Con Đường Độc Nhất Để Chứng Ngộ Niết Bàn

Con ng c Nht
Chng Ng Nitbn

i Trng Lo Thin S PaAuk Tawya Sayadaw
Php Quang (Dhammajoti) dch

Phn Hi Th Vo Hi Th Ra (npnaPabba) ca Kinh i Nim X
(MahSatiPahnaSutta) c trnh by theo chi tit thc hnh v theo ng Kinh in
Pi, v cc Ch Gii, S Gii.

Ta : Con ng c nht Chng Ng Nit-bn.
Ta ny c trch t cu ni u tin ca c Pht trong D.II.9 Kinh i Nim X
(MahSatiPahnaSutta): Ny cc T-khu, y l con ng c nht (ekyano aya,
bhikkhave, maggo).

Minh ha ba sch:
Hong n , vua Asoka (ADc) (ca. 304232 BC)
,
nim mong c ca nh vua v
ca mnh
Lumbini (Lm-T-Ni)
, vi
s gii m nhng ngn t khc trn cho thy, y chnh l bng chng lch s u tin v
s c mt ca c Pht.
. S. Dhammika, Wheel
Publication No. 386387, Hi xut bn Pht Gio, Kandy, Sri Lanka.)
i Trng Lo Thin S PaAuk Sayadaw chn hnh tng bn con s t rng ca vua
Asoka nh l mt biu tng cho thin vin PaAuk. V gn y, ngi nhn c mt thng tin
t Sri Lanka v nguyn bn ca tng bn con s t rng ny, thc ra, c mang trn lng mt
.

MC LC
LI NGI DCH ...................................................................................... i
NHNG CH VIT TT ............................................................................... i
LI TA ................................................................................................. 1
BN PHN S CN PHI HON THNH ............................................................... 1
THNH V KH CN PHI C LIU TRI .......................................................... 2
THNH V NGUN GC CA KH CN PHI C ON TN. .............................. 3
THNH V KH DIT CN PHI C CHNG NG ............................................. 4
THNH V CON NG A N KH DIT CN PHI C TU TP. .................... 5
BN PHN S (QUN PHP TRONG CC PHP - BN THNH ) .......................... 5
THIN NH V THIN MINH ST CN PHI C TU TP ................................... 6
THIN NH (SAMATHA) THIN MINH ST (VIPASSAN) ......................................... 7
THIN NH (ON TR NM TRIN CI) ............................................................... 7
THIN NH (ON TR THAM U TH GIAN). ..................................................... 7
THIN NH (QUN PHP - NM TRIN CI) ............................................................ 8
THIN NH (QUN THN) .................................................................................... 9
THIN NH (MINH ST NN TNG NH BC THIN) ............................................ 9
THIN MINH ST (THN V TM) ........................................................................... 9
HAI MC THIN ............................................................................................. 10
MINH ST (NM UN, S TP KHI / ON DIT CA CHNG) ................................. 11
NH TH NY L CC UN ................................................................................... 11
NH TH NY L S SANH & DIT CA CC UN .................................................... 12
THIN MINH ST (QUN PHP - NM TH UN) ...................................................... 14
THIN MINH ST (BA LOI T TRI: NM UN) ...................................................... 14
THIN MINH ST (BA LOI T TRI: SU NI X / SU NGOI X) ........................... 15
THIN MINH ST (QUN PHP SU NI X / SU NGOI X) ................................... 16
THIN MINH ST (BA LOI T TRI: BN NIM X) ................................................ 17
THIN MINH ST (MT I TNG TRONG MT THI IM) .................................... 18
MT CNH CNG ........................................................................................... 19
BN NIM X=NM UN, =TT C. ................................................................... 22
NY CC T KHU, Y L CON NG C NHT .......................................... 23
CON NG C NHT = MT CNH CNG ..................................................... 23
CON NG C NHT (MINH ST QUN THN) ........................................... 24
QUN THN TRONG THN .................................................................................... 25
QUN THN TRONG THN (BN TRONG V BN NGOI) ........................................... 25
QUN THN TRONG THN (PHP TP KHI V PHP ON DIT) .............................. 26
QUN THN TRONG THN (NHN HIN TI) ........................................................... 26
b MC LC b

QUN THN TRONG THN (CC NHN QU KH) .................................................... 27
QUN THN TRONG THN (KT LUN) ................................................................... 28
CON NG C NHT (MINH ST QUN TH) ............................................. 28
KT LUN ..................................................................................................... 30
KINH I NIM X (MC HI TH VO & RA) ........................................... 31
LI GII THIU ............................................................................................. 31
THIN NH .................................................................................................. 31
THIN MINH ST ........................................................................................... 32
THIN MINH ST: BC U ............................................................................... 32
THIN MINH ST: BC HAI ................................................................................ 32
THIN MINH ST: BC BA ................................................................................. 32
THIN MINH ST: BC BN ............................................................................... 32
KT LUN ..................................................................................................... 32
LI GII THIU ..................................................................................... 33
THIN NH .......................................................................................... 34
TNH GIC V Y TH VO, TNH GIC V Y TH RA ........................................ 34
BN KH KHN IN HNH .................................................................................. 34
TH VO DI, TH VO NGN ........................................................................ 35
NGI TH QUAY THIN XO HAY HC TR NGI TH QUAY ................................ 35
N TNG (NIMITTA) ......................................................................................... 36
CC LOI NIMITTA KHC NHAU ............................................................................ 36
CM GIC TON THN HI TH ...................................................................... 37
AN TNH THN HNH HI TH ........................................................................ 37
S HAY BIT BA PHP ......................................................................................... 38
RI VO TM H KIP (HU PHN) (BHAVAGA) .................................................... 39
NG CN........................................................................................................... 40
NIM CN ......................................................................................................... 40
TN CN V TU CN .......................................................................................... 40
TN CN V NH CN........................................................................................ 41
TN DNH CHO NH, TU DNH CHO MINH ST ..................................................... 41
S THIN .......................................................................................................... 41
NM PHP THUN THC ...................................................................................... 42
NH THIN ......................................................................................................... 43
TAM THIN ........................................................................................................ 43
T THIN .......................................................................................................... 44
BC THIN V HI TH....................................................................................... 44
THNH O TM NGNH CA THIN NH ............................................................. 44
KT LUN .......................................................................................................... 45
THIN MINH ST ................................................................................... 47
c MC LC c

BA LOI T TRI ........................................................................................... 47
THIN MINH ST: GIAI ON U .................................................................. 47
BA THN ........................................................................................................... 48
THIN QUN SC ............................................................................................... 49
THIN T I TM LC ................................................................................................ 49
DNG BC THIN NN TNG CA MINH ST ............................................................................... 49
LM TH NO PHN BIT MI HAI C TNH V BN I CHNG .......................................... 49
T NC LA GI ................................................................................................................ 50
BA O TNG V KHI .................................................................................................. 50
LM TH NO THY V PHN BIT CC NHM SC....................................................... 50
BNG HAI MI TM LOI SC ....................................................................................... 51
THIN T I THEO CCH CHI TIT................................................................................. 57
HAI MI PHN A I ......................................................................................................... 57
MI HAI PHN THY I ....................................................................................................... 57
BN PHN HA I ................................................................................................................ 57
SU PHN PHONG I ............................................................................................................ 58
CHN LOI NHM SC DO NGHIP SANH .......................................................................... 58
................................................................................ 59
............................................................................. 60
.................................................................... 61
NG ................................................................................................... 61
................................................................................................................... 62
..................................................................................................................... 62
............................................................................................. 64
NM MI HAI TM S (CETASIKA): ............................................................................... 64
TM MI CHN LOI TM (CITTA) .................................................................................. 66
PHN BIT TIN TRNH TM C THIN ........................................................................... 67
QUN NIM DANH ........................................................................................................ 73
QUN DANH - SC ........................................................................................................ 73
TM TT V KT LUN ................................................................................................... 73
THNH O TM NGNH CA MINH ST: GIAI ON U ................................................. 73
THIN MINH ST: GIAI ON HAI ................................................................... 74
HAI LOI SANH DIT........................................................................................... 74
PHP DUYN KHI CHIU THUN.......................................................................... 75
PHP DUYN KHI CHIU NGHCH ........................................................................ 75
PHN BIT PHP DUYN KHI CHIU THUN .......................................................... 75
PHNG PHP TH NM...................................................................................... 76
TAM LUN (BA VNG) .................................................................................................... 76
LM TH NO PHN BIT DUYN SANH ............................................................. 77
LM TH NO PHN BIT DUYN DIT ................................................................... 79
d MC LC d

LM SAO QUN S SANH & DIT THEO ST-NA.................................................. 79
THNH O TM NGNH CA THIN MINH ST: GIAI ON TH HAI ........................ 80
THIN MINH ST: GIAI ON BA ..................................................................... 81
MI BA TR MINH ST U TIN ........................................................................ 81
THIN MINH ST: GIAI ON BN .................................................................. 82
BA TU MINH ST CUI CNG .............................................................................. 82
THNH O TM NGNH CA THIN MINH ST ...................................................... 82
BA LOI THNG T TR ..................................................................................... 83
Chn Th Tuyt i .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Phn Loi Chn Th Tuyt i (ParamatthaSacca) ............................................. 88
Phn Loi Chn Th Tuyt i (ParamatthaSacca) theo Nm Un (PacaKkhandha)
................................................................................................................... 89
Phn Loi Chn Th Tuyt i (ParamatthaSacca) theo Mi Hai X
(Dvdasyatana) ......................................................................................... 91
Phn Loi Chn Th Tuyt i (ParamatthaSacca) theo Mi Tm Gii (Ahrasa
Dhtu) .......................................................................................................... 92
Phn Loi Chn Th Tuyt i (ParamatthaSacca) theo Bn (Catu Sacca) ....... 93
CH GII ............................................................................................. 94

LI NGI DCH
c s ng ca tc gi, bn dch t tp sch The Only Way For Realization of Nibbna ca
ngi i Trng Lo Thin S Pa-Auk Tawya Sayadaw, c hon tt ti rng thin Pa-Auk
Tawya, Myanmar, thng 5 -2013, di s h tr ca mt s cc bc tin bi. V y l bn
dch u tin, nn rt kh trnh khi nhng sai st khng mong mun . Ngi dch thnh tm
hoan h v xin n nhn nhng kin ng gp t qu c gi bn dch c hon thin
hn.
Mi kin ng gp xin gi v : dhammajoti2013@gmail.com
y l mt trong s cc tp sch kh kn ngi c, v hiu c trn vn ni dung ca n,
i hi c gi cn c i cht kin thc c bn v Thng Php [Vi Diu Php hay A-t-m
(Abhidhamma)]cng nh nim tnh tn mnh m ni Php v Lut ca c Pht.
Bi trong xu th hin nay, khi php hnh Pht Gio, nht l thin, c ph bin rng ri khp
ni trn th gii. Tuy vy, khi mt ngi c nh hng tu tp theo ci gi l Pht Gio th li b
hoang mang bi c qu nhiu ng li, qu nhiu php mn khc bit c khng nh l c
th a n cu cnh ti hu ca Pht Gio?
V vy, lm r vn ny, cng nh gii thiu tiu ca tp sch Con ng c Nht
Chng Ng Nit Bn ca ngi Pa-Auk Sayadaw, ngi dch xin php c chia s mt s
vn n qu c gi. Nu c g khng hi lng, ngi dch mong c nim tnh lng th.
Pht Gio hay ni cch khc l nhng gio hun ca c Pht c lu li trong Tam Tng Kinh
in (Tipitaka) bng vn t Pi. Nhng khi ni n Pht Gio, hu ht mi ngi thng hay
lin tng n tm mi bn ngn php mn. Nhng trn thc t, Lun s Buddhaghosa,
trong Ch Gii Trng Lo Tng K, c gii thch php y c hiu nh l php un
(dhammakhandha), ngha l on vn v gio php.
Bi v, trong Kinh Tiu B, on trng lo Ananda thng tic hi tng li sau khi c Pht
Nit Bn (Trng Lo Tng K, cu 1029, T-khu Indacanda dch Vit ) :
Ti tip nhn tm mi hai ngn t c Pht, hai ngn t v t khu (Sriputta), tm mi
bn ngn Php (un) ny l c s vn hnh.
Trong trng hp ny, bi kinh c mt ch (anusandhika) th tnh mt Php Un, bi kinh
no c nhiu ch th tnh nhiu Php Un. Nh th, vic tnh m Php Un tc l cp
n ch . Trong nhng phn K (gth), mi cu hi hay cht vn l mt Php Un v cu
tr li l mt Php Un. Trong tng Vi Diu Php, mi mt phn chia ch gm c mt nh
hoc tam v mi mt phn chia ch theo loi tm c gi l mt Php Un. Trong tng
Lut th c phn cu chuyn (vatthu), c phn tiu (mtik), c phn phn tch t ng, c
phn phm ti, c phn khng phm ti, c phn phn xt; trong trng hp ny, c mi mt
phn c xem l mt Php Un .
Nh vy , theo Tam Tng Kinh in, trong Tng Lut c 21.000 Php Un, trong Tng Kinh c
21.000 Php Un, v trong Tng Thng Php c 42.000 Php Un. Do vy, bng cch gii
ngha theo Php Un th c tm mi bn ngn phn ring bit. Nh th, vic tnh m Php
Un tc l cp n ch ch khng phi php mn tu tp hay ng li tu tp m trc
gi nhiu ngi hiu nhm.
Cn i vi mc tiu ti hu ca Pht Gio qua Kinh in Pi , chnh l s dit tn tt c cc
phin no vn a n s ti sanh , hay s dit tn nm th un, s v sanh , bt t, s chm
dt lun hihay Nit Bn (Nibbna) . Theo ni dung ca tp sch ny , con ng t n
cu cnh ti hu y tc Nit Bn ch c th l con ng mt, khng c con ng no khc.
Tuy nhin, y cng l mt iu kh kh chp nhn, bi trn th gii hin nay ang ph bin
nhiu loi php hnh khc bit c xem l c th t n mc tiu ti hu ca Pht Gio.
Thin S Pa-Auk Sayadaw ,ngi b ra nhiu nm thc hnh v nghin cu Kinh in
Pi. Qua s thc chng v i chiu theo Kinh in ,ngi nhn thy cc mi tng quan gia
cc bi kinh ca c Pht v c th a n mt s nht qun, chnh xc v hon ton thuyt
phc n vi nhng ai ang cn lang thang trn con ng tm cu php hnh gii thot.
ii Li Ngi Dch ii

Cng nh li c Pht ni, Ngi thuyt php s thin, trung thin, v hu thin, vn ngha y
. Do vy, khng c s mu thun trong li dy ca Ngi m ch c nhng n hp theo tng
loi cn tnh ca ngi nghe ( thi i ca c Pht) . Tuy nhin, c th phn bit v hiu
chnh xc nhng li dy y trong thi bui hin nay, i hi mt tr tu v cng sng sut, v
mt nim tin vng chc ni Php v Lut ca c Pht hay ni Tam Tng Kinh in.
Bi theo mt s xu th php hnh hin nay ,vic thc hnh theo st Kinh in khng cn c
ch trng, b xem l cng nhc hoc nu c th cng ch l mt hnh thc i chiu theo kinh k
ch khng i su phn tch nh theo Ch Gii hay S Gii. Vic cao kinh nghim php hnh
c nhn ca mt v thy no lun c quan tm chnh yu. Thm ch, mt s li mun bc
lun c phn Kinh in y, nht l Tng Thng Php (Abhidhamma), phn nh Hc , v c
mt s phn trong Tng Lut v cho rng, n khng cn ph hp vi hon cnh ng thi hay
khng mang tnh thc tin .
Tuy nhin, im c bit tp sch ny chnh l s p dng trit cc li dy nguyn thy
ca c Pht trong Kinh in Pi, nht l Abhidhamma, theo sau l cc B Ch gii ,S Gii,
nht l B Thanh Tnh o (Visuddhi Magga). Nhng hng dn ca ngi thin s Pa-Auk
Sayadaw trong tp sch ny hon ton khng c kt theo t kin ca ring ngi, m chnh
l s i chiu hp nht vi Kinh in Pi, gia Php Hc v Php Hnh,v cng khng nh
tm mc quan trng v thit yu ca Kinh in Pi i vi Php Hnh Pht Gao hin thi.
iu ny cho thy rng, Abhidhamma khng phi l mt dng php hc thuc lng suy
lun, v cng khng phi ch dnh cho cc hng ch thin, m chnh l nhng phm tr
khi nim lin h n thc tnh php m ngi hnh thin cn phi hiu thu bng thng tr
ca mnh sau khi tu tp nh. Vic thc hnh nh vy c ph bin rng ri rng thin Pa-
Auk Tawya v c cc thin sinh tu tp v trnh php hng ngy n v thy ca mnh. Do
vy, mt ln na , Abhidhamma khng nm ngoi php hnh Pht Gio. Cng vi nh, vic
hiu r Abhidhamma bng thng tr l mt trong cc nhn t thit yu thc hnh thin minh
st.
Ni v thin minh st (Vipassan Bhvan) th y l mt loi tu tp cao nht trong Pht Gio
,bi n c th chuyn mt ngi t phm sang Thnh, dt khi hon ton nhng kh au trong
lun hi. Nhng , thc hnh n m khng c nn tng ca Chnh nh (an ch nh, cn nh
hoc st-na nh) v gii,hoc, t n mc tiu ti hu ca Pht Gio m khng cn phi
nm r Thng Php (Abhidhamma) bng thng tr (mt loi tr trc tip trong thc hnh) th
nhng gio l y cn phi c xem xt li. Bi trong kinh i Nit Bn, c Pht c ni :
Ny cc T-khu, sau khi Ta dit , chnh Php v Lut s l o S ca cc Ngi.
Theo Tam Tng Kinh in, Php y gm Tng Kinh (Sutta pitaka), v Tng Thng Php
(Abhidhamma pitaka), Lut chnh l Tng Lut (Vinaya pitaka). Tt c chng (Php Hc) l
nn tng trin khai ba hc tp , gii, nh, tu (Php Hnh). Bi trong A.III.II.iv.9 Kinh Hc
Tp th nht (PahamaSikkhattayaSutta), c Pht dy:
C ba, ny cc T-khu, l nhng hc tp ny. Th no l ba? Tng thng gii hc
(adhislasikkh), tng thng nh hc (adhicittasikkh), tng thng tu hc
(adhipasikkh).
[1] Th no l tng thng gii hc?
y, ny cc T-khu, v T-khu c gii c (bhikkhu slasikkh) sng ch ng vi s ch
ng ca gii bn Ptimokkha (Ptimokkhasavarasavuto viharati), y uy nghi chnh
hnh (cragocarasampanno), thy s hi trong nhng li nh nht, chp nhn v hc tp
cc gii hc (aumattesu vajjesu bhayadassv). Ny cc T-khu, y gi l tng thng gii
hc.
[2] V ny cc T-khu, th no l tng thng nh hc?
[i] y, ny cc T-khu, v T-khu ly dc, ly php bt thin chng v tr s thin
(pahama jhna upasampajja viharati), mt trng thi h lc do ly dc sanh, c tm, c t.
[ii] Li na, v T-khu b tm, b t, ni tnh nht tm, v y chng v tr nh thin (dutiya
jhna upasampajja viharati), mt trng thi h lc do nh sanh, khng tm, khng t.
iii Li Ngi Dch iii

[iii] Vi s ly h, tr x, v y chng v tr tam thin (tatiya jhna upasampajja viharati),
ni tm im tnh, c nim v tnh gic, thn cm s lc th m cc bc Thnh gi l: x
nim, lc tr.
[iv] Li na, v T-khu x lc, x kh, dit h, u cm th trc, v y chng v tr t
thin (catuttha jhna upasampajja viharati), khng kh, khng lc, x nim thanh tnh.
Ny cc T-khu, y gi l tng thng nh hc.
[3] V ny cc T-khu, th no l tng thng tu hc?
y, ny cc T-khu, v T-khu nh tht r bit:
[i] y l kh, v y nh tht r bit (ida dukkhanti yathbhta pajnti)
[ii] y l ngun gc ca kh, v y nh tht r bit (aya dukkhasamudayoti yathbhta
pajnti)
[iii] y l kh dit, v y nh tht r bit (aya dukkhanirodhoti yathbhta pajnti)
[iv] y l con ng a n kh dit, v y nh tht r bit (aya dukkhanirodhagmin
paipadti yathbhta pajnti)
Ny cc T-khu, y gi l tng thng tu hc.
Ch khi trin khai ng Php Hnh tc ba hc tp ny, s thnh tu gii thot (Php Thnh)
mi c mt ni ngi . y ,Php Hc(Pariyatti), Php Hnh(Patipatti) ,v Php
Thnh(Paivedha) chnh l Php Bo (Dhammaratana). C ba u c s ty thuc v tng
quan ln nhau.
Ni cch khc, thnh tu Chn Php Siu Th : Bn o, Bn Qa, v Nit Bn (Php
Thnh), ngi cn phi thc hnh ng l trnh Gii, nh, Tu ( Php Hnh). V c th
thc hnh ng , ngi cn phi am tng v c c tin trong sch i vi tt c cc li dy
ca c Pht trong Tam Tng Kinh in ( Php Hc) .
Thm na, vic kt tp, gn gi v lu truyn Php v Lut hay Tam Tng Kinh in ca c
Pht chnh do Tng Bo (Sangharatana) thc hin.
Cho nn, vic thc hnh y c theo Pht gio cng nh s tn knh v quy y Tam Bo (Pht
Bo, Php Bo, Tng Bo) trn thc t, chnh l vic thc hnh theo Php v Lut (tc Kinh-
Lut -Thng Php), theo ba hc tp (Gii ,nh, Tu) ca c Pht. Vic t thm bt hay bc
b cc iu hc trn ng ngha vi vic chi b bc o S, Chnh Php v Chng Tng. iu
ny dn n s tiu hoi ca Gia Php.m c Pht cp trong Kinh Tng Php
(Saddhammapatirpaka Sutta (SN 16.13)):
Ny Kassapa, c nm thi php khin cho diu php b hn lon v bin mt. Th no l nm?
y, ny Kassapa, cc Tkhu, Tkhuni, nam c s, n c s sng khng tn knh, khng
ty thun bc o S, sng khng tn knh, khng ty thun Chnh Php, sng khng tn
knh, khng ty thun Chng Tng, sng khng tn knh, khng ty thun Hc Gii, sng
khng tn knh, khng ty thun i vi Thin nh.
Li na, trong Kinh c Gii (AN V.III.IV), , tn gi Kassapa c hi c Pht nh sau:
- Bch Th Tn, do nhn g, do duyn g, thu trc, hc gii c t hn nhng cc T-khu
chng c chnh tr nhiu hn? Bch Th Tn, do nhn g, do duyn g, ngy nay hc gii c
nhiu hn, nhng cc T-khu chng c chnh tr t hn?
- S vic xy ra nh vy, ny Kassapa, trong thi cc chng sanh suy gim, trong thi diu
php bin mt, thi nhiu hn l cc nh do vy b ph hoi. Khi chnh nh khng c mt, vi
ngi chnh nh b ph hoi, nh tht tri kin do vy b ph hoi. Khi nh tht tri kin khng
c mt, vi ngi nh tht tri kin b ph hoi, nhm chn, ly tham do vy b ph hoi. Khi
nhm chn ly tham khng c mt, vi ngi nhm chn ly tham b ph hoi, gii thot tri kin
do vy b ph hoi.
Trong bi kinh ny, c Pht ch r tm quan trng ca nh. ng thi, Ngi cng m t v s
ty thuc v tng quan gia gii, nh, tu theo ng trnh t ca n.
iv Li Ngi Dch iv

Vi ngi c gii, ny cc T-khu, vi ngi gn gi gii, chnh nh do vy c y . Do
chnh nh c mt, vi ngi chnh nh c thnh tu, nh tht tri kin do vy c thnh
tu. Do nh tht tri kin c mt, vi ngi nh tht tri kin c mt, nhm chn, ly tham do vy
c thnh tu. Do nhm chn, ly tham c mt, vi ngi nhm chn ly tham c thnh tu,
gii thot tri kin do vy c thnh tu.
Tht s vy, khng c gii hnh trong sch v y , v y khng th lm pht sanh chnh
nh. V nu khng c nh, th ci gi l tu tp tu hng n gii thot ch l mt khi nim
m h . Bi v lm sao v y t n gii thot tri kin nu khng c c nh tht tri kin?
Theo truyn thng Trng Lo B (Theravda), tu tp nh bc thin lm nn tng thc
hnh minh st c gi l ch tha (samatthaynika). Bn cnh , l qun tha
(vipassanyna) tc l s tu tp trc tip vo minh st m khng c nh bc thin lm nn
tng. Bi v , vo thi ca c Pht c nhng v T-khu chng c A-la-hn sau khi thc
hnh minh st theo qun tha ,h khng cn phi tu tp nh bc thin. Tuy nhin, vi v thun
qun hnh gi, th yu t nh vn phi c mt ni v y. nh y chnh l st-na nh .S vic
ny c minh chng trong Kinh Susma thuc Tng ng B, km theo cc bn Ch gii v S
gii ca n.
i vi khi nim st-na nh, B Thanh Tnh o c trnh by nh sau:
232. (xi) Hoc, sau khi nhp v xut t nhng bc thin y, hnh gi thy vi tu rng,
thc phi hp vi (tm s) thin y l d hoi dit, khi y vo thi im minh st tht s, s
nht tm trn tng st na(momentary unification of the mind) sanh khi xuyn qua s hiu
thu nhng c tnh [ca v thng, (kh, v ng)]
Minh chng lin h n st-na nh c tm thy trong Kinh Bt on (Anupada sutta) thuc
Kinh Trung B nh sau:
y, ny cc T khu, Sriputta ly dc, ly bt thin php, chng t v an tr s Thin, mt
trng thi h lc do ly dc sanh, c tm, c t.
V nhng php thuc v Thin th nht nh tm, t, h, lc, nht tm, v xc, th, tng, t,
tm, dc, thng gii, tinh tn, nim, x, tc ; cc php y c an tr bt on. Cc php y
c Sriputta bit n khi chng khi ln, c Sriputta bit n khi an tr, c Sriputta
bit n khi on dit. Sriputta bit r nh sau: "Nh vy cc php y trc khng c ni ta,
nay c hin hu, sau khi hin hu, chng on dit". Sriputta i vi nhng php y, cm
thy khng luyn i, khng chng i, c lp, khng tri buc, gii thot, khng h ly, an tr
vi tm khng c hn ch. Sriputta bit: "Cn c s gii thot hn th na. i vi Sriputta,
cn c nhiu vic phi lm hn na".
y, c Pht lin h n cc php chn thuc Abhidhamma (Thng Php), v vic thy
r cc php y xuyn sut ba giai on sanh, tr, dit (tc mi st-na) tun t lin tc
[anupada (one after another) c HT Thch Minh Chu dch l bt on, chnh l ngha st-
na nh i vi minh st.
S gii Trung b gii thch Anupadadhammavipassan tc l v y pht trin tu qun tun
t i su vo cc php (chn ) nh cc thin chng v thin chi..
Nh vy, theo ngha ca bi kinh, nng lc tu tri tun t tng st na (sanh-tr-dit) ca cc
php chn m c Pht tn thn ngi X Li Pht chnh l ngha ca st-na nh
(khanika samadhi) trong tu qun.
S gii ca B Thanh Tnh o, b Paramatthamanjusa, c m t chi tit hn v mt dng st-
na nh l loi nh c th lm sanh khi y cc chi thin nh nh bc thin(samatha
jhanas). Tuy nhin, n km vng chc hn nh bc thin.
Nhm t ng ngha vi st-na nh (khanika samadhi) trong thin minh st chnh l Thin
thm nh tng (Lakkhapanijjhna). Thin ny thm st tam tng (V Thng, Kh, V
Ng) da trn danh sc, cng c gi l thin minh st hay thin qun (Vipassan)( . II
41; Ps A.281; Dhs A.167).
Theo Thanh Tnh o: khng c tu qun no xy ra m khng c st-na nh (Nahi
khanikasamdhim vin vipassan sambhavati /Vism. T. 1:11 )
v Li Ngi Dch v

