Professional Documents
Culture Documents
003 WCDMA Radio Resource Management
003 WCDMA Radio Resource Management
Page 2/42
Revision Record
Date
03-06-2007
Version
Change description
Author
Victor Toledo
1A
Page 3/42
Page 4/42
Table of Contents
1
2
Page 5/42
Page 6/42
Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:
Page 7/42
Page 8/42
Introduction to RRM
In WCDMA system, radio resource includes frequency, code and power, and
WCDMA is also a self-interfered system. For guaranteeing QoS (Quality of Service)
of all users, we should define rules to allocate just enough resources to every users.
These rules are called Radio Resource Management Algorithms.
Expect to confirm the QoS, RRM also can enhance system coverage, or
increase system capacity.
RRM: Radio Resource Management
RRM is responsible for supplying optimum coverage, offering the maximum
planned capacity, guaranteeing the required quality of service (QoS) and
ensuring efficient use of physical and transport resources.
Power is the ultimate radio resource. The best way to utilize the radio
resource is to control the power consumption strictly.
Increasing the transmission power of a certain user can improve his
QoS.
However, due to the self-interference, the increasing power would
result in more interference on other users and consequently reduce the
receiving QoS.
Procedure of RRM
Usually, RRM algorithm will be designed in RRC layer of UTRAN.
RRC layer will send the control parameters to Layer 2 (in RNC), Layer 1 (in
NodeB) or UE through Measurement control message.
Layer 2, Layer 1 or UE will execute measurement procedure, then send
measurement result to RRC Layer through measurement report.
According to the measurement report and actual resource, RRC Layer will make
decision to allocate the radio resources.
Through signaling, RRC Layer will send this decision to Layer 2, Layer 1 or UE
to execute it.
Page 9/42
Channel Configuration
Fundamental Channel Configuration
Page 10/42
QoS Mapping
Page 11/42
Page 12/42
MAC parameters
The mapping/multiplexing relation between logic channel and transport
channel
Different types and parameters of transport channel
Dedicated channel
Common channel
Different configurations of MAC entity
MAC-d/MAC-c
Priority configuration of MAC sub layer
TFCS configuration
Page 13/42
Interleaving length
Rate matching attribute
Spreading factor (SF)
Power offset
Other physical channel parameters, such as diversity mode, etc.
Page 14/42
Decision of DCCC
Measurement report on traffic volume of RLC Buffer
Decide whether to change the bandwidth used by UE dynamically
based on the measurement result.
Consider whether there is limitation on air interface during the decision of
reconfiguration.
4A event means the bandwidth distributed to the service is not enough, so RRC
layer will increase the channel resource for the service;
4B event means the bandwidth distributed to the service is more than the
demand of the service, so RRC layer will decrease the channel bandwidth.
The system also should consider whether there is limitation on air interface
during the decision of reconfiguration. This is done by measuring the transmitting
power of UE in both downlink and uplink.
If the channel bandwidth should be changed, Reconfigure Procedure will be
executed.
Page 15/42
Page 16/42
Power Control
Near-far effect in CDMA
Page 17/42
Page 18/42
Page 19/42
Page 20/42
Figure 7yt
Figure 7.- Uplink Closed Loop Power Control.
The inner loop power control happens between NodeB and UE. It is to converge
the received SIR to the target SIR by controlling the transmission power of physical
channels.
If estimated SIR is larger than SIRtar, it means the signal which NodeB received
is too good, so NodeB will set TPC=0, command UE to decrease the transmission
power;
If estimated SIR is smaller than SIRtar, it means the signal which NodeB
received is not enough, so NodeB will set TPC=1, command UE to increase the
transmission power.
Page 21/42
BLER--SIR
Page 22/42
The uplink outer loop control happens between RNC and NodeB. It is to
dynamically adjust the SIR target value of the inner loop control, so as to ensure that
the communication quality always meets the requirements.
If estimated BLER is larger than BLERtar, it means the signal quality is worse, so
RNC will increase SIRtar to make the power of UE increased;
If estimated BLER is smaller than BLERtar, it means the signal quality is too
good, so RNC will decrease SIRtar to make the power of UE decreased;
If estimated BLER is equal to BLERtar, it means the signal quality is just enough,
so SIRtar neednt to be changed.
