BEM I

ELECTRICAL SERVICES

Jayant Patwardhan
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Electrical services includes

• LIGHTING & ILLUMINATION
• ELECTRICAL HT & LT POWER DISTRIBUTION
• EARTHING & LIGHTENING PROTECTION
• FIRE DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM
• PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM
• ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM
• CCTV & MONITORING SYSTEM
• BUILDING SECURITY SYSTEM
• BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
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Energy Cosumption of Various Sectors
Industrial Sector Agricultural Sector Commercial Sector Domestic Sector

23%
40%

13%

24%

1 Unit of Electricity Generated at Thermal Power Station emits-

•3015 Kcal of waste heat
•1 kg of CO2
•Polluting gases
70% Electricity produced by using fossil fuels

Saving 1 Unit of Energy means Generation of 2 Units of Energy!!!

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The present Peak Demand is about 1,15,000

MW
Electric power is normally generated at 11-25kV in a power station.
Generated through-
•Thermal (63%), To transmit over long distances, it is then stepped-up to 400kV, 220kV
• Hydro (25%), or 132kV as necessary.
• Nuclear (9%)
• and Renewables (9%).
Power is carried through a transmission network of high voltage lines.
The country has been demarcated into five
electrical Regions viz. Usually, these lines run into hundreds of kilometers and deliver the
power into a common power pool called the GRID.
Northern (NR),
Eastern (ER),
The grid is connected to load centers (cities) through a sub-
Western (WR),
Southern(SR) and transmission network of normally 33kV (or sometimes 66kV) lines.
North Eastern (NER).
These lines terminate into a 33kV (or 66kV) substation, where the
voltage is stepped-down to 11kV for power distribution to load points
through a distribution network of lines at 11kV and lower.
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High Voltage supplies
Distribution
400 Kv
(400,000 V)

275 kV
National Grid Voltages reduced
(275,000 V) by step down
Transformers

11000 V
132 kV
(132,000 V)
66000 V
Voltages further
reduced by local
Transformers
415/240 V
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Distribution
•There are two types of consumers:
High Tension (HT) and Low
Tension (LT) Consumers

•HT consumers are industries,

campuses, fed with 11,000 V Three
Phase wires

•LT consumers are fed with 240 V

and of two types:
•1. Three Phase customer:
large residential, commercial,
etc.

•2. Single Phase customer:

residential, etc.

•At the entry end of the consumer

supply line, electric meter and circuit
breakers needed to be provided.
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Sub-Station

National Grid Step-Dn X-mer

X-mer
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Electrical Basics
Electrical Energy Basics
Electric current is divided into two types: Directional Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC).

Directional (Direct) Current

A non-varying, unidirectional electric current (Example: Current produced by batteries)
Characteristics:
• Direction of the flow of positive and negative charges does not change with time
• Direction of current (direction of flow for positive charges) is constant with time
• Potential difference (voltage) between two points of the circuit does not change polarity with time

Alternating Current
A current which reverses regularly in recurring intervals of time and which has alternately positive and
negative values, and occurring a specified number of times per second. (Example: Household electricity
produced by generators, Electricity supplied by utilities.)
Characteristics:
• Direction of the current reverses periodically with time
• Voltage (tension) between two points of the circuit changes polarity with time.
• In 50 cycle AC, current reverses direction 100 times a second (two times during one cycle)
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Electrical Basics
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Electrical Basics
Ampere (A)
Current is the rate of flow of charge. The ampere is the basic unit of electric current. It is that
current which produces a specified force between two parallel wires, which are 1 metre apart in
a vacuum.

Voltage (V)
The volt is the International System of Units (SI) measure of electric potential or electromotive
force. A potential of one volt appears across a resistance of one ohm when a current of one
ampere flows through that resistance.

Resistance
Resistance = Voltage/Current
The unit of resistance is ohm (Ω)

Ohm' Law
According to Ohm's law,” the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference across it, provided the temperature and other external conditions remain constant.”
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Definitions:
•Conductor: A substance through which electricity flows easily such as copper, aluminum (wires, cables,
bus-bars, etc.)

•Insulator: A substance through which electricity cannot flow easily such as wood, glass, etc.

•Ampere: the unit rate of flow of an electric current through a conductor

•Ohm: the unit resistance offered by the conductor against current

•Volt: the unit pressure with which electric current flows through conductor

•Watt: the rate of consumption of power per unit time

•Circuit: a circuit is a path between two or more points along which an electrical current can be carried
continuously.

