1

In the previous lesson we moved a wire

between two poles of a magnet so an
induced voltage is generated that
produced an induced current.
This was explained as:
• Metallic wire conductor,
• cuts the magnetic field lines
of the magnet,
• This generates an induced
voltage the causes an
induced current.

But what if we move the magnet and not the wire?

If a magnet is moved near
a wire or a coil, the same
effect will be observed.
An induced current will be
produced in the coil due to
cutting the magnetic field
lines of the magnet.
But another explanation would be
as follows:

An induced current is generated in a coil when a magnet is moved nearby.

• Metallic wire conductor,

• is exposed to a changing magnetic field.
• this generates an induced voltage the causes an induced current.

Now you know two ways to produce induced current.

1- moving the wire beside a magnet 2- moving the magnet beside the wire.

There are several method to get a larger induced voltage (or induced current) when you move the
magnet near a coil:

Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)

 2
1. Increase number of turnings of
the coil:
This increases the length of wire that cuts the
magnetic field lines or in other words increases the
length of wire that is exposed to the variable
magnetic field.

2. Use a stronger magnet:

Stronger magnetic field means the wire cuts
more magnetic field lines.

3. move the magnet faster:

When you move the magnet faster, the
magnetic field on the coil changes more
rapidly or in other words the coil cuts the
magnetic field lines with faster rate

The simplest way to get a changing magnetic field in a school laboratory to demonstrate
electromagnetic induction is by moving a bar magnet near by a coil.

If you move the magnet into the coil, this is a

changing magnetic field and it generates induced
current in the coil

If you move the magnet out of the coil, this is a

changing magnetic field and it generates induced
current in the coil.

If you rotate the magnet beside the coil, this is a

changing magnetic field and it generates induced
current in the coil.

Fact:
If any wire or coil is exposed to a changing magnetic
field, this changing magnetic field will cause an induced
current in the wire or coil.

Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)

 3

 Surprisingly you can get a changing magnetic field without even using any magnet.
 Coil 2 with the bulb has no any power supply or batteries.
 Coil 1 is connected to an A.C. power supply.
 The A.C. current in coil 1 creates an alternating (changing) magnetic field.
 When coil 2 is linked to the alternating magnetic field created by coil 1 an induced voltage is
created across coil and induced current flows causing the bulb to light.
 Note that there is no touch or any electrical connections between coil 1 and coil 2.
 This is the basic idea of making Transformers.

1-Primary coil:
• A.C. current (voltage) causes a
constantly changing magnetic field
2- Iron Core:
• The constantly changing magnetic
field is transferred from primary
to secondary coil,
3- Secondary coil:
• The alternating magnetic field that
reached the secondary coil causes
an induced voltage that is related to the number of turnings of the coils.
Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)
 4

Note: There is no electric current in the iron core

from the primary coil, and there is no touch or electric
connection between primary coil, iron core and secondary
coil. Iron core transfers the alternating magnetic field to
the secondary coil and not electric current.

 Transformers are used to step up or step down the voltage.

 This is according to the number of turnings in both primary and secondary coil.
 In a step up transformer, the number of turnings in primary coil is less than the number of
turnings in secondary coil.
 In a step down transformer, the number of turnings in primary coil is greater than the number
of turnings in secondary coil.
The ratio between a.c. voltage on primary coil to the a.c. voltage on the secondary coil is ruled
by the following relationship:
N in :number of turnings on primary coil,
N out : number of turnings on secondary.
V in :Voltage on primary coil,
V out : voltage on secondary coil

Number of turnings of the primary coil of a transformer is 100 turning

and its secondary coil has 25 turnings, the input voltage is 200 V.
calculate the output voltage.

Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)

 5
Does that mean we can increase the voltage?
Of course, we can increase the A.C. voltage by using a step-up transformer with more turnings
on secondary coil then primary.
Does increasing voltage mean that we can get larger amount of
electric power for more electric appliance to work?
increasing voltage by a transformer
does not mean that the transformer can
generate more power.
If we have a 100% efficient transformer
that does not lose any form of energy, for
this transformer the input power is just equal to the output power.
So, as P = IV, this means that we get another formula:

A step-up transformer has 50V and 8 A on the primary coil the output
voltage is 500V. Calculate the current on the secondary coil.

 Notice that even the step up transformer mentioned in the example increases the voltage by
10 times, the current is reduced by a factor of 1/10.
 Therefore, a step up transformer increases the voltage but decreases the current.
 So the amount of electric energy and electric power are unchanged in other words

 You just change the voltage and the current. If voltage increases, current will decrease.

Transformer does not work on D.C. on primary coil, only A.C.

• D.C. current does not produce an alternating (changing) magnetic

field so no voltage will be induced on the secondary coil.

Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)

 6
What is a 100%efficient transformer?
In fact, this type of transformer does not exist. But in most of the calculations it is assumed
that:
1. Pin = Pout
2. No energy or power loss
3. The transformer does not heat up
4. All magnetic field from primary reaches the secondary
5. No Eddy current
Eddy current is a type of current that causes the transformer core to heat up. Details about
eddy current are not required by the syllabus.

Transmitting electricity from power stations to homes for long distances is one of the most
important life applications that uses transformers.
The problem
You may think that electricity is transmitted for long distances just by connecting cables.
One problem that arises from transmitting electricity that all these long cables are heating up
because of their resistance.

This causes most of the electric power that is produced by the power station to be lost in the
cables as heat. So the electric power delivered to homes will be a small percentage of the total
power produced by the power station.
The power loss in cables as heat is given by the formula

Note: If current or resistance of cables is decreased,

power lost in the cables as heat will decrease.

we can not decrease the Resistance:

To decrease the resistance we need to use thicker cables which are heavier so this will also
need to replace the pylons. This approach is

Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)

 7
we will decrease the Current:

Decreasing the current of transmitting electricity in the cables is the most reasonable solution for
the problem of power loss in cables as heat to do that we use:
is added after power station and before transmission:
It increases the voltage and decreases the current so reduces the power loss I2R due to the
resistance of the cables,
is added after transmission and before home use:
It decreases the voltage and increases the current to suitable value for home use.

Disadvantages of high voltage transmission:

1- Difficulty of insulation.
2- Contact may be lethal.
3- Cost of transformers.
4- Overhead cables must be high above ground, tall pylons are expensive.
5- Underground cables are very expensive, difficult to maintain.

Now let us get back to the coil and the variable magnetic field.
Fact: The coil is unhappy with the changing magnetic field.

As we explained before, any moving

magnet is considered a changing
magnetic field.
When a coil is exposed to a changing magnetic field this causes
an induced current in the coil.
This current will oppose the effect of the magnet to resist its
motion.

Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)

 8

Lenz’s Law The induced current will oppose the

effect of the changing magnetic field that created it

The magnet is moving towards the coil

with its north pole. The induced
current in the coil will flow in a
direction that creates a north on the
left to repel the magnet and oppose
its motion towards the coil.
The magnet is moving towards the
coil with its south pole. The induced
current in the coil will flow in a
direction that creates a south on the
left to repel the magnet and oppose
its motion towards the coil.

The magnet is moving away from the

coil with its south pole. The induced
current in the coil will flow in a
direction that creates a south on the
left to attract the magnet and oppose
its motion away from the coil.

The magnet is moving away from the

coil with its north pole. The induced
current in the coil will flow in a
direction that creates a north on the
left to attract the magnet and oppose
its motion away from the coil.

Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)

 1 U5 Ch4 Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)
Unit 5 Topic 4

Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)

1. ( 0504001 ) ...... Specimen 2016 Paper 2

https://youtu.be/OD91nAlpvkc

Question Paper
 2 U5 Ch4 Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)
2. ( 0504002 ) ...... Specimen 2016 Paper 2

https://youtu.be/xW8i8ejih1U
3. ( 0504003 ) ...... March 2016 Paper 2

https://youtu.be/krixR4k35CE

Question Paper
 3 U5 Ch4 Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)
4. ( 0504004 ) ...... March 2017 Paper 2

https://youtu.be/poiABtFSiMQ
5. ( 0504005 ) ...... Nov 2017 Paper 2 Variant 2

https://youtu.be/9ydfVcz_anQ

Question Paper
 4 U3 Ch3 Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)
6. ( 0504006 ) ...... Nov 2017 Paper 2 Variant 3

https://youtu.be/v4mNr3vP-Hk

Question Paper
 5 U3 Ch3 Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)
7. ( 0504007 ) ...... Nov 2017 Paper 2 Variant 3

https://youtu.be/pHMFupFtfpM

Question Paper
 6 U3 Ch3 Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)
8. ( 0504008 ) ...... 2018 Jun P2 V1 Q34

https://youtu.be/tfGQRlxzEQw
9. ( 0504009 ) ...... 2018 Jun P2 V1 Q36

https://youtu.be/f5RST2KmGBg
10. ( 0504010 ) ...... 2018 Jun P2 V2 Q36

https://youtu.be/3lXOkTl9_1s

Question Paper
 7 U3 Ch3 Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)
11. ( 0504011 ) ...... 2018 Jun P2 V3 Q35

https://youtu.be/gqlRpdwWaOI
12. ( 0504012 ) ...... 2018 Nov P2 V1 Q25

https://youtu.be/lya-ZEJMV24

Question Paper
 1 U5 Ch4 Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)

Unit 5 Topic 4

Electromagnetic Induction (Transformers)