Page 23/42
Mobility Management
UE Working Modes and states
Idle mode
Connected mode
Cell_DCH
Cell_FACH
Cell_PCH
URA_PCH
The UE may operate in one of two basic modes: Idle mode and connected mode.
After being switched on, the UE operates in the idle mode and is identified by a nonaccess stratum identification such as IMSI, TMSI or P-TMSI. The UTRAN does not
save the information of the UE operating in the idle mode. It can only page all the
UEs in a cell or all the UEs at one paging time slot.
After establishing an RRC connection, the UE shifts from the idle mode to the
connected mode: CELL_FACH or CELL_DCH state. The connected mode of UE is
also called the RRC state of UE. It reflects the level of the UE connection and the
transport channel that can be used by the UE. When the RRC connection is released,
the UE shifts from the connected mode to the idle mode.
Idle Mode
The UE has no relation to UTRAN, only to CN. For data transfer, a
signalling connection has to be established.
UE camps on a cell
It enables the UE to receive system information from the PLMN.
UE can establish an RRC connection; it can do this by initially
accessing the network on the control channel of the cell on
which it is camped.
UE can receive "paging" message from PCH.
The idle mode tasks can be subdivided into three processes:
PLMN selection and reselection.
Cell selection and reselection.
Location registration.
Page 24/42
When a UE is switched on, a public land mobile network (PLMN) is selected and
the UE searches for a suitable cell of this PLMN to camp on.
The NAS shall provide a list of equivalent PLMNs, if available, that the AS shall
use for cell selection and cell reselection.
The UE searches for a suitable cell of the chosen PLMN and chooses that cell to
provide available services, and tunes to its control channel. This choosing is known
as "camping on the cell". The UE will, if necessary, then register its presence, by
means of a NAS registration procedure, in the registration area of the chosen cell.
If the UE finds a more suitable cell, it reselects onto that cell and camps on it. If
the new cell is in a different registration area, location registration is performed.
A dedicated physical channel is allocated to the UE in both the uplink and the
downlink.
RNC knows the cell where the UE camps on according the current active set
of the UE.
The UE enters the CELL_DCH state in one of the following two ways:
1. In the idle mode, the UE sets up the RRC connection on the dedicated
channel, thus shifting from the idle mode to the CELL_DCH state.
2. In the CELL_FACH state, the UE uses the common transport channel and
then is converted to the dedicated transport channel, thus shifting from the
CELL_FACH state to the CELL_DCH state.
Page 25/42
Monitors an FACH.
Monitors the BCH channel of the current serving cell to decode the system
messages.
Transmits uplink control signaling and small data packets on the RACH.
Initiates a cell update procedure when the cell becomes another UTRA cell.
Page 26/42
Monitors the paging time slot based on the DRX period and receives the
paging messages transmitted on the PCH.
Monitors the BCH channel of the current serving cell to decode the system
messages.
The UE shifts to the CELL_FACH state in one of the following two ways: By
paging from the UTRAN and by any uplink access.
Page 27/42
Monitors the paging time slot based on the DRX period and receives the
paging messages transmitted on the PCH.
Monitors the BCH channel of the current serving cell to decode the system
messages.
Page 28/42
UE states switching
Page 29/42
Hard handover
Page 30/42
The macro diversity gain achieved by combining the received signal in the
NodeB (softer handover) or in the RNC (soft handover) improves the uplink
signal quality and thus decrease the required transmission power of the UE.
Page 31/42
Measurement control.
Measurement execution and the result processing.
The measurement report.
Mainly accomplished by UE.
Decision
Based on Measurement.
The application and distribution of resource.
Mainly accomplished by RRM in RNC.
Execution
Page 32/42
Inter-system GSM
CPICH Ec/N0
CPICH Ec/N0.
RSSI BSIC Identification
Reconfirmation.
BSIC
Intra-frequency events
Reporting Criterion
Reporting Criterion
Decision formula: for example, 1A event :
1.Path Loss
Page 33/42
Event triggered handover for addition of a radio link is described by the above
formula.
MNew is the measurement result of the cell entering the reporting range.