•Short Circuit: A short circuit is a direct contact between a live and a neutral conductor or a live conductor
and earth.
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Electrical Circuit
An electric circuit is a path in which electrons from a voltage or current source flow. The point
where those electrons enter an electrical circuit is called the "source" of electrons. The point
where the electrons leave an electrical circuit is called the "return" or "earth ground"
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Electrical Phases
• Alternating electrical circuits are arranged in Two types of Phases. Single Phase & Three Phases
• In general, the phase in electricity is the current or the voltage among an existing wire as well as a
neutral cable.
• Phase means the distribution of load.
• If a single wire is used, an additional load will occur on it & if three wires are used then loads will be
separated between them.

Single Phase Three Phase

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AC Generation
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Electrical Phases
A single phase system consists of just two conductors (wires): one is called the phase, through which the
current flows and the other is called neutral, which acts as a return path to complete the circuit.
In a three – phase system, we have a minimum of three conductors or wires carrying AC voltages. It is more
economical to transmit power using a 3 – phase power supply when compared to a single phase power
supply as a three – phase supply can transmit three time the power with three conductors when compared to
a two – conductor single – phase power supply.
Hence, most of the power generated and distributed is actually a 3 – phase power (but majority of
households receives a single phase supply).

Star and Delta Connections are the two types of connections in a 3 – phase circuits. A Star
Connection is a 4 – wire system and a Delta Connection is a 3 – wire system.
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Electrical Phases
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Single & Three Phase

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Single phase
• Normally small buildings are supplied with electricity by
two wires, one phase wire and the other neutral. This is
known as single phase supply
• Gives a voltage for the premises of 240 volts.
• The loading of the supply wiring is balanced between
the phases by using the phases in rotation so that each
one services every third building.
Three phase
• In three phases, four wire bring 415/ 240 volts, 50 cycle
per second.
• The voltage between any two of the phases wires is 415
Volts. And between any phase wire and the neutral is
240 volts.
• The balancing of load is then achieved by serving
different areas of the building by different phases.
• Electric motor are usually designed for three phase
operation.
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Comparison Between Single & Three Phase
STAR CONNECTION (Y OR WYE) DELTA CONNECTION (Δ)

A Star Connection is a 4 – wire connection (4th wire is

A Delta Connection is a 3 – wire connection.
optional in some cases)

Two types of Star Connection systems are possible: 4 –

In Delta Connection, only 3 – wire 3 phase system is possible.
wire, 3 – phase system and 3 – wire 3 phase system.

Out of the 4 wires, 3 wires are the phases and 1 wire is

All the 3 wires are phases in a Delta Connection.
the neutral (which is the common point of the 3 wires).
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In a Star Connection, one end of all the three wires are

In a Delta Connection, every wire is connected to two adjacent
connected to a common point in the shape of Y, such that all
wires in the form of a triangle (Δ) and all the three common points
the three open ends of the three wires form the three phases
of the connection form the three phases.
and the common point forms the neutral.

The Common point of the Star Connection is called Neutral

There is no neutral in Delta Connection
or Star Point.

Line Voltage (voltage between any two phases) and Phase

Voltage (voltage between any of the phase and neutral) is Line Voltage and Phase Voltage are same.

different.

Line Voltage is root three times phase voltage i.e. VL = √3

Line Voltage is equal to Phase Voltage i.e. VL = VP.
VP. Here, VL is Line Voltage and VP is Phase Voltage.
 JP 34

With a Star Connection, you can use two different voltages as

VL and VP are different. For example, in a 230V/400V system,

In a Delta Connection, we get only a single voltage magnitude.
the voltage between any of the phase wire and neutral wire is

230V and the voltage between any two phases is 400V.

Line Current and Phase Current are same. Line current is root three times the phase current.

In Star Connection, IL = IP. Here, IL is line current and IP is

In Delta connection, IL = √3 IP
phase current.

Total three phase Power in a Star Connection can be Total three phase Power in a Delta Connection can be calculated using

calculated using the following formulae. the following formulae.

P = 3 x VP x IP x Cos(Φ) or P = 3 x VP x IP x Cos(Φ) or

P = √3 x VL x IL x Cos(Φ) P = √3 x VL x IL x Cos(Φ)
 JP 35

Since Line Voltage and Phase Voltage are different (VL = √3

In a Delta Connection, the Line and Phase Voltages are same and
VP), the insulation required for each phase is less in a Star
hence, more insulation is required for individual phases.
Connection.

