Chapter 7 Induction Machines-EEE301

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Ch 7 : Induction Motors
EEE301 Electromechanical Energy

Conversion
Asst. Prof. Dr. S. Barış ÖZTÜRK
1
Induction Motors
 Introduction
 Three-phase induction motors are the motors most frequently
encountered in industry. They are simple, rugged, low-priced, and easy to
maintain.
 Rotor magnetic flux is generated through magnetic induction as in
transformers. That is why this motor is called induction motor. The rotor
voltage (which produces the rotor current and the rotor magnetic field) is
induced in the rotor windings rather than being physically connected by
wires.
 Therefore, the distinguishing feature of an induction motor is that no dc
field current is required to run the machine.
 Although it is possible to use an induction machine as either a motor or a
generator, it has many disadvantages as a generator and so is rarely
used in that manner. For this reason, induction machines are usually
referred to as induction motors.
2
Chapman Chapter 7 (380)
Three-Phase Induction Motor
 Principal components
 A 3-phase induction motor shown in figure below has the same physical
stator as a synchronous machine, with a different rotor construction. It has
tow main parts: a stationary stator and a revolving rotor. There is an air
gap (0.4 mm to 4 mm) between stator and the rotor.
 A stator shown in figure at page 5 consists of a steel frame that supports a
hollow, cylindrical core made up of stacked laminations. A number of
evenly spaced slots, punched out of the internal circumference of the
laminations, provide the space for the stator winding as shown in figure at
page 6 (fourth figure).
 There are two different types of induction motor rotors which can be
placed inside the stator. One is called a cage (squirrel cage) rotor, while
the other is called a wound rotor. The rotor is also composed of punched
laminations as shown in figuer at page 6 (fifth figure). These are carefully
stacked to create a series of rotor slots to provide space for the rotor bars
or windings.

3
Also read Chapman Chapter 7.1 (380)
 A typical 3-phase induction motor
FIGURE Super-E, premium efficiency

induction motor rated 10 hp, 1760 r/min, 460
V, 3-phase, 60 Hz. This totally-enclosed fan-
cooled motor has a full-load current of 12.7
A, efficiency of 91.7%, and power factor of
81%. Other characteristics: no-load current:
5 A; locked rotor current: 85 A; locked rotor
torque: 2.2 pu; breakdown torque: 3.3 pu;
service factor 1.15; total weight: 90 kg;
overall length including shaft: 491 mm;
overall height: 279 mm. (Courtesy of Baldor
Electric Company)
4
 Exploded view of the cage motor of figure above
FIGURE Exploded view of the cage motor of previous figure, showing the stator, rotor, end-
bells, cooling fan, ball bearings, and terminal box. The fan blows air over the stator frame,
which is ribbed to improve heat transfer. (Courtesy of Baldor Electric Company)
5
 Manufacturing of stator and rotor
FIGURE Progressive steps in the manufacture

of stator and rotor laminations. Sheet steel is
sheared to size (1), blanked (2), punched (3),
blanked (4), and punched (5). (Courtesy of Lab-
Volt)
6
Induction Motors
 Induction Motor Construction
 Figure give at page 6 shows squirrel cage induction motor rotor. A cage induction
motor rotor consists of series of conduction bars laid into slots carved in the face of
the rotor and shorted at either end by large shorting rings.
 This design is referred to as a cage rotor because the conductors, if examined by
themselves, would look like one of the exercise wheels that squirrels run on.
FIGURE Die-cast aluminum squirrel-

cage rotor with integral cooling fan.
(Courtesy of Lab-Volt)
7
Induction Motors
 Induction Motor Construction
 The other type of rotor is a wound rotor. A wound rotor has a complete set of three-
phase windings that are mirror images of the windings on the stator.
 The three phases of the rotor windings are usually Y-connected, and the ends of
the three rotor wires are tied to slip rings on the rotor’s shaft.
 The rotor windings are shorted through brushes riding on the slip rings.
 Wound-rotor induction motors therefore have their rotor currents accessible at the
stator brushes, where they can be examined and where extra resistance can be
inserted into the rotor circuit.
 It is possible to take advantage of this feature to modify the torque-speed
characteristic of the motor.
 The wound-rotor induction motors are more expensive than cage induction motors,
and they require much more maintenance because of the wear associated with
their brushes and slip rings. As a result, they are expensive compared to cage
induction motor.
 Exploded view of a wound-rotor induction motor is shown in figure below.
 The detailed close-up view of the slip rings in a wound-rotor is given in fig. below
8
 Exploded view of wound rotor induction motor
9
FIGURE Exploded view of a 5 hp, 1730 r/min, wound-rotor induction motor.
 Close-up of the slip rings in the wound rotor
10 FIGURE Close-up of the slip-ring end of the rotor. (Courtesy of Brook Crompton
Parkinson Ltd)
 Principle of operation
 The operation of 3-phase induction motor is based on the application of Faraday’s
law and the Lorentz force on a conductor.
 Consider a series of conductors of length l, whose extremities are short-circuited
by two bars A and B as shown in figure below. A permanent magnet placed above
this conducting ladder, moves rapidly to the right a speed v, so that is magnetic
field sweeps across the conductors. The following sequence of events then takes
place:
 1. A voltage E=Blv is induced in each conductor while it is being cut by the flux
(Faraday's law).
 2. The induced voltage immediately produces a current I, which flows down the
conductor underneath the pole-face, through the end-bars, and back through the
other conductors.
 3. Because the current-carrying conductor lies in the magnetic field of the
permanent magnet, it experiences a mechanical force (Lorentz force).
 4. The force always acts in a direction to drag the conductor along with the
magnetic field.
11
 Principle of operation
 If the conduction ladder is free to move, it will accelerate toward the right. However,
as it picks up speed, the conductor will be cut less rapidly by the moving magnet,
with the result that the induced voltage E and the current I will diminish.
 Consequently, the force acting on the conductors will also decrease. If the ladder
were to move at the same speed as the magnetic field. The induced voltage E, the
current I, and the force dragging the ladder along would all become zero.
 In an induction motor the ladder is closed on itself to form a squirrel-cage and the
moving magnet is replaced by a rotating stator field. The field is produced by the 3-
phase currents that flow in the stator windings.
FIGURE Ladder bent upon itself