CIONew is the individual cell offset for the cell entering the reporting range if an
individual cell offset is stored for that cell. Otherwise it is equal to 0.
Mi is a measurement result of a cell not forbidden to affect reporting range in the
active set.
NA is the number of cells not forbidden to affect reporting range in the current
active set.
MBest is the measurement result of the cell not forbidden to affect reporting
range in the active set with the lowest measurement result, not taking into account
any cell individual offset.
MBest is the measurement result of the cell not forbidden to affect reporting
range in the active set with the highest measurement result, not taking into account
any cell individual offset.
W is a parameter sent from UTRAN to UE. The default value for W=0.
R1a is the reporting range constant.
H1a is the hysteresis parameter for the event 1a.
Page 34/42
Soft Handover
Page 35/42
Compressed Mode
Page 36/42
SRNS(C) Relocation
Page 37/42
The RNC relocation refers to that the SRNC of the UE changes from one RNC to
another RNC. It is divided into two cases based on the UE location at the time of
relocation: Static relocation and associated relocation.
Static relocation
The precondition for the static relocation is that the UE accesses the network
from one and only one DRNC. Since the relocation procedure does not
require the UEs participation, it is also called the UE Not Involved relocation.
Static relocation usually happens after soft handover.
Associated relocation
Associated relocation refers to that the UE accesses the target RNC from the
SRNC via hard handover, and the Iu interface changes at the same time.
Since the relocation procedure requires the UEs participation, it is also called
the UE Involved relocation. Static relocation usually happens during hard
handover.
Page 38/42
The AMR speech codec produces a certain number of bits depending on the
mode used. The speech encoder outputs are put in order according to their
subjective importance. This bit ordering can be utilized for error protection purposes.
In fact, after the bits have been ordered according to a predefined table, they are
further divided into three indicative classes, still according to their subjective
importance. Therefore, the AMR codec delivers three classes of bits, each
containing a different number of bits depending on the rate of the coder. They are
Class A, Class B and Class C.
On the radio interface, one dedicated transport channel can be established per
class of bits, i.e. DCH A for Class A bits, DCH B for Class B bits and DCH C for Class
C bits. Thus, each class can be subject to a different error protection scheme.
Class A contains the bits most sensitive to errors and any error in these bits
would result in a corrupted speech frame which needs error correction for proper
decoding. It may be the only class protected by a CRC.
Classes B and C contain bits where increasing error rates gradually reduce the
speech quality, but the decoding of an erroneous frame can be done without
significantly degrading the quality. Class B bits are more sensitive to errors than
Class C bits.
SID: Silence Indicator
Features of AMR speech: MOS-CIR
Page 39/42
At a certain load level (which corresponds with SIR of UE), the Mean Opinion
Score (MOS) which the users experience does not increase linearly with the
speech rate which UE uses. That is, at a certain load level, the most
appropriate AMR speech rate used to acquire the highest MOS does not refer
to the highest rate, but an appropriate middle rate.
The AMR codec offers the possibility to adapt the coding scheme to the radio
channel conditions. The most robust codec mode is selected in bad propagation
conditions. The codec mode providing the highest source rate is selected in good
propagation conditions.
During an AMR communication, the receiver measures the radio link quality and
must return to the transmitter either the quality measurements or the actual codec
mode the transmitter should use during the next frame. That change needs to be
done as fast as possible in order to follow better the evolution of the channels quality.
In uplink, the UTRAN explicitly indicates to the UE the codec mode it should use.
However, in downlink, the mobile has to send quality measurements to UTRAN that
will deduce the appropriate mode to use, using an algorithm. The AMR control
algorithms are located in the RNC, and they will have a major impact on voice quality
and system capacity.
Page 40/42
In each transmitted speech frame, the AMR codec has to indicate the mode it is
currently using as well as the quality/mode-to-use information. In the network, the
Codec Mode Indication must also be sent to the Transcoder Units so that the correct
source decoding is selected.
The rate adaptation scheme is based on thresholds. For each mode, lower and
upper thresholds are defined. These bands may overlap from one mode to another.
The decision to change rate is made on the network side.
In theory, the codec mode can be changed every speech frame (20 ms). In
practice, the codec mode should be adapted at a lower rate.
Page 41/42
Page 42/42