Usually, Star Connection is used in both transmission and

distribution networks (with either single phase supply or Delta Connection is generally used in distribution networks.

three – phase.

Since insulation required is less, Star Connection can be

Delta Connections are used for shorter distances.
used for long distances.

Star Connections are often used in application which require Delta Connections are often used in applications which require high

less starting current starting torque.

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Energy Basics
Frequency
The supply frequency tells us the cycles at which alternating current changes. The unit of frequency is hertz (Hz :cycles per second).

Kilovolt Ampere (kVA)

It is the product of kilovolts and amperes. Measures the electrical load on a circuit or system and also called as apparent power.
For a single phase electrical circuit ,Apparent power (kVA) = Voltage × Amperes / 1000
For a three phase electrical circuit ,Apparent power (kVA) = √3 × Voltage × Amperes / 1000

kVAr (Reactive Power)

• kVAr is the reactive power. Reactive power is the portion of apparent power that does no work.
• Supplied to all types of magnetic equipment, such as motors, transformers etc.
• Larger the magnetizing requirement, larger the kVAr.

Kilowatt (kW) (Active Power)

kW is the active power or the work-producing part of apparent power.

Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
• Kilowatt-hour is the energy consumed by 1000 Watts in one hour.
• If 1kW (1000 watts) of a electrical equipment is operated for 1 hour, it would consume 1 kWh of
energy (1 unit of electricity).
• For a company, it is the amount of electrical units in kWh recorded in the plant over a month for billing
purpose.
• The company is charged / billed based on kWh consumption.
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Resistor:
As you could probably guess from the name, a resistor increases the resistance of a
circuit. The main purpose of this is to reduce the flow of electricity in a circuit
Capacitors :
Capacitors store and release electrical charge. They are used for filtering power supply
lines, tuning resonant circuits, and for blocking DC voltages while passing AC signals,
among numerous other uses.
Inductor :
An inductor is essentially a coil of wire. In some ways, an inductor is the opposite of a
capacitor. While a capacitor stores voltage as electrical energy, an inductor stores current
as magnetic energy. Thus, a capacitor opposes a change in the voltage of a circuit, while
an inductor opposes a change in its current
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Beer Mug analogy

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What you waste

What you drink

What you
pay for
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* Pf increases when total connected load is minimum

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Use of capacitor
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Power Distribution
High Voltage supplies

400 KV •HT consumers like Industries, Campuses, are fed

(400,000 V) with 11 KV Three Phase wires

•LT consumers are fed with 240 V and of two types:

•1. Three Phase customer: large residential,
Voltages reduced commercial, etc.
by step down
275 kV Transformers •2. Single Phase customer: residential, etc.
National Grid
(275,000 V)

11 KV

132 kV
(132,000 V) 66 KV Voltages further
reduced by local
Transformers

415/240 V

Electrical Services, Equipment & Components
HT Services
• Power Sub Station
• HT Panel
• LT Panel, MDB, DB(PDB/LDB)
• Power & Control Cabling
• Small Power
• Emergency Power Supply-DG/UPS
• Lighting system
• Earthing System
Low Voltage Services
• CCTV
• Telephone
• Fire Alarm System
• Public Address System
• Access Control System
• Lighting Control System
• Server & Data System
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Type of Drawings
• Single line diagram(SLD)
• Schematics
• Wiring diagram (Typical module)
• Control layout
• Sectional coordination Drawing
• Co-ordination layout
Transformer (Xmer)
Generator (DG Set)
Main Distribution Panel (MP)
Capacitor Bank
Distribution Boards (DB)
Feeder Box
Energy Meter
DP Switch
In-Line Cable (ILC)
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Electrical Room
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TRANSFORMER
ELECTRICAL ROOMS

CABLE TRENCH
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Power distribution
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Panel
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3-Ǿ Circuit distribution
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3-Ǿ Armoured Cables

4 core 2 core

3.5 core

Types of Armoured Cables

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Cable bending

Flexible cable Armoured cable

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Distribution Panels
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Service Shafts (Electrical)
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Lightening Arrestor
This system includes –
1. Air Terminal: rooftop lightning rod of a conductive metal strip
or rod (copper) 300m radial coverage
2. Single / Multiple conductive paths (G.I. / Copper) from the
roof to the ground
3. Earthing. This system is necessary for high-rise or isolated
structures to protect buildings from lightning strikes.
Lightning rods are fixed at the highest point of the building.
Nowadays, an effective system called Early Streamer
Emission Lighting rods is being used.
 JP 90