Li na,B Thanh Tnh o khng nh rng : Khng th c nh siu th v tu siu th m
trc khng c nh v tu hip th; v (nu) khng c cn nh v an ch nh ni mt v
m c xe ca h l tnh ch, hoc khng c st na nh ni mt v m c xe ca h l minh
qun, v khng c Tam gii thot mn..o l siu th, trong c hai trng hp, chng th no
c t n."
Th nn, i vi nhng hnh gi mong mun thc hnh minh st m khng mun tu tp nh,
thin s Pa-Auk Sayadaw c gii thch nh sau:
Nu hnh gi c th thy danh-sc chn v cc nhn ca chng mt cch trit v r
rng, m trc khng hnh thin nh, th d nhin, i vi hnh gi, vic hnh thin nh l
khng cn thit!!!
Bi trong"Aparijnana Sutta" ca"Salyatana Vagga" thuc Tng ng B Kinh, c Pht ni:
Ny cc T-khu, Nu mt v T-khu khng bit r tt c Danh-sc, v cc nhn ca chng
vi ba loi t tri (parinna) , v y khng th t n Nit-bn. Ch nhng v no, ny cc T-
khu, bit r chng vi ba loi t tri mi c th t n Nit-bn.
i vi php hnh Pht gio hin thi, danh-sc thng ch c ni n theo khi nim ph
qut l thn v tm hay vt cht v tinh thn. Tuy nhin , theo Abhidhamma din t danh-
sc(nmarpa) theo Chn Th Tuyt i, sc ti hu (rpa) gm 28 loi sc ,danh ti hu
(nma) gm 81 loi tm (tr 8 tm siu th) v 52 loi tm s (cetasika) cng phi hp vi
chng . Vic bit r danh-sc tc hnh gi cn phi thu t tt c theo Chn Th Tuyt i
bng thng tr t thn. Ngoi ra , v y cng cn phi r bit cc nhn tc thnh chng
qun vi ba loi t tri. S thy v bit nh vy mi c xem l nh tht tri kin.
Thnh tht m ni, t n loi tri kin nh vy m khng c nn tng ca gii v sc
mnh ca nh, nht l trong thi bui ny, th liu y c phi l mt iu kh thi?
Tuy nhin, ti rng thin Pa-Auk Tawya , qun tha (vipassanyna) vn c ch dy qua
vic thc hnh thin t i. Vi nh sng ca mc nh thin t i (st-na nh)
, mt s hnh gi c th tu tri c danh-sc ,cng vi cc nhn ca chng.
Bi th, m trong Kinh nh (Samdhi Sutta) thuc Tng ng B, c Pht ni:
Hy tu tp nh, ny cc t khu, sau khi tu tp nh, v t khu s tu tri cc Php nh chng
thc s l (yathbhtam pajnati).
y l Gii, y l nh, y l Tu. nh cng tu vi Gii s a n qu v ln, li ch ln.
Tu cng tu vi nh s a n qu v ln, li ch ln. Tm cng tu vi Tu s a n gii
thot hon ton cc lu hoc, tc l dc lu, hu lu (tri kin lu), v minh lu. (Kinh i
Nit Bn).
Ring i vi Thng Php (Abhidhamma), trn thc t , c Pht cp tm quan trng
ca n lin h n Chnh Php . Trong i Kinh Rng Sng B (Mahgosiga sutta (MN 32)),
Tn gi Sriputta c trnh by vi c Pht nh sau :
-Bch Th Tn, c ni vy, Tn gi Mah Moggallna ni vi con:
" y, ny Hin gi Sriputta, hai Tkhu m lun v Abhidhamma (Thng Php hay A
tm ). H hi nhau cu hi, v khi c hi, h tr li c vi nhau, ch khng dng li v
khng tr li c, v cuc m lun v php ca h c tip tc. Ny Hin gi Sriputta,
hng Tkhu nh vy c th lm sng chi khu rng Gosiga."
Lnh thay Sriputta! Nu tr li cho c chn chnh, Moggallna phi tr li nh vy. Ny
Sriputta, Moggallna l bc thuyt v Chnh php.
Trong Tng Lut, i Phm ,Chng Trng Yu ,Tng Phm th by - Mi su nhm nm ca
phn Nn ban php tu ln bc trn. c Pht ch ra nm iu kin, nu v t khu khng c
kh nng p ng th khng c ban php tu ln bc trn, khng nn nng nh, v khng
c sa di phc v :
Ny cc T-khu, v T-khu hi nm iu kin khc na khng nn ban php tu ln bc
trn, khng nn cho nng nh, khng nn cho sa di phc v: L v khng c kh nng
hun luyn cc iu hc thuc v phn s cn bn, (khng c kh nng) hng dn cc
iu hc thuc v phn u ca Phm hnh, (khng c kh nng) hng dn v Thng Php
vi Li Ngi Dch vi

(abhidhamma), (khng c kh nng) hng dn v Thng Lut (abhivinaya) , (khng c kh
nng) phn tch ng theo Php xu hng t kin c sanh khi cho t hay hc tr.
Ny cc T-khu, v T-khu hi nm iu kin ny khng nn ban php tu ln bc trn,
khng nn cho nng nh, khng nn cho sa di phc v.
Ny cc T-khu(ging trn)..(c kh nng) hng dn v Thng Php, (c kh nng)
hng dn v Thng Lut, (c kh nng) phn tch ng theo Php xu hng t kin
c sanh khi cho t hay hc tr. Ny cc T-khu, v T-khu hi nm iu kin ny
nn ban php tu ln bc trn, nn cho nng nh, nn cho sa di phc v.
Mi tng quan gia Abhidhamma i vi Php v Lut ca Ngi cng c ni n Kinh S
Hi Trong Tng Lai (3) (AN V.VIII.IX):
Li na, ny cc T-khu, cc T-khu trong tng lai s tr thnh nhng ngi thn khng
tu tp, gii khng tu tp, tm khng tu tp, tu khng tu tp. Do thn khng tu tp, gii khng
tu tp, tm khng tu tp, tu khng tu tp, khi h thuyt v Thng php (Abhidhamma) hay v
Qung thuyt (Tr gii lun Vedallakatha), h ri vo hc php, khng c th gic ng r
rng. Ny cc T-khu, y l do nhim Php, nn sanh nhim Lut; do nhim Lut, nn
sanh nhim Php.
Cho nn, i vi c Pht, Bc c tr tu thu sut v lai khng b ngn che , a ra c s
i chiu, th tr, v nng ta cho cc hng hu th sau khi Ngi Nit Bn, chnh l
Kinh v Lut ch khng phi bt k mt ai c.
V nu nh nhng li dy t cc bc d l Tng chng vi cc v Thng ta, vi cc Th
chng hay T-khu Thng ta hay bc a vn, gn gi truyn thng, tr php, tr lut, tr
php yu.. Tuy nhin, li khng nm trong Kinh v Lut th chng phi b bc b:
Chc chn nhng li ny khng phi l li Th Tn, v T-khu y th gio sai lm.
V ny cc T-khu, cc Ngi hy t b chng
V ngc li, nu nhng li dy y hp vi Kinh v Lut, p ng cc yu t r rng, c th
sau khi i chiu th c th kt lun:
"Chc chn nhng li y phi l li dy ca Th Tn v T-khu y th gio chn chnh
cc Ngi hy th tr.
y, c Pht ch a ra hai phm vi l Kinh v Lut, nhng khi Ngi tuyn b bc o S
s thay Ngi lnh o Tng chng li chnh l Php v Lut:
Ny cc T-khu, sau khi Ta dit , chnh Php v Lut s l o S ca cc Ngi.
V sao trong Kinh in Pi ,c lc c Pht ch cp n Kinh v Lut, lc th Thng Php v
Thng Lut , lc th Php v Lut ?
L do l v, vo thi k ca Ngi, Kinh v Thng Php (Abhidhamma) c gp chung lm mt,
Tng Lut l mt. Do vy th ch c hai l Kinh v Lut hay Php v Lut hay Thng Php v
Thng Lut. Cho n sau cuc kt tp Kinh in , Kinh v Lut hay Php v Lut c phn
tch lm Ba Tng (Tipiaka): Tng Kinh(Suttantapiaka), Tng Lut (Vinayapiaka), v Tng
Thng Php(Abhidhammapiaka). S phn tch ny do bi Thng Php l mt tng c bit
thm su, ng thi c nhiu php un nht (42.000 php un). Do vy, vic phn tch chng
nhm lu tr v truyn tng d dng hn. Th nn, khi lin h n Kinh v Lut, hay
Thng Php v Thng Lut, hay Php v Lut, hay Tam Tng ( Kinh - Lut - Thng Php), tt
c chng u tng ng nhau.
Tht s l, qua Kinh in, chng ta thy c rt nhiu cc v t Pht chng c o-Qa ch
qua mt thi php, hoc ch qua mt thong minh st, h khng phi mt cng hc
Abhidhamma, khng phi dy cng tu tp nh,vvTuy nhin, ngoi c Pht th khng ai c
th bit c cc tim nng ba la mt, cng nh qu trnh tu tp cu cc v y nhng kip
trc nh th no. Li na, trc khi quyt nh thuyt php i, c Pht qun xt
cc hng ngi khc bit trn th gian qua v d sau:
Nh trong h sen xanh, h sen hng hay h sen trng c mt s hoa sen xanh, sen hng, hay
sen trng sanh ra di nc, ln ln di nc, khng vt ln khi mt nc, c nui
dng di nc. C mt hoa sen xanh, sen hng hay sen trng sanh ra di nc, ln ln
vii Li Ngi Dch vii

di nc, sng vn ln ti mt nc. C mt s hoa sen xanh, sen hng hay sen trng sanh
ra di nc, ln ln di nc, vn ln khi mt nc, khng b nc m t.
Theo B Puggalapaatti v Ch Gii,c ba hng ngi c cp trong v d hoa sen. l:
1. Nhng hoa sen sanh di nc, ln ln di nc, sng vn ln khi mt nc, khng b
nc m t. y l loi ngi Uggaita (Hng khai th tri): l hng gp c c Pht,
v c th tc thi gic ng ch sau khi nghe mt thi php ngn, chng hn, Tn gi Sriputta.
2. Nhng hoa sen sanh ra di nc, ln ln di nc, sng vn ln ti mt nc. y l loi
ngi Vipacita (hng qung din tri): l hng gp c c Pht, v c th gic ng ch khi
ngha ca li php c phn tch rng ra, chng hn, nm v T-khu Kiu Trn Nh.
3. Nhng hoa sen sanh ra di nc, ln ln di nc, khng vt ln khi mt nc, c
nui dng di nc. y l loi ngi Neyya (hng ng dn): l hng khng th chng c
ch bng vic lng nghe mt thi php ngn hay m rng. Nhng bng vic thc hnh Gii
(Sla) hc, nh (Samdhi) hc, Tu (Pa) hc tng bc mt, c h thng, nhiu ngy,
nhiu thng v nhiu nm, di s ch dn ca mt minh s, h mi c th chng ng o,
Qa v Nit Bn.
Tuy nhin trong Tng Chi Kinh, c loi ngi th t c cp:
4. Nhng hoa sen sanh ra di nc, ln ln di nc, khng vt ln khi mt nc, chng
cht di nc. y l loi ngi Padaparama (hng vn c ti vi): l ngi khng th chng
ng Bn Thnh v gic ng Nit Bn trong kip sng ny d h c tu tp nh th no i
na. Tt c cc n lc ca h l cho s gic ng v chng c trong tng lai.
Qua nhng dn chng trn, c gi c th t xc nh li kh nng ca bn thn bit rng ,
con ng chng ng Nit Bn khng n gin nh nhiu ngi lm tng. Nht l trong
thi bui hin nay, i chiu vi mc tr tu v ba la mt ca chng ta, s thnh tu mc
tiu ti hu ca Pht Gio l bt kh nu ngi y i lch ra khi Php v Lut ca c Pht,
lch khi Kinh-Lut-Thng Php,v h thng php hnh theo trnh t gii, nh, v tu.
lm r thm s thm su ca Gio Php m trc gi nhiu ngi ch hiu mt cch m h,
dn n vic thc hnh cng m h . V vy m h sn sng bc nh v b Thng Php. iu
ny li cng khin cho h c mt ci tng m h i vi s gic ng. Nhn y, ngi dch xin
php c trch thm mt s ti liu ni v Thnh Tr ca bc Thnh D Lu, tc bc Thnh
thp nht trong bn hng Thnh (Ariya).
Trong tp sch The Light Of Wisdom (nh Sng Tr Tu) ca thin s Pa-Auk Sayadaw,
chng 12 , , ngi c a ra dn chng gii thch v tng Thnh ny qua vic trch on
Kinh Chuyn Php Lun, Tn gi Kondanna c ci bit nh th no trong s chng
ng u tin ca mnh:
Atha kho yasmato kondaassa viraja, vitamala, dhammacakkhu
udapdi: ya kici samudayadhamma sabba ta nirodha dhamman'ti.
Trong khi li dy ny c tuyn b, Tn gi Kondanna khi ln php nhn thanh tnh, khng
cu u nh sau: "Phm Php no c sanh ln, tt c php y u c bn tnh hoi dit."
Vy th iu g xy ra sau ?
Atha kho yasm kondao dihadhammo pattadhammo viditadhammo
pariyoglhadhammo tinna vicikiccho vikata katha katho vesrajjappatto.
Tt c nhng hoi nghi nh :
- Bn Thnh c hay khng? C qu kh khng? C v lai khng? C c qu kh v v lai
khng? C phi qu hin ti do nhn qu kh khng? Phi chng nhn hin ti s cho ra qu v
lai khng? C phi kip qu kh trc to ra kip qu kh va ri? C phi nghip
(kamma) s cho ra qu ca n ? u b dit tr. V sao? V v y hon ton chng ng Kh
Thnh (Dukkha Sacc) v Thnh V Ngun Gc Ca Kh (Samudaya Sacc). V y cng
hon ton chng ng Kh Thnh sanh do bi Thnh V Ngun Gc Ca Kh. Do vy, m
nhng hoi nghi ny khng cn khi sanh ni v y na. Sau , v y c th dng mnh
viii Li Ngi Dch viii

(Vesrajjappatto) ni ln rng Bn Thnh tht s hin hu v chng c th nh tht c
r bit. on kinh trn ch cp rng, v y c kh nng hay tri kin nh vy.
C phi l loi tri kin nh sau: Ti tr thnh Thnh Nhp Lu khi sanh ni v y? Khng,
y ch l mt khi nim ch nh (Paatti) m mt ngi ch c th bit qua kin thc t
Kinh in
Trong bi kinh , c Pht cp n Kh Thnh tc nm th un theo mi mt kha
cnh. V ngi tht s chng ng Thnh Tr d l bc Thnh thp nht th v y phi thu t
c mi mt loi ng th un ny tc sc th un, th th un, tng th un, hnh th
un, thc th un trong(1) qu kh, (2) hin ti, (3)v lai, (4) bn trong v(5) bn ngoi,
(6)th v (7) t, (8) cao thng v (9) h lit, (10) xa v (11) gn cng vi cc nhn ca
chng .
Ch ring sc un th vic hiu r chng l iu thm diu v cng,hung chi bn un cn
li. Bi trong M.I.iv.3 i Kinh Ngi Chn B (MahGoplakaSutta), c Pht ging:
Ny cc T-khu, th no l T-khu khng bit r cc sc (na rpa)? y, ny cc T-
khu, T-khu i vi sc php (ya kici rpa), khng nh tht r bit (yathbhta
nappajnti) tt c loi sc (sabba rpa) thuc bn i (cattrimahbhtni) v sc do
bn i hp thnh (catunnaca mahbhtna updyarpanti). Nh vy, ny cc T-khu,
T-khu khng bit r cc sc.
Li na, thin s Pa-Auk Sayadaw a ra dn chng trch trong Ch gii Kinh i Duyn
(Mah Nidna Sutta) gii thch nh sau:
Sotpannnaca nma paccaya kro uttnakova hutv upatthti
- Nu v y l mt bc Thnh Nhp Lu th minh st ca v Thnh Nhp Lu y bit r rng
Mi Hai Duyn Khi (Paicca Samuppda) c gi l paccaya kro.
y l giai on xem xt nhng gii thch ng vi Kinh in . V rng, Nhp Lu o Tr c
nng lc dit tr Si (Moha) vn ngn che Bn Thnh , th nn v y c th kim tra t thn
bng nhng st hch chc nh ny. Nu lm c nh vy, v y c th bit rng liu mnh
thnh Nhp Lu hay khng?
Ring i vi Thnh Qa A-la-hn, trong M.II.iii.10 Kinh Vekhanasa (Vekhanasa Sutta),c
Pht a ra li xc nh nh sau:
Ny Kaccana, nhng Samn, Blamn no khng bit v qu kh (ajnant pubbanta),
khng thy c v lai (apassant aparanta), nhng t cho mnh l: Sanh tn, Phm
hnh thnh, cc vic nn lm lm, khng cn tr lui li i ny na. Nhng li nh vy,
theo Php, chng phi b bc b (tesa soyeva sahadhammiko niggaho hoti).
Nh vy, ch ring mt s nhng dn chng nu trn , c gi cng c th cn nhc, liu vi
nhng php hnh thng thng ( khng c nn tng ca nh, khng thu r Thng Php bng
thng tr) ,mt hnh gi s c th t n tri kin ti hu v Bn Thnh ???
Trong thi bui hin nay, phn ln nhng ai ang bc trn con ng tm cu gii thot u
sng bng c tin. Bi, ngi c xem l sng bng tr tu ch khi ngi y, vi thng tr, t
mnh thy r c mi mt loi ng th un v cc nhn tc thnh chng trong qu kh, hin
ti v v lai T , cm thy kinh s vng lun hi v cp bch mong mun c gii thot.
Cn bng khng, h ch mi c xem l ngi sng bng c tin ni s gic ng ca c
Pht. V chnh c Pht ni v tiu chun ca c tin trong Kinh Subhti (AN XI.II.VI):
Ny Subhti, phm T-khu no a php, li ni d thng hn hoan ln trong Thng Php,
Thng Lut. Ny Subhti, y l tiu chun v lng tin ca mt ngi c lng tin.
Hn th na, nhn mnh iu ny,trong Tng Chi B Kinh,Kinh Trn Tt C, c Pht ni:
y, ny cc T-khu, c ngi hc tp v voi, hc tp v nga, hc tp v xe, hc tp v
cung php, hc tp v kim php, hc tp v cc ngh cao thp sai bit hay hc tp theo cc
Sa-mn hay B-la-mn c t kin, t hnh. Ny cc T-khu, y l c hc tp hay khng? Ta
ni rng: "y l khng hc tp". Hc tp y, ny cc T-khu, l h lit, l hn h, l phm
phu, khng xng Thnh hnh, khng lin h n mc ch, khng a n ym ly, ly tham,
on dit, an tnh, thng tr, gic ng, Nit-bn. Ny cc T-khu, ai hc tp Tng thng gii,
ix Li Ngi Dch ix

hc tp tng thng nh, hc tp tng thng tu trong Php v Lut do Nh Lai tuyn
thuyt, vi lng tin an tr, vi lng i m an tr, nht hng thun tn, ny cc T-khu, y
l hc tp v thng, a n thanh tnh cho cc loi chng sanh, vt qua su bi, chm dt
kh u, t c chnh l, chng ng Nit-bn, tc l hc tp Tng thng gii, hc tp tng
thng nh, hc tp tng thng tu trong Php v Lut do Nh Lai tuyn thuyt, vi lng tin
an tr, vi lng i m an tr, nht hng thun tn. Ny cc T-khu, y gi l hc tp v
thng, y l thy v thng, nghe v thng, li c v thng, hc tp v thng.
Tht vy, khi nm bt c ni dung bn trong tp sch ny, c gi s nhn thy rng,
khng th c mt l do no, khng th c mt ng li tu tp gii thot no, c th lch khi
Php v Lut m c Pht li. iu ny cng c ngha l chng khng th lch khi Thng
Php (Abhidhamma), nh Hc v Gii Hc .
Ni cch khc, con ng c nht chng ng Nit Bn trong Pht Gio chnh l Thnh o
Tm Ngnh c Bn Nim X ( Thn + Th + Tm + Php) l o l m u. V iu ny cng
tng ng vi l trnh tu tp theo trnh t Gii, nh, v Tu.
lm pht sanh ci gi l tu hng n gii thot (Nit Bn) , ngi cn phi thu trit
cc php chn (danh-sc) v cc nhn ca chng ,tc cn hiu r Thng Php
(Abhidhamma) bng thng tr ca mnh sau khi tu tp nh. V c th thnh tu nh, ngi
phi vin mn v gii.
Ngi dch xin chn thnh tri n su sc n bc thy i tr tu, ngi i Trng Lo Thin S
Pa-Auk Tawya Sayadaw cho chng con nhng kin thc v cng qu bu v li ch.
Xin chn thnh cm n s Php Thng xem qua bn dch.
Xin cm n c Chnh Hnh, c Hu Huyn, kappiya Minh Duyn, Kappiya Ha , em Trang, gia
nh c Nga, ch Hng, gia nh c Nhung v gia nh c Tng Cn Th, v tt c nhng v th
ch h tr trong vic thc hin v n tng tp sch ny.
Sau cng, ngi dch xin trch mt on kinh trong Mi-Tin Vn p (Milinda Panha), , i
c Na-Tin kho ni vi c vua Mi-Lan- nh sau:
- Lc c Th Tn dit , ngi dy rng: "Khi Nh Lai Nit bn ri, php v lut l thy ca
cc ngi " . Php v lut chnh l Tam Tng, chnh l Php Bo, chnh l Gii nh Tu, chnh
l 37 tr o phm. Vy th ci trng Php Bo lun cn y, ch thiu ngi nh trng v
di trng na m thi. Khi no c di trng, c ngi nh trng, ging ln ting trng Php
bo th chc hn rng c tin, phc bu, t bi, tr tu, gic ng, gii thot s c mt i
ny, phi th khng i vng?
- Phi vy! vua Mi-Lan- p.
V vy, cu mong nhng ai c nim tin ni Chnh Php s gi vng tri kin v s thc hnh
chn chnh ni Php v Lut ca c Pht c tin, phc bu, t bi, tr tu, gic ng v gii
thot s vn c mt i ny v tng lai.
Ima puabhga mt-pitu-cariya-ti-mittnaceva sesasabbasattnaca dema, sabbepi
te puapatti laddhna, sukhit hontu.
Ti xin thnh tm chia s phn phc thin ny n tt c cc chng sinh, nht l cha m, thy
t, b con, thn bng quyn thuc, b bn, cng tt c ch thin v nhn loi. Cu mong tt
c hoan h th nhn phn phc thin ny v c an lc lu di.
Ida me pua nibbnassa paccayo hotu.
Nguyn mong phc thin ny l duyn lnh dn dt ti chng ng Nibbna.
Php Quang (Dhamma Joti)

NHNG CH VIT TT
A. Tng Chi B Kinh (Aguttara Nikya)
AA. Ch gii Tng Chi B Kinh (Aguttara Nikya Ahakath)
A. S Gii Tng Chi B Kinh (Aguttara Nikya k)
D. Trng B Kinh (Dgha Nikya)
DA. Ch gii Trng B Kinh (Dgha Nikya Ahakath)
D. S Gii Trng B Kinh (Dgha Nikya k)
M. Trung B Kinh (Majjhima Nikya)
MA. Ch gii Trung B Kinh (Majjhima Nikya Ahakath)
M. S Gii Trung B Kinh (Majjhima Nikya k)
S. Tng ng B Kinh (Sayutta Nikya)
SA. Ch gii Tng ng B Kinh (Sayutta Nikya Ahakath)
S. S Gii Tng ng B Kinh (Sayutta Nikya k)
PsM. Phn Tch o (Paisambhid Magga)
VsM. Thanh Tnh o (Visuddhi Magga)
VsM.T. S Gii Thanh Tnh o (Visuddhi Magga)
DhS. Php T (DhammaSaga)
DhSA. Ch gii Php T (Dhammsaga Ahakath).
PD. Path of Discrimination

Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Samm-Sambuddhassa
Con em ,
, ng Chnh ng Gic.

LI TA
nhm tm lc nhng php tu tp thit yu chng ng
Nit-bn. Phn tho lun ca chng ti s cn c vo mc u tin ca Kinh i Nim X
(MahSatiPaha Sutta): (npnapabba). Tuy nhin,
hiu chnh xc mc y, c gi cn phi hiu r n lin h n phn cn li ca bi kinh nh
th no. V hiu ng n phn cn li, c gi lin quan nh th no trn
tng th nhng li dy ca c Pht.
BN PHN S CN PHI HON THNH
Do vy, trc tin, chng ti s trch on t bi kinh Ngi Nh C Nc Nhn (Kgra Sutta)
trong Tng ng S Tht (SaccaSamyutta). , c Pht thuyt ging:
1

V nh, ny cc T-khu, ai ni nh sau: "Khng xy dng tng di ca ngi nh c nc nhn,
ti s xy dng tng trn ca ngi nh", s vic ny khng th xy ra. Cng vy, nu ai ni:
[1] Khng nh tht hiu thu Thnh v Kh (Dukkha AriyaSacca yathbhta
anabhisamecca);
[2] Khng nh tht hiu thu Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh; (DukkhaSamudaya
AriyaSacca yathbhta anabhisamecca).
[3] Khng nh tht hiu thu Thnh v Kh Dit; (DukkhaNirodha AriyaSacca
yathbhta anabhisamecca).
[4] Khng nh tht hiu thu Thnh v Con ng a n Kh Dit;
(DukkhaNirodhaGmini Paipada AriyaSacca yathbhta anabhisamecca)
Ta s on tn hon ton Kh (samm dukkhassanta karissmti), s vic ny khng th
xy ra (neta hna vijjati).
iu ny c ngha rng, dit tn Kh, hnh gi cn phi hiu thu nh tht tng chn l
mt trong Bn Thnh vi tr tu trc tip trong thc hnh (thng tr) ca chnh bn thn
hnh gi.
Sau , trong Kinh Chuyn Php Lun (DhammaCakkaPpavattana Sutta) ca Tng ng S
Tht (SaccaSayutta), c Pht ging v s hiu thu tng Thnh mt nh l tng
phn s ring bit cn phi hon thnh:
2

[1] Tht vy, Thnh v Kh cn phi liu tri (parieyyam)
[2] Tht vy, Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh cn phi on tn (pahtabbam)
[3] Tht vy, Thnh v Kh Dit cn phi chng ng (sacchiktabba)
[4] Tht vy, Thnh v Con ng a n Kh Dit cn phi tu tp (bhvetabbam)
Trong i Kinh Su X (MahSayatanika Sutta) ca Kinh Trung B (MajjhimaNikya),
c Pht ging v bn phn s ny mt cch chi tit thc tin:
3

1
S.V.XII.iii.1 KgraSutta (Kinh Ngi Nh C Nc Nhn) (MyS.3.394) (ch dn tham chiu sau l theo bn
ting Min: tp/trang s)
2
S.V.XII.ii.1 DhammaCakkaPpavattanaSutta (Kinh Chuyn Php Lun) (MyS.3.369)
3
M.III.v.7 MahSayatanikaSutta (i Kinh Su X) (MyM.3.337)
2 Con ng c Nht Chng Ng Nit Bn 2

[1] V th no, ny cc T-khu, nhng php no cn phi c liu tri bng thng tr
(abhi parieyy)?
y, Nm th un cn phi c tr li, chng l:
[i] Sc th un (rpupdnakkhandho);
[ii] Th th un (vedanupdnakkhandho);
[iii] Tng th un (saupdnakkhandho);
[iv] Hnh th un (sakhrupdnakkhandho);
[v] Thc th un (viupdnakkhandho).
Nhng php ny cn phi c liu tri bng thng tr (ime dhamm abhi parieyy).
[2] V th no, ny cc T-khu, nhng Php no cn phi c on tn bng thng tr
(abhi pahtabb)?
V minh v hu i (avijj ca bhavatah ca).
nhng Php ny cn phi c on tn bng thng tr (ime dhamm abhi pahtabb).
[3] V th no, ny cc T-khu, nhng Php no cn phi c chng ng bng thng tr
(abhi sacchiktabb)?
Minh v gii thot (Vijj ca Vimutti ca):
nhng Php ny cn phi c chng ng bng thng tr (ime dhamm abhi
sacchiktabb).
[4] V th no, ny cc T-khu, nhng Php no cn phi c tu tp vi thng tr (abhi
bhvetabb)?
Ch tnh v minh st (Samattho ca vipassan ca):
nhng Php ny cn phi c tu tp bng thng tr (ime dhamm abhi bhvetabb).