1. ( 0504001 ) ...... Specimen 2016 Paper 2 ……………………………….. B
2. ( 0504002 ) ...... Specimen 2016 Paper 2 ……………………………….. A
3. ( 0504003 ) ...... March 2016 Paper 2 ……………………………….. A
4. ( 0504004 ) ...... March 2017 Paper 2 ……………………………….. A
5. ( 0504005 ) ...... Nov 2017 Paper 2 Variant 2 ……………………………….. B
6. ( 0504007 ) ...... Nov 2017 Paper 4 Variant 3 ………………………………………………..D
7. ( 0504007 ) ...... Nov 2017 Paper 2 Variant 3 ……………………………….. C
8. ( 0504008 ) ...... 2018 Jun P2 V1 Q34……………………………………..C
9. ( 0504009 ) ...... 2018 Jun P2 V1 Q36……………………………………..A
10. ( 0504010 ) ...... 2018 Jun P2 V2 Q36 ……………………………………..A
11. ( 0504011 ) ...... 2018 Jun P2 V3 Q35 ……………………………………..C
12. ( 0504012 ) ...... 2018 Nov P2 V1 Q25 ……………………….…………… C

Mark Scheme
 U5 Ch3: Electromagnetic Induction
Part2 (Transformers and National Grid)
1. ( 0504001 ) ...... March 2017 Paper 4

https://youtu.be/9LhxzGiuV_E

2. ( 0504002 ) ...... March 2017 Paper 4

Question Paper 1 U5 Ch3: Transformers and National Grid

https://youtu.be/NdHCuP1sY7E

3. ( 0504003 ) ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 1

Question Paper 2 U5 Ch3: Transformers and National Grid

https://youtu.be/2otHNETm-R8

4. ( 0504004 ) ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 1

https://youtu.be/1-RQYYNG8Jk

5. ( 0504005 ) ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 3

Question Paper 3 U5 Ch3: Transformers and National Grid

https://youtu.be/eHL4NpI6B4E

Question Paper 4 U5 Ch3: Transformers and National Grid

6. ( 0504006 ) ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 3

https://youtu.be/DN65eb16-XM

Question Paper 5 U5 Ch3: Transformers and National Grid

7. ( 0504007 ) ...... Nov 2017 Paper 4 Variant 1

Question Paper 6 U5 Ch3: Transformers and National Grid

 https://youtu.be/wydy1GesDgU

8. ( 0504008 ) ...... Nov 2017 Paper 4 Variant 3

Question Paper 7 U5 Ch3: Transformers and National Grid

 https://youtu.be/odn59sB_mHk

9. ( 0504009 ) ...... March 2018 P4

https://youtu.be/ls4pSwTCFWQ

Question Paper 8 U5 Ch3: Transformers and National Grid

10. ( 0504010 ) ...... 2018 May P4 V1 q10 a

https://youtu.be/5yvnRYxMNrA
11. ( 0504011 ) ...... 2018 May P4 V1 q10 b

Question Paper 9 U5 Ch3: Transformers and National Grid

 https://youtu.be/KMRvqww-YhI
12. ( 0504012 ) ...... 2018 May P4 V2 q09 b

https://youtu.be/GyVGc-UA5Rw

Question Paper 10 U5 Ch3: Transformers and National Grid

13. ( 0504013 ) ...... 2018 May P4 V3 q1O a

https://youtu.be/HqYkcSG53ac

Question Paper 11 U5 Ch3: Transformers and National Grid

14. ( 0504014 ) ...... 2018 May P4 V3 q10b

https://youtu.be/jzzn0qhx6KI

Question Paper 12 U5 Ch3: Transformers and National Grid

15. ( 0504015 ) ...... 2018 Nov P4 V1 10 a,b

https://youtu.be/e6zQcWD30mI

Question Paper 13 U5 Ch3: Transformers and National Grid

16. ( 0504016 ) ...... 2018 Nov P4 V1 10 c

https://youtu.be/EQZyXS8vqQU

Question Paper 14 U5 Ch3: Transformers and National Grid

 Classified Mark Scheme

U5 Ch3: Electromagnetic Induction

Part2 (Transformers and National Grid)
1. ...... March 2017 Paper 4

2. ...... March 2017 Paper 4

3. ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 1

4. ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 1

5. ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 3

1 U5 Ch3: Transformers and National Grid

 Classified Mark Scheme

6. ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 3

7. ...... Nov 2017 Paper 4 Variant 1

8. ...... Nov 2017 Paper 4 Variant 3

9. ...... March 2018 P4

10. 2018 May P4 V1 q10 a

11. 2018 May P4 V1 q10 b

12. 2018 May P4 V2 q09 b

2 U5 Ch3: Transformers and National Grid

 Classified Mark Scheme

13. 2018 May P4 V3 q1O a

14. 2018 May P4 V3 q10b

15. 2018 Nov P4 V1 10 a,b

16. 2018 Nov P4 V1 10 c

3 U5 Ch3: Transformers and National Grid