ABSTRACT:

The technology used for wireless power transmission is known as witricity.

Wireless power transmission is not a new idea, Nikola Tesla proposed theories of wireless
power transmission in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Tesla's work was impressie, !ut it did
not immediately lead to wide spread practical methods for wireless power transmission.
"ince then many researchers hae deeloped seeral techni#ues for moing electricity oer
long distances without wires. "ome e$ist only as theories or prototypes, !ut others are
already in use. %n &00' researchers at (assachusetts %nstitute of Technology led !y (arine
"oi)acic discoered an efficient way to transfer power !etween coils separated !y a few
meters. They hae du!!ed this technology as witricity. The physical phenomenon of long*
lifetime resonant electromagnetic states with locali+ed slowly*eanescent field patterns used
to transfer energy efficiently oer non*negligi!le distances like 8 times the radius of the coil,
een in the presence of e$traneous enironmental o!)ects was e$perimentally demonstrated.
HISTORY OF WIRELESS POWER:
Wireless power transmission is not new for us. Various methods of
Transmitting power wirelessly have been known for centuries. In 1899 !ir "ikola
Tesla proposed a method to transmit energy over long distances wirelessly using
#lectro$agnetic radiation principle but such radiation is e%cellent for wireless
transmission of Information it is not feasible to &ower transmission.
'irected radiation modes like (asers or highly)directional antennas
can be e*ciently used for energy transfer even for long distances but re+uire
e%istence of an uninterruptible line)of)sight and a complicated tracking system in
the case of mobile ob,ects and also not #co friendly. !o these procedures are
insu*cient to Wireless power transmission.
Witricity is a new technology used for wireless power transmission. The
inventors of witricity are the researchers from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
This method is mainly based on the transmission of magnetic energy by taking
two $agnetically -esonant ob,ects in !trongly .oupled regime. The source and
load are coupled to the coils which are magnetically resonant and transmit
energy in the magnetic form in strongly coupled regime. /s they are in magnetic
resonance there is no possibility of e%ternal disturbances.
NEED O !IT"I#IT$%
"ow a days there is a -apid development of autonomous electronics
like laptops cell)phones house)hold robots and all the above devices typically
rely on chemical energy storage01attery2 ./s they are becoming daily needs to
present generation Wireless energy transfer would be useful for many
applications as above and they need midrange energy.
If we adopt this witricity concept to these devices we may eliminate the
problems caused by the batteries. We may use this by 3%ing on our room ceiling
to charge our devices wirelessly.
BASIC PRINCIPLE:
The basic concept behind Witricity)Wireless #lectricity is $agnetic
-esonance. Two resonant ob,ects of the same resonant fre+uency tend to
e%change energy e*ciently while dissipating relatively little energy in
e%traneous o4)resonant ob,ects. In systems of coupled resonances there is often
a general 5!trongly .oupled6 regime of operation. If one can operate in that
regime in a given system the energy transfer is e%pected to be very e*cient.
$idrange power transfer implemented in this way can be nearly omni directional
and e*cient irrespective of the geometry of the surrounding space with low
interference and losses into environmental ob,ects. The above considerations
apply irrespective of the physical nature of the resonances.
T&EO"ETI#'( MODE( O" )E( "E)ON'NT #I"#*IT)%
The e%perimental reali7ation of the scheme consists of two self)resonant coils.
8ne coil 0source coil2 is coupled inductively to an oscillating circuit the other
0device coil2 is inductively to a resistive load. !elf resonant coils relay on the
interplay between distributed inductance to achieve resonance.
The two coils are made up of an electrically conducting wire of total length l and
cross sectional area a wound into a heli% of n turns radius r 9 height h.
When turned on the sender coil emits electricity in the form of a magnetic 3eld
oscillating at a speci3c fre+uency in few $:7.
The receiver coil picks up the transmission which must also be resonating at
same fre+uency while the rest of the environment is una4ected.
#nergy not transferred to the devices is re)absorbed by the source coil.
;igure shows the schematic of the e%perimental setup. / is a single copper loop
of radius <= cm that is part of the driving circuit which outputs a sine wave with
fre+uency 9.9 $:7. ! and ' are respectively the source and device coils referred
to in the te%t. 1 is a loop of wire attached to the load 0light bulb2. The various
srepresent direct couplings between the ob,ects indicated by the arrows. The
anglebetween coil 'and the loop / is ad,usted to ensure that their direct
coupling is 7ero. .oils ! and ' are aligned coa%ially. The direct couplings between
1 and / and between 1 and ! are negligible.
ANALYSIS:
#oil is resonant+ the current and charge density profiles