Earthing
All electrical installations are needed to be connected to three-wire system (phase, neutral and earth) by
three-pin socket. The earthing system has a direct route to the soil to protect people from getting
electrical shocks during any fault occur in the installations. Earth wire terminates at the ground by burying
in a pit, filled with brick, sand and at the top with soil and usually kept moist.
 JP 91

Earthing
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Requirement of Earthing pits

• Lightening protection
• Surrounding the building as per node positions
• Transformer room
• Depends on number of transformers
• Generator room
• Depends on number of generators
• Electrical room
• Depends on number of distributing panels
• Lift machine room
• Depends on number of machines
• Electrical shafts
• Depends on number of shafts
• Pump rooms
• Depends on number of pumps and equipment
• HVAC plants
• Depends on number of chillers and cooling towers
• Fire pump room
• Depends on number of fire pumps
• Electrical Floor panels
• Depends on number of panels per floor
• Ventilating fans
• Depends on number ventilating fans used
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Power distribution & deciding transformer

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Electrical room Layouts

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Transformers

Wet type (External) Dry type (Internal)

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Generator set
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LOCATION OF
SUB-STATION
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LOCATION OF
SUB-STATION
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LOCATION OF
SUB-STATION
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Lighting
Lux Level
Type of lighting
• The lux (symbol: lx) is the SI unit of illuminance and luminous
• Illumination emittance, measuring luminous flux per unit area. It is equal to one
• Lux Level lumen per square metre
• Types of Light fixtures • Moonless Sky/Dark overcast night- 0.001 Lux
• Lighting Control • Moonless clear night sky – 0.002
• Emergency Lighting Building Services • Full moon – 0.27-1
• Street Light – 39 Lux (Avg)
• Living room – 250
• Natural light • Office – 350-400
• Indoor Lighting • Day light/Sun light – 10000-25000
• Outdoor lighting
where,
• Task Lighting N = number of lamps required.
• Façade lighting E = illuminance level required (lux)
• Direct/Indirect Lighting A = area at working plane height (m2)
F = average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)
UF= utilisation factor, an allowance for the light distribution
of the luminaire and the room surfaces.
MF= maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light
output because of deterioration and dirt.
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Electrical Room
Norms
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Electrical Room
GAD
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 Electric meter
The electric meter (multiple tariff in the example below) is the junction element between our residence and
the power distribution network.
It is accompanied by a circuit breaker.
The electric meter is designed to measure the energy consumption over time. It’s a watt-hour meter.

 Electrical panel
The electrical panel is the
nerve centre of our installation.
The various circuits within the
residence all start from it. It
also contains major protection
elements, for both people and
equipment, such as circuit
breakers, fuses and RCDs.
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Distribution Boards (D.B.): It is the Main distribution board inside the premises where the
supply cable enters directly from the electrical meter and then distributed to various load centers
or circuits. It contains main switch, fuses for each circuit, M.C.B. It is usually located near the
main entrance or at the convenient central common area.

MCB

Circuit Breaker:
Circuit breakers are used instead of fuse. Disconnection of the circuit is made by means of thermal or magnetic switches
which cut off the circuit immediately whenever over loading occurs. The principle of bi-metallic expansion due to thermal or
magnetic field causes such breaking of circuits. They can be reset immediately without replacing anything. They are more
expensive than fuses but more efficiently control the safety aspects.

Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB):

A set of circuit breakers are installed to safe guard each circuit in an installation. They are available in different capacity, and
could be reset very easily whenever circuit breaks due to over loading or high voltage.
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Circuit Breakers
An Earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a safety device
used in electrical installations with high Earth impedance to
prevent shock. It detects small stray voltages on the metal
enclosures of electrical equipment, and interrupts the circuit if
a dangerous voltage is detected.