THNH V KH CN PHI C LIU TRI
c Pht ni rng Thnh v Kh cn phi c liu tri, iu ny c ngha l nm th un
(pacupdnakkhandha) cn phi c liu tri bng thng tr.
Nm th un ny c c Pht ging Kinh Un (Khandha Sutta) ca Tng ng Un
(KhandhaSayutta):
4

V, th no ny cc T-khu, l nm th un? (pacupdnakkhandh):
[1] Bt c sc no, ny cc T-khu, (ya kici, bhikkhave, rpa): qu kh, v lai, hay hin
ti, bn trong hay bn ngoi, th hay t, cao thng hay h lit, xa hay gn, c lu hoc
(ssava), b chp th (updniya), th c gi l sc th un (aya vuccati
rpupdnakkhandho).
[2] Bt c th no, (y kci vedan): qu kh, v lai, hay hin ti, bn trong hay bn ngoi,
th hay t, cao thng hay h lit, xa hay gn, c lu hoc (ssava), b chp th
(updniya), th c gi l th th un (aya vuccati vedanupdnakkhandho).
[3] Bt c tng no, (y kci sa): qu kh, v lai, hay hin ti, bn trong hay bn ngoi,
th hay t, cao thng hay h lit, xa hay gn c lu hoc (ssava), b chp th
(updniya), th c gi l tng th un (aya vuccati saupdnakkhandho).
[4] Bt c hnh no, (ye keci sakhr): qu kh, v lai, hay hin ti, bn trong hay bn ngoi,
th hay t, cao thng hay h lit, xa hay gn, c lu hoc (ssava), b chp th
(updniya), th c gi l hnh th un (aya vuccati sakhrupdnakkhandho).

4
S.III.I.v.6 KhandhaSutta (Kinh Un) (MyS.2.39). Bi kinh ny c VsM.xiv.505 KamdiVinicchayaKath
(Lun Gii Th T) trch ra nhm gii thch v nm un.

[5] Bt c thc no, (ya kici via): qu kh, v lai, hay hin ti, bn trong hay bn
ngoi, th hay t, cao thng hay h lit, xa hay gn, c lu hoc (ssava), b chp th
(updniya), th c gi l thc th un (aya vuccati viupdanakkhandho).
Tt c chng, ny cc T-khu, c gi l nm th un (ime vuccanti, bhikkhave,
pacupdnakkhandh).
Sc un ch mi mt loi ca sc. Th, tng, hnh, thc un chnh l cc loi danh theo
mi mt loi.
Ti sao chng c gi l th un? Bi chng chnh l i tng ca s chp th: qua chp th,
c Pht mun ni n tham i tip din (hu i). Chng sanh tham i v chp th nm un
un theo cch ny hay cch khc nh l t ng: t ng b on dit vo lc cht hay t ng l
thng hng. Do vy, c Pht thuyt ging nm th un cn phi c liu tri bng thng tr.
Tt c chng u l Kh .
5/A

Nh c Pht thuyt ging trong Kinh Ngi Nh C Nc Nhn (Kgra Sutta) m chng
ti trch dn t lc u:
Nu ai ni: Khng nh tht hiu thu Thnh v Kh. . . Ta s on tn hon ton Kh
au, s vic ny khng th xy ra(neta hna vijjati)..

THNH V NGUN GC CA KH CN PHI C ON TN.
Tham i v chp th nm un chnh l Thnh v Ngun Gc ca Kh. Chng cn phi c
on tn. c Pht thuyt ging v ba loi tham i dn n s to tc nm th un mi
kip sau: Dc i (kmatah), Hu i (bhavatah), v Phi hu i (vibhavatah). i vi ai
tin n dit tn hon ton Kh , ngi phi dn dit tn ba loi tham i ny: Loi tham i
cui cng cn phi c dit tn l hu i (bhavatah). N ch c dit tn bng A-la-hn,
khi m v y hon ton dt khi v minh. l l do ti sao m trong i Kinh Su X
(MahaSalyatanika Sutta) m chng ti va trch dn, c Pht gii thch rng, v minh v
hu i cn phi c dit tn bng thng tr.
Tin trnh ca v minh v tham i dn n lun hi ti sanh cn gi l Php duyn khi theo
chiu thun (anulomapaiccasamuppda). c Pht gii thch php ny trong
Titthyatandi Sutta ca Kinh Tng Chi B (AguttaraNikya):
V th no, ny cc T-khu, l Thnh v Ngun Gc ca Kh?
[1] Do duyn v minh (avijjpaccay), hnh sanh (sakhr);
[2] Do duyn hnh, thc sanh (sakhrapaccay viaa);
[3] Do duyn thc, danh-sc sanh (viapaccay nmarpa);
[4] Do duyn danh-sc, lc nhp sanh (nmarpapaccay sayatana);
[5] Do duyn lc nhp, xc sanh (sayatanapaccay phasso);
[6] Do duyn xc, th sanh (phassapaccay vedan);
[7] Do duyn th, i sanh (vedanpaccay tah);
[8] Do duyn i, th sanh (tahpaccay updna);
[9] Do duyn th, hu sanh (updnapaccay bhavo);
[10] Do duyn hu, sanh sanh (bhavapaccay jti);
[11] Do duyn sanh (jtipaccay),
[12] gi & cht (jarmaraa), su (soka), bi (parideva); kh (dukkha), u (domanassa) v
no (upys) sanh.
y l ngun gc (samudayo) ca ton b kh un ny.

5
NM TH UN <= SU NI/NGOI X: tham kho ch gii
I
tr.98 > =DANHSC: danh-sc (nmarpa) c th
ch ni n th/tng/hnh/sc un hoc (nh y) n c th ni n tt c nm un. <tham kho phn ch gii
I
tr.98 >

Nh vy, ny cc T-khu, y c gi l Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh
(DukkhaSamudaya AriyaSacca).
Nh c Pht thuyt trong Kinh Ngi Nh C Nc Nhn (Kgra Sutta) m chng ti
trch dn t u:
Nu ai ni: Khng nh tht hiu thu Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh Ta s on tn hon
ton Kh , s vic ny khng th xy ra (neta hna vijjati).

THNH V KH DIT CN PHI C CHNG NG
Thnh v Kh Dit chnh l Nit-bn (Nibbna), s v sanh v dit tn ca nm th un:
chng cn phi chng ng bng thng tr. iu ny i hi hnh gi trc tin cn phi chng
c A-la-hn. l v sao, trong i Kinh Su X (MahaSalyatanika Sutta) m chng ti
va trch dn, c Pht ging rng, minh v gii thot cn phi chng ng bng thng tr:
chng tng ng vi A-la-hn o v Qu Tr. Nh chng ti va gii thch, khi hai loi tr
c chng ng, hnh gi s on tn hon ton v minh v tham i, v khng cn ti sanh
sau khi cht.
Tin trnh ny chnh l Php duyn khi theo chiu nghch (pailomapaiccasamuppda). Li
na, c Pht ging iu ny trong Kinh S Y X (Titthyatandi Sutta) ca Kinh Tng
Chi B (AguttaraNikya):
6

V ny cc T-khu, th no l Thnh v Kh Dit? (DukkhaNirodha AriyaSacca)
[1] Do v minh dit (avijjya tveva asesavirganirodh), cc hnh dit (sakhranirodho);
[2] Do hnh dit, thc dit (sakhranirodh, vianirodho);
[3] Do thc dit, danh-sc dit (vianirodh, nmarpanirodho);
[4] Do danh-sc dit, lc nhp dit (nmarpanirodh, sayatananirodho);
[5] Do lc nhp dit, xc dit (sayatananirodh, phassanirodho);
[6] Do xc dit, th dit (phassanirodh, vedannirodho);
[7] Do th dit, i dit (vedannirodh, tahnirodho);
[8] Do i dit, th dit (tahnirodh, updnanirodho);
[9] Do th dit, hu dit (updnanirodh, bhavanirodho);
[10] Do hu dit, sanh dit (bhavanirodh, jtinirodho);
[11] Do sanh dit (jtinirodh);
[12] gi & cht (jarmaraa), su (soka), bi (parideva), kh (dukkha), u (domanassa), no
(upys) dit (nirujjhanti).
Nh vy l s dit (nirodho) ca ton b (kevalassa) kh un ny (dukkhakkhandhassa).
Cng nh c Pht ni trong bi kinh Ngi Nh C Nc Nhn (Kgra Sutta) m chng ti
trch t u:
Nu ai ni: Khng nh tht hiu thu Thnh v Kh Dit. . Ta s on tn hon ton Kh
au, s vic ny khng th xy ra(neta hna vijjati).

6
Trong A.III.II.ii.1, Kinh S Y X (Titthyatanika Sutta) (My-A.1.177), , c Pht i chiu gio l ca Ngi
vi ba lun thuyt lu truyn theo truyn thng (parampi gantv) v v hnh (akiriya) cho rng tt c nhng g
con ngi kinh nghim l: 1) do nhn tin nh (pubbekatahetu); 2) do to ha (issaranimmnahetu); 3) v nhn
& v duyn (ahetuappaccay).


THNH V CON NG A N KH DIT CN PHI C TU TP.
Thnh v Con ng a n Kh Dit chnh l Thnh o Tm Ngnh (Ariya AhAgika
Magga):

1) Chnh Kin (SammDihi) 3) Chnh Ng (SammVc) 6) Chnh Tinh Tn
(SammVyma)
2) Chnh T Duy
(SammSakappa)
4) Chnh Nghip
(SammKammanta)
7) Chnh Nim (SammSati)
5) Chnh Mng
(Sammjva)
8) Chnh nh
(SammSamdhi)

Thnh v Con ng a n Kh Dit cn phi c tu tp. Theo nh, chng hn, Tiu
Kinh Phng Qung (CaVedalla Sutta) ca Kinh Trung B (MajjihimaNikya), tm chi phn
ca Thnh o Tm Ngnh tng ng vi ba un:
7

1) Chnh Ng, Chnh Nghip, Chnh Mng tng ng vi gii un (slakkhandha).
2) Chnh Tinh Tn, Chnh Nim, Chnh nh tng ng vi nh un (samdhikkhandha).
3) Chnh Kin, Chnh T Duy tng ng vi tu un (pakkhandha).
Li na, trong i Kinh Su X (MahSayatanika Sutta) m chng ti va trch dn, c
Pht ging rng, php hnh cn phi c tu tp bng thng tr chnh l nh (samatha) v
minh st (vipassan). Theo cch ny chng ta c th hiu rng Thnh o Tm Ngnh chnh l
s tng ng ca thin nh v thin minh st.
8

Bng vic tu tp thin nh v thin minh st bng thng tr, hnh gi s thy bit mt cch
y v nm th un. Do liu tri nm th un bng thng tr, v y on tr v minh v tham
i. V sau , bng thng tr, v y cng c th chng ng Nit-bn qua vic chng ng bn
o v bn Qu tng ng: Nhp lu (Sotpatti), Nht lai (Sakadgami), Bt lai (Angami),
A-la-hn o v Qu (ArahattaMaggaPhala).
Do vy, nh c Pht thuyt trong Kinh Ngi Nh C Nc Nhn (Kgra Sutta) m chng
ti trch dn trc y:
Nu ai ni: Khng nh tht hiu thu Thnh v Con ng a n Kh Dit Ta s on
tn hon ton Kh au, s vic ny khng th xy ra (neta hna vijjati).
Tip theo l cch m bn phn s cn phi c hon thnh tng ng vi vic nh tht hiu
thu Bn Thnh .
BN PHN S (QUN PHP TRONG CC PHP - BN THNH )
c Pht gii thch s hiu thu Bn Thnh trong Kinh i Nim X
(MahSatiPahna Sutta) di phn Qun Php:
9

Li na, ny cc T-khu, v y sng qun php trong cc php lin h n Bn Thnh
(catsu AriyaSaccesu).

7
Lun o, VsM.xvi.568 Vn Lun c gii (EkaVidhdiVinicchayaKath) trch M.I.v.4 Tiu Kinh Phng
Qung (CaVedallaSutta) (MyM.1.375). , v A-la-hn T-khu-ni Dhammadinn ging cho ngi chng c
l Viskha v cch m tm chi phn tng ng vi ba un. V y ging: Ba un (tayo khandh) khng b Thnh o
Tm Ngnh thu nhip (sagahit), ny hin gi Viskha, Thnh o Tm Ngnh b ba un thu nhip. Sau khi
c thut li li phn tch ca v A-la-hn Dhammadinn, c Pht bo ngi chng c ca v y rng: Ny
Viskha, nu ng hi Ta v ngha ny th Ta cng s gii p y nh T-khu ni Dhammadinn.

8
Thnh o Tm Ngnh=Thin nh/Thin tu (xem li trch dn t i Kinh Su X (MahSalyatanika Sutta).
9
D.II.9 (387) MahSatiPahnaSutta (Kinh i Nim X).

V ny cc T-khu, th no l T-khu sng qun php trong cc php lin h n Bn Thnh
?
y, ny cc T-khu,
[1] T-khu nh tht r bit: y l Kh (ida dukkhanti yathbhta pajnti);
[2] V y nh tht r bit: y l Kh Tp (aya dukkhasamudayoti yathbhta
pajnti);
[3] V y nh tht r bit: y l Kh Dit (aya dukkhanirodhoti yathbhta pajnti);
[4] V y nh tht r bit: y l Con ng a n Kh Dit (aya
dukkhanirodhagmin paipadti yathbhta pajnti);
THIN NH V THIN MINH ST CN PHI C TU TP
c Pht gii thch rng, php hnh m qua Bn Thnh c thu r chnh l thin nh
v thin minh st. Nhng khng c kinh no c Pht ging rng: y l thin nh, hay y
l thin minh st hoc thc hnh thin nh, ngi cn phi thc hnh nh th ny, th
kia. Do vy, c th hiu c nhng iu c Pht mun ni v php tu thin nh v thin
minh st, chng ta cn phi tham kho ch gii v S Gii, c bit l Thanh Tnh o
(VisuddhiMagga).
Nh vy, chng hn, trong Kinh Thng Tr (Abhi Sutta) ca Kinh Tng Chi B
(AguttaraNikya), c Pht ging:
10

V ny cc T-khu, th no l nhng php cn phi c tu tp bng thng tr?
nh v minh st (samatho ca vipassan ca), ny cc T-khu, nhng php ny c gi l
nhng php cn phi c tu tp.
Ch gii Kinh Tng Chi B (AguttaraNikya) c gii ngha v php tu thin nh bng thng
tr c ngha l tu tp s nht tm (cittekaggat), n tng ng vi nh (samdhi).
11
iu ny
ph hp vi iu m Thanh Tnh o (Visuddhi Magga) gi l tm thanh tnh (cittavisuddhi),
v c gii thch l s thin, nh thin, tam thin, v t thin sc gii, cng nh bn bc thin
v sc gii m chng ta cn gi l tm thin chng (aha sampattiyo). Chng l tt c cc
loi an ch nh (appansamdhi). Tm thanh tnh cng bao gm lun c cn nh
(upacrasamdhi), theo ngha l loi nh thm su tng t nh nh ngay trc nh bc
thin.
12

Ch gii Kinh Tng Chi B (AguttaraNikya hakath) cng gii ngha v php tu thin
minh st l pht trin cc tr minh st trn nhiu loi hnh: iu c ngha l s thu r
sc tt cng v danh tt cng (chn ) v cc nhn ca chng bng thng tr ca hnh gi.
Theo sau s thu r ny, hnh gi cn thu r cc php y theo cc kha cnh v thng
(anicc), kh (dukkh) v v ng (anatt).
11
Khi chng ti phn loi php hnh theo cch
tun t l by giai on thanh tnh. Thin minh st (vipassan) chnh l nm giai on thanh
tnh theo sau gii thanh tnh v tm thanh tnh: thin minh st khi u giai on kin thanh
tnh (dihivissudhi) v kt thc giai on tri kin thanh tnh (adassanavisuddhi).
12

V th, ch bng vic tham kho cc kinh vn c cn c, chng ta mi c th hiu c khi no,
trong mt bi kinh, c Pht ni v nh, v cc bc thin, v tu tp tm t, hoc cc bin x

10
Cng trong A.IV.V.vi.1 Phm Thng Tr (AbhiSutta), c Pht ging thin nh/thin minh st cn phi tu
tp bng thng tr.
AA
Minh st chnh l minh st tr v phn nh (nm r) cc hnh
(sakhrapariggahavipassana) = (phn nh sc/danh = phn nh sc tt cng/danh tt cng/cc nhn
ca chng):
A
thy cc loi kha cnh khc nhau (vividhenkrena) l v thng, (aniccdin) (+ kh/v ng).

11
Trong DhS.I.1 Thin Dc Gii (KmvacaraKusala) lit k cc tm s khc nhau ng sanh thnh cp, c
Pht bao gm chng trong c thin nh v minh st. DhSA.I.iii.1 PassaddhdiYugalaVaan (M t nh, ,
Cp i) E.173 gii ngha: Thin nh l s tnh ch cc php bt li (paccankadhammna) l tham dc,
(kmacchanddayo) Minh st l s thy php cc kha cnh khc nhau (vividhehi krehi) nh l v thng,
(aniccdivasena). N c ngha l tu (paves atthato) y, chng (thin nh/thin minh st) c buc
li vi nhau nh ci ch (yuganaddhavasena).

12
VsM.xviii.662 Kin Thanh Tnh (DihiVisuddhiNiddeso). PP.xviii.12

kasia nh th ny th kia, thc t l Ngi ang ni n thin nh (samatha). Theo cch nh
vy, chng ta mi c th hiu c khi no trong mt bi kinh theo cch ny, cch khc, c
Pht ging v qun nm un, s tp khi (sanh) v s dit ca chng; khi no Ngi ging v
thng tri v liu tri nm un; hoc khi no Ngi ging v vic thy r bn cht v thng, kh,
v v ng ca nm un, v.v. thc t l Ngi ang ni n thin minh st (vipassan).

THIN NH (SAMATHA) THIN MINH ST (VIPASSAN)
Tip theo, chng hn, khi c SmaaPhalaSutta (Kinh SaMn Qu) ca DghaNikya
(Kinh Trng B) ni v vic c Pht thuyt ging cho vua Axth (Ajtasattu) v php
hnh ca v T-khu, chng ta c th hiu rng, d l c Pht khng h cp n t thin
nh (samatha) v thin minh st (vipassan), nhng thc t, Ngi ang m t php hnh
ca v T-khu trn hai php y.

THIN NH (ON TR NM TRIN CI)
u tin, c Pht gii thch cho nh vua v vic v T-khu ngi xung ti mt ni thch hp,
thit lp nim trc mt (parimukha sati upahapetv). Sau , c Pht thuyt ging
v cch m v T-khu y on tr nm trin ci:
13

[1] V y t b (pahya) tham i (abhijjha) th gian (loke), sng vi tm thot ly tham i,
gt ra tm ht tham i.
[2] T b sn hn (bypdapadosa), v y sng vi tm khng sn hn, lng t mn thng
xt tt c chng hu tnh, gt ra tm ht sn hn.
[3] T b hn trm, thy min (thinamiddha), v y sng thot ly hn trm v thy min; vi
tm tng hng v nh sng (lokasa), c nim & tnh gic (satosampajto), gt ra tm
ht hn trm, thy min.
[4] T b tro c hi tic (uddhaccakukkucca), v y sng khng tro c (anuddhato viharati),
ni tm trm lng (ajjhata vpasantacitto), gt ra tm ht tro c, hi tic.
[5] T b nghi ng (vicikicc), v y sng thot khi nghi ng, khng phn vn lng l, gt
ra tm ht nghi ng i vi thin php.
Trong nhiu bi kinh, c Pht gii thch rng, nm trin ci gy chng ngi cho nh
(samdhi) v tu (pa). l l do v sao chng cn phi c on tr.
14/B
V chng b
on tr bng cn nh hoc an ch nh (s thin).
c Pht cng m t cho vua Ajtasattu:
15/C

Khi v y qun t thn x ly nm trin ci y, hn hoan sanh (pmojja jyati); do hn
hoan nn h sanh (pti jyati); do tm hoan h, [danh] thn c khinh an (ptimanassa kyo
passambhati); do thn khinh an (passaddhakyo), v y cm gic lc th (sukha vedeti); do
lc th, tm v y c nh tnh (citta samdhiyati).

THIN NH (ON TR THAM U TH GIAN).
Trong Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta), c Pht m t vic on tr nm trin
ci phn ging m u ca bn nim x. Mc d, Ngi ni v T-khu khi on tr ch c

13
D.I.2 (217) Kinh Samn Qu (SmaPhalaSutta).
14
<Xem tham kho/trch dn ch gii
B
, tr.95>
15
S X LY=TNG THIN (JHNA): THN C KHINH AN:
DA
iu ny ni n danh thn (nmakya). V Y CM
GIC LC TH:
DA
iu ny ni n trn lc thn (kyikampi)/tm (cetasikampi sukha). TM C NH TNH:
DA
do bi ph lc ca lc x ly (nekkhammasukhena sukhitassa) (
D
nm trong bc s thin
(pahamajjhnapakkhikatt)), tm c nh tnh bi cn nh (upacra)/an ch nh (appanvasenapi). Sau ,
c Pht m t v t khu tun t chng c bn bc thin. <Xem trnh by/trch dn ch gii
C
, tr.95>


tham v u (ch tham v sn hn), nhng Ngi mun ni v T-khu y sau khi on tr
(having removed) tt c nm trin ci:
16/D/E

[1] y v T-khu sng qun thn trong thn, nhit tm, tnh gic, c nim, khi on tr
(having removed) tham u th gian; (vineyya lokeabhijjhdomanassa);
[2] sng qun th trong th, nhit tm, tnh gic, c nim, khi on tr (having removed)
tham u th gian;
[3] sng qun tm trong tm, nhit tm, tnh gic, c nim, khi on tr (having removed)
tham u th gian;
[4] sng qun php trong cc php, nhit tm, tnh gic, c nim, khi on tr (having
removed) tham u th gian.

THIN NH (QUN PHP - NM TRIN CI)
Tuy nhin, trong phn Qun Php, c Pht li m t vic on tr nm trin ci ca v T-
khu mt cch chi tit thc tin:
17

y, ny cc T-khu, T-khu sng qun php trong cc php lin h n nm trin ci
(pacasu nvaraesu),
[1.1] Ni tm c tham dc (kmacchanda), v y r bit: Ni tm ti c tham dc;
[1.2] Ni tm khng c tham dc, v y r bit: Ni tm ti khng c tham dc;
[1.3] Vi tham dc cha sanh nay sanh khi, v y r bit nh vy;
[1.4] Vi tham dc sanh khi nay c on dit, v y r bit nh vy;
[1.5] Vi tham dc b on dit, tng lai khng sanh khi na, v y r bit nh vy.
V c Pht ging, theo cch tng t, rng v T-khu r bit sn hn, hn trm-thy
min, tro c-hi qu v hoi nghi theo nm cch ny. ( y, d nhin, trin ci u tin l
ng dc tng ng vi tham dc: chng u c quy vo tm s tham (lobbha)).
Nm trin ci khng sanh khi tng lai m ch n s dit tn ca chng bi o & Qu,
nhng giai on trc th m ch n vic on tr nm trin ci v tu tp thin nh ca v
T-khu nh trong Kinh Sa mn Qu (SmaaPhala Sutta).
Do , ch gii Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta) trnh by vic on tr cc trin
ci nh sau, chng hn, hc Php, thin bng hu, ni chuyn thch hp, cng nh thc hnh
thin nh (samatha).

16
D.II.9 (373) MahSatiPahnaSutta (Kinh i Nim X). Trong M.III.iii.5 Kinh iu Ng a
(DantaBhmiSutta) (My-M.3.174-175), c Pht cng ging ging nh vy v cch v T-khu loi tr nm trin
ci, v ri thc hnh bn nim x sau khi chng v tr nh thin/tam thin/t thin (khng th chng v tr t nh
thin tr ln m thiu i s thin, iu ny c ngha l vic tu tp s thin ca v T-khu cng c bao gm trong
s m t php tu bn nim x ca c Pht). <i vi s tu tp trn ca v T-khu, trong Kinh iu Ng a,
xem ch gii
D
, tr.95 > Nh vy, ch gii ca Kinh i Nim X gii thch rng khi c Pht ni v T-khu loi tr
tham/u th gian ngha l lin h n tt c bn nim x, th gian = nm un <xem cc trch dn lin quan ch
gii
E
, tr.95>. DA gii thch rng: Tham = dc trin ci (kmacchanda), v u = sn trin ci, v vi s lin h ny,
c Pht ni n tt c nm trin ci.

17
D.II.9 (382) Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPaha Sutta), DA gii thch rng: V nhng ai c th gio ha
(veneyyna), v nhng php cn phi on tr (pahtabbadhammesu), nm trin ci c nhc n trc nht,
c u tin y (vasenettha). Cng nh i vi qun thn, thin nh m u c dy (samathapubbagam
desit), Cng vy vi nhng li dy xa hn (uttar desan) i vi cc un (khandhesu) v cc x (yatanesu) cn
phi liu tri (parieyyesu), cc gic chi (bojjhagesu) cn phi tu tp (bhvetabbesu), cc S Tht (saccesu) cn
phi thng t (parieyydivibhgesu), thin nh (samathabhvanpi) c tm cu (icchit) duy nht ch v
li ch ca thin minh st (yvadeva vipassanatth).