are ,- out of phase
from each other+ meaning that the real part

of one is ma.imum when the real part of the other
is /ero. E0uivalently+

the energy contained in the coil is at certain points in time

completely
due to the current+ and at other points it is completely

due to the charge. *sing
electromagnetic theory+ we can define

an effective inductance , and an effective
capacitance - for

each coil as follows%
(1)
(-)
where the spatial current

2(r) and charge density (r) are o3tained respectively from
the

current and charge densities along the isolated coil+ in con4unction

with the geometry of
the o34ect. 's defined+ , and - have the

property that the energy . contained in the coil is
given 3y

(5)

!ith this relation and the e0uation of continuity+

the resulting resonant fre0uency is f
6
7 1,8-
(,-)
1,-
9. This coil can 3e treated as a standard oscillator in coupled:mode

theory 3y
defining a(t)78(,,-)
1,-
9%
6
(t) according to the coupled mode theory.
The power dissipated can 3e estimated 3y noting that the sinusoidal

profile of the current
distri3ution implies that the spatial

average of the pea; current s0uared is <%
6
<
-
,-. or a coil
with

n turns and made of a material with conductivity +the standard formulas for ohmic (/
o
)
and radiation (/
r
) resistance

can 3e modified accordingly%
(=)

The first term in E0. > is a magnetic

dipole radiation term (assuming r ?? - c, + where c is
the

speed of light)@ the second term is due to the electric dipole

of the coil and is smaller than
the first term for our e.perimental

parameters. The coupled:mode theory decay constant for
the coil

is therefore 7(/
o
A /
r
),-,+ and its 0uality factor is 0 7 ,- .
The coupling coefficient
D)
can 3e found from the power

transferred from the source to the
device coil+ assuming a steady:state

solution in which currents and charge densities vary in
time

as e.p(i t)%

(>)

!here ( is the effective mutual inductance+ is

the scalar potential+ ' is the vector potential+
and the su3script

) indicates that the electric field is due to the source. !e

then conclude from
standard coupled:mode theory arguments that

D)
7
)D
7 7 (,8-(,
"
,
1
1,-
)9. !hen the
distance 1 3etween the

centers of the coils is much larger than their characteristic

si/e+
scales with the 1
B5
dependence characteristic of

dipole:dipole coupling. Coth and are
functions of the fre0uency+

and , and the efficiency are ma.imi/ed for a particular
value

of f+ which is in the range 1 to >6 M&/ for typical parameters

of interest. Thus an
appropriate fre0uency for a given

coil si/e+plays

a ma4or role in optimi/ing the power transfer.
In order for the power transfer to 3e efficient+ we design the system such that the rate of
energy transfer 3etween the emitter and the receiver is greater than the rate of energy
dissipation.This way the device can capture the energy and use it for useful wor; 3efore too
much of it get wasted away.
!e determine the efficiency of transfer of energy ta;ing place 3etween the source coil and
the load 3y measuring the current at the midpoint of the self resonant coils with a current
pro3e.This gives a measurement of the current parameters Is and Id
Then the efficiency can 3e calculated 2
)+D
7 ,<%
)+D
<
-
and o3tain the efficiency from 7