MCCB stands for Molded Case Circuit Breaker. It is another

type of electrical protection device which is used when load
current exceeds the limit of a miniature circuit breaker.
The MCCB provides protection against overload, short circuit
faults and is also used for switching the circuits

Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB) is a differential

current sensing device used to protect a low voltage circuit in
case of a leakage fault. It is sometimes also known as
Residual Current Device (RCD)
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Fuse: each section of wiring must be protected by providing a fuse wire (of slightly higher rating) in the
circuit from current passing higher voltage than that which is safe for wiring and installations. When the fuse
blows, the electric current is cut off preventing over heating of the wire causing short circuit and fire.

Cartridge fuse: it serves the same purpose in an electric circuit as the standard fuse wire. A cartridge fuse
contains a wire held in a small ceramic tube with metal ends. This type of fuse is easy to replace when
blown. It is thrown away and replaced with a new one, so it is costlier.
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Cables & Wires

Types of Wires-
Neutral wire- Black Types of Wires- Types of Cables
Types of Cables
Earth wire- Green 1/18, 3/18, 3/20, 7/20 Armoured
Live wire – R/ Y/ B
•Cables are used for high capacity current flow and highly insulated with
pvc sheathing, G.I. armour as protection against physical damages.
Called as Armoured cable

•Single/ Multiple strands of insulated wires are put together with inner and
outer pvc insulation jackets. Different sizes and types are available.
Measured in sqmm

•In wiring system, several accessories are needed as junction boxes,

bends, etc. The safety and control devices are also important
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Switches
Switches: There are different types of electrical switches available as per the construction, working
mechanism:
•Toggle switch: The simplest switch system, it has an arrow-shaped armature that floats between the
contact points. When the switch is flipped to the on position, comes in contact with both terminals
thus providing a continuous flow of electrical current. There are different types available: single-pole,
two-pole, three-pole switches.
•Flush switches: has the mechanism set in a shallow box suitable for concealed wiring, usually push
button or piano key type.
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WIRING
There SYSTEMS
are basically two types of wiring systems used for walls and ceiling
•Open Wiring
•Concealed wiring
• Casing & capping
•Open Wiring: • Trunking
Wires and cables are laid on the surfaces of walls and ceiling • Conduiting
Most frequently used
• Cable tray
Main advantages are: economical, flexible, easy to lay, modifications and
maintenance • Bus-Bar
Disadvantages: not always aesthetically accepted, vulnerable to mechanical
injury to cable
Different types of open wiring systems
mounted on wooden battens
laid in PVC casing-capping
laid inside metal or PVC conduits
Cable tray routing
Concealed Wiring:
In this type conduits are laid within the Masonry and Ceiling (by making chase within the
wall and for structural members while casting) which is not visible after finish is applied on
the surfaces.
Cables/ wires run inside the conduits
Advantages: Cables are protected from the mechanical injuries, aesthetically accepted
Disadvantages: difficult for modification, re-wiring, maintenance and requires skilled
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OPEN WIRING SYSTEMS
Floor Trunking:
In large offices, where work stations are placed away from the walls, cables are needed to run under the floor.
It is necessary to provide a grid of under-floor ducts according to the alignment of furniture.
The depth could be of 35 – 55 mm in which metal raceways run with cables inside
Raceways are concealed with floor finishes
Outlet boxes or junction boxes are not made concealed because wires are tapped from here
Sometimes a different set of wiring is necessary for data cable apart from electrical cable for supplying power.
Sometimes, floating floors or false flooring is made for laying wide range and number of cables below the floor.

Bus-bars: For distribution of heavy loads, instead of large numbers and sizes of insulated cables, bare copper
or aluminum bars / flats are used. Distribution cables are connected with cable-tap connectors in flexible
positions. Usually the length is short. Bus-bar ducting, bus-bar trunking are suitable for industrial, commercial
installations even adapted in high-rise buildings.

Overhead Wiring:
For large installations such as industries, commercial premises, etc. where large numbers and sizes of cables
are needed to travel, cable trays are mounted from the ceiling or at upper part of the wall to carry cables.
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Casing & Capping

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Conduiting
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Trunking System
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Bus-Bar System
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Cable tray System

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Concealed Wiring System

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Concealed Wiring System

Points to be noted for concealed wiring works:

• Needs to be pre-planned
• Detailed layout drawings to be made
• Detailed schedules to be prepared
• Future modification provisions to be analyzed
• The concealing works to be done during casting of RCC and Walls
• Outlets/ Receptacles to be organized w,r,t their heights and locations
• Core materials like conduits, junction boxes, bends, Fan junction box to be installed during
construction stage
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Electrical Load Calculations

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Thank you