THIN NH (QUN THN)
thc hnh php tu thin nh (samatha), c Pht m t mi hai php qun thn trong
Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta):
1) Qun nim hi th v, hi th ra (npna), hnh gi c th t n t thin.
2) Qun nim bn cht bt tnh ca ba mi hai th trc, hnh gi c th t n s thin.
3) Qun nim t i, hnh gi c th t c loi nh gn v tng t nh cn nh.
4-12) Qun nim chn loi t thi, hnh gi c th t n s thin.
18

THIN NH (MINH ST NN TNG NH BC THIN)
Php tu thin nh ca v T-khu chnh l s tu tp nh un (samdhikkhandha).
19
Mc nh
su to ra nh sng. nh bc thin to ra nh sng rc r, sng rc v chi sng: l ci m
c Pht gi l nh sng tr tu (paloko). S dng nh sng , hnh gi c th r bit
c sc tt cng (paramattharpa), danh tt cng (paramatthanma) v cc nhn ca
chng. Chng l i tng ca thin minh st: l phm vi thin minh st (vipassancra). Nh
vy trong Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta), c Pht dy bc thin nn tng
ca minh st (vipassanpdakajhna), tc l hnh gi tu tp nh bc thin lm nn tng
cho vic thc hnh thin minh st (vipassan.).
20

THIN MINH ST (THN V TM)
Php hnh ny cng c c Pht thuyt ging cho vua Ajtasattu trong Kinh Sa-mn Qu
(SmaaPhalaSutta) ca Kinh Trng B (DghaNikya). Trc tin, v T-khu t n t
thin:
21

Li na, ny i vng, T-khu, x lc, x kh, dit h u cm th trc, chng v tr vo
thin th t (catuttha jhna upasampajja viharati), khng kh, khng lc, x nim thanh
tnh.
V sau , c Pht m t cch m v T-khu xut khi t thin thc hnh minh st
(vipassan):
22

18
Ch gii MahSatiPaha Sutta (404), gii thch rng, theo Trng lo Mhasiv, Ngi tng thuc lng cc
bi kinh di (DghaBhaka), ging rng chn loi m a m c Pht thuyt trong MahSatiPahna Sutta ch c
th s dng duy nht nh cc mc minh st, qun nim s him nguy (dnavnupassan). Ngi ni iu ny
bi trong bi kinh , c Pht ch dn mt ngi qun c ni thn v ngoi thn, nhng ngc li, khi ngi y
qun s bt tnh nh mt mc thin nh th Ngi khng ch dn nh th. Li ging ca Ngi c xc nhn trong
VsM.viii.178 Lun v Nim Hi Th (npnaSsatiKath), gii ngha rng: Chn mc t thi c ni ti ch lin
quan n cc minh st tr (vipassanaesuyeva) bng php qun s him nguy (dnavnupassanvasena).

19
Trong D.I.10 Kinh Subha (MyD.1.191-197), Tn gi nanda ging v Thnh nh un (Ariyassa
samdhikkhandhassa) l s c phng h cc cn, c c nim v tnh gic, l tri tc, khi loi tr nm trin
ci v tu tp bn bc thin ni v t khu.

20
Trong A.VI.I.iii.9 Kinh Udy (Udyi Sutta) (My-A.2.286), Tn gi nanda trnh by vi c Pht v li ch ca
vic tu tp t thin: Bch Th Tn, mt v t khu x lc, x kh, dit h u cm th trc, chng v tr vo
thin th t (catuttha jhna upasampajja viharati), khng kh, khng lc, x nim thanh tnh. Php ty nim
ny (anussatihna), bch Th Tn, c tu tp, c lm cho sung mn, a n s thng t a gii
(anekadhtupaivedhya savattati).
AA
Thng t a gii l mi tm gii tc l nhn gii/sc cnh gii/nhn
thc gii; nh gii/thanh cnh gii/nh thc gii;.. Su gii tc l a gii/thy gii/ha gii/phong gii/h khng
gii/thc gii; v tam gii tc l dc gii/sc gii/v sc gii (tt c s phn loi ca Thnh v Kh).

21
D.I.2 (232) SmaaPhalaSutta (Kinh Sa Mn Qu).

22
D.I.2 (234), Kinh SaMn Qu (SmaaPhalaSutta). Trnh by on ny, VsM.xii.367-368. Lun v Thng
Tr (AbhiKth) gii ngha iu mt cch chnh xc l bi v n c bt ng, bnh thn ngha l s khng
lay chuyn (acale) v khng c s dao ng (nirijane), vi ng cn khng b dao ng bi php i lp ca

Vi tm nh tnh, thun tnh, khng cu nhim, khng phin no, nhu nhuyn, d s dng,
vng chc, bnh thn nh vy, T-khu dn tm, hng tm n chnh tr, chnh kin
(aadassanya). Nh vy, v y bit (so eva pajnti): Thn (kyo) ny ca ta l sc php,
do bn i hp thnh (ctumahbhtiko), do cha m sanh, nh cm cho nui dng, v
thng, bin hoi, phn toi, on tuyt, hoi dit
(aniccucchdanaparimaddanabhedanaviddhasanadhammo), trong thn y, thc
(via) ta li nng ta v b tri buc.
y, c Pht m t cch v T-khu bit v thy sc v danh tt cng v cc nhn ca
chng bng nh sng ca t thin. y chnh l cch thc chun mc i vi thin minh st
c chnh c Pht m t trong cc bi kinh.
Do vy, ch gii Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta) gii thch l do v sao c Pht
m u phn Qun Php bng vic ging v cch m v T-khu on tr nm trin ci l bi
v mt hnh gi cn phi tu tp nh trc khi tu tp minh st. Bn php tu cn li ca Qun
Php u l thin minh st: Qun php trong cc php lin h n nm un v su x, nh
pht trin by gic chi v hiu thu Bn Thnh .

HAI MC THIN
Nm un v su x chnh l hai cch phn loi c c Pht dng m t phm vi ca minh
st: phm vi cn phi qun bng minh st tr trc khi ngi c th nh tht hiu thu Bn
Thnh .
Mc d vy, v c bn, phm vi minh st lun ging nhau: sc (rpa) v danh (nma).
23
c
Pht cng gi chng l sc thn (rpakya) v danh thn (nmakya).
24
Theo cch , minh
st khng t hn, khng nhiu hn, lun da trn hai mc thin ny:
25/F

chng: Tn (saddh) khng b dao ng bi Bt tn (asaddh), Tn (vriya) khng b dao ng bi li bing
(kosajja), nim (sati) khng b dao ng bi phng dt (pamda); nh (samdhi) khng b dao ng do tro c
(uddhacca); tu (pa) khng b dao ng do v minh (avijj): tr nn sng chi (obhsagata), khng b dao
ng bi bng ti ca phin no (kilesandhakra). Tm s hu tm chi php ny c th hng n vic chng ng
bng thng tr (abhi saccikiriyya), nhng php y c th c nhn thy bng thng tr (abhi saccikiriyya
dhammna), v n (thng tr) l nn tng (pdaka), v l nhn gn (padahna) ca chng.
Ch gii gi l bc thin nn tng ca minh st (vipassanpdakajjhna). VsM.xi.362 Lun v Li ch ca nh
(SamdhinisasaKath) gii rng: Khi ngi tp s hay ngi bnh thng tu tp nh, suy ngh rng Sau khi
xut nh (vuhya) vi tm nh tnh (samdhitena cittena), ta s thc hnh minh st (vipassissmti), vic tu
tp an ch nh (appansamdhibhvan), mang n cho h nhng li ch ca minh st (vipassannisasa) bng
vic l cc nhn gn (padahnatt) cho minh st. V cng tng t cho vic tu tp cn nh
(upacrasamdhibhvan). iu ny c trch t S.III.I.i.5 Kinh nh (Samdhi Sutta).

23
Danhsc (nmarpa) c th ging v mt mu t, nhng khc nhau v mt ngha. L mt chi phn ca php
duyn khi, danhsc thng c ni n l do c duyn l s ng sanh ca thc ti sanh (kit sanh thc). Chng
hn, trong S.II.I.vi.9 Kinh Thc (Via Sutta) (My-S.1.316-317), c Pht m t nghip to ra thc ti sanh
ca chng sanh do bi ngi sng thy v ngt (vui thch) (assdnupassino) trong cc php kit s
(sayojaniyesu dhammesu). Sau , Ngi ging bi chnh do nghip ny: , c s sanh (tp khi) ca thc
(viassa avakkanti hoti). Do duyn thc, danhsc sanh (vipaccay nmarpa), do duyn danh-sc, lc
nhp sanh, Trong trng hp ny danh chnh l th/tng/hnh un. Nhng gii thch chnh xc ging tin trnh
trn, chng hn, trong Kinh DanhSc (NmaRpa Sutta) ca S.II.I.vi.8. c Pht ch ni v s sanh ca
danh-sc (nmarpassa avakkanti): Do duyn danhsc, lc nhp sanh m khng h cp n thc. Trong
trng hp , danhsc tng ng vi tt c nm un c to ra do bi thc nghip (kamma consciousness)
mt kip sng trc. Tng t vy, trong S.II.I.vii.4 Kinh C Tham (AtthiRgaSutta) (My-S.1.324). c Pht
ging v thnh qu ca nghip nh: Ch no thc (via) c an tr (patihita), tng trng (virha).
K n, Ngi ging do bi nghip nh vy nn c s ti sanh, li na, hnh nghip: l ni c s sanh ca danh-sc
(atthi tattha nmarpassa avakkhanti). Ni no c s sanh ca danh-sc, ni y c cc hnh tng trng
(sakhrna vuddhi). Ni no c cc hnh tng trng, ni y c hu mi c ti sanh trong tng lai (yati
punabbhavbhinibbatti). Ni no c s ti sanh trong tng lai, ni y c sanh, gi cht trong tng lai (yati
jtijarmaraa).

24
<Xem trch dn t Kinh i Duyn (MahNidna Sutta), ch thch 87, tr.50>

25
VbhA.vii.363 VedannupassanNiddesaVaan (Phn Tch Cch Qun Th) gii thch: i vi mc thin c
hai phn: mc sc v mc v sc (rpakammahna arpakammahnaca). V iu ny cng c gi
l s phn nh sc v s phn nh v sc (rpapariggaho arpapariggaho). <Cc trch dn lin quan n hai
mc thin, tham kho mc Ch Gii tr.94>

1) mc qun sc (rpakammahna) hay cn gi l phn nh sc (rpapariggaha).
2) mc qun danh (nmakammahna) hay cn gi l phn nh v sc
(arpapariggaha)
Tuy nhin, s m t v thin minh st ca c Pht trong Kinh i Nim X
(MahSatiPahna Sutta) rt tm lc. Bi v chng rt tm lc nn rt d gy hiu nhm.
Nu hnh gi hiu sai li ch dy v thin minh st ca c Pht trong Kinh i Nim X
(MahSatiPahna Sutta), php hnh ca v y s b sai lc. Nu thc hnh sai lc, ngi y
s khng chng t o v Qu.
Do vy, v y l mc ch chnh ca li ta, cn by gi, chng ti xin trnh by v thin minh
st nh c Pht ging trong Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta), bng vic so
snh n vi li gii thch ca Ngi trong nhng bi kinh khc nhau.

MINH ST (NM UN, S TP KHI / ON DIT CA CHNG)
Trong Upanisa Sutta ca Tng ng Nhn Duyn (Nidna Sayutta), c Pht gii thch
thin minh st l s bit v thy nm un, s tp khi v on dit ca chng:
26

Ta tuyn b c s on dit cc lu hoc (savna khaya), ny cc T-khu, i vi ngi
bit (jnato), i vi ngi thy (passato), khng phi i vi ngi khng bit (no ajnato),
khng phi i vi ngi khng thy (no appasato).
V ny cc T-khu, nh th no l i vi ngi bit, i vi ngi thy, cc lu hoc c
on dit?
[1] y l sc (iti rpa), y l sc tp khi (iti rpassa samudayo), y l sc on dit (iti
rpassa atthagamo);
[2] y l th (iti vedan), y l th tp khi (iti vedanya samudayo), y l th on dit
(iti vedanya atthagamo);
[3] y l tng (iti sa), y l tng tp khi (iti saya samudayo), y l tng on
dit (iti saya atthagamo);
[4] y l hnh (iti sakhr), y l hnh tp khi (iti sakhrna samudayo), y l hnh
on dit (iti sakhrna atthagamo);
[5] y l thc (iti via), y l thc tp khi (iti viassa samudayo), y l thc
on dit (iti viassa atthagamo);
Ny cc T-khu, i vi ngi bit nh vy, i vi ngi thy nh vy, cc lu hoc c
on dit.
Qun nm un nh vy c c Pht gi l qun tnh sanh & dit ca nm un (pacasu
updnakkhandhesu udayabbaynupass).
27/G

NH TH NY L CC UN
Trc tin, c Pht ni mt ngi cn phi bit v thy: y l sc. y chnh l s bit v
thy bn i chng v hai mi bn loi sc y i sinh (sc do bn i sanh), y chnh l
mc qun sc (rpakammahna).
K tip, c Pht ni ngi y cn phi bit v thy, y l th, y l tng, y l hnh, y
l thc. y chnh l s bit v thy cc loi thc phi hp vi cc s hu tm ca chng, y
chnh l mc qun danh. (nmakammahna).
28/H
Bit v thy nm un theo cch ny

26
S.II.I.iii.3 UpanisaSutta (Kinh Duyn) (MyS.1.267)
27
<Cho cc tham kho khc nhau, xem ch gii
G
tr.96>
28
Trnh by ca ch gii Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna sutta) (383) ch vn tt, v n lin h n hng
chi tit i vi vic phn tch cc un trong Visuddhi Magga (Thanh Tnh o) chng xiv, , sc tt cng v
danh tt cng c phn tch theo c tnh/phn s/biu hin/nhn gn. Do vy, i Trng Lo Thin S mun

tng ng vi bit v thy c sc thn (rpakya) v danh thn (nmakya); nh tht hiu
thu Bn Thnh .
y, chng ti cn phi lp li li c Pht:
Ta tuyn b c s on dit cc lu hoc (savna khaya), ny cc T-khu, i vi ngi
bit (jnato), i vi ngi thy (passato), khng phi i vi ngi khng bit (no ajnato),
khng phi i vi ngi khng thy (no appasato).
Xin hy nh rng, ngi bit v ngi thy c ngha l ngi bit v thy bng thng tr
nm un: nm un; c sc thn ln danh thn; ngi khng bit v ngi khng thy c ngha
l ngi khng bit v khng thy bng thng tr nm un; ngi khng bit v khng thy
bng thng tr c sc thn ln danh thn.

NH TH NY L S SANH & DIT CA CC UN
Sau khi gii thch rng hnh gi cn phi bit v thy nm un, tip theo, c Pht ging v y
cn phi bit v thy: y l sc tp khi, y l sc on dit, y l th tp khi, y l th
on dit, vv... y chnh l bit v thy hai loi sanh & dit (udayabbaya):
29/I

1a) Bit v thy nh th no m danh php v sc php khi sanh lin tc bi cc nhn qu
kh v hin ti chnh l s bit v thy duyn sanh (paccayato udayadassana).
Bit v thy cc nhn qu kh ca danh php v sc php chnh l s bit v thy nghip qu
kh to ra chng nh th no. iu ny i hi hnh gi bit v thy c nghip (kamma) lc
n c thc hin trong kip qu kh y.
Bit v thy cc nhn hin ti ca sc php chnh l s bit v thy nh th no m chng
c sanh ra bi tm, nhit, v dng cht hin ti. Bit v thy cc nhn hin ti ca thc
chnh l s bit v thy cch n lun ng sanh vi danh-sc (danh m ch cc tm s lun
ng sanh vi thc, sc m ch cn m thc nng sanh, cng nh cnh trn c thc nhn
bit). Bit v thy cc nhn hin ti ca th, tng, v hnh chnh l s bit v thy nh th
no m chng c sanh ln bi xc (mt tm s c sanh do s gp g gia cn, cnh v
thc).
30

1b) Bit v thy nh th no m danh php v sc php ngng sanh khi khi cc nhn qu
kh v hin ti cho s sanh ln ca chng b chm dt chnh l bit v thy duyn dit
(paccayato vayadassana).
i vi trng hp cc nhn qu kh, trc ht, hnh gi bit v thy rng vo lc chng ng
phin no Nit-bn (Parinibbna) trong tng lai th c s dit tn cc nhn a n s pht
sanh danh php v sc php i v lai. Th nh, l s bit v thy rng tt c cc nhn qu
kh b dit vo lc v y chng ng cc un Nit-bn (Parinibbna) xy ra sau (phin no
Nit-bn), y l l do v sao cc un khng cn sanh ln na. iu ny chnh l s bit v
thy s dit ca kh.
31

i vi trng hp cc nhn hin ti, duyn dit chnh l s bit v thy sc php v danh
php do nhn hin ti sanh ngng sanh khi khi nhn hin ti dit: chng hn, bit v thy
mt s dng cht c th to ra mt s lng c hn cc sc do dng cht sanh, sau khi n b
cn kit th khng cn to ra cc sc mi; hoc bit v thy nhn thc khi va sanh ln lin
dit ngay sau , nhn xc cng vy, chng dit ngay khi va sanh ln, th do nhn xc sanh
cng th.

lin h n ch gii ca Kinh i Bn (MahPadna sutta) (63)/Kinh S T (Sha sutta) (78) <nh c cp
trong ch gii
G
tr.96>. < hiu thm chi tit, xem ch gii
H
, tr.98>

29
DUYN/ST-NA SANH&DIT: ch gii D.II.9 MahSatiPahnaSutta (Kinh i Nim X) (383) cp n
li ging ca Tn gi X Li Pht trong PsM.I.i.6 (50) UdayaBbayaaNiddeso (Phn Tch Tr Sanh & Dit)
<xem ch gii
I
tr.98 >. iu ny c lin quan n phn gii ngha chi tit trong VsM.xx.724-731 Udaya-
BbayaaKath (Lun v Tr Sanh & Dit) <Xem cng phn ch gii>.
30
<X/CNH/XC: Xem s m t ca c Pht v su thn xc trong ChaChakka sutta (Kinh Su Su), tr.29>
31
S DIT CA KH: y khng phi s t n Nit Bn tht s (mt loi chng ng siu th); ch l thy s dit
tn ca cc phin no v cc un trong tng lai (mt loi chng ng hip th).


2) Bit v thy mi loi sc php v danh php sau khi sanh ln lin dit ngay tc khc chnh
l bit v thy st-na sanh & dit (khaato udayabbayadassan). chnh l thy c tnh
v thng (aniccalakkhaa) ca sc php v danh php. Bng cch thy tnh v thng ca
chng, hnh gi mi c th thc hnh minh st ng cch, (nh chng ti cp) y l
php qun cc c tnh v thng, kh, v v ng ca sc php v danh php.
l li m t ca c Pht v thin minh st tc l qun s sanh & dit ca nm un
(pacasu updnakkhandhesu udayabbaynupass). Nh chng ti gii thch trc ,
qun s sanh & dit ca nm un ngha l qun tng loi php trong qu kh, v lai, v hin
ti, bn trong v bn ngoi, th v t, h lit v cao thng, xa v gn.
S d c vy l v hnh gi tu tp nh trc , nn v y mi c th bit v thy s sanh
v dit ca nm un theo cch ny.
32

c Pht ging iu ny rt r rng trong Kinh nh (Samdhi Sutta) ca Tng ng Un
(KhandhaSayutta):
33

Ny cc T-khu, hy tu tp nh (samdhi, bhikkhave, bhvetha). T-khu c nh, ny cc
T-khu, nh tht r bit (samhito, bhikkhave, bhikkhu yathbhta pajnti). Nh tht r
bit g?
[1] Sc tp khi (samudaya) v on dit (atthagama);
[2] th tp khi v on dit;
[3] tng tp khi v on dit;
[4] cc hnh tp khi v on dit;
[5] thc tp khi v on dit.
Li na, y, v vic tu tp nh, c Pht mun ni v cn nh hoc an ch nh tc l thin
nh (samathabhvan), nh un (samdhi kkhandha) ca v T-khu. Mt ln na, nh
(un) l nn tng nh cho thin minh st, bit v thy s tp khi v dit tn ca nm un.
Nh c Pht ging trong Kinh Upanisa m chng ti va trch dn, s gic ng l khng
th xy ra tr khi hnh gi tu tp minh st tr trn c danh thn v sc thn.

32
S.III.I.i.5 Kinh nh (SamdhiSutta). Phn ging cng ging nh trong A.IV.I.v.1 Kinh Thin nh
(SamdhiBhvanSutta), c Pht ging: C nh tu tp, ny cc T-khu, c tu tp, c lm cho sung
mn, a n on tn cc lu hoc (savna khayya savattati). S.IV.I.xvi.5 Kinh nh ti vn xoi ca ng
Jvaka (JvakAmbaVanaSamdhiSutta), c Pht tng t ging nh sau: Ny cc T-khu, hy tu tp nh.
Ny cc T-khu, vi nh, t khu nh tht r bit (samhitassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno yathbhta okkhyati).
V nh tht r bit ci g? Nh tht r bit mt l v thng (cakkhu aniccanti yathbhta okkhyati), nh tht
r bit cc sc l v thng, nh tht r bit nhn thc l v thng, nh tht r bit nhn xc l v thng. Phm
duyn nhn xc khi ln cm th g, lc, kh, hay bt kh bt lc; nh tht r bit cm th y l v thng. V c
Pht cng ging nh vy vi tai/mi/li/thn/, vi nh c th nh tht r bit chng l v thng: cng nh cc
i tng tng ng ca chng, theo tng loi thc, tng loi xc v tng loi th do duyn xc khi ln.
Trong S.IV.I.x.6 Kinh nh (SamdhiSutta), c Pht cng ging y nh vy tr vic Ngi ni v t khu nh tht
r bit cc php (yathbhta pajnti). Sau , trong A.IV.I.v.1 Kinh Thin nh (SamdhiBhvanSutta),
c Pht ging: V ny cc T-khu, th no l nh tu tp, do tu tp (bhvit), do lm cho sung mn
(bahulkat), a n nim v tnh gic (satisampajaya savattati)? y, ny cc T-khu, vi v T-khu,
th (vedan) c r bit (vidit) khi chng khi ln (upajjanti), khi chng an tr (upahanti), khi chng dit
(abbatha gacchanti); tng (sa) c r bit ; tm (vitakk) khi chng dit.
gii ngha c nim & tnh gic, A lin h n by nn tng ca nim trong Kinh i Nim X
(MahSatiPahnaSutta): T-khu, khi bc ti, bc lui (abhikkante paikkante), r bit vic mnh ang lm
(sampajnakr hoti)
AA
r bit (vidit)=sau khi tr nn r rng/hin nhin (pka hutv); r bit khi chng
sanh/tr/dit=s thu t cn (vatthu pariggahti) v thu t i tng ca cn (cnh) (rammaa
pariggahti), theo cch , v y thu t ba giai on: Sanh l nh vy (eva uppajjitv), tr l nh vy (eva
hatv), dit l nh vy (eva nirujjhanti).
A
V nh mt con rn b bt bi mt ngi ang i tm rn v nhn ra (vidite) n ni tr n, lc y, ngi vi
tt c ti ngh, bt c n mt cch d dng (gahaassa sukaratt). Cng vy vi s bt ly cm th c thc
hin d dng khi hnh gi nhn ra ni tr n ca n chnh l cn/i tng ca cn (cnh), iu ny dnh cho ngi
mi bt u hon tt i vi c tnh ring (salakkhaato) v c tnh chung (smaalakkhaato). Theo cch
, ba giai on ca th c nhn ra v tr nn r rng (pka). Vi cc hnh cn li cng tng t vy.

33
S.III.I.i.5 Kinh nh (SamdhiSutta) (MyS.2.12). c VsM cp n gii thch v mt trong cc li ch
ca nh.

THIN MINH ST (QUN PHP - NM TH UN)
Nh vy, trong Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta), c Pht m t thin minh st
trong phn Qun Php:
34

Li na, ny cc T-khu, T-khu sng qun php trong cc php lin h n Nm Th
un (pacasu updnakkhandhesu).
Ny cc T-khu, th no l T-khu sng qun php trong cc php lin h n Nm Th
un?
y, ny cc T-khu, T-khu r bit:
[1] y l sc (rpa), y l s tp khi ca sc (iti rpassa samudayo), y l s on
dit ca sc (iti rpassa atthagamo).
[2] y l th (iti vedan), y l s tp khi ca th (iti vedanya samudayo), y l s
on dit ca th (iti vedanya atthagamo).
[3] y l tng (iti sa), y l s tp khi ca tng (iti saya samudayo), y l s
on dit ca tng (iti saya atthagamo).
[4] y l hnh (iti sakhr), y l s tp khi ca hnh (iti sakhrna samudayo), y
l s on dit ca hnh (iti sakhrna atthagamo).
[5] y l thc (iti via), y l s tp khi ca thc (iti viassa samudayo), y l s
on dit ca thc (iti viassa atthagamo) .
Nh vy v y sng qun php trong cc ni php (ajjatta);
hay sng qun php trong cc ngoi php (bahiddh);
hay sng qun php trong cc ni php, ngoi php (ajjatabahiddh);
v y sng qun tnh sanh khi trong cc php (samudayadhamm);
hay sng qun tnh dit tn trong cc php (vayadhamm);
hay sng qun tnh sanh dit trong cc php (samudayavayadhamm).
Hay c nim nh vy, c cc php c thit lp va hng n tr, va hng n
nim.
V v y sng khng nng ta, khng chp trc mt vt g trn th gian.
Ny cc T-khu, nh vy T-khu sng qun php trong cc php lin h n nm th un.
Qun php trong cc ni php v ngoi php ca v T-khu tng ng vi php qun nm un
qu kh, v lai, v hin ti, bn trong v bn ngoi, th v t, h lit v cao thng, xa v
gn, m iu ny li tng ng vi vic r bit y l sc, y l th, y l tng, y l
hnh, v y l thc. S r bit nh vy tng ng vi s hiu thu Kh Thnh .
Sau , khi c Pht ni v T-khu qun s tp khi v on dit php trong cc php, li
na, iu ny tng ng vi php qun s tp khi v on dit ca nm un.

THIN MINH ST (BA LOI T TRI: NM UN)
c Pht cn chia minh st tr trn nm un lm ba loi t tri: Chng hn, trong Kinh Thng
Tri (Abhijna Sutta) ca Tng ng Un (KhandhaSayutta), Ngi gii thch:
35

[1] Ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri sc (anabhijna), khng liu tri (aparijna),
khng ly tham (avirjaya), khng t b (appajaha), nn khng th on tn kh
(abhabbo dukkhakkhayya).

34
D.II.9 (383) MahSatiPahnaSutta' (Kinh i Nim X)
35
S.III.I.iii.3 AbhijnaSutta (Kinh Thng Tr) (MyS. 2. 22).

[2] Ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri th, khng liu tri, khng ly tham, khng t b, nn
khng th on tn kh.
[3] Ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri tng, khng liu tri, khng ly tham, khng t b,
nn khng th on tn kh.
[4] Ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri hnh, khng liu tri, khng ly tham, khng t b, nn
khng th on tn kh.
[5] Ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri thc, khng liu tri, khng ly tham, khng t b, nn
khng th on tn kh.
y, c Pht m t ba loi hng thng t tri (progressive full knowledge)
1)Thng tri (abhijna): y l s bit v thy nm un v cc nhn ca chng bng thng
tr: tng loi sc ring bit trong qu kh, v lai, v hin ti, bn trong v bn ngoi, th v t,
h lit v cao thng, xa v gn cng vi cc nhn ca chng; tng loi th ring bit, tng
ring bit, v.v. qu kh, v lai, v hin ti, bn trong v bn ngoi, th v t, h lit v cao
thng, xa v gn cng vi cc nhn ca chng. y l s r bit phm vi ca minh st
(vipassancra).
36
Loi thng tr ny cn c gi l tr t tri (tapari). N tng ng
vi s bit v thy nm un v duyn sanh & dit ca chng.
2) Liu tri (r bit y bn cht) (parijna): mt khi hnh gi thng tri nm un cng
vi cc nhn ca chng, v y cn phi r bit y bn cht v thng (anicca), kh
(dukkha), v v ng (anatt) ca chng. Chng ta c th gi s thm st ny l minh st ch
thc. Tr ny cn c gi l thm t tri (traapari). N tng ng vi s bit v thy
st-na sanh & dit ca nm un.
3) Ly tham (virjaya), v t b (pajaha): khi hnh gi thm st nm un nhiu ln nh l
v thng, kh, v v ng (nu v y thc hnh ng cch v nu tr minh st ca v y thm
su, v uyn o, v nu v y c ba-la-mt), s ly tham i vi nm un, cng vi s t b
tham i v chp th s khi ln tm thi hay vnh vin Loi tr ny cn c gi l tr t tr
(pahnapari).
Nh vy, hnh gi cn phi tn ha qua ba loi t tri ny: u tin, hnh gi cn phi tu tp
minh st tr trc tip v nm un v cc nhn ca chng, vn chnh l phm vi minh st. Sau
, hnh gi cn phi tu tp minh st tr nhm thm st bn cht tht s ca nm un v cc
nhn ca chng. iu ny tng ng vi vic nh tht r bit nm un cng nh s tp khi v
on dit ca chng. Sau khi thm st v nh tht r bit nm th un theo cch ny, hnh
gi cn phi t b tham i v chp th i vi chng. Li na, ba phng cch tu tp ny chnh
l phng thc chun mc cho vic t n minh st tr, cho s tu tp tu (pa).
37

THIN MINH ST (BA LOI T TRI: SU NI X / SU NGOI X)
Do vy, trong Kinh Liu Tri Ni X (AjjhattikyatanaPariJnanaSutta), cng theo cch
nh vy, c Pht gii thch rng su loi ni x cn phi c r bit vi ba loi t tri:
38

[1] Mt (cakkhu), ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri (anabhijna), khng liu tri
(aparijna), khng ly tham (avirjaya), khng t b (appajaha), nn khng th on
tn kh au (abhabbo dukkhakkhayya).

