles of the $all of a cafQ at the 1ottom of .t
2ichaelLs Fill> =ristol. This optical illusion ma7es the parallel straight horizontal lines appear to 1e 1ent.
=he %alls of Be#icho are $ell 7no$n 1ecause of this passage> ?oshua 9:8%5> in the
Fe1re$ .criptures: No$ ?ericho $as tightly shut 1ecause of the sons of IsraelR no one $ent out an& no one came in. An& the LA! sai& to ?oshua> G.ee> I have
given ?ericho into your han&> $ith its 7ing an& the valiant $arriors. An& you shall march aroun& the city> all the men of $ar circling the city once. You shall &o so
for si( &ays. Also seven priests shall carry seven trumpets of ramsL horns 1efore the ar7R then on the seventh &ay you shall march aroun& the city seven times>
an& the priests shall 1lo$ the trumpets. An& it shall 1e that $hen they ma7e a long 1last $ith the ramLs horn> an& $hen you hear the soun& of the trumpet> all the
people shall shout $ith a great shoutR an& the $all of the city $ill fall &o$n flat> an& the people $ill go up every man straight ahea&.G
Wall o; Ston 40roatia)
The Walls of Ston are a series of defensive stone walls situated on the peninsula Peljesac in southern Croatia. At the peninsulas narrowest
point, just before it joins the mainland, a wall was build from the towns of Ston to Mali Ston. The 5.5 kilometer (3.5 mile) long wall that links
these two small communities was completed in the 15th century, along with its 40 towers and 5 fortresses. It was meant as a second line of
defense for the city of Dubrovnik and to protected the precious salt pans that contributed to Dubrovniks wealth. It is the second longest wall
in Europe, surpassed only by Hadrians Wall between Scotland and England.
Eietnam Eeterans ,emorial Wall
The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a national war memorial in Washington, D.C. It is often described as the most moving memorial in the
city, the Vietnam Memorial stands as tribute to those who died or went missing, intended to transcend political controversy in remembrance
of the soldiers who gave the ultimate sacrifice. Its centerpiece, the Memorial Wall designed by Maya Lin, is made up of two black granite
walls engraved with the 58,256 names of each soldier.
Walls o; %ro" 4,odern Da" %urke")

Troy is a legendary city in what is now northwestern Turkey, made famous in Homers epic poem, the Iliad. According to Iliad, this is where
the Trojan War took place. The archaeological site of Troy contains several layers of ruins. The layer Troy VIIa was probably the Troy of
Homer and has been dated to the mid- to late-13th century BC. Portions of the famous walls of Troy are still visible. Today, a large number
of tourists visit Troy each year. The visitor sees a highly commercialized site, with a large wooden horse built as a playground for children,
then shops and a museum.
1adrianVs Wall 4modern da" $.*.)
Hadrians Wall was built by the Romans to protect their colony Britannia from the tribes in Scotland. It stretches for 117 kilometers (73
miles) across the north of England from the Irish Sea to the North Sea. Construction started in 122 AD following a visit by Roman Emperor
Hadrian, and was largely completed within six years. The wall was garrisoned by around 9,000 soldiers, including infantry and cavalry.
Although only stretches of this famous wall are still visible today it it is among the most popular tourist attractions in England. There is a
national path that follows the whole length of the wall from Wallsend to Bowness-on-Solway.
reat Mim.a.we Walls
The Great Zimbabwe, is a complex of stone ruins spread out over a large area in modern-day Zimbabwe, which itself is named after the ruins.
The word Great distinguishes the site from the many hundred small ruins, known as Zimbabwes, spread across the country. Built by
indigenous Bantu people, the construction started in the 11th century and continued for over 300 years. At its peak, estimates are that Great
Zimbabwe had as many as 18,000 inhabitants. Its most formidable edifice, commonly referred to as the Great Enclosure, has walls as high as
11 meters (36 ft) extending approximately 250 meter (820 ft), making it the largest ancient structure south of the Sahara Desert.
Sacsa"huaman 49eru)

Sacsayhuamn is an Inca walled complex high above the city of Cusco in Peru. The imperial city Cusco, was laid out in the form of a puma,
the animal that symbolized the Inca dynasty. The belly of the puma was the main plaza, the river Tullumayo formed its spine, and the hill of
Sacsayhuamn its head. There are three parallel walls built in different levels with lime stones of enormous sizes. It is suggested that the
zigzagging walls represent the teeth of the pumas head.
The boulders used for the first or lower levels are the biggest. The largest is 8.5 meter high (28 ft) and weights about 140 metric tons. The
wall is built in such a way that a single piece of paper will not fit between many of the stones. This precision, combined with the variety of
their interlocking shapes, and the way the walls lean inward, is thought to have helped the ruins survive the devastating earthquakes in Cuzco.
Walls o; 5a."lon
!hoto' \ Louis Sather
The Walls of Babylon, the city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, was one of the original wonders mentioned by Antipater of Sidon. His poem
begins: I have gazed on the walls of impregnable Babylon along which chariots may race. Another ancient version of the Seven Wonders
included the Ishtar Gate. Constructed around 575 BC it was part of the famous Walls of Babylon. Both the gate and walls were constructed of
blue glazed tiles with alternating rows of bas-relief dragons and aurochs. In 1983, Saddam Hussein started both a restoration and new
constructions on top of the old ruins. If visiting Iraq sounds to risky: The Pergamon Museum in Berlin contains a reconstruction of the Ishtar
Gate and walls partly made out of material excavated at Babylon.
Urban farming Global food chain edible walls AND VICTORY GARDENS
During World War II twenty million people planted "Victory Gardens" at their homes. They grew 40% of America's produce supply. They did
it then. We can do it again!
Urban Farming has established the Urban Farming Global Food Chain, a vertical farming project. The Food Chain consists of "edible"
food-producing wall panels mounted on walls of buildings, growing fresh produce (without the use of pesticides) at four locations in and
around downtown Los Angeles, inclusive of the Central City East (Skid Row) area. The organizations that host these 'walls' will utilize the
food for their own purposes and, as is the paradigm of Urban Farming across the country and
overseas, the people who tend the gardens are committed to donating a portion of their harvests to
neighbors and/or organizations in need. The Urban Farming Global Food Chain project is in
partnership with Green Living Technologies and Elmslie Osler Architect.
The wall systems of the Food Chain concept are as "links" connecting to each location by intention
and design, as well as presenting a new definition for the familiar term, 'food chain'. Los Angeles is
the pilot city for the Urban Farming Global Food Chain, a project we will replicate in other cities.
The Food Chain is a gardening system that offers immediate access to fresh produce, greens the
environment, creates team-building and skills-training, and provides an opportunity for community
service and involvement. In addition, particularly in areas where concrete and steel are plentiful and
ground space and greenery are scarce, the Food Chain will help to lower the heat index and the
effects of global warming. The gracious hosts and new owners of the Urban Farming Global Food
Chain's first four walls are: The Weingart Center; The Rainbow Apartments (In partnership with
the Yankee Apartments); The Los Angeles Regional Food Bank and the Miguel Contreras Learning
Complex.