BIJLI 101

Basics of Electricity 2
Electric Charge
• Some particles have electrical CHARGE; charge can be POSITIVE or NEGATIVE

• Charged particles exert FORCE on each other:

• LIKE charges REPEL
• OPPOSITE charges ATTRACT

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Structure of Atom
• Two of the tiny particles that make up atoms — protons and electrons — are the
bearers of electric charge.
• Protons have positive charge, electrons have negative charge.

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Current
• Electric current refers to the flow of the electric charge carried by electrons as they
jump from atom to atom.
• It is the flow of electric charges per unit time.
• It is measured in “Amperes” (A).

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Basic Electricity

1 Ampere = ?

More than 3mA More than 10mA

“Painful shock” Muscle contraction
“no-let-go” danger

More than 30mA

Lung paralysis –
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usually temporary
Circuits
• Consists of a voltage source, a load, and a path for current between the source and
the load.
– A load is a device on which work is done by the current through it.

• Open circuits versus closed circuits.

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Voltage
• Voltage is the electric potential difference between two points.
• The driving force that causes electrons to move through a conductor is called voltage
or electro- motive force (emf).
• It is measured in “volts” (V)

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Resistance
• The opposition to the flow of current through the conductor is called resistance (R)
and is similar to friction as shown in fig.
• Like other forms of friction, resistance is responsible for creating heat and loss of
power.
• Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
• Resistance could be measured using an Ohmmeter.

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OHM’s Law
Current in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and inversely
proportional to the circuit resistance.
V=IR

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Conductors
• Electrical conductors allow electric current to flow easily because of the make up of
their atoms.
• In a conductor, the outer electrons of the atom are loosely bound and can freely move
through the material when an electric charge is applied.
• Some good Conductors are as follows:
Gold (used for contacts)
Copper (used for cables)
Tungsten (lamp filament)
Steel (conduit and switches)

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Insulators
• The opposite of a conductor is an insulator.
• An insulator opposes the flow of electricity. Insulators are important to keep us safe
from electricity.
• The wire that carries electricity to your computer or television is covered with a
rubber-like insulator that protects you from getting electrocuted.
• Good insulators include glass, the air, and paper.

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Basic Electricity

Direct Current

• When a current is constant with time, we say that we have direct current, abbreviated
as DC

Alternating Current
• Alternating current (AC), is an electric current in which the flow of electric
charge periodically reverses direction

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Single Phase
• Its basically a sine wave AC voltage and current. That is all that is usually required.

• Single phase is like domestic supply in your home.

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Three Phase
• A 3-phase circuit combines three alternating currents of the same frequency, each 120
degrees out of phase with each other.

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AC Power Supply Frequencies

• Frequency is defined as one cycle per second.

• The hertz (symbol Hz) is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI).

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Sine Wave With Varying Frequency

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Electric Power
• A watt is the basic unit of electric power.

• One watt is also defined as the amount of work that is accomplished when a voltage of
one volt causes one ampere of current to pass through a circuit.

• This relationship between power, voltage, and current is expressed by the following
formula:
Power = Volts x Amperes

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Real & Reactive Power
Power factor is an energy concept that is related to power flow in electrical systems.
Real Power
• It is the power that is actually converted into useful work for creating heat, light
and motion.
• Real power is measured in kilowatts (kW).

Reactive Power :
• It is the power used to sustain the electromagnetic field in inductive and capacitive
equipment.
• Reactive power is measured in kilovolt-amperes reactive (KVAR).
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Power Factor

Apparent power
• It is the combination of real power and reactive power.
• Total power is measured in kilovolt-amperes (KVA)

Power factor (PF)

It is defined as the ratio of real power to total power, and is expressed as a
percentage (%).

P.F = Active power (Kwh) x100

Apparent power (KVA)

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Power Factor

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Basics of Electricity - Transformer
Types of Distribution Transformer
• Transformer
Local in S/S:
– Device used for voltage transformation.
• If placed in Sub Station called Local.
Because of weight restrictions
transformers for pole mounting are not
above 500 KVA

Pole Mounted Transformer (PMT)

• If mounted on a utility pole, they are
called pole-mount transformers.

Pad Mounted Transformer:

• If the distribution lines are located at
ground level or underground, distribution
transformers are mounted on concrete
pads and locked in steel cases, thus
known as pad-mount transformers. 22
Types of Distribution Transformer

Local In S/S PMT At Double Pole Structure Pad Mounted Transformer

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 Grid Station
• Place where transformer step down the Extra High Tension (132KV) to High Tension
(11KV)

Potentional Transformer 11KV- Lightening Arrester 11KV-66KV-

Power Transformer 66KV-132KV-220KV, 100-110 132KV-220KV, Conventional-GIS
Auto Transformer 66/132 Isolators 11KV-66KV- volts
KV & 132/220 KV- 40 MVA
66/11 KV & 132/11 KV 10 132KV-220KV
to 250MVA MVA to 40 MVA Conventional-GIS

Current Transformer Circuit Breaker 400 V-11KV-

11KV-66KV-132KV-220KV, 66KV-132KV-220 KV, OCB-VCB- Battery Banks 110 VDC, 220- Capacitor Banks 11 KV 04
50/5 to 3000/5 SF6-GIS 250 VDC MVAR

Feeder
– First cable from Grid Station terminating at Sub station/RMU or at PMT is termed as 11KV
Feeder. 24
Substation
Place where HT (11KV) steps down to LT (400V)

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Substation Layout

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Switchgear
Combination of electrical disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to control,
protect and isolate electrical equipment.

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Basic Electricity
• Circuit Breaker
It is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.

OCB Switch VCB Switch

• Relays
A device designed to trip a circuit breaker when a fault is
detected.
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 Commonly Used Abbreviations
You have often heard…

KEY TERMINOLOGIES ABBREVIATIONS

PMT Pole Mounted Transformer
MTL Mounted tower ladder
PPEs Personal Protective Equipments
SPEs Special Protective Equipment
SCADA Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition
ABC Aerial Bundled Cable
EHT Extra High Tension
HT High Tension
LT Low Tension
IBC Integrated Business Center
BOC Business Operation Center

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Thank You