36
Ch gii cho S.III.I.v.6 Kinh Un (Khandha Sutta) gii thch nm un ny chnh l phm vi minh st
(vipassancra). Sc un thuc dc gii (kmvacaro), v v sc un (danh un) thuc v c tam gii (dc
gii/sc gii/v v sc gii). y ch l cch phn loi m thi, bi v trong ci sc gii cng c s sanh ca sc, nn
chng cng cn phi bit bng thng tr/thng t tr. Cng nh mt ngi ci dc nh ci ngi hay ci tri dc
gii chng t cc bc thin m cc thin y c c Pht chia lm thin sc gii/v sc gii, cng vy, cc sc t
sanh trong ci sc gii c c Pht phn loi l php dc gii.

37
V vy, trong M.I.v.3 i Kinh Phng Qung (MahVedallaSutta), Tn gi Sriputta ging nh sau: Ny Hin
gi, tr tu l cho mc ch thng tri (Abhiatth), liu tri (Pariatth), t b (Pahnatth).

38
S.IV.I.xi.8 AjjhattikyatanaPariJnanaSutta (Kinh Liu Tri Ni X).

[2] Tai (sota), ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri, khng liu tri, khng ly tham, khng t
b, nn khng th on tn kh au.
[3] Mi (ghna), ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri, khng liu tri, khng ly tham, khng
t b, nn khng th on tn kh au.
[4] Li (jivha), ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri, khng liu tri, khng ly tham, khng t
[5] Thn (kya), ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri, khng liu tri, khng ly tham, khng
[6] (mana), ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri, khng liu tri, khng ly tham, khng t
Sau , trong Kinh Liu Tri Ngoi X (BhiryatanaPariJnana Sutta), c Pht ging rng
su loi ngoi x cn phi c r bit vi ba loi t tri:
39

[1] Sc (rpe), ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri (anabhijna), khng liu tri
(aparijna), khng ly tham (avirjaya), khng t b (appajaha), nn khng th on
tn kh au (abhabbo dukkhakkhayya).
[2] Thanh (sadde), ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri, khng liu tri, khng ly tham, khng
[3] Mi (gandhe), ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri, khng liu tri, khng ly tham, khng t
[4] V (rase), ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri, khng liu tri, khng ly tham, khng t b,
nn khng th on tn kh au.
[5] Xc (phohabbe), ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri, khng liu tri, khng ly tham,
khng t b, nn khng th on tn kh au.
[6] Php (dhamme), ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri, khng liu tri, khng ly tham, khng

THIN MINH ST (QUN PHP SU NI X / SU NGOI X)
Cng vy, trong Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta), c Pht ging tr v su ni
x / su ngoi x di Qun Php:
40

Li na ny cc T-khu, T-khu sng qun php trong cc php lin h n su ni x v
su ngoi x (chasu ajjhattikabhiresu yatanesu)
Ny cc T-khu, th no l T-khu sng qun php trong cc php lin h n su ni x
v su ngoi x? Ny cc T-khu, y T-khu:
[1.1] r bit mt (cakkhuca pajnti),
[1.2] r bit cc sc (rpe ca pajnti),
[1.3] do duyn hai php ny, kit s (sayojana) sanh khi, v y r bit nh vy.
[1.4] v vi kit s cha sanh nay sanh khi (anuppannassa sayojanassa uppdo hoti), v y
r bit nh vy;
[1.5] v vi kit s sanh nay c on dit (uppannassa sayojanassa pahna hoti), v
y r bit nh vy;
[1.6] v vi kit s c on dit, tng lai khng sanh khi na (pahnassa sayojanassa
yati anuppdo hoti), v y r bit nh vy.

39
S.IV.I.xi.9 BhiryatanaPariJnanaSutta (Kinh Liu Tri Ngoi X).
40
D.II.9 (384) MahSatiPahnaSutta (Kinh i Nim X)

V c Pht gii thch theo cch tng t rng v T-khu r bit tai v cnh thanh, mi v
cnh mi, li v cnh v, thn v cnh xc, v cnh php theo su cch ny. Sau Ngi
kt lun cng nh trc:
Nh vy v y sng qun php trong cc ni php (ajjatta);
hay sng qun php trong cc ngoi php (bahiddh);
hay sng qun php trong cc ni php, ngoi php (ajjatabahiddh);
hay sng qun tnh sanh khi trong cc php (samudayadhamm);
hay sng qun tnh dit tn trong cc php (vayadhamm);
hay sng qun tnh sanh dit trong cc php (samudayavayadhamm).
Hay c nim c cc php, c thit lp va hng n tr, va hng n nim
V v y sng khng nng ta, khng chp trc mt vt g trn th gian. Ny cc T-khu,
nh vy, v T-khu sng qun php trong cc php lin h n su ni v ngoi x.
y, chng ta cn phi nh li nhng g trnh by trc . D c Pht ni rng hnh gi
cn phi qun php trong cc php lin h n nm th un hay l lin h n su x, nhng
i tng ca php qun khng nm ngoi danh v sc. Chng ch l hai cch phn loi ca
cng phm vi minh st. Do vy nu chng ta phn tch su ni x v su ngoi x theo Chn
Th Tuyt i nh lm i vi nm th un, chng ta cng s c cng mt kt qu,
chnh l danh php v sc php.
41

S hiu bit v kit s ca v T-khu c th sanh khi, v.v. khi mt ni x gp g mt ngoi
x tng ng, lc , v y c th bit c nh th no m cc phin no sanh ln bi s phi
l tc n i tng; v chng ngng sanh khi khi v y nh l tc (kho tc ) n i
tng y, bng thin nh hay thin minh st; v nh th no m mt s phin no chm dt
sanh khi vnh vin khi v y t n o v Qu. Nh vy, y l php qun s tp khi v s
dit tn ca nm th un, r bit chng vi ba loi t tri. Li na, qua php qun ny, v T-
khu nh tht hiu thu Bn Thnh .

THIN MINH ST (BA LOI T TRI: BN NIM X)
Trong Kinh in Pi, c Pht nhiu ln m t ba phng thc ny trong nhiu bi kinh, theo
nhiu cch. V ph hp vi cn tnh ca thnh chng, Ngi phn loi phm vi minh st theo
nhiu cch khc nhau: chng hn, nm un (khandha), su ni v ngoi x (yatana), hay
thn (kya) v thc (via).
Trong Kinh Liu Tri (Parita Sutta) ca Tng ng Un (KhandhaSayutta), Ngi cng
m t bn nim x nh l phm vi minh st qua , hnh gi cng phi tu tp ba loi t
tri ny:
42

[1] y, ny cc T-khu, T-khu tr, qun thn trong thn, nhit tm, tnh gic, c nim,
khi loi tr tham u th gian. Do v y tr, qun thn trong thn, thn c liu tri (kyo
parito hoti). Do liu tri thn nn chng ng c bt t (Amata sacchikata hoti).
[2] y, ny cc T-khu, T-khu tr, qun th trong th, nhit tm, tnh gic, c nim,
khi loi tr tham u th gian. Do v y tr, qun th trong th, th c liu tri (vedan
pariat hoti). Do liu tri th nn chng ng c bt t.
[3] y, ny cc T-khu, T-khu tr, qun tm trong tm, nhit tm, tnh gic, c nim,
khi loi tr tham u th gian. Do v y tr, qun tm trong tm, tm c liu tri (citta
parita hoti). Do liu tri tm nn chng ng c bt t.
[4] y, ny cc T-khu, T-khu tr, qun php trong cc php, nhit tm, tnh gic, c
nim, khi loi tr tham u th gian. Do v y tr, qun php trong cc php, php c
liu tri (dhamm pariat hoti). Do liu tri php nn chng ng c bt t.

41
<GING DANH/SC PHP: Xem cc bng trong Phn Loi Chn Th Tuyt i (ParamatthaSacca) tr. 89>
42
S.V.III.iv.8 ParitaSutta' (Kinh Liu Tri) (MyS. 3. 159)

Chng ng c Bt t tng ng vi s on tn kh au. Loi tr tham u th gian tng
ng vi loi tr nm trin ci bng php tu nh. Liu tri thn, th, tm, v php chnh l php
hnh bn nim x, iu ny tng ng vi ba loi t tri v nm un; tng ng vi bit v
thy nm un cng vi s tp khi v dit tn ca chng; tng ng vi s r bit thn v
thc v s tp khi ca chng.

THIN MINH ST (MT I TNG TRONG MT THI IM)
im ny, chng ti cn phi trnh by li c Pht ging khi Ngi m t php qun l bn
nim x. Ti sao Ngi ni hai ln v thn, hai ln v th, hai ln v tm, v.v.? Qun thn
trong thn (kye kynupass)? iu ny l xc nh chnh xc i tng ca php qun,
n khng b ln ln v c thun khit (asammissato). Thn trong thn c ngha l ch
sc thn m thi (rpakya); sc ring, tch bit khi danh thn (nmakya). Ch gii Kinh
i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta) gii ngha:
Khng c s qun th trong thn (na kye vedannupass), hay qun tm v qun php trong
thn (na kye vedannupass v cittadhammnupass v): nhng ng hn l ch c s qun
thn trong thn (kye kynupass yeva).
Cng vy, khng c php qun thn trong th, qun tm, hay qun php trong th; khng c
php qun thn trong tm, qun th trong tm v.v.
iu ny c ngha g? C th ly ci au lm v d. Theo cch ni thng thng, chng ta
ni rng: Ti b au u gi. Th nhng, theo Php th, au u gi l g? N l kh th
(dukkhavedan), trong trng hp ny, chnh l kh thn (kyikadukkha).
Trong nhiu ni, c Pht gii thch v cch m th thn sanh khi, chng hn, ChaChakka
Sutta ca Kinh Trung B (Majjhima Nikya):
43

Do duyn thn v do duyn cc xc (*) (kyaca paicca phohabe ca), khi ln thn thc
(uppajjati kyavia). S gp g ca ba php ny l xc (**) (tia sagati phasso).
Do duyn xc, c th (phassapaccay vedan).
Trong Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta), khi Ngi thuyt Thnh v Ngun gc
ca Kh, c Pht m t xc c pht sanh do s gp g gia thn, cc xc, v thn thc l
thn xc (kyasamphasso), v th khi ln sau , Ngi m t l th do thn xc sanh
(kyasamphassaj vedan). Nh vy, theo cch ni thng thng, khi ai ni rng, chng
hn, h au u gi, iu ny l bi th kh do thn xc sanh.
Vy th do thn xc sanh l g? chnh l mt loi tm s (cetasika). Chng cng sanh vi
thn xc vn cng l mt loi tm s. C hai loi tm s ng sanh cng vi thn thc.
Thn thc, thn xc, v th do thn xc sanh, tt c chng cn c gi l danh php (nma
dhamma). Nh c Pht gii thch, chng sanh ln do duyn thn v cc xc vn chnh l
sc php (rpadhamma). Nh vy khi th thn sanh khi, iu bao gm danh php v sc
php.
Chng ti s trnh by iu ny khi ni v thin t i, loi thn m , thn thc sanh ln
chnh l thn tnh sc (kya pasda): mt loi sc php ring nm trong th m chng ta gi l
thn thp sc (kyadasakakalpa). Chng phn tn khp thn, v l v sao theo cch ni
thng thng, chng ta ni rng, khp thn, chng ta c th cm gic c s tip xc t
cc i tng xc chm.
i tng xc chm chnh l mt trong ba loi sc: a i (pathavdhtu), ha i
(tejodhtu), hay phong i (vyodhtu). Khi i tng xc chm tc ng nhiu ln trn thn
sng trong ca thn thp sc th m chng ta gi l u gi, s xc chm chnh do ba loi
sc ny, nhng thn thc ch nhn bit mt loi c khuynh hng thi qu trong chng. Khi s
au n v thn sanh ln, l do mt s mt qun bnh: do c tnh cng ca a i thi
qu; do tnh nng v lnh ca ha i thi qu; hoc do tnh y ca phong i thi qu.
Nhng trong cng mt lc, ch c s thi qu ca mt i c thn thc nhn bit. V nh

43
M.III.v.6 ChaChakkaSutta (Kinh Su Su)
(*) cc xc (tangibles): cc i tng (vt cht) c th xc chm-ND
(**) xc: tm s xc-ND

chng ti va trch li gii thch ca c Pht rng, thn thc khi sanh cng vi thn xc v
th do thn xc sanh. l nhng g theo cch thng ni, chng ta gi l au u gi.
Chng ti gii thch cn au u gi theo Chn Th Tuyt i. Nn gi y, chng ti xin
hi hnh gi mt iu l, c phi cn au nm trong u gi? . Cu tr li l: Khng, ch l
cch ni m thi, cn au chnh l th m th l mt loi tm s, l danh php
(nmadhamma). Danh php khng khi sanh trong u gi ca hnh gi, khng trong lng,
khng trong u, v.v. Cc tm s lun sanh ln v ch phi hp duy nht cng vi thc; v
ngc li; thc sanh ln lun phi hp ch vi cc tm s. Tm s kh th(thn au) ng sanh
vi thn thc m thn thc khi ln l do cc tc ng ca i tng xc chm trn thn tnh
sc m theo cch ni thng thng chng ta gi l u gi. Do vy, u gi, hnh gi c th
qun nim duy nht hai loi sc php: thn tnh sc v i tng xc chm.
44
V qun hai
loi sc php ny, hnh gi cn phi thc hnh thin t i di php qun thn. Hnh gi s
thy rng chng c u gi no ht, ch l mt khi cc nhm sc c cu thnh t nhiu loi
sc tt cng khc nhau sanh v dit lin tc. Mt trong cc loi nhm sc l thn thp sc
vn c hnh thnh t mi loi sc. Sc th mi trong chng chnh l thn tnh sc. K tip,
mi l Qun thn trong thn (kye kynupass).
Nu hnh gi mun qun th sanh ln do s tc ng ca cc i tng xc chm trn thn
tnh sc u gi mnh, hnh gi cn phi qun s sanh khi ca th kh (cn au) do thn
xc sanh cng lc vi thn xc v thn thc. iu c ngha l hnh gi cn qun s khi
sanh ca thn thc phi hp vi cc tm s ng sanh trong tin trnh nhn thc cc i tng
xc chm, chng l mt loi tin trnh ng mn (pacadvravtthi), c gi l tin trnh thn
mn (kyadvravtthi). Theo sau tin trnh thn mn l v s tin trnh tm khc (c gi l
tin trnh mn (manodvravthi)) sanh ln, nhn bit cng mt i tng: li na, thc lun
ng sanh vi cc tm s ca n; bao gm xc v th. R rng rng, hnh gi khng th qun
th do thn xc sanh tr khi hnh gi c th qun c cc nhn cn bn i vi s sanh ca
chng, c th l s tc ng ca i tng xc chm n thn tnh sc. l v sao, qun
th do thn xc sanh, trc ht, v y cn phi thc hnh thin t i. Nh vy hnh gi c th
hiu rng Qun th trong th (vedannupass) i hi v y cng cn qun c thn trong
thn (thin t i), tm trong tm (thn thc), v php trong php (thn xc v cc tm s
cn li).
Tuy nhin, nu hnh gi mun qun s thi qu ca a i, ha i, hay phong i u gi
ca mnh nh kh th (cn au), php hnh chnh l Qun th trong thn. Khng c Kinh
Vn Pi no ni v php qun ny bi v c Pht khng c dy loi php hnh ny. Ti sao?
Bi v chnh l php qun mt danh php (nmadhamma) nh l mt sc php
(rpadhamma). Theo Chn Th Tuyt i, iu ny khng th xy ra. N l mt s qun nim
ln ln v khng phi l mt nim x (satipahna); khng ng vi Kinh i Nim X
(MahSatiPahnaSutta).
Tuy nhin (nh chng ti va mi trnh by), ng theo c Pht, hnh gi khng th t n
Nit-bn qua vic qun ch thn trong thn, hay ch th trong th, hay ch tm trong tm, hay
ch vi cc tm s thuc php trong php: v y cn phi qun tt c bn nim x, tt c nm
un, vn tng ng vi danh v sc.
MT CNH CNG
kt thc phn trnh by tng qut v thin minh st, chng ta s ni v UttiyaSutta trong
Kinh Tng Chi B (AguttaraNikya). , c mt du s ngoi o c gi l Uttiya n vn
c Pht v nhng g Ngi tuyn b (bykata).
c Pht tr li:
45

44
CH HAI SC PHP : Tham kho n hai loi sc php lin h trc tip n s sanh khi ca th, c cp
trong li m t ca c Pht trch trn: Do duyn thn v do duyn cc xc (kyaca paicca phohabe ca). Lin
quan n sc php cn c qun di thin qun sc, c thm nm mi mt sc php na cn phi qun, c thy
l nm mi ba <Xem bng Cc Loi Sc Cn Bn thuc Thn tr.57 >

45
A.X.II.v.5 UttiyaSutta (Kinh Uttiya) (MyA.3.412-414)

Vi thng tr, ny Uttiya, Ta thuyt Php cho cc t: h c thanh tnh, su bi c
vt qua, kh u c chm dt, chnh o c chng t, Nitbn c chng
ng.
c Pht thuyt Php cho hng t h c th hng c by li ch. Mi li ch u cng
chung mt ngha: l chng ng Nit-bn. iu tng ng vi s chm dt kh.
Sau khi nhn c cu tr li ny t c Pht, Uttiya li hi c Pht mt cu hi khc:
Nu Tn gi Gotama thuyt php cho cc t ( h c thanh tnh, su bi c vt
qua, kh u c chm dt, chnh o c chng t, Nitbn c chng ng),
thi do vy, c th gian ny (sabbo loko) s i ra khi, hay ch c mt na (upaho), hay ch
c mt phn ba (tibhgo)?
y, Uttiya hi c Pht liu c bi s ch dy ca c Pht m tt c chng sanh chng ng
Nit-bn hay l ch mt s trong h m thi. V sau , cu tr li ca c Pht l nh th
no? Im lng. c Pht khng tr li cu hi ca Uttiya, bi v khng phi l cu hi
(apuccha). khng phi l cu hi do n ph thuc vo khi nim chng sanh (tc )
trong khi li gii thch ca c Pht da trn thng tr ca php chn . Do vy, c Pht tr
li bng s im lng.
iu ny lm Tn gi nanda ngh rng Uttiya c th tng rng c Pht khng tr li c.
Uttiya c th tng rng cu hi ny qu thm su i vi c Pht. iu ny tht nguy hi khi
suy ngh nh vy i vi Bc Ton Gac. ngn li s hiu lm ny. Tn gi nanda ni vi
du s Uttiya:
Vy ny Hin gi Uttiya, Ta s dng mt v d (upama).
Chnh nh v d, y mt s ngi tr c th hiu c ngha ca li ni.
V sau Tn gi nanda a ra v d v mt ci cng cho Uttiya :
V nh, ny Hin gi Uttiya, ngi thnh tr bin a ca vua vi nhng nn mng vng chc,
vi cc thnh ly thp canh vng chc, v ch c mt cng vo (ekadvra).
Ti y, ngi gi cng l ngi sng sut, thng minh, c tr, ngn chn nhng ngi khng
quen bit, cho vo nhng ngi quen bit. Khi i tun trn con ng chy vng quanh thnh
tr y, ngi y khng th thy mt k h trong thnh hay l trng thnh ln cho n mt con
mo c th chui qua.
C th s khng c loi tri kin nh: Qu nhiu loi hu tnh i vo hay i ra thnh ny,
nhng c tri kin nh: Bt c loi hu tnh th ln no i vo hay i ra thnh ny, tt c
chng phi i vo hay i ra ngang qua cng thnh ny.
Sau , Tn gi nanda gii ngha v d ca mnh:
Cng vy, ny Hin gi Uttiya, iu ny tht khng phi l s bn tm (ussukka) i vi Nh
Lai l c phi ton th gii do vy c thot ra khi hay na phn th gii, hay l mt phn
ba
Nhng i vi Nh Lai th ch c [s quan tm] nh sau: Nhng ai c thot ra khi th
gian (lokamh), hay ang c thot ra (nyanti), hay s thot ra (nyissanti), tt c nhng v
y (sabbe te) [ c thot, ang c thot, s c thot]
[1] khi on tn nm trin ci (paca nvarae pahya), nhng php lm u nhim tm
(cetaso upakkilese), lm yu t tr tu (paya dubbalkarae)
[2] vi tm kho an tr trn Bn nim x (catsu satipahnesu supatihitacitt); khi
nh tht tu tp By gic chi (satta bojjhage yathbhta bhvetv),
Nh vy cc v y thot khi, ang thot khi, s thot khi th gii.
Ngi gi cng thnh, bn thn anh ta khng bn tm c bao nhiu loi hu tnh i vo hay ri
khi thnh. Nhng anh ta bit rng bt c loi hu tnh th ln no (con mo, con ngi, con
nga, v con voi, v.v.), c th i vo hay ri khi thnh ch duy nht bng vic i ngang qua
cng. Ch c cch ny m thi, khng c bt c cch no khc. Cng vy, c Pht khng bn
tm c bao nhiu ngi t n Nit-bn. Nhng Ngi bit rng bt c ai (trong qu kh, hin

ti, hay v lai) c ba la mt to ln, c th t n Nit-bn (c th chm dt kh au) ch duy
nht bng vic i ngang qua mt cnh cng duy nht ny, vi hai bc:
1. on tr nm trin ci: Nh chng ti trnh by trc y, chng (nm trin ci) ch
c th c on tr bng hoc cn nh hoc an ch nh (s thin). R rng, c Pht
ni v vic on tr chng trong Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahnaSutta), trong
phn Qun Php lin h n nm trin ci. Ngi ni v vic on tr chng bng nh
hon ton di Qun Thn, mc hi th vo & ra, ba mi hai th trc, qun t i,
v chn loi t thi.
2. Tu tp by gic chi qua php hnh bn nim x. R rng, c Pht ni v php tu ny
trong Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahnaSutta), di phn Qun Php lin h n
by gic chi. Ngi ni v php tu ny hon ton di mi php qun.
46

Theo s gii thch ca Tn Gi nanda, cnh cng dn n Nit-bn ch c hai bc ny. Ch c
mt cnh cng, khng c cng no khc.
47

( y, xin hy nh rng, y l mt v d (upama). Khi Tn gi nanda ni v ngi gc
cng bit bt c loi hu tnh th ln no, tt c chng phi i vo hay i ra ngang qua cng
thnh ny, iu khng c ngha l chng ta nn bn v cch m nhng con chim hay loi
cn trng i vo v ra khi thnh. Chng c th vo v ra khi thnh theo nhng hng khc,
iu ny l ng. Nhng Tn gi nanda ni rng v d c a ra dnh cho ngi tr (vi
puris). Do vy, chng ta phi hiu l v d ca ngi dnh cho ngi tr: chng ta khng nn b
cong mc ch ca n. Tn gi nanda khng c ng vi mt vi chng sanh c th t n
Nit-bn m khng on tr nm trin ci, khng tu tp by gic chi qua php hnh bn nim
x).
Trong Kinh Uttiya (Uttiya sutta), c Pht ging rng Ngi thuyt Php cho cc hng t
h c th hng c by li ch: tt c u c ngha l s chng c Nit-bn; c thot
khi th gian; c nh tht hiu thu Bn Thnh .
Nh chng ti trch dn lc u trong Kinh Chuyn Php Lun (DhammaCakkaPpavattana
Sutta), c Pht ging rng r bit Bn Thnh bng thng tr, c bn phn s cn phi
hon thnh: nm th un cn phi c liu tri, s tp khi ca chng cn phi c t b, s
dit tn ca chng cn phi c chng ng v con ng a n s on dit nm th un
cn phi c tu tp.
Li na, trong Kinh Uttiya (UttiyaSutta), Tn gi nanda ging rng nhng ai hng by
li ch trong qu kh, c thot khi th gian, c ngha l h thng hiu c Bn Thnh
qua bn phn s, h i ngang qua cng thnh duy nht (ekadvra). V ngi gii thch y
nh vy i vi nhng ai thc hnh cc php y trong hin ti, v v lai. Do vy, theo li ging
ca Tn gi nanda, by li ch, s chng ng Nit-bn, nh tht hiu thu Bn Thnh , ch
c th c hon thnh bng vic on tr nm trin ci, theo sau l s thc hnh bn
nim x cho n khi by gic chi c tu tp. Theo Tn gi nanda, khng c cnh cng no
khc: ch duy nht mt cnh cng.

46
Trong S.II.i.6 Kinh Kualiya (KualiyaSutta), c Pht ging: V ny Kualiya, th no l tu tp (bhvit)
bn nim x (cattro satipahn), thc hnh bao nhiu by gic chi c vin mn (satta bojjage
pariprenti)? y, ny Kualiya, v t khu sng qun thn trong thn (kye kynupass) qun th trong th
(vedansu vedannupass) qun tm trong tm (citte cittnupass) qun php trong cc php (dhammesu
dhammnupass), nhit tm (tp), tnh gic (sampajno), v c nim (satim), khi loi tr tham u th gian
(vineyya loke abhijjhdomanassa). V trong M.III.ii.8 Kinh Nim Hi Th (npnaSsatiSutta) (MyM.3.127-
129) c Pht ging mt cch chi tit cho s tu tp ny.

47
Trong D.III.5 Kinh T Mnh Hoan H (SamPasdanyaSutta) (MyD.3.83) v trong S.V.III.ii.2 Kinh Nlanda
(Nlanda Sutta) (My S. 3. 128), Tn gi Sriputta cho mt v d tng t ging v tt c cc v Pht trong qu
kh/v v lai, cng nh c Pht Gotama hin ti u tr thnh bc V Thng Chnh ng Gic (Anuttara
SammSamBodhi abhisambujjhisu), khi on tr nm trin ci, nhng php lm u nhim tm, lm yu t
tr tu, khi kho an tr tm trn bn nim x, khi tu tp by gic chi. c Pht tn thn li tuyn b ca ngi
Sriputta l: Sdhu, sdhu, Sriputta!.

DA/SA
y cc nim x chnh l minh st (vipassan), cc gic chi chnh l o (Maggo), V Thng Chnh ng
Gac chnh l A-la-hn (Arahatta). Hoc, cc nim x chnh l minh st, cc gic chi chnh l s trn ln:
D/S
trn
ln gm nh, minh st v o (samatthavipassanmaggavasena missak).