to form a squirrel cage.
12
FIGURE Moving magnet cutting across a conducting ladder.
 The rotating field
 Consider a simple stator having 6 salient poles, each of which carries a coil having
5 turns as shown in figure below.
13 FIGURE Elementary stator having terminals A, B, C connected to a 3-phase source (not shown).
Currents flowing from line to neutral are considered to be positive.
 The rotating field
 If we connect a 3-phase source to terminals A, B, and C, alternating currents Ia, Ib,
and Ic will flow in the windings. The current will have the same value but will be
displaced in time by an angle of 120°. These currents produce magneto motive
force which, in turn, create a magnetic flux. It is the flux we are interested in.
14
FIGURE Instantaneous values of currents and position of the flux in fig. above.
 The rotating field (flux pattern)
 As times goes, we can determine the instantaneous value and direction of the
current in each winding and thereby establish the successive flux pattern below.
FIGURE Flux pattern at instant 1. FIGURE Flux pattern at instant 2.

15

16

17
 Direction of rotation
 The currents in figure at page 14 follow each other in the order of A-B-C.
this phase sequence produces a field that rotates clockwise.
 If we interchange any two of the lines connected to the stator, the new
phase sequence will be A-C-B.
 By following the same line of reasoning developed in the rotating field
section, we find that the field now revolves at synchronous speed in the
opposite, or counterclockwise direction.
 Hint: Interchanging any two lines of a 3-phase motor will, therefore,
reverse its direction of rotation.
18
 Although early machines were built with salient poles, the stators of modern motors
have internal diameters that are smooth. Thus, the salient-pole stator of figure at
page 13 is now replaced by a smooth stator to eliminate the reluctance and
produce more flux per turn such as shown in figure at page 15 and in figure below.
FIGURE Stator of a 3-phase, 450 kW, 1180 r/min, 575

V, 60 Hz induction motor. The lap winding is composed
of 108 preformed coils having a pitch from slots 1 to 15.
One coil side falls into the bottom of a slot and the other
at the top. Rotor diameter: 500mm; axial length: 460
mm. (Courtesy of Services Électromécaniques
Roberge)
19
 In practice, instead of using a single coil per pole as shown in figure left below, the
coil is subdivided into two, three o even more coils lodged in adjacent slots. They
are then connected in series as shown in figure right below.
 Spreading the coil in this way over two or more slots tends to create a sinusoidal
flux distribution per pole, which improves the performance of the motor and makes
it less noisy.
· x
· x
FIGURE The five coils are connected in

series to create one phase group.
FIGURE Phase group 1 is composed of a single coil lodged in two slots. Phase group 2 is identical
20 to phase group 1. The two coils are connected in series. In practice, a phase group usually
consists of two or more staggered coils.
 The coils of phases B and C are identical to those of phase A and, as can be seen
in figure right below, they are displaced at 120° to each other. The resulting
magnetic field due to all three phases again consists of two poles.
FIGURE Two-pole, full-pitch, lap-wound stator

and resulting magnetic field when the current in
phase A = +10 A and Ib = Ic = -5 A.
FIGURE Phase group 1 is composed of a single coil lodged in two slots. Phase group 2 is
21 identical to phase group 1. The two coils are connected in series. In practice, a phase group
usually consists of two or more staggered coils.
 Number of poles – 4 pole
 It was found that the speed of the revolving flux could be reduced by increasing the
number of poles.
#group = (pole) x (phase)
#minimum coil = #group
Coil 1
· x
· x
x ·
x · Coil 2
FIGURE The four phase groups of phase A FIGURE Four-pole, full-pitch, lap-wound stator and
produce a 4-pole magnetic field. resulting magnetic field when Ia = +10 A and Ib = Ic = -5
A.
22
 Number of poles – 8 pole
 We can increase the number of poles as much as there are enough slots. Figure
below shows a 3-phase, 8-pole stator.
FIGURE Eight-pole, full-pitch, lap-wound stator and resulting magnetic field when Ia = +10 A and Ib = Ic
= -5 A.
23
 Number of poles – 8 pole (flux pattern change)
FIGURE Flux pattern when the current in phase A is at

