Electrical Distribution System

1
Electric Power Distribution 1

Electric Power Electric Power
Distribution Distribution
Introductory Question Introductory Question
Electric power reaches our city via high Electric power reaches our city via high
voltage transmission lines. What fraction of voltage transmission lines. What fraction of
the electric charges traveling on those the electric charges traveling on those
transmission lines pass through this room? transmission lines pass through this room? transmission lines pass through this room? transmission lines pass through this room?
A. A. About 1% About 1%
B. B. About 0.01% About 0.01%
C. C. Exactly 0% Exactly 0%
Observations about Observations about
Electric Power Distribution Electric Power Distribution
Household electricity is alternating current (AC) Household electricity is alternating current (AC)
Household voltages are typically 120V or 240V Household voltages are typically 120V or 240V
Power is distributed at much higher voltages Power is distributed at much higher voltages
Power transformers are common around us Power transformers are common around us
Power substations are there, but harder to find Power substations are there, but harder to find
4 Questions about 4 Questions about
Why isnt power transmitted at low voltages? Why isnt power transmitted at low voltages?
Why isnt power delivered at high voltages? Why isnt power delivered at high voltages?
What is alternating current and why use it? What is alternating current and why use it?
How does a transformer transfer power? How does a transformer transfer power?
Question 1 Question 1
Why isnt power transmitted at low voltages? Why isnt power transmitted at low voltages?
Electric Power and a Wire Electric Power and a Wire
An electric current passing through a wire An electric current passing through a wire
converts electrical power in thermal power converts electrical power in thermal power
power wasted = current voltage drop in wire. power wasted = current voltage drop in wire.
Si th i b Oh l Si th i b Oh l Since the wire obeys Ohms law, Since the wire obeys Ohms law,
voltage drop in wire = resistance current voltage drop in wire = resistance current,,
the power that wire wastes is the power that wire wastes is
power wasted = resistance current power wasted = resistance current
22
..
Doubling current quadruples wasted power! Doubling current quadruples wasted power!
2
Clicker Question Clicker Question
Two long wires will carry electrical power most Two long wires will carry electrical power most
efficiently from a generator to a community if efficiently from a generator to a community if
the voltage difference between the wires is the voltage difference between the wires is
A. A. large and the current they carry is large. large and the current they carry is large.
B. B. large and the current they carry is small. large and the current they carry is small.
C. C. small and the current they carry is large. small and the current they carry is large.
D. D. small and the current they carry is small. small and the current they carry is small.
Large Currents are Wasteful Large Currents are Wasteful
The goal of a power distribution system is to The goal of a power distribution system is to
transmit lots of electric power to a city, transmit lots of electric power to a city,
power transmitted = current voltage drop at city power transmitted = current voltage drop at city,,
hil ti littl l t i i th i hil ti littl l t i i th i while wasting little electric power in the wires, while wasting little electric power in the wires,
power wasted = resistance current power wasted = resistance current
22
..
That energy efficiency can be achieved by using That energy efficiency can be achieved by using
a small current, a small current,
a huge voltage drop, a huge voltage drop,
and low and low- -resistance wires. resistance wires.
Why isnt power delivered at high voltages? Why isnt power delivered at high voltages?
High Voltages are Dangerous High Voltages are Dangerous
When large voltage drops are available, When large voltage drops are available,
strong electric fields are present, strong electric fields are present,
charges experience enormous forces, charges experience enormous forces,
nd rr nt t nd t fl thr h n p t d p th nd rr nt t nd t fl thr h n p t d p th and currents tend to flow through unexpected paths. and currents tend to flow through unexpected paths.
High High--voltage electrical power in a home is voltage electrical power in a home is
a spark hazard, a spark hazard,
a fire hazard, a fire hazard,
and a shock hazard. and a shock hazard.
The Voltage Hierarchy The Voltage Hierarchy
Large currents are too wasteful for transmission Large currents are too wasteful for transmission
High voltages are too dangerous for delivery High voltages are too dangerous for delivery
So electric power distribution uses a hierarchy: So electric power distribution uses a hierarchy:
high high--voltage circuits in the countryside voltage circuits in the countryside
medium medium- -voltage circuits in cities voltage circuits in cities
low low- -voltage circuits in neighborhoods and homes voltage circuits in neighborhoods and homes
Transformers transfer power between circuits! Transformers transfer power between circuits!
What is alternating current and why use it? What is alternating current and why use it?
3
Alternating Current (AC) Alternating Current (AC)
In alternating current, In alternating current,
the voltages of the power delivery wires alternate the voltages of the power delivery wires alternate
and the resulting currents normally alternate, too. and the resulting currents normally alternate, too.
Al i l i h US Al i l i h US Alternating voltage in the US Alternating voltage in the US
completes 60 cycles per second, completes 60 cycles per second,
reversing every 1/120 second. reversing every 1/120 second.
AC and Transformers AC and Transformers
AC has little effect on simple electric devices AC has little effect on simple electric devices
(e.g., (e.g., lightbulbs lightbulbs, space heaters, toasters) , space heaters, toasters)
AC is a nuisance for electronic devices AC is a nuisance for electronic devices
(e g comp ters televisions so nd systems) (e g comp ters televisions so nd systems) (e.g., computers, televisions, sound systems) (e.g., computers, televisions, sound systems)