BN NIM X=NM UN, =TT C.
Nh vy bn nim x l g? Chng chnh l nim c thit lp trn bn i tng ca php
qun (anupassan):
48
thn (kya), th (vedan), tm (citta), php (dhamma).
Chng ta cp n bn nim x tng ng vi phm vi minh st, tc l nm un:
49

1. Qun Thn tng ng vi qun sc un
2. Qun Th tng ng vi qun th un.
3. Qun Tm tng ng vi qun thc un.
4. Qun Php lin h n nm trin ci v by gic chi tng ng vi qun tng un v
hnh un; qun Php lin quan n nm un, mi hai x, v Bn Thnh , tng
ng vi qun tt c nm un.
iu ny khng qu kh hiu rng con ng c nht liu tri nm un, on tn s
tp khi ca chng, chng ng s dit tn ca chng, v tu tp php hnh a n s
dit tn ca chng chnh l php hnh bn nim x. Ngc li, php hnh bn nim x c
ngha l liu tri nm un, on tn s tp khi ca chng, chng ng s dit tn ca
chng, v tu tp php hnh a n s dit tn ca chng. Phm vi minh st chnh l tt c
nm un, tt c mi hai x, c thn v thc, v tt c bn nim x.
Trong Kinh khng liu tri th nht (Pahama APariJnanaSutta) ca Tng ng Su X
(SayatanaSayutta), c Pht ging rt r rng rng tt c cn phi c liu tri bng ba
loi t tri m chng ta va ni trn:
50

Ny cc T-khu, khng thng tri (sabba anabhijna), khng liu tri (aparijna),
khng ly tham (avirjaya), khng t b (appajaha) tt c, thi khng th on tn kh
au (abhabbo dukkhakkhayya).
c Pht ging nhng g cn phi c thng tri, liu tri, v t b? Ngi thuyt ging nh
sau:
51

48
Trong S.V.IV.ii.1. Kinh Chng c (PailbhaSutta) (MyS.3.175), c Pht ging: Ny cc T-khu, khi
thu nhn nim (sati paiabhati) bt u vi (rabbha) bn nim x (cattro satipahne); ny cc T-khu, y
gi l nim cn (satindriya). V trong PsM.III.viii.35 Lun v Nim X (SatiPahnaKath), Tn gi Sriputta
ging nh sau, chng hn, lin h n nim thn: thn l c s (kyo upahna), khng phi l nim (no sati);
nim l c s cng va l nim (sati upahnacaeva sati ca). Vi nim y, vi tr y (ena), v y qun thn.

49
BN QUN ~ NM UN: ch gii Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta) (382) gii thch c Pht
thuyt v qun thn (kynupassan) ch thu t sc un (rpakkhandhapariggahova); Ngi thuyt v qun
th (vedannupassan) ch thu t th un (vedankkhandhapariggahova); Ngi thuyt v qun tm
(cittanupassan) ch thu t c thc un (viakkhandhapariggahova); cng vy, V vy, thu t
c tng un v hnh un (sasakhrakkhandhapariggahampi), Ngi thuyt v qun php
(dhammanupassan) (Hai un c thuyt thuc php qun lin quan n cc trin ci v cc gic chi). Tuy
nhin, qun tt c nm un, Ngi thuyt trong php qun cc un/cc x/v cc . Nh vy, ch gii (382) cng
gii ngha v qun thn l phn qun thun ty thu t sc un (suddharpapariggaho), cn qun cc th v
qun tm l phn qun thun ty thu t v sc un (sudhaarpapariggaho), qun php l thu t c sc
un ln danh un (rprupamissakapariggaha).

50
S.IV.I.iii.4 Kinh Khng Liu Tri th nht (Pahama APariJnanaSutta) (MyS.2.249-250). Ngoi ra, trong
S.IV.I.v.5-8 Phm Tt c L V Thng (SabbaAniccaVaggo) (MyS.2.257), c Pht ging rng tt c cn phi
liu tri (parieyya), cn phi t b (pahttabba), cn phi chng ng (sacchiktabba), v n cn phi thng t
cng vi thng tr (pariparieyya).

51
Trong kinh, c Pht ging: V g, ny cc t khu, do khng thng tri, khng liu tri, khng ly tham, khng t
b, nn khng c th on tn kh? Mt (cakkhu), ny cc t khu, do khng thng tri, khng liu tri, khng ly
tham, khng t b, nn khng c th on tn kh. Cnh sc (rpa) Nhn thc (cakkhuviam) . Nhn xc
(cakkhusamphasso) V bt c th no sanh ln do nhn xc (yampida cakkhusamphassapaccay uppajjati
vedayita), lc th (sukha v), hay kh th (dukkha v), hay bt lc bt kh (adukkhamasukha v), cng
vy do khng thng tri, khng liu tri, khng ly tham, khng t b, nn khng c th on tn kh. Cng theo cch
nh vy, c Pht ging v s on tn kh l khng th xy ra nu khng thng tri/liu tri, khng c s ly tham/t
b tai/cnh thanh/nh thc/xc/th do nh xc sanh, mi/cnh mi/t thc/xc/th do t thc sanh, thn/cnh
xc/thn thc/xc/th do thn xc sanh, /cnh php/ thc/xc/th do thc sanh.

Su ni x (ajjhattikyatana): nhn x, nh x, t x, thit x, thn x, v x.
Su ngoi x (bhiryatana): sc x, thanh x, mi x, v x, xc x, v php x.
Su loi thc (via) sanh ln do s gp g cc x tng ng: nhn thc, nh thc,
t thc, thit thc, thn thc, thc
Su loi xc (phassa) sanh ln cng vi su loi thc: nhn-, nh-, t-, thit-, thn-,
v xc tng ng.
Cc loi th (vedan) sanh cng vi su loi xc: th lc, th kh, th bt lc bt kh,
sanh ln do nhn xc, nh xc, t xc, thit xc, thn xc, v xc.
Ni cch khc, c Pht lm tht sng t s vic l hnh gi khng th i qua cnh cng
mt n Nit-bn bng vic tu tp minh st tr ch trn sc x hay ch trn v sc x, hoc ch
trn su loi thc, hay ch trn mt trong nm un, hay ch vi mt trong bn nim x. Rt r
rng rng, Ngi ni thin minh st i hi s thng tri v liu tri i vi tt c nm un, tt c
mi hai x, tt c bn nim x.
NY CC T KHU, Y L CON NG C NHT
S vic s d hiu hn khi chng ta hc li m u ca c Pht trong Kinh i Nim X
(MahSatiPahnaSutta). , Ngi ni:
Ny cc T-khu, y l con ng c nht (ekyano), a n thanh tnh cho chng sanh,
vt khi su bi, dit tr kh u, thnh tu chnh o, chng ng Nit bn. l Bn nim x
(cattro satipahn). Th no l bn:
[1] y v T-khu sng qun thn trong thn (kye kynupass), nhit tm, tnh gic, c
nim, khi loi tr tham u th gian;
[2]sng qun th trong th, nhit tm, tnh gic (vedansu vedannupass), c nim, khi
loi tr tham u th gian;
[3]sng qun tm trong tm (citte cittnupass), nhit tm, tnh gic, c nim, khi loi tr
tham u th gian;
[4] sng qun php trong cc php (dhammesu dhammnupass), nhit tm, tnh gic, c
nim, khi loi tr tham u th gian.
Nhng iu ny ging nh by li ch m c Pht ging cho Uttiya. Li na, khi loi tr
tham u th gian tng ng vi nhng g Tn gi nanda gii thch cho Uttiya l khi
loi tr nm trin ci.
52

CON NG C NHT = MT CNH CNG
Khi c Pht ni ekyano. iu c ngha l: con ng c nht. Chng ta cng c th gi
l mt con ng. Tn gi nanda ni: ekadvra. iu c ngha l: mt cnh cng.
Chng ta cng c th ni iu c ngha l cnh cng c nht. Bt k chng ta ni l mt
hay c nht, ekyano v ekadvra ngha l khng c php hnh no thay cho php hnh
bn nim x.

Trong S.IV.I.iii.5 Kinh Khng Liu Tri th nh (Dutiya APariJnanaSutta) (My S. 2. 250), c Pht lit k ch
su loi ni/ngoi x, su loi thc, v trong mi trng hp, cc cnh c th c nhn bit theo tng loi thc
ring bit: chng hn: nhng cnh c th c nhn bit theo nhn thc (cakkhuviavitabb dhamm).
SA

Mt khc, iu ny ni n ring i vi cnh sc nm bt c (gahitarpaeva), hoc i vi cnh sc ring bit
nm trong phm vi (ptha gata), khng i vi nhng cnh ngoi phm vi (apthagata): Tuy nhin, y,
n cp n ba un phi hp vi nhn thc (idha panca cakkhuviasampayutt tayo khandh). chnh l
cc tm s phi hp vi nhn thc c liu tri, m chng (cc tm s y) cng cn phi c liu tri = th
un/tng un/hnh un.

52
V vy, ch gii Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta) gii thch rng tham/u tng ng vi nm trin
ci Nvaraa <tham kho phn trnh by/trch dn ch gii
B
tr.95 >


Ni cch khc: Nu ai ni, Khng nh tht qun thn, hay khng nh tht qun th, hay
khng nh tht qun tm, hay khng nh tht qun php, ta s lm chm dt kh au, theo
nh li c Pht v Tn gi nanda, s vic ny khng th xy ra.
53

kt thc phn trnh by ny, chng ta hy xem cch c Pht m t thin minh st nh th
no trong Kinh i Nim X ( (MahSatiPahnaSutta).
CON NG C NHT (MINH ST QUN THN)
Nh chng ti cp, mi hai trong mi bn php qun thn c dng nh l mc
thin nh v thin minh st: l, qun hi th vo & ra, qun ba mi hai th trc, qun
cc i, v chn loi t thi.
54
Hai php qun thn cn li ch dnh cho mc thin minh st:
l qun cc oai nghi i, ng, ngi, bit r khi i ti, i lui, nhn ti, nhn lui, v.v. Tuy
nhin, trong tt c mi bn php qun thn, c Pht ging thin minh st theo cch ging
nhau: u qua bn giai on. Di phn qun thn, Ngi ging:
1. Nh vy, v y sng qun thn trong ni thn (ajjhatta), hay v y sng qun thn
trong ngoi thn (bahidh), hay v y sng qun thn trong c ni thn, ngoi thn
(ajjhattabahiddh)
2. Hay v y sng qun php sanh khi (samudayadhamm) trong thn; hay v y sng
qun php dit tn trong thn (vayadhamm); hay v y sng qun php sanh v
dit (samudayavayadhamm) trong thn.
3. Hay c nim nh vy C thn y (atthi kyoti), c thit lp va hng n
tr (yvadeva amattya), va hng n nim (paissatimattya).
4. V v y sng khng nng ta (anissito), khng chp trc mt vt g trn th gian
(na ca kici loke updiyati).
Nh chng ti s gii thch sau, i vi hai giai on u, c Pht ang m t s chng t tr
minh st cn bn ca v T-khu; i vi hai giai on cui chnh l cc tr minh st cao hn v
chm dt vi qu v A-la-hn.
Trong phn qun th, qun tm, nm php qun php, c Pht ging v minh st qua bn
giai on ging nhau ny. Nh vy, i vi tt c hai mi mt php qun, c Pht u ging
v minh st theo cch ging nhau, v tt c u chm dt qu v A-la-hn. Nhng li dy ca
Ngi rt vn tt, tht vy, rt vn tt. hiu ng n li dy vn tt ny, hnh gi cn phi
am tng trn ton b li dy ca c Pht, nu khng v y rt d hiu sai li dy vn tt ca
Ngi. l l do ti sao chng ti m u li ta qua vic trch dn nhng li ging ca c
Pht v thin nh v thin minh st thng qua cc bi kinh khc nhau.
Li na, theo nhng trch dn v trnh by trn, c Pht ging rng chn chnh on tn
kh au (samm dukkhassanta), hnh gi cn phi hiu thu tng Thnh mt trong Bn
Thnh bng vi thng tr ca mnh, tr thc hnh trc tip (khng phi tr suy lun cc iu
hc ). l:

53
i Trng Lo Thin S thng xuyn c nghe cc tuyn b rng thc hnh thin minh st, hnh gi khng
cn phi qun sc. Tuy vy, trong M.I.iv.3 i Kinh Ngi Chn B (MahGoplakaSutta), c Pht ging: Ny
cc T-khu, th no l T-khu khng bit r cc sc (na rpa)? y, ny cc T-khu, T-khu i vi sc
php (ya kici rpa), khng nh tht r bit (yathbhta nappajnti) tt c loi sc (sabba rpa) thuc
bn i (cattrimahbhtni) v sc do bn i hp thnh (catunnaca mahbhtna updyarpanti). Nh
vy, ny cc T-khu, T-khu khng bit r cc sc.
Trong trng hp , c Pht ging rng, s vic ny l T-khu y khng th ln mnh, tng thnh, thnh mn
trong Php v Lut ny (abhabbo imasmi DhammaVinaye vuddhi virhi vepulla pajjitu) [
MA
ngi
khng th tng trng, tn ha v gii, nh, tu, o, Qa, v Nit Bn
(slasamdhivipassanMaggaPhalaNibbnehi)]. V trong S.II.III.iv.10 Kinh Samn & B la mn th ba
(TatiyaSamaaBrhmaaSutta), c Pht ging rng: Ny cc T-khu, cc Samn, Blamn no khng bit
r (nappajnanti) a i (pathavidhtu), khng bit r a i tp khi (patthavdhtusamudaya), khng bit
r a i on dit (patthavdhtunirodha), v khng bit php hnh a n a i on dit
(patthavdhtunirodhagmini paipada) khng bit r thy i, ha i, phong i tp khi on dit
php hnh a n phong i on dit, cc Samn hay Blamn y khng c Ta chp nhn l Samn gia cc
Samn, hay l Blamn gia cc Blamn. V nhng bc Tn gi y, ngay trong i sng hin ti cng khng c
th vi thng tr t mnh chng ng, chng t v an tr mc ch Samn hnh v mc ch Blamn hnh.

54
<Xem trnh by THIN NH phn QUN THN tr.9 .>

1) Hnh gi cn liu tri v hiu thu sc, th, tng, hnh, v thc qu kh, v lai, v hin
ti, bn trong v bn ngoi, th v t, h lit v cao thng, xa v gn. iu ny cng ging
nh ni rng v y cn phi r bit v hiu thu c sc tt cng v danh tt cng.
2) Hnh gi cn hiu thu v on tn s tp khi ca sc, th, tng, hnh, v thc qu
kh, v lai, v hin ti, bn trong v bn ngoi, th v t, h lit v cao thng, xa v gn.
iu ny cng ging nh ni rng v y cn phi hiu thu v on tn php duyn khi chiu
thun.
3) Hnh gi cn hiu thu v chng ng s on dit ca sc, th, tng, hnh, v thc trong
qu kh, v lai, v hin ti, bn trong v bn ngoi, th v t, h lit v cao thng, xa v gn.
iu ny cng ging nh ni rng v y cn phi hiu thu v chng ng php duyn khi
chiu nghch.
4) Hnh gi cn tu tp v hiu thu php hnh a n s on dit ca sc, th, tng, hnh,
v thc qu kh, v lai, v hin ti, bn trong v bn ngoi, th v t, h lit v cao thng,
xa v gn. Cng vy, khi ni rng v y cn phi tu tp v hiu thu thin nh v thin minh
st.
Cng vy, da trn nhng trch dn v trnh by trn, c Pht mun ni rng s dit tn kh
(dukkhakkhaya) l iu khng th xy ra tr khi hnh gi thng tri, liu tri v t b nm un;
tr khi hnh gi thng tri, liu tri v t b su ni v ngoi x; tr khi hnh gi thng tri, liu
tri v t b tt c. V Ngi ni rng s tn dit cc lu hoc (savna khaya) i hi hnh
gi bit v thy tt c nm un cng vi s tp khi v s dit tn ca chng. Qua m rng,
theo nhng trch dn v trnh by , iu ny c ngha l s Bt T c chng ng (Amata
sacchikata hoti) ch khi v y qun nim tt c bn nim x.
Trong trng hp , tht s l khng cn thit cho chng ti phi gii thch li rng trong
Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahnaSutta), khi c Pht ging v thin minh st, Ngi
ging r rng rng thin minh st th lin h n tt c nm un, c danh v sc.

QUN THN TRONG THN
l l do ti sao, khi c Pht ging v thin minh st di phn qun thn trong Kinh i
Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta), mc d Ngi ging qun thn trong thn (kye
kynupass), v mc d chng ti gii thch rng thn trong thn c ngha ch l sc thn
(rpakya), iu ny khng c ngha l ch c sc thn l cn phi qun: hnh gi cng cn
phi qun c danh thn (nmakya). V hnh gi cng cn phi hon tt php qun th
(vedannupassan), qun tm (cittnupassan), v qun php (dhammnupassan). Nh
chng ti trnh by, hnh gi cn phi phn bit mt cch tht r rng tng php qun mt.
l cch m trong mi trng hp, khi hnh gi thc hnh minh st, v y cn phi tht s
thc hnh qun php trong mi lin h n tt c nm un. l l do v sao, trong Phn Tch
o (Paisambhid Magga), Tn gi X Li Pht ging v thn (kya) m ch n c sc thn
(rpakya) v danh thn (nmakya).
55

QUN THN TRONG THN (BN TRONG V BN NGOI)
c Pht cng ging rng, hnh gi cn phi qun thn bn trong (ajjhatta) v bn ngoi
(bahiddh). y l hai trong mi mt loi ca un. Xin nh on trch dn li ging ca c
Pht rng, s tn dit kh au l iu khng th xy ra tr khi v y liu tri nm un qu kh,
v lai, v hin ti, bn trong v bn ngoi, th v t, h lit v cao thng, xa v gn.
56
Nh
vy, khng qu kh hiu rng, khi c Pht ni mt ngi cn phi qun thn bn trong v

55
<SC THN/DANH THN: xem trch dn ch thch 87 tr.50>.
56
M.II.iii.10 Kinh Vekhanasa (Vekhanasa Sutta), c Pht ging rng: Ny Kaccana, nhng Samn, Blamn
no khng bit v qu kh (ajnant pubbanta), khng thy c v lai (apassant aparanta), nhng t cho
mnh l: Sanh tn, Phm hnh thnh, cc vic nn lm lm, khng cn tr lui li i ny na. Nhng li
nh vy, theo Php, chng phi b bc b (tesa soyeva sahadhammiko niggaho hoti).


bn ngoi, tc Ngi mun ni rng v y cn qun thn trong qu kh, v lai, v hin ti, bn
trong v bn ngoi, th v t, h lit v cao thng, xa v gn.
57/J

QUN THN TRONG THN (PHP TP KHI V PHP ON DIT)
c Pht cng ging rng hnh gi cn phi qun php tp khi (samudayadhamm) trong
thn, v php on dit (vayadhamm) trong thn. Chng ti trnh by ngha ca iu
ny theo Kinh Upanisa.
58
iu ny c ngha l qun php tp khi do cc nhn qu kh v
hin ti.

QUN THN TRONG THN (NHN HIN TI)
Nh chng ti trnh by, cc nhn hin ti i vi sc gm c ba: tm hin ti, nhit hin
ti, v dng cht hin ti. Ch c nhit hin ti v dng cht hin ti th t bn thn chng l
sc, th nn qun s sanh ca sc do tm hin ti, hnh gi cn qun s sanh ca tm hin
ti to ra sc do tm sanh.
gii thch iu ny nh th no, chng ta hy quay li on cc oai nghi (iriypath) di
phn Qun Thn (kynupassan): , c Pht ch ging v minh st. Ngi ging rng:
Li na, ny cc T-khu, T-khu
[1] ang i, r bit: Ti ang i (gacchanto v gacchmti pajnti);
[2] hay ang ng, r bit: Ti ang ng (hito v hiomhti pajnti);
[3] hay ang ngi, r bit: Ti ang ngi (nisinno v nisinnomhti pajnti);
[4] hay ang nm, r bit: Ti ang nm (sayno v saynomhti pajnti).
[5] thn nh th no, v y r bit thn nh th y (yath yath v panassa kyo paihito hoti,
tath tath na pajnti).
Th no l v T-khu r bit thn mnh trong oai nghi ca n? Khi chng ta i, tt c chng ta
u bit mnh ang i, thm ch n con th cng bit l chng ang i.
59
S hay bit bn
chn ca mnh d, bc v p, c phi l tr minh st (vipassanaa)? hay l qun
php tp khi v php on dit trong thn? Lc y, hnh gi ch bit s chuyn ng ca bn

57
DhSA.I.iii.350 LokuttaraKusala PakiakaKath (Lun v Bit Cnh Siu Th) v VsM.xxi.784-786 Hnh X
Tr (SakhrUpekkha) gii thch: Ngi mi thy c ch nm ni un (ditova ajjhatta pacasu
khandesu abhinivisati), qun st chng nh l v thng, kh, v v ng, Nhng do bi ch thun ty thy bn
trong (suddhaajjhattadassanamatteneva), o l khng khi sanh (Maggavuhna), v vy nm ngoi un
cng cn phi thy (bahiddhpi dahabbameva): Cng vy vi cc un khc (parassa khandhepi), cng nh khng
cn b chp th vo cc hnh (anupdinnasakhrepi) (nhng i tng v tri gic), hnh gi thy c V
thng, kh, v v ng. Vo lc hnh gi thu t bn trong (klena ajjhatta sammasati), thu t c bn ngoi
(klena bahiddhti). Thu t theo cch ny, khi s thu t bn trong, minh st ca hnh gi lin kt vi o
(vipassan Maggena saddhi ghaiyati). Cng vy i vi khi thu t bn ngoi. Theo cch tng t, hnh gi
quan st sc (rpe abhinivisati), xc nh sc thuc cc i chng (bhtarpaca), sc y i sanh
(updarpaca), quan st chng l v thng,, nhng bi ch thun ty thy sc nn o khng hin khi, v
vy, v sc cng cn phi thy (rpapi dahabbameva): Do , sau khi xc nh: y l v sc (ida
arpanti), l th (vedana), l tng (saa), l hnh (sakhre), v l thc (viaca) sanh khi (uppanna)
ly sc lm i tng (ta rpa rammaa katv), hnh gi thy chng u l v thng, Vo lc hnh gi
thu r sc, vo lc thu r v sc, v li na, o c th s hin l trong lc hnh gi ang thu t mt trong hai
loi. V khi thu t nh vy: Phm php no c tp khi, tt c php y u c dit (yakici
samudayadhamma sabba ta nirodh dhammanti). <Xem phn ch gii
J
, tr.100 >. Theo cch nh vy, ti lc
hin l (o), nm un cng ng thi hin l (ekappahrena pacahi kkhandehi vuhti). VsM.ibid.787 cng ni
v vic hnh gi cn phi thu t cc hnh khng nhng l v thng m cn l kh v v ng d rng o c th
hin l vo lc thu t mt trong ba tng.

58
<Xem trong THIN MINH ST (NM UN, S TP KHI/ON DIT CA CHNG), tr.11>
59
Ch gii Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahnaSutta) (375) gii thch rng nhng con ch, ch rng, bit
rng chng ang chuyn ng, nhng: Hiu r nh vy khng xua tan c ng chp (sattpaladdhi na
pajahati), khng loi b c ng tng (attasaa na uggheti), v iu cng khng phi l mt mc
thin hay s tu tp nim x (kammahna v, satipahnabhvan v na hoti). iu ny l bi v nhng con
ch, ch rng, khng th thy s i c to ra bi sc do tm sanh, vi phong i thnh u.


chn mnh, hay chuyn ng ca thn th mnh m thi. Mt ln na, khng c tr minh st
no y, bi v v y ang qun nhng khi nim. qun php sanh v php dit ca thn
cc oai nghi bng minh st tr, hnh gi cn phi qun cc Chn Th Tuyt i. Nh vy, hnh
gi cn phi hnh thin t i. Ch khi y, hnh gi mi bit rng sc tt cng sanh ln v ngay
tc khc n dit mt ti cng mt ch. Theo Chn Th Tuyt i, khng c i, khng c ng,
hay ngi, ; khng c bn chn, khng c d hay p, v.v. Cc chuyn ng th khng l g c
ngoi tr l s sanh ln v dit i ca sc tt cng nhng ch khc nhau.
Nhng ch r bit nh vy th khng , bi v hnh gi cng cn bit c iu g khin cho
sc sanh ln ti nhng ch khc nhau; hnh gi cn phi bit s tp khi ca sc i. Hnh gi
phi bit vi minh st tr v mun i ( hng n chn ca h) to ra sc din t thuc
thn (thn biu tri) (kyaviattirpa).
60
Nh vy, r bit oai nghi ny, hnh gi cn phi
bit c s sanh v dit ca mun di chuyn thn: bit mun di chuyn l mt php thuc
qun tm (cittnupassan); tm s khin tm mun i chnh l t (cetan), l mt php thuc
qun php (dhammnupassan). Nhng hnh gi khng th no hon ton bit c tm
mun di chuyn tr khi ngi y qun tt c cc tm s ng sanh: do vy, hnh gi cng cn
qun th v cc tm s cn li khi sanh cng vi mun di chuyn thn: y chnh l qun
th (vedannupassan) v li na, qun php (dhammnupassan). Khi hnh gi ngng
mun bc i, dng to ra sc i; thay vo , n to ra sc ng hay sc ngi, vv.
Cng vy, hnh gi cn phi r bit iu ny bng tr minh st ca mnh, bng khng v y s
hiu bit sai lch php sanh v php dit thn lin h n cc oai nghi. Ch duy nht vi cch
y, hnh gi mi c th qun v tng trng minh st tr v s di chuyn ca thn bi mun
lm vic bt thin v mun lm vic thin no : do bi tm s t bt thin hay t thin.
hon ton r bit cc oai nghi, hnh gi cn qun tt c bn nim x bng minh st tr:
chng c hp thnh bi ci g, chng tp khi v ti sao chng tp khi, chng dit v ti
sao chng dit. Ch khi y hnh gi mi liu tri cc oai nghi, ch khi y hnh gi mi c th thc
hnh minh st trn cc oai nghi. Cng vy i vi s r bit cc hot ng khc ca thn nh
i ti, i lui, ng ti, ng lui, vv. mi l ngha ca s tnh gic (sampajaa) trong
trng hp minh st.
K tip l v hi th vo-ra . N tp khi ra sao? N tp khi do duyn tm mun th v sc
thn vn c c Pht gi l thn nghip sanh. Li na, qun hi th vo ra nhm mc
ch minh st, c bn nim x cn phi c qun; c sc v danh. Bng khng, trong mi
trng hp, hnh gi s khng hiu thu nm th un, Thnh v Kh.

QUN THN TRONG THN (CC NHN QU KH)
Chng ti mi ch trnh by s tp khi v s on dit ca sc do cc nhn hin ti sanh.
Nhng cng c cc sc do cc nhn qu kh sanh, chng dit khi cc nhn qu kh dit. y l
minh st tr ca php duyn khi theo chiu thun v theo chiu nghch.
Cc nhn qu kh cho sc tp khi l g? khng phi l sc. Sc qu kh khng phi l
nhn cho sc hin ti sanh. chnh l nghip lc ca nghip qu kh to ra sc hin ti:
nghip trong mt kip sng to ra sc do nghip sanh mt kip sng khc sau . Chng
hn, s th thai ca mt con ngi chnh l s ng sanh ca kit sanh thc cng vi mt s
loi sc do nghip sanh. Hnh gi cn phi thy r s sanh ca sc do nghip sanh l nh vy,
ngha l hnh gi cn phi qun php duyn khi theo chiu thun. Sau ny, chng ti s trnh
by php qun duyn khi, y, chng ti s ch c th ni v php sanh v php dit thn
c sanh ln do cc nhn qu kh, li na, bao gm lun c cch qun: do cc phin no
(kilesa) kip qu kh (v minh (avijj), i (tah), v th (updna)), bi t (cetan), ngi
tc thnh nghip nht nh, do nghip lc ca nghip y nn khin danh v sc kip v lai
c to ra. Li na, qun c tin trnh ny, hnh gi cn phi qun thc qu kh, th
qu kh, v php qu kh. V sau , qun s dit tn khng cn d st cc phin no
tng lai (lc c A-la-hn), v s dit tn khng cn d st nm un tng lai (lc Nit-bn

60
Sc din t (expression materiality): t ny cng c Sayadaw dch l sc biu tri (intimation materiality),
b y, lm cho
c th ngi c phn ln l khng hiu.