FIGURE Flux pattern when the current in its maximum negative value. The pattern is the same as
phase A is at its maximum positive value. in the figure on the left but it has advanced by one pole
pitch.
24
Chapter 7 – Induction Motors
 7.2 BASIC INDUCTION MOTOR CONCEPTS
 Synchronous speed
25
 Synchronous speed (rotational speed of stator magnetic field)
[rpm = rev/min]
26
 The Concept of Rotor Slip
27
28
29
 The Electrical Frequency on the Rotor
 An induction motor works by inducing voltages and currents in the rotor on the
machine, and for that reason it has sometimes been called a rotating
transformer. Like a transformer, the primary (stator) induces a voltage in the
secondary (rotor) but unlike a transformer, the secondary frequency not
necessarily the same as the primary frequency.
30
 The Electrical Frequency on the Rotor
31
 7.4 THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR
 The Transformer Model of an Induction Motor
32
33
34
 The Rotor Circuit Model
35
36
37
38
39
 The Final Equivalent Circuit
40
The rotor resistance RR and the lock-rotor

reactance XR0 are very difficult or
impossible to determine directly on cage
rotors, and the effective turns ratio aeff is
also difficult to obtain for cage rotors.
Fortunately, it is possible to make
measurements that will directly give the
referred resistance and reactance R2 and
X2, even though RR, XR0, and aeff are not
known separately.
The measurement of induction motor
parameters will be taken up in Section 7.7.
41
42
 7.4 POWER AND TORQUE IN INDUCTION MOTOR
 Losses and the Power-flow Diagram
Power conv. from elec. to mech.
Developed/induced torque
Mechanical output power
Stator windings Rotor bars or windings

i2R i2R
Hysteresis and eddy
currents in the stator
43
 Power and Torque in an Induction Motor
1 1
+
𝑅 𝐶 𝑗𝑋 𝑀 R
/ RC
44
45
46
47
48
49
 Separating the Rotor Copper Losses and the Power Converted in an
Induction Motor’s Equivalent Circuit
50
 Separating the Rotor Copper Losses and the Power Converted in an
Induction Motor’s Equivalent Circuit
conv
51
 7.5 INDUCTION MOTOR TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS
 The Derivation of the Induction Motor Induced-Torque Equation
52
Core losses come

partially from stator and
rotor. That is why it is
hard to find RC by an
experiment. Pcore is
usually given instead.
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
 Comments on the Induction Motor Torque-Speed Curve
a
 ind  if s  0
 c 2 2
s (b  )  (d  e) 
 s 
a

 2 c2 
 b s  2bcs   s (d  e) 2 
 s 
sa sa / 
  0
 
 (bs ) 2  2bcs  c 2  s (d  e) 2 c2
60
R2  X 2  r L  se L if s  0
61
62
63
m   sync
64
65
 Maximum (Pullout) Torque in an Induction Motor
66
67
68
69
Check the Examples 7.1 through 7.5
70
 7.6 VARIATIONS IN INDUCTION MOTOR TORQUE-SPEED
CHARACTERISTICS
71
CHARACTERISTICS
72
CHARACTERISTICS
73
CHARACTERISTICS
 Control of Motor Characteristics by Cage Rotor Design
So very little of the air-gap power is lost in the rotor resistance. However,
74 since R2 is small, the motor’s starting torque is small, and its starting current Chapman Chapter 7 (417)
will be high.
CHARACTERISTICS
75
CHARACTERISTICS
76
CHARACTERISTICS
 Deep-Bar and Double-Cage Rotor Design
77
CHARACTERISTICS
78
CHARACTERISTICS
79
CHARACTERISTICS
80
CHARACTERISTICS
81
 7.11 DETERMINING CIRCUIT MODEL PARAMETERS
82
 The No-Load Test
83
84
85
86
87
 The DC Test for Stator Resistance
88
89
90
 The Locked-Rotor Test
91
92
93
94
95
96

Chapter 7 Induction Machines-EEE301

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Chapter 7 Induction Machines-EEE301

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EEE301 Electromechanical Energy

FIGURE Super-E, premium efficiency

FIGURE Progressive steps in the manufacture

FIGURE Die-cast aluminum squirrel-

FIGURE Ladder bent upon itself

FIGURE Flux pattern at instant 1. FIGURE Flux pattern at instant 2.

FIGURE Flux pattern at instant 3. FIGURE Flux pattern at instant 4.

FIGURE Flux pattern at instant 5. FIGURE Flux pattern at instant 6.

FIGURE Stator of a 3-phase, 450 kW, 1180 r/min, 575

FIGURE The five coils are connected in

FIGURE Two-pole, full-pitch, lap-wound stator

FIGURE Flux pattern when the current in phase A is at

The rotor resistance RR and the lock-rotor

Mechanical output power

Stator windings Rotor bars or windings

Core losses come

Check the Examples 7.1 through 7.5

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