AC permits the easy use of transformers, AC permits the easy use of transformers,
which can move power between circuits: which can move power between circuits:
from a low from a low- -voltage circuit to a high voltage circuit to a high- -voltage circuit voltage circuit
from a high from a high--voltage circuit to a low voltage circuit to a low- -voltage circuit voltage circuit
How does a transformer transfer power? How does a transformer transfer power?
Electromagnetism Electromagnetism (Version 2) (Version 2)
Magnetic fields are produced by Magnetic fields are produced by
magnetic poles (but free poles dont seem to exist), magnetic poles (but free poles dont seem to exist),
moving electric charges, moving electric charges,
nd h n in l tri fi ld [m r l t r ] nd h n in l tri fi ld [m r l t r ] and changing electric fields [more later] and changing electric fields [more later]..
Electric fields are produced by Electric fields are produced by
electric charges, electric charges,
moving magnetic poles moving magnetic poles,,
and changing magnetic fields and changing magnetic fields..
Electromagnetic Induction Electromagnetic Induction
Moving poles or changing magnetic fields Moving poles or changing magnetic fields
produce electric fields, produce electric fields,
which propel currents through conductors, which propel currents through conductors,
which produce magnetic fields. which produce magnetic fields. p g p g
Changing magnetic effects Changing magnetic effects induce induce currents currents
Induced currents produce magnetic fields Induced currents produce magnetic fields
Lenzs Law Lenzs Law
Lenzs law predicts the nature of the induced Lenzs law predicts the nature of the induced
magnetic fields: magnetic fields:
When a changing magnetic field induces a current in a When a changing magnetic field induces a current in a g g g g g g
conductor, the magnetic field from that current conductor, the magnetic field from that current
opposes the change that induced it. opposes the change that induced it.
4
Transformer Transformer
Alternating current in one circuit can induce an Alternating current in one circuit can induce an
alternating current in a second circuit alternating current in a second circuit
A transformer A transformer
i d i i d i uses induction uses induction
to transfer power to transfer power
between its circuits between its circuits
but doesnt but doesnt
transfer any charges transfer any charges
between its circuits between its circuits
Current and Voltage Current and Voltage
A transformer must obey energy conservation A transformer must obey energy conservation
Power arriving in its primary circuit must equal Power arriving in its primary circuit must equal
power leaving in its secondary circuit power leaving in its secondary circuit
Si i h d f Si i h d f ll Since power is the product of Since power is the product of voltage current voltage current,,
a transformer can exchanging voltage for current a transformer can exchanging voltage for current
or current for voltage! or current for voltage!
Clicker Question Clicker Question
If you increase the number of turns of wire in If you increase the number of turns of wire in
the secondary coil of a transformer, each charge the secondary coil of a transformer, each charge
traveling through that wire will experience traveling through that wire will experience
A. A. the same forward force for a longer distance. the same forward force for a longer distance.
B. B. a larger forward force for a longer distance. a larger forward force for a longer distance.
C. C. a larger forward force for the same distance. a larger forward force for the same distance.
D. D. the same forward force for the same distance. the same forward force for the same distance.
Step Step- -Down Transformer Down Transformer
A step A step- -down transformer down transformer
has relatively few turns in its secondary coil has relatively few turns in its secondary coil
so charge is pushed a shorter distance so charge is pushed a shorter distance
nd p ri n m ll r lt ri nd p ri n m ll r lt ri and experiences a smaller voltage rise and experiences a smaller voltage rise
A larger current A larger current
at smaller voltage at smaller voltage
flows in the flows in the
secondary circuit secondary circuit
Step Step- -Up Transformer Up Transformer
A step A step- -up transformer up transformer
has relatively many turns in its secondary coil has relatively many turns in its secondary coil
so charge is pushed a longer distance so charge is pushed a longer distance
nd p ri n l r r lt ri nd p ri n l r r lt ri and experiences a larger voltage rise and experiences a larger voltage rise
A smaller current A smaller current
at larger voltage at larger voltage
flows in the flows in the
secondary circuit secondary circuit
Power Distribution System Power Distribution System
A step A step- -up transformer increases the voltage up transformer increases the voltage
for efficient long for efficient long- -distance transmission distance transmission
A step A step- -down transformer decreases the voltage down transformer decreases the voltage
for safe delivery to comm nities and homes for safe delivery to comm nities and homes for safe delivery to communities and homes for safe delivery to communities and homes
5
Introductory Question Introductory Question (revisited) (revisited)
Electric power reaches our city via high Electric power reaches our city via high
voltage transmission lines. What fraction of voltage transmission lines. What fraction of
the electric charges traveling on those the electric charges traveling on those
transmission lines pass through this room? transmission lines pass through this room? transmission lines pass through this room? transmission lines pass through this room?
A. A. About 1% About 1%
B. B. About 0.01% About 0.01%
C. C. Exactly 0% Exactly 0%
Summary about Summary about
Electric power is transmitted at high voltages Electric power is transmitted at high voltages
Electric power is delivered at low voltages Electric power is delivered at low voltages
Transformers transfer power between circuits Transformers transfer power between circuits
Transformers require AC power to operate Transformers require AC power to operate
The power distribution system is AC The power distribution system is AC

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Electric Power Distribution 1

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