(Parinibbna)), th hnh gi cn phi qun khng nhng sc tng lai, m cn thc tng lai,
th tng lai, v php tng lai.

QUN THN TRONG THN (KT LUN)
Ch bng s thc hnh nh vy m hnh gi mi qun c php sanh & dit
(samudayavayadhamm) trong thn. Ch bng s thc hnh nh vy, hnh gi mi bit v
thy nm un, s tp khi v on dit ca chng; ch bng s thc hnh nh vy, hnh gi
mi t c o & Qu. Theo phn trch dn m chng ti nu ra lc trc, c Pht ging
rng khng c g t hn (m hnh gi) s phi lm. (nothing less will do).
CON NG C NHT (MINH ST QUN TH)
Chng ti xin ly mt v d v qun th (vedannupassan). Trong Kinh i Nim X
(MahSatiPahna Sutta), c Pht ging:
y, ny cc T-khu,
[1] khi cm gic lc th (sukha v vedana), v y r bit: Ti cm gic lc th (sukha
vedana vedaymti pajnti);
[2] khi cm gic kh th (dukkha v vedana), v y r bit: Ti cm gic kh th
(dukkha vedana vedaymti pajnti);
[3] khi cm gic bt kh bt lc th (adukkhamasukha v vedana), v y r bit: Ti
cm gic bt kh bt lc th (adukkhamasukha vedana vedaymtti pajnti).
Khi v T-khu cm gic lc v thn hay tm, v y r bit: Ti cm gic lc th. Nhng thm
ch, mt a b s sinh khi b v m cn bit n cm gic lc th. V n cng cm gic c
kh th, l l do ti sao a b khc. Nhng s r bit ca v T-khu ang thc hnh qun
th c ging s hiu bit n thun m a b cm gic th ny hay th kia hay khng?
61

Ch gii Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta) c gii ngha:
S hiu bit nh vy khng xua tan c ng chp (sattpaladdhi na pajahati), khng loi
b c ng tng (attasaa na uggheti), v cng khng phi l mt mc thin hay
s tu tp nim x (kammahna v, satipahnabhvan v na hoti).
Vy vic tu tp th nim x tht s l g? chnh l khi hnh gi hiu thu tng loi th khc
bit, vo s tp khi, s on dit, v con ng a n s dit ca chng.
Lc , s tp khi ca th l nh th no? c Pht ging nhiu ln, v d, trong Kinh By
Lun im (Sattahna Sutta) ca Tng ng Un (KhandhaSayutta), Ngi ging:
62

V ny cc T-khu, th no l th (vedan)? Ny cc T-khu, c su th thn
(vedanky):
[i] th do nhn xc sanh (cakhhusamphassaj vedan),
[ii] th do nh xc sanh (sotasamphassaj vedan),
[iii] th do t thc sanh (ghnasamphassaj vedan)
[iv] th do thit xc sanh (jivhsamphassaj vedan),

61
Ch gii kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPaha sutta) (380) gii thch trng hp v ci bit ca mt ngi
ang cm gic mt lc th, thm ch nhng a b s sinh cn ang nm nga, khi chng b sa m, Chng cm
gic c lc th v bit rng: Ti cm gic lc th.

62
Trong S.III.I.vi.5. Kinh By Lun im (Sattahna Sutta) v trong S.III.I.vi.4 Kinh Trn Tin Trnh Chp Th
(UpdnaPariPavattaSutta), c Pht cp n su th thn ny, cng vy trong kinh i Nim X
(MahSatiPaha sutta), trong phn Thnh v Ngun Gc ca Kh, Qun Php. Trong S.IV.II.ii.6 Phm
Nhiu th nht (PahamaSambahulaSutta). c Pht cng ging tng t nh vy: Ny cc T-khu, c ba th
ny: th lc (sukh vedan), th kh (dukkh vedan), th bt kh bt lc (adukkhamasukhvedan). Ny cc
T-khu, y gi l cc th. Do xc tp khi nn th tp khi (phassasamuday vedansamudayo). Do xc on
dit nn th on dit (phassanirodhvedannirodho).


[v] th do thn xc sanh (kyasamphassaj vedan),
[vi] th do xc sanh (manosamphassaj vedan)
Ny cc T-khu, y c gi l cc th (vedan).
Do xc tp khi nn th tp khi (phassasamuday vedansamudayo). Do xc dit nn th
dit (phassanirodhvedannirodho).
Do xc tp khi nn th tp khi. Vy xc l g? Li na, c Pht nhiu ln ging iu ny.
Chng hn, trong kinh Su su (ChaChakka) m chng ti trch dn t trc, Ngi ging
v su thn xc cn phi c r bit (cha phassaky veditabb) bng minh st tr. Sau ,
Ngi ging:
63

Khi c ni n: Su thn xc cn phi c bit, do duyn g c ni n nh vy?
[1] Do duyn mt (cakkhuca paicca) v do duyn cc sc (rpe ca), khi ln nhn thc
(uppajjaticakkhuvia). Vi s gp g ca ba php ny, c xc. (tia sagati,
phasso).
[2] Do duyn tai (sotaca paicca) v do duyn cc ting (sadde ca), khi ln nh thc
(uppajjatisotavia). Vi s gp g ca ba php ny, c xc.
[3] Do duyn mi (ghnaca paicca) v do duyn cc mi (gandhe ca), khi ln t thc
(uppajjatighnavia). Vi s gp g ca ba php ny, c xc.
[4] Do duyn li (jivhaca paicca) v do duyn cc v (rase ca), khi ln thit thc
(uppajjatijivhvia). Vi s gp g ca ba php ny, c xc.
[5] Do duyn thn (kyaca paicca) v do duyn cc xc (phohabbe ca), khi ln thn thc
(uppajjatikyavia). Vi s gp g ca ba php ny, c xc.
[6] Do duyn (manaca paicca) v do duyn cc php (dhamme ca), khi ln thc
(uppajjatimanovia). Vi s gp g ca ba php ny, c xc.
Nh vy, trong bi kinh , c Pht ging v su loi th sanh ln do duyn su loi xc.
Trong bi kinh khc, c Pht ging v su loi xc sanh ln do s gp g gia su ni x
(mt, tai, mi, v.v.) vi su ngoi x tng ng (cnh sc, cnh thanh, cnh mi,) v su
loi thc tng ng (nhn thc, nh thc, t thc,).
Chng ti trnh by iu thit yu cho vic qun l ch mt loi hin tng trong mt thi
im, chng hn, chng ti trnh by php qun th kh thuc thn. Nh chng ti gii
thch, qun loi th ny, hnh gi cn qun ton b tin trnh ca n: Do duyn thn
(kyaca paicca) v cc xc (phohabbe ca), thn thc khi sanh (uppajjati kyavia):
Vi s gp g ca ba php ny, c xc. Vi xc tp khi, th tp khi (phassasamuday
vedansamudayo); vi xc on dit, th on dit (phassanirodh vedannirodho).
Tht s khng cn thit chng ti lp li s gii thch ca mnh v qun th, chng ti ch c
th ni y rng qun cc th nh mt nim x, hnh gi cn phi qun tt c su ni x
v su ngoi x. Trong mi trng hp, hnh gi u phi bt u bng thin t i, tc l
php qun th nm trong mi bn php qun thn.
64
Bng khng, chng ta khng th qun
c th khi sanh nng vo su ni / ngoi x. Thm ch vic qun x v nhng i tng

63
M.III.V.6, Kinh Su Su (ChaChakkaSutta): c trch trong THIN MINH ST (MT I TNG TRONG
MT THI IM), tr. .
64
Ch gii Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPaha sutta) cp n ch gii mt kinh trc , D.ii.8 Thch S
Vn (SakkaPahSutta), trong kinh , vua tri Thch hi c Pht nhng cu hi khc nhau v php hnh
ca v t khu, mt trong s l tr bit v th. Ch gii sau gii thch: Trong mc thin v sc
(arpakammahne), c ba cch d nhn thy (abhiniveso): qua ng xc (phassavasena), qua ng th
(vedanvasena), qua ng tm (cittavasena). Nh th no? Vi ai nm r mc thin sc (pariggahite
rpakam mahne) theo cch tm tt (sakhittena) hay chi tit (vitthrena), ln u gp g (pahambhinipto)
gia i tng (rammae) [vt cht] v tm v cc tm s (cittacetasikna), s khi ln (uppajjamno) nh th
xc chm vi i tng (rammaam phusanto), xc tr nn r rng (pkao hoti).
DA
i vi mt ngi khc, vic
thng thc (anubhavant) i tng ca th th r rng, v i vi mt ngi khc na th vic nm bt i tng
(rammaa pariggahetv) v nhn bit (ta vijnanta) i tng ca tm th r rng. (Trong bn ch gii
Trung B Kinh (MajjhimaNikya) ca Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna sutta) (113), phn gii thch ny
c trnh by trc tip phn lun v qun th).


khc cn thng qua thin t i, bi v (chng ti xin gii thch sau) mc d x chnh l danh,
nhng n nng vo cn (sc vt) (hadayavatthu) tri tim chnh l sc.
65
Theo cch
tng t, hnh gi cn qun th khi sanh cng vi thc. chnh l php qun nhn thc, nh
thc, t thc, thit thc, thn thc v thc trong phn qun tm. V ch duy nht qua cch
qun s gp g ca cc ni x, vi cc ngoi x tng ng ca n, v tng loi thc tng ng
vi n, hnh gi mi c th qun c s sanh ca xc, do duyn xc nn th sanh. Nhng,
nh chng ti gii thch, hnh gi khng th ch qun xc v th m thi; m v y cn phi
qun lun cc tm s cn li sanh cng vi su loi thc: bng khng, hnh gi s khng qun
c tt c nm un; hnh gi s khng qun c tt c. Xin hy nh li c Pht ging:
66

Tt c, ny cc T-khu, do khng thng tri (sabbaanabhijna), do khng liu tri
(aparijna), khng ly tham (avirjaya), v khng t b (appajaha), nn khng th
on tn kh au (abhabbo dukkhakkhayya).
KT LUN
y ch l li m u, v th c l chng ti cng khng cn gii thch lm th no m thin
minh st trong phn qun tm v qun php li cng i hi hnh gi phi qun tt c nm
un, s tp khi v on dit ca chng (php duyn khi theo chiu thun v chiu nghch).
c Pht ging v thin minh st theo cch ging nhau trong tng php qun v ngha cng
hon ton nh nhau: php hnh minh st th lun lun ging nhau cng nh i tng ca
thin minh st. n y, chng ti gii thch iu ny theo mt s cch, y theo mt s trch
dn t Kinh in Pi.
Trong mi phn ca bi kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna), li ch dn rt tm tt ca
c Pht i vi thin minh st l khng c g t hn l hnh gi cn phi qun tt c nm un
(tt c bn nim x) nh l v thng, kh v v ng. c vy, trc tin hnh gi cn
phi xc nh v phn bit tng loi php: thn trong thn, th trong th, tm trong tm v
php trong php. Nh chng ti trnh by, trc , hnh gi cn phi tu tp y nh.
V l v sao trong Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna), c Pht dy thin nh di
bn phn ca php qun thn v phn u ca qun php.
Mc d cc li ging ca c Pht v bn nim x (satipahna) khc nhau v mt t ng,
nhng v ngha th chng u tuyt i nh nhau. Nh vy, khi chng ta ni v phn hi th
vo & ra ca Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna sutta), xin hy nh nhng g chng ti
gii thch li ta ny.
Xin hy ghi nh li ca c Pht trong phn m u ca Kinh i Nim X
(MahSatiPahna sutta):
Ny cc T-khu, y l con ng c nht (ekyano aya, bhikkhave, maggo), a n
thanh tnh cho chng sanh, vt khi su bi, dit tr kh u, thnh tu chnh o, chng ng
Nit bn. l Bn nim x (cattro satipahn).
Qua y, c Pht mun ni rng php qun tt c bn nim x u c s tu tp nh i
trc. y cng l nhng g m Tn gi nanda mun ni qua v d mt cnh cng
(ekadvra).
Cu chc cho qu v thc hnh con ng c nht v i qua mt cnh cng n Nit-bn!
PaAuk Tawya Sayadaw

65
< X NNG VO TM CN (SC TRI TIM): Xem trong N TNG (NIMITTA) tr.38 , v ch thch ca bng
Cc loi sc cn bn thuc tri tim tr.58>
66
<c trch dn v trnh by di phn BN NIM X= NM UN, = TT C, tr.22>

KINH I NIM X (MC HI TH VO & RA)
LI GII THIU
67

Ny cc T-khu, y l con ng c nht, a n thanh tnh cho chng sanh, vt khi
su bi, dit tr kh u, thnh tu chnh o, chng ng Nit bn. l Bn nim x (cattro
satipahn). Th no l bn? Ny cc T-khu, y, v T-khu,
[1] sng qun thn trong thn (kye kynupass), nhit tm, tnh gic, c nim, khi loi
tr tham u th gian;
[2] sng qun th trong th (vedansu vedannupass), nhit tm, tnh gic, c nim, khi
loi tr tham u th gian;
[3] sng qun tm trong tm (citte cittnupass), nhit tm, tnh gic, c nim, khi loi tr
tham u th gian;
[4] sng qun php trong cc php (dhammesu dhammnupass), nhit tm, tnh gic, c
nim, khi loi tr tham u th gian.
THIN NH
68

V ny cc T-khu, th no l T-khu sng qun thn trong thn (kye kynupass
viharati)?
Ny cc T-khu, y, T-khu i n khu rng, i n gc cy, hay i n mt ni vng v
v ngi kit gi, lng thng v thit lp nim trc mt (parimukha sati upahapetv).
Tnh gic, v y th v (satova assasati); tnh gic, v y th ra (satova passasati).
[1] Khi th v di, v y r bit: Ti th v di (dgha assasmi);
Khi th ra di, v y r bit: Ti th ra di (dgha passasmi).
[2] Khi th v ngn, v y r bit: Ti th v ngn (rassa assasmi);
Khi th ra ngn, v y r bit: Ti th ra ngn (rassa passasmi).
[3] Cm gic ton thn (sabbakyapaisaved), Ti s th vo (assasissmi): V y tp
nh vy.
Cm gic ton thn (sabbakyapaisaved), Ti s th ra (passasissmi): V y tp nh
vy.
[4] An tnh ton thn hnh (passambhaya kyasakhra), Ti s th vo (assasissmi):
V y tp nh vy.
An tnh ton thn hnh (passambhaya kyasakhra), Ti s th ra (passasissmi): V
y tp nh vy.
Ny cc T-khu, nh ngi th quay hay hc tr ngi th quay thin xo khi quay di, r
bit: Ti quay di hay khi quay ngn, r bit: Ti quay ngn.
Cng vy, ny cc T-khu,
[1]th v di, r bit: Ti th v di (dgha assasmi);
th ra di, r bit: Ti th ra di (dgha passasmi);
th ra ngn, r bit: Ti th ra ngn (rassa passasmi);
[2] th v ngn, r bit: Ti th v ngn (rassa assasmi).
[3] Cm gic ton thn (sabbakyapaisaved), Ti s th vo (assasissmi): V y tp
nh vy.

67
D.II.9 (373)/M.I.i.10 (106) MahSatiPahnaSutta (Kinh i Nim X) (My-D.2.231/M.1.70)
68
D.II.9 (374)/M.I.i.10 (107) MahSatiPahnaSutta (Kinh i Nim X) (MyD.2.231-232/M.1.70-71).

Cm gic ton thn (sabbakyapaisaved), Ti s th ra (passasissmi): V y tp nh
vy.
[4] An tnh ton thn hnh (passambhaya kyasakhra), Ti s th vo (assasissmi):
V y tp nh vy.
An tnh ton thn hnh (passambhaya kyasakhra), Ti s th ra (passasissmi): V
y tp nh vy.

THIN MINH ST
69

THIN MINH ST: BC U
[1. 1] Nh vy, v y sng, qun thn trn ni thn (ajjhata),
[1. 2] hay sng qun thn trn ngoi thn (bahiddh);
[1. 3] hay sng qun thn trn c ni thn, ngoi thn (ajjhatabahiddh);
THIN MINH ST: BC HAI
[2.1] hay v y sng qun php sanh khi (samudayadhamm) trong thn;
[2.2] hay sng qun tnh dit tn (vayadhamm) trong thn;
[2.3] hay sng qun tnh sanh dit (samudayavayadhamm) trong thn.
THIN MINH ST: BC BA
[3] hay v y c nim nh vy C thn y (atthi kyoti) c thit lp va hng n tr
(yvadeva amattya), va hng n nim (paissatimattya).
THIN MINH ST: BC BN
[4] V v y sng khng nng ta (anissito), khng chp trc vt g trn th gian (na ca
kici loke updiyati).
KT LUN
Ny cc T-khu, nh vy T-khu sng qun thn trong thn (kye kynupass viharati).

69
D.II.9 (374)/M.I.i.10 (107) MahSatiPahnaSutta (Kinh i Nim X) (MyD.2.232/M.1.71)

LI GII THIU
By gi chng ti xin tm tt ngha cng vi phng cch thc hnh tng giai on mt theo
Mc Nim Hi Th ca Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta).
Trong li ta, chng ta ni v bn phn s m hnh gi cn phi hon thnh theo nh li
c Pht chng ng Nit-bn.
70

1. Thnh v Kh cn phi c nh tht hiu thu: iu ny mun ni nm th un cn
phi c liu tri.
2. Thnh v Ngun Gc ca Kh cn phi c nh tht hiu thu: iu ny mun ni
php duyn khi theo chiu thun cn phi c nh tht hiu thu.
3. Thnh v Kh Dit cn phi c nh tht hiu thu: iu ny mun ni php duyn
khi theo chiu nghch cn phi c nh tht hiu thu.
4. Thnh v Con ng a n Kh Dit cn phi c nh tht hiu thu: iu ny
mun ni thin nh v thin minh st cn phi c tu tp.
Nh chng ti ni li ta, theo c Pht, ch c mt con ng c nht thnh tu bn
phn s. Ngi ging iu ny li m u ca Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta)
nh sau:
Ny cc T-khu, y l con ng c nht, a n thanh tnh cho chng sanh, vt khi
su bi, dit tr kh u, thnh tu chnh o, chng ng Nit bn. l Bn Nim X (cattro
satipahn).
Nh chng ti trnh by li ta, trong Kinh Uttiya (Uttiya sutta) ca Kinh Tng Chi B
(AguttaraNikya), Tn gi nanda gii ngha v ch mt cnh cng (ekadvra) n Nit-bn
chnh l bn php qun:
71

Bn nim x chnh l bn php qun:
1) Qun thn (kynupassan)
2) Qun th (vedannupassan)
3) Qun tm (cittnupassan)
4) Qun php (dhammnupassan)
Theo nh c Pht, bn php qun ny gp chung li chnh l con ng c nht thng
t nm un, con ng c nht dit tr duyn sanh nm th un, con ng c nht
chng ng s dit tn nm th un, chnh l thin nh (samatha) v thin minh st
(vipassan).
Theo ch gii MahSatiPahna Sutta
72
, bn php qun ny chnh l o l m u ca bn
nim x (pubbabhgasatipahnamaggo): m u s khi sanh ca Thnh o Tm Ngnh
siu th.
iu ny c ngha l g? chnh l php hnh ca bn nim x (php hnh thin nh v
thin minh st), l s tu tp tm chi phn ca Thnh o Tm Ngnh. Khi thc hnh thin
nh, tm chi phn ny ly mc thin nh ca hnh gi lm i tng, chng hn, hi th.
chnh l nh hip th.
Sau khi tu tp thin nh n mc cn nh hay an ch nh, k n, hnh gi cn s dng nh
lc khai trin thin minh st. Khi tu tp minh st, tm chi phn ca Thnh o Tm
Ngnh ly mc thin minh st lm i tng: trong giai on u tin ny chnh l nm th
un v cc nhn ca chng, hoc l sc php hoc l danh php; trong giai on th hai v th
ba chnh l mt trong ba tng trng hoc v thng, hoc kh, hoc l v ng ca sc php
hay danh php. Li na, l minh st hip th.

70
<Xem trong BN PHN S CN PHI HON THNH tr.1.>
71
<Xem trong MT CNH CNG, tr.20 .>
72
DA.II.9 (373) MahSatiPahnaSuttaVaan (Ch gii Kinh i Nim X) (MyDA.II.336-337)

Nu tr minh st hip th ca hnh gi tr nn chn mi, Thnh o Tm Ngnh siu th (nh
siu th v minh st siu th) s khi sanh. N ly Nit-bn lm i tng. l cch m bn
nim x l con ng c nht lm khi sanh Thnh o Tm Ngnh siu th.
By gi chng ti s ni tm lc ngha v cch thc hnh theo Mc Nim Hi Th ca Kinh
i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta) tng giai on mt, theo ch gii, Thanh Tnh o v
S Gii Mahik ca n, v nhng vn bn khc trong Tam Tng Kinh (TiPiaka): u tin l
mc thin nh v sau l mc thin minh st.
THIN NH
(Trch Mc Hi Th V & Ra Ca MahSatiPahna Sutta)
73

TNH GIC V Y TH VO, TNH GIC V Y TH RA
Trong mc Nim Hi Th ca Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta), c Pht m u
bi kinh bng tr x tu thin ca v T-khu, v cch v y ngi xung hnh thin:
V th no, ny cc T-khu, v T-khu sng qun thn trong thn (kye kynupass
viharati)? Ny cc T-khu, y, T-khu i n khu rng, i n gc cy, hay i n mt
ni vng v v ngi kit gi, lng thng v thit lp nim [trn hi th] trc mt
(parimukha sati upahapetv).
Tnh gic v y th v (satova assasati); tnh gic v y th ra (satova passasati).
y chnh l npnassati (nim hi th): php thin ly hi th vo v ra (npna) lm i
tng cho s tu tp bc thin (jhna).
bt u hnh thin, hnh gi nn ngi mt t th tht thoi mi, v c gng r bit hi
th khi n i vo v i ra khi thn qua hai l mi. Ch r bit hi th ti ni r rng nht,
hi th pht chm ti vng mi trn hay ti mt ni no xung quanh hai l mi. Chng ta
gi ni l im xc chm (phuhoksa): l im m hnh gi cm nhn hi th i ra hay
vo hai l mi. Ch r bit hi th im xc chm.
nh tm trn hi th theo cch ny, khng ngh n bt c iu g khc: ch hi th m thi.
Nu hnh gi thng xuyn b phng tm, hnh gi c th gi tm trn hi th bng cch ghi
nhn: khi bit hi th vo - ra, ghi nhn n l: ang th vo ang th ra, ang th vo
ang th ra, hoc, vo ra, vo ra,

BN KH KHN IN HNH
Thc hnh theo cch ny, mt vi hnh gi gp phi mt s kh khn. C bn kh khn in
hnh l:
1. bng mt: khng nn dng mt nhn hi th. Nu hnh gi lm
vy, mt ca hnh gi s b mt, v b cng gng xung quanh mt, xung quanh mt v
u. Do vy, xin lun tp trung trn hi th ch vi tm m thi.
2. i theo hi th vo bn trong l mi: khi nh ci thin, hi th s tr nn vi t. y l
iu t nhin. V vo lc y, hi th s tr nn r rng hn bn trong l mi. Nhng
ci tht s tr nn r rng hn bn trong mi ch l c tnh y ca phong i. Nu
hnh gi i theo hi th vo bn trong mi, v ch tm n c tnh y ca phong i
lu, nh vy th c tnh cng ca a i, v c tnh kt dnh ca thy i cng s tr
nn r rng hn. Thay v nh tm trn hi th, hnh gi li ch tm n ba c tnh:
y, cng, v kt dnh ca t i. Trong trng hp nh vy, hnh gi khng cn hnh
thin nim hi th (npnassati) na, m li l thin t i. Nu hnh gi hnh thin
t i theo cch , ton b mt hay u ca hnh gi dn dn tr nn ngy cng cng
cng hn. Sau , bt c khi no hnh gi nhm mt li hnh thin, th hnh gi li
i mt vi nhiu s cng cng. Do vy, khi hi th tr nn vi t, hnh gi khng nn i

73
D.II.9 (374)/M.I.i.10 (107) MahSatiPahnaSutta (Kinh i Nim X) (MyD.2.231-232/M.1.70-71).

theo hi th vo bn trong mi ch bi hi th r rng hn trong . Xin hy ch hi
th l mi hay vng mi trn tr li r rng.
3. Tp trung qu nhiu trn da: khng nn tp trung qu nhiu vo vng da hai l mi
hay mi trn. Ti sao khng nn? Bi v qua vic tp trung qu nhiu trn da th hnh
gi s li tp trung vo cc c tnh t i ca da thay v l hi th. Li na, php thin
ca hnh gi s chuyn thnh thin t i, trch khi npnassati (nim hi th).
4. Nghin rng: Trong lc nh tm su trn hi th, hnh gi c th v nghin rng li.
Nu vy th hnh gi s li gp phi nhiu s cng gng trn mt. Do vy, xin hy gi
hai hm c cht t khong cch.
Nu hnh gi chc chn rng mnh khng b vng phi bn kh khn ny, v ch tp trung
mt cch nh tnh trn hi th vo - ra, khng tm i lang thang, c vy, hnh gi s c
th pht trin v hon thin nh ca mnh.
chnh l ngha trong li dn nhp ca c Pht:
y, ny cc T-khu, T-khu (i n khu rng, i n gc cy, hay i n mt ni vng
v), kit gi, lng thng v thit lp nim [trn hi th vo&ra] trc mt.
Tnh gic v y th vo (satova assasati); tnh gic v y th ra (satova passasati).
Sau khi nh tm trn hi th theo cch ny trong vng t nht na ting, hnh gi nn tip tc
bc u tin v bc th hai ca thin tp: r bit hi th di hay ngn.
TH VO DI, TH VO NGN
[1] th v di, r bit: Ti th v di (dgha assasmi);
th ra di, r bit: Ti th ra di (dgha passasmi);
[2] th v ngn, r bit: Ti th v ngn (rassa assasmi);
th ra ngn, r bit: Ti th ra ngn (rassa passasmi).
y, th vo di v th vo ngn khng m ch n chiu di bng feet hay bng inches, m
l chiu di thi gian: khong thi gian ca hi th: chng mc (lu/mau) ca hi th
(addhna), hnh gi cn phi hiu nh vy.
74
Li na, ch c r bit hi th ni im xc
chm.
75

Hnh gi nn t mnh quyt nh khong thi gian th no th mnh s gi l di hay ngn.
Hnh gi s nhn thy rng khong thi gian ca hi th th i khi di, i khi ngn. Tt c
nhng g hnh gi phi lm trong giai on ny l ch hay bit m thi. Xin ng ch nh
vy, V-ra-di, v-ra-ngn: ch bit l: V-ra, v tnh gic trn hi th bt k n di hay
ngn, i khi hi th c th l di trong sut thi ngi, v i khi ngn, nhng hnh gi khng
c c lm hi th di ra hay ngn li.