2
!
,
(2
)
A 2
D
A2
!
)
'DD'NT'EE)%
The main advantages of this system is that we can get electricity anywhere without
wires.
The nature of power delivery is omni directional i.e. in every direction.
Magnetic resonances are particularly suita3le for everyday application 3ecause most
of the common materials do not interact with magnetic fields+ so interactions with
environmental o34ects are suppressed even further.
)ignificant decluttering of office space
No need for meter rooms and electrical closets.
"eduction of e:waste 3y eliminating the need for power cords
Negative health implications : Cy the use of resonant coupling wave
lengths produced are far lower and thus ma;e it harmless.
(ess costly : The components of transmitter and receivers are cheaper. )o this system
is less costly.
DI)'DD'NT'EE)%
!ireless power transmission can 3e possi3le only in few meters.
Efficiency is only a3out =6F.
"etrofitting old e0uipment or purchasing new e0uipment could 3ecome a very
e.pensive endeavor
Gossi3ility of Henergy theftI. !i i+ someone can 3e using your internet or your
power.
's witricity is in development stage+ lot of wor; is done for improving the
efficiency and distance 3etween transmitter and receiver.
G"'#TI#'(IT$ 'ND )'ET$%
!itricity demonstration is still too recent+ and too focused+ to produce any definite
conclusions.
!ith the witricity method +they anticipate transmitting power over distances a3out a
meter+ which is much less than ideal 3ut still very impressive.
If the technology is improved and honed to a point where it can 3e Hproducti/edJ+ it
stands to turn any num3er of industries on their respective ears.
The MIT team said its discovery is different from all previous effort 3ecause it uses
Hmagnetically coupled resonanceJ+ which means it will not only 3e safe 3ut it will 3e
fairly efficient.
'GG(I#'TION)%
!itricity has a 3right future in providing wireless electricity. There are no
limitations in witricity power applications. )ome of the potential applications are powering of
cell phones+ laptops and other devices that normally run with the help of 3atteries or plugging
in wires. !itricity applications are e.pected to wor; on the gadgets that are in close
pro.imity to a source of wireless power+ where in the gadgets charges automatically without
necessarily+ having to get plugged in. Cy the use of witricity there is no need of 3atteries or
remem3ering to recharge 3atteries periodically. If a source is placed in each room to provide
power supply to the whole house
!itricity has many medical applications. It is used for providing electric power in
many commercially availa3le medical implanta3le devices.
'nother application of this technology includes transmission of information. It
would not interfere with radio waves and it is cheap and efficient.
CONCLUSION:
!ireless Electricity concept is a 3oon for devices which uses midrange energy.
The Gower transfer is e.plained with the help of Magnetic resonance and #oupled mode
theory.
The power transfer is not visi3ly affected

as humans and various everyday
o34ects+ such as metals+ wood+

and electronic devices large and small+ are placed 3etween
the

two coilsKeven in cases where they completely o3struct

the line of sight 3etween source
and device.

E.ternal o34ects have a noticea3le effect only when they are

within a few
centimetres from either one of the coils. )ome materials mostly

4ust shift the resonant
fre0uency+ which can in principle 3e

easily corrected with a feed3ac; circuit@ other materials
lower 0 when placed closer than

a few centimetres from the coil+ there3y lowering the
efficiency

of the transfer.
!itricity is in development stage+ lots of wor; is to 3e done to use it for
wireless power applications. #urrently the pro4ect is loo;ing for power transmission in the
range of 166w. Cefore the esta3lishment of this technology the detailed study must 3e done to
chec; whether it cause any harm on any living 3eings.
"EE"EN#E)%
'n article pu3lished in the )cience Maga/ine as H!ireless Gower Transfer via )trongly
#oupled Magnetic "esonancesI 3y 'ndre ;urs+ )cience
51L+M5(-66L)@Dol%16.11-N,science.11=5->=.
&. &aus + H!aves and ields in OptoelectronicsI+ Grentice hall Gu3lishers+ Englewood.
http%,,we3.mit.edu,newsoffice
'. Oaralis+ 2. D. 2oannopoulos+ M. )ol4a i + 3nn. 2hys.+ 16.161N,4.aop.-66L.6=.61L (-66L).
N. Tesla+ *.). patent 1+11P+L5- (1P1=).