NGI TH QUAY THIN XO HAY HC TR NGI TH QUAY
din t s r bit v hi th di v ngn ca v T-khu, c Pht dng v d v ngi th
quay (bhamakro):
Ny cc T-khu, nh ngi th quay hay hc tr ngi th quay thin xo khi quay di, r
bit: Ti quay di hay khi quay ngn, r bit: Ti quay ngn. Cng vy, ny cc T-khu,
[1] th v di, r bit: Ti th v di (dgha assasmi);
th ra di, r bit: Ti th ra di (dgha passasmi).
[2] th v ngn, r bit: Ti th v ngn (rassa assasmi);
th ra ngn, r bit: Ti th ra ngn (rassa passasmi).

74
VsM.viii.219 Lun v Nim Hi Th (npnaSsatiKath) (My1.263) gii thch di ca hi th c th hoc
thuc v khng gian hoc biu th cho thi gian. VsM.ibid. (My1.320) gii thch iu ch c xem nh chng
mc thi gian.
75
<CH IM XC CHM: Xem trch dn t Thanh Tnh o trong Cm Gic Ton Thn Hi Th tr. 40.>

N TNG (NIMITTA)
Khi hnh gi hnh thin trn hi th di v hi th ngn theo cch ny, nimitta c th sanh
khi. Nimitta l g? bit nimitta l g, u tin hnh gi cn phi hiu i cht v sc v
danh: vt cht v thc. Vt cht c hnh thnh t cc ht h nguyn t m kinh in Pi
gi l rpakalpa hoc ni ngn gn l kalpa. Rpa ngha l sc, v kalpa ngha l nhm
(hay bn/hay tng hp), v n l mt nhm ca cc sc tt cng. V d, mt nhm tm sc
chnh l mt nhm gm tm loi sc: a i, thy i, ha i, phong i, mu, mi, v, v
dng cht. Danh khi sanh cng theo cch tng t, chng l cc chui tin trnh tm c
hnh thnh t cc loi tm khc nhau vi cc tm s ca chng. V (nh chng ti trnh by
li ta), trong th gii loi ngi, danh nng vo sc m sanh ln:
76

1) Nhn thc khi sanh nng vo mt v cc cnh sc.
2) Nh thc khi sanh nng vo tai v cc cnh thanh.
3) T thc khi sanh nng vo mi v cc cnh mi.
4) Thit thc khi sanh nng vo li v cc cnh v.
5) Thn thc khi sanh nng vo thn v cc cnh xc.
6) thc khi sanh nng vo mt loi sc trong tri tim, m chng ta cn gi l tm c
(sc vt). Vo lc khi sanh hu ht cc loi tm nng vo sc vt th c s sn sanh
ra v s cc nhm sc do tm sanh.
Khi nim hi th (npna-ssati) c tu tp, nh s tr nn thm su, tm nh s to ra v
s cc th h nhm sc do tm sanh lan ta khp thn. V do bi nh, tt c nhng nhm sc
do tm sanh rc r v chi sng: chnh l mu ca chng. Li na, ha i (tejodhtu)
ca cc nhm sc do tm sanh ny cng to ra v s cc nhm sc do nhit sanh. Chng lan
ta khp ni khng nhng bn trong m cn bn ngoi thn. Chng cng rc r v chi sng.
S rc r v chi sng ca v s cc kalpa do tm sanh v v s cc kalpa do nhit sanh to
ra nh sng ca tr tu v n tng ca hi th (npna nimitta). Tng hi th (npna
nimitta) chnh l i tng ca bc thin hi th, v n cng xut hin trc khi hnh gi
chng t bc thin. V n cng l nh sng gii thch cho mu da v cc cn ca hnh gi tu
tp nh su cho n bc thin tr nn sng sa v rng r.
Khi tu tp thin t i, hnh gi s c th thy rng nimitta khng l g khc ngoi mt khi
cc nhm sc do tm sanh v do thi tit sanh rc r v chi sng.

CC LOI NIMITTA KHC NHAU
Nimitta xut hin khc nhau vi nhng ngi khc nhau l do tng khc bit trong mc
nim hi th (npnassati). l l do v sao nhng hnh gi khc nhau c th c nhng
hnh dng v mu sc ca nimitta khc nhau. i vi mt s ngi nimitta trong sch v thun
khit nh bng gn hoc s bng c ko di ra, hay nh gi chuyn ng hoc gi la, cng
c th l mt th nh sng rc r nh sao mai, mt vin ngc hay hng ngc chi sng, hoc
mt vin ngc trai chi sng. i vi nhng ngi khc th n li ging nh thn cy bng,
hoc mt cc g nhn. i vi nhng ngi khc na, n ging nh mt si dy hay di bng
di, mt vng hoa, mt lung khi, mt mng nhn, mt mn sng m, mt a sen, mt
bnh xe, mt mt trng hay mt tri,
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, mt ln khi xm l parikammanimitta (chun b tng). Khi n
tr nn trng nh bng gn th l uggahanimitta (hc tng). Hai loi tng ny thng
c hay m. Tuy nhin, khi nh pht trin, chng tr nn sng chi, lp lnh v trong sch
nh sao mai: chnh l paibhganimitta (t tng). T tng ny l i tng ca bc thin
v mc nh thm su i trc bc thin. Nhng m thanh khng phi l tng ca bc thin
hi th. Ch duy nht t tng (paibhganimitta) mi l tng ca bc thin hi th
(npna jhna).

76
<DANH KHI SANH NNG VO SC: Xem trch dn t ChaChakka sutta (Kinh Su Su), tr.18 , v ch thch
ca bng Cc loi sc cn bn thuc tri tim tr.58 .>

Loi tng ny c th xut hin khi hnh gi nh tm trn hi th di v hi th ngn, v nh
c ci thin. Nhng nu hnh gi c th tp trung mt cch nh tnh trn hi th di v hi
th ngn khong mt ting, m nimitta khng xut hin, hnh gi nn chuyn sang bc ba:
cm gic ton thn hi th.
CM GIC TON THN HI TH
[3] Cm gic ton thn (sabbakyapaisaved), Ti s th vo (assasissmi): V y
tp nh vy.
Cm gic ton thn (sabbakyapaisaved), Ti s th ra (passasissmi): V y tp
nh vy.
y, ton thn m ch ton thn ca hi th, khng phi ton thn ngi t u ti chn.
77

Cm gic ton thn c ngha l hnh gi hiu bit ton b hi th vo v hi th ra t khi
u, n on gia, v n on cui. V hnh gi ch hay bit hi th im xc chm: l
mi hay mi trn m thi.
Hi th khng l g khc ngoi mt khi cc nhm sc do tm sanh gm chn loi sc (rpa):
a i, thy i, ha i, phong i, mu, mi, v, dng cht, v m thanh ca hi th.
Nhng nhm sc lun lun khi sanh nh l mt thn, l l do v sao chng c gi l
thn (kya).
78

Nh vy, tht quan trng khng hiu sai li dy ny ca c Pht. Mc d c Pht ging
hnh gi nn cm gic ton thn, iu ny c ngha l hnh gi nn cm gic ton thn hi th
ch im xc chm. Thanh Tnh o ni nh sau:
79

Phuhaphuhokse pana sati thapetv bhventasseva bhvan sampajjati.
Nhng thin tp ca v y thnh tu (bhvan sampajjati) ch khi s tu tp (hi th) ca v y
c c nh vi nim (sati hapetv) trn s xc chm (phuha) ngay ti im xc chm
(phuhokse).
Hnh gi phi t nim trn hi th vo & ra lc hnh gi cm gic n ch ti im xc chm:
khng u khc: ch ti l mi hay vng mi trn. l cch duy nht m hnh gi c th
tu thin t n bc thin.
Nu hnh gi r bit mt cch nh tnh trn hi th vo & ra im xc chm, t lc bt u
n khi kt thc, c khong mt ting ng h, nhng nimitta khng xut hin, hnh gi
nn chuyn sang giai on bn ca s tu tp: an tnh thn hnh hi th.
AN TNH THN HNH HI TH
[4] An tnh ton thn hnh (passambhaya kyasakhra), Ti s th vo
(assasissmi): V y tp nh vy.
An tnh ton thn hnh (passambhaya kyasakhra), Ti s th ra
(passasissmi): V y tp nh vy.
Li na, thn hnh (kyasakhra) m ch s tc thnh ca hi th: thn hi th vo & ra.
V an tnh hi th, tt c nhng g hnh gi nn lm l quyt nh lm an tnh hi th:
khng c g khc. Hnh gi nn quyt nh lm an tnh hi th nhng ch tip tc hay bit ton
thn hi th vo v hi th ra t khi u, n on gia, v n on cui. Nu hnh gi lm
bt c iu g khc, nh ca hnh gi s b ph v v thi tht.

77
Trong M.III.ii.9 Kinh Nim Hi Th (npsaSsatiSutta), c Pht ging rng thn y l ni n hi th
v & ra: Khi no, ny cc t khu, v t khu tu tp nh vy: Cm gic c ton thn an tnh thn hnh, ti s
th v khi y v t khu ty qun thn trong thn. Ny cc t khu, i vi cc thn, Ta ni y l mt, tc l
hi th v & ra (Kyesu kyaatarha, bhikkhave, eva vadmi yadida, asssapasss). V vic ging v s
chng dit (nirodhasampatti) trong M.I.v.4 Tiu Kinh Phng qung (CaVedallaSutta), v A-la-hn
Dhammadinn ging rng th v & ra thuc thn, v l chng nng vo thn (Trong S.IV.vii.6 Kinh Kmabh th
hai (Dutiya KmabhSutta) cng ging nh vy).

78
VsM/VsM.viii.220 Lun v Nim Hi Th (npnaSsatiKath) (My-VsM.1.266/VsM.1.322) <xem mc 7 ca
SANH, tr.61>
79
VsM.viii.223, Lun v Nim Hi Th (npnaSsatiKath) (My-1.271)

Khi quyt nh lm an tnh hi th, hnh gi s thy rng hi th s tr nn an tnh hn, nh
s ci thin, v sau nimitta c th xut hin.
Khi hi th tr nn an tnh, nhiu hnh gi gp phi cc kh khn. Hnh gi khng th thy
c hi th mt cch r rng v n tr nn rt vi t: hnh gi c th ngh rng hi th dng
li.
Ch c by loi ngi khng c hi th l: ngi cht, thai nhi trong bo thai, ngi chm di
nc, ngi bt tnh, ngi ang nhp t thin, ngi ang nhp thin dit (nirodha
sampatti), v mt v Phm thin. Suy xt theo thc t th hnh gi khng phi l mt trong
by loi ngi ny, m hnh gi thc s ang th, m ch v nim ca hnh gi khng mnh
thy hi th rt vi t m thi. Nh vy, hnh gi nn gi s ch tm ca mnh ni m
hnh gi thy n ln cui, v i n xut hin.
Khi hi th tr nn vi t, hnh gi khng c c lm cho n hin r hn. S c gng nh
vy s gy ra tro c, v nh s khng pht trin. Hnh gi cn phi lin tc bit hi th nh
n ang l. Nu n khng r, n gin ch l i n ti ni m ln cui hnh gi ghi nhn n.
Hnh gi s thy rng khi p dng nim v tu theo cch ny, hi th s xut hin tr li.
Xin hy nh rng, thnh cng trong nim hi th (npnassati) th nim (sati) vng chc
v mnh m cng vi tnh gic (sampajna) l thit yu. l l do ti sao c Pht khng
bao gi dy npnassati cho nhng ai khng c nim v tnh gic.
Khi hnh gi p dng nim v tnh gic vng chc v mnh m trn i tng hi th, hnh gi
c th thy c hi th vi t t on u n on gia v on cui. Khi hnh gi tip tc
nh vy, cui cng th c th nimitta s xut hin. Nu nimitta xut hin, xin ng chuyn tm
sang tng lin, m phi tr trong hi th.
i vi mt s hnh gi, nh sng tr tu c th xut hin trc, sau nimitta mi xut hin.
Nhng i vi mt s khc th nimitta c th xut hin trc tip. Nhng nh sng tr tu v
nimitta l hai th khc nhau nh nh sng ca mt tri v mt tri vy.
Ngun gc ca nh sng tr tu th ging nh ngun gc ca nimitta. C hai u c to ra
bi tm c nh: bi nh bc thin, cng nh nh rt gn vi bc thin, tc l chun b nh
v cn nh. Mc d cho nh sng tr tu v nimitta u c to ra bi tm c nh, nhng
chng li xut hin khc nhau.
nh sng tr tu xut hin mt s ni xung quanh mt hay xung quanh thn th, n tch bit
vi hi th. Nhng tng hi th (npna nimitta) ch xut hin cng vi hi th, im xc
chm. l l do v sao, khi nh ngy cng su hn, khi n tr nn vng chc v n nh, cui
cng, hi th v nimitta s tr thnh mt. iu ny c Tn gi Sriputta gii thch trong
Phn Tch o (PaisambidhMagga) ca Ngi.
S HAY BIT BA PHP
mc nim hi th trong Phn Tch o (PaisambidhMagga), ngi ging:
80

Nimitta asssapasss, anrammaamekacittassa;
ajnato ca tayo dhamme, bhvan nupalabbhati.
Tng, hi th vo, hi th ra, khng phi l i tng ca mt tm;
Ngi khng bit ba php ny, php tu khng tin t.
y, nimitta chnh l v tr ti l mi hay mi trn: tc l im xc chm, mt chun b tng
(parikammanimitta) rt s khi. Tng cng vi hi th vo v hi th ra l ba php, v
theo Phn Tch o (PaisambhidMagga), chng khng phi l i tng ca mt tm. V
sao?
Mt tm bit tng im xc chm, mt tm khc bit hi th vo, v mt tm khc na bit
hi th ra. Nh vy, mt tm ch bit c mt i tng m thi: nimitta, hi th vo, hoc
hi th ra. Nhng thnh cng, hnh gi cn phi nhn bit c ba cng mt lc: nimitta cng

80
PsM.i.4 (159) Lun v Tr Thanh Tnh (VodnaaNiddeso) (My-169): c VsM.viii.227/231 Lun v Nim
Hi Th (npnaSsati Kath) (My273/276) trch dn.

nh hi th v cng nh hi th ra, tt c chng u cng mt lc.
81
l ti sao Phn Tch
o (PaisambhidMagga) ni rng:
Nimitta asssapasss, anrammaamekacittassa;
jnato ca tayo dhamme, bhvan upalabbhantti.
Tng, hi th v, hi th ra, khng phi l i tng ca mt tm ;
Ngi bit r ba php ny, php tu tin t.
Nh chng ti trnh by trc , khi nh cng tr nn thm su, chun b tng
(parikammanimitta) s tr thnh hc tng (uggahanimitta), v sau cng n s tr thnh t
tng (paipabhganimitta), trong sch v chi sng nh sao mai. T tng ny s xut hin
cng vi hi th ti l mi hay vng mi trn. V nh chng ti va gii thch, vo lc , tm
nh s t ng chm vo nimitta m khng phi l hi th.
Xin hy tham kho S Gii Thanh Tnh o:
82

V tng nng vo hi th vo v ra, nn tng c sanh ln cng c th c gi l hi th
vo v ra. Asssapassse nissya uppannanimittampettha asssapasssasamaameva
vutta.
Nh vy, khi nh trn hi th su lng v n nh, hi th vo, hi th ra, v tng s tr
thnh mt: tm hnh gi bit c ba i tng cng mt lc. V khi hnh gi pht trin nh
tm cao hn, sau cng hnh gi c th chng t bc thin. Ti thi im chng t bc thin
hi th (npna jhna) (vo st-na ca an ch nh), mi tm thin u bit c ba i tng:
1) tm thin bit npna paibhganimitta (t tng ca hi th vo & ra).
2) Cng tm thin ny ng bit hi th vo m nay cng c gi l t tng hi th
(npna paibhganimitta).
3) Cng tm thin ny ng bit hi th ra m nay cng c gi l t tng hi th (npna
paibhganimitta).
Vo lc chng t bc thin (vo st-na an ch nh), c ba php ny l i tng cho mi tm
thin. C ba hp thnh mt i tng duy nht: t tng hi th (npna paibhganimitta).
l ngha ca Ngi bit r ba php ny, php tu tin trin.
By gi chng ta s ni v cch hnh gi tin trin tu tp trong thin nh (samatha).
RI VO TM H KIP (HU PHN) (BHAVAGA)
Nh chng ti cp trc y, danh sanh khi nh nhng chui tin trnh tm, c hnh
thnh t nhiu loi tm khc nhau. C tin trnh nhn thc mt i tng c thy qua mt,
c tin trnh nhn thc mt i tng c nghe qua tai, v c cc tin trnh nhn thc mt
i tng c tm bt ly. l cch m lun c s nhn thc qua su cn. Nhng gia cc
tin trnh tm c v s tm h kip (bhavaga) sanh ln. By gi khng phi l lc gii thch
tm h kip (bhavaga), ngoi tr rng khi n sanh ln th khng c s nhn thc v bt c
i tng no hin ti. Ch khi no qun php duyn khi, hnh gi mi c th bit c i
tng ca tm h kip.
Khi ang tu tp nh, hnh gi c th ri vo tm h kip. iu ny xy ra bi v mc d tm
nh khng tc n bt c i tng no hin ti nh cnh sc, cnh thanh,.. nhng tm li
ri khi mc thin, v khi y ch c cc tm h kip sanh khi, bi th m hnh gi khng
bit g c. Hnh gi c th ngh rng y l s chng c Nit-bn. Nhng chng c Nit-bn
khng phi l s khng bit g; chng c Nit-bn chnh l s thy bit Nit-bn. Tt c iu

81
VsM.viii.231 Lun v Nim Hi Th (npnaSsati Kath) (My1.276) gii thch: V y, ch mt tm bit
hi th v (aameva asssrammaam), mt tm khc bit hi th ra (aampasssrammaam), mt tm
khc na bit tng (aamnimittrammaam). Tht vy, i vi ai, khng c ba php ny (tayo dhamm natthi)
th i vi ngi , mc thin (kammatthna) an ch nh (neva appara) hay cn nh (na upacra) u
khng t n (pputi). Nhng i vi ai c ba php ny, th i vi ngi , mc thin c cn nh
(upacraca) v an ch nh (appanaca) u t n.

82
VsM.viii.219. Lun v Nim Hi Th (npnaSsati Kath) (M1.391)

ny xy ra l v hnh gi ri vo tm h kip. Ri vo tm h kip xy ra do nh tm ca
hnh gi trn mc thin khng su lng v n nh.
NG CN
pht trin nh tm cao hn, hnh gi cn phi trnh ri vo tm h kip. V iu ny c
lm vi s tr gip ca ng cn (pacindriy). Chng gip y v gn tm vo t tng hi
th (paibhga-nimitta). Ng cn gm:
1) Tn cn (saddhindriya): nim tin ni thin tp v quyt nh t n t tng hi th.
2) Tn cn (vriyindriya): thc y cc cn khc lm phn s ca chng trn t tng hi th
(npna paibhganimitta).
3) Nim cn (satindriya): t tm trn t tng hi th.
4) nh cn (samdhiindriya): nh tm trn t tng hi th.
5) Tu cn (paindriya): hiu thu t tng hi th.
Ng cn gip kim sot tm, gi tm khi thang thang ra ngoi con ng thin nh v thin
minh st, v khng b trch khi con ng dn n Nit-bn. thnh cng trong thin, hnh
gi cn phi chc chn rng ng cn c qun bnh: khng qu yu v khng b thi qu.
NIM CN
c Pht ni:
83/K

Satica khvha, bhikkhave, sabbatthika vadmi.
Nhng nim, ny cc T-khu, l cn thit trong mi thi, Ta tuyn b nh vy.
Nim cn lun cn thit nh mui cn trong tt c cc mn c ri, nh t tng trong tt c
cng vic ca nh vua. Ti sao? Bi nim l ni nng na v bo v cho tm thin. Nim l
ni nng ta v n gip tm t n nhng trng thi c bit v cao c m tm cha tng
t n hay bit n trc y. Thiu nim, tm khng nng lc t n bt k trng thi
c bit v phi thng no. Nim bo v tm, v gn gi i tng thin khng b lc mt. Khi
hnh gi phn tch tm s nim bng minh st tr, nim lun xut hin nh bo v i tng
thin, cng nh tm ca hnh gi. Nim lun cn thit trong mi lc bi n gip qun bnh bn
cn cn li. Thiu nim, hnh gi khng th khi dy cng nh ch ng cc cn khc. Thiu
nim, hnh gi khng th r bit mc thin ca mnh, iu ny c ngha l hnh gi khng
th nh c mc thin ca mnh, tc l trong mi thi ngi, v y cn phi bt u li t
u. l l do v sao nhn gn cho nim mnh m chnh l tng vng chc (thirasa).
Vi tng vng chc v tng hi th, nim tr nn mnh m, hnh gi c th nh tt mc
thin ca mnh v cc cn tr nn qun bnh: tn vi tu, nh vi tinh tn, v nh vi tu.
TN CN V TU CN
tu tp thnh cng thin nim hi th, hnh gi cn c nim tin hon ton vo thin nim
hi th cng nh nim tin trn vn vo li dy ca c Pht. Hnh gi cn phi c nim tin
trn vn rng: qua vic thc hnh theo li dy ca c Pht, ta s chng t bc thin. Nu
hnh gi ngh rng: Liu ta c th c thin ch qua vic theo di hi th vo, hi th ra hay
khng? hay C thc rng hc tng (uggaha nimitta) ging nh bng gn trng, cn t tng
(paibhaga nimitta) th trong sch v chi sng nh sao mai hay khng? Nu nhng ngh
nh vy c duy tr, hnh gi c th kt lun: Thi bui hin i ny khng th c thin
c. V th l nim tin ni chnh php s thi tht, v tt nhin l hnh gi s khng th
ngn mnh t b tu tp thin nim hi th ny.
l v sao hnh gi cn c mt nim tin trn vn vo php hnh. Hnh gi phi tu tp nim
hi th khng cht hoi nghi. Phi ngh rng Nu ta theo ng nhng ch dn c h thng ca
c Pht Ton Gic, ta c th thnh tu thin.

83
Trong S.V.II.vi.3 Kinh La (AggiSutta), c Pht ging v s hp thi v phi thi khi tu tp mt s gic chi.
Tuy nhin, vi nim, Ngi ging l cn thit cho mi thi. <Xem trch dn m rng ca Kinh ch gii
K
, tr.100>


Mc d tn phi c mnh m nhng hnh gi khng nn tn thi qu. Hnh gi phi dng
nim qun bnh tn vi tu. Vi tn thi qu, hnh gi c th pht trin nim tin vo cc i
tng v ch v khng thc t. V d, nim tin vo tp qun tri vi Chnh Php
(SaDdhamma), nh thn linh hoc ch thin bo h.
Tn thi qu cn quy nhiu tm thin v c h (pti) vt tri, h khch ng. Khi c s khch
ng nh vy, tu cn s khng th r bit t tng hi th (paibhganimitta). Khi tn thi
qu quyt nh vo i tng, tu cn s khng c r rng v n nh, khng th hiu thu
t tng hi th. V cc cn cn li, tn, nim v nh cng b yu i: tn khng th thc y
cc tm hnh n vi t tng v gi chng ; nim khng th thit lp s nhn bit v t
tng; nh khng th ngn tm bt qua mt i tng khc. Nh vy tn thi qu tht s dn
n s suy yu ca nim tin. Hnh gi cn phi dng nim ch ng tn v qun bnh n vi tu.
Li na, hnh gi cn phi qun bnh tu vi tn. Tu thi qu s dn hnh gi lch khi php
hnh chn chnh bi s xo tr. Thay v hnh thin, hnh gi li dng thi gian vo vic ch
trch v phn nn. Tr iu ny th cng kh nh tr mt cn bnh gy ra bi dng thuc qu
liu.
Tuy nhin, nu tn v tu c qun bnh, hnh gi s c nim tin vo cc i tng nn t tn
tm: c Pht, c Php, c Tng, v s vn hnh ca nghip. Vo lc , hnh gi s tin
rng nu h hnh thin ng theo nhng ch dy ca c Pht, h s c th chng t t
tng v c thin.
TN CN V NH CN
Li bing khng a n thnh cng. l v sao tn li cn thit. Li na, nu tn cn thi
qu, tm s tr nn dao ng, v nhng cn khc s khng th thc thi phn s ca chng: tn
cn khng th quyt nh trn t tng hi th; nim khng th an tr chnh n trn t tng
hi th; nh khng th ngn chn c s sao lng; v tu khng th hiu thu c t tng
hi th. Nh vy khi tn thi qu, tm khng nh tnh tp trung trn t tng. y, hnh gi
phi ch : qu tinh tn a n qu nhiu hot ng, qu t tinh tn a n qu t hot
ng. Hnh gi cn dng nim ch ng tinh tn, qun bnh tn vi nh.
Li na, nh khng c qun bnh vi tinh tn s dn n bing nhc. Chng hn, khi nh
ci thin, lc , hnh gi c th thin trn t tng hi th vi tm li lng, khng hiu thu
t tng bng tu. Trong trng hp , hnh gi s khng th duy tr mc nh cao, v tm
s rt thng hay ri vo tm h kip, khng hay bit g c.
Nu hnh gi dng nim ch ng tinh tn v khi dy nh tm, chng s c qun bnh
v hnh gi s khng b dao ng hay gii i, nhng s u n tin thng n bc thin.
TN DNH CHO NH, TU DNH CHO MINH ST
y, chng ti cn phi ni rng, i vi php tu nh, tn chim u th th s tt hn, v i
vi php tu minh st, tu chim u th th s tt hn.
Nu hnh gi ngh nh sau: Nu ta tu tp nh tm trn t tng hi th, ta s chc chn t
n bc thin, sau , do bi cn ca tn cng vi cn ca nh, hnh gi dt khot s thnh
tu bc thin. iu ny l do bi bc thin da ch yu trn nh. D vy, chng t bc
thin hip th (lokiyajjhna) th nh cn phi qun bnh vi tu.
Tu tri s tt hn i vi php tu minh st bi v khi tu mnh m, hnh gi s c th bit v
thy r rng cc loi danh php v sc php khc nhau, xc nh r chng, v k n l bit v
thy r nhng c tnh v thng, kh v v ng ca chng. Tuy vy, chng t o
(Magga) - mt bc thin siu th (lokuttarajjhna) ly Nit-bn lm i tng - th tt c nm
cn cn phi c qun bnh.
S THIN
Khi hnh gi pht trin ng cn, nh s tng trng, dn dn hnh gi s bit c t tng
hi th m khng b gin on. Lc y nh ca hnh gi s dn p st nh ca bc thin: gi
l cn nh (upacrasamdhi). Sau , khi ng cn c tu tp y v qun bnh. nh s
vt qua mc cn nh v tin ti bc thin, tc an ch nh (appansamdhi). Khi hnh gi

t n bc thin, tm hnh gi s bit c t tng hi th lin tc trong vi gi m khng
b gin on, thm ch sut c m hay c ngy.
Mt khi hnh gi c th nh tm trn t tng hi th trong hai ting hoc hn na trong
vi ngy, hnh gi nn th phn bit nm chi thin. Chng l:
1. Tm (vitakka): hng v gn tm trn t tng hi th (npna paibhganimitta).
2. T (vicra): gi v duy tr tm trn t tng hi th.
3. H (pti): thch th, say m vi t tng hi th.
4. Lc (sukha): an vui v sung sng vi t tng hi th.
5. Nht tm (ekaggat): tp trung tm trn t tng.
Cc chi thin ny chnh l nm tm s ng sanh vi tm s thin. Trn thc t, c n hai
mi tm tm s khc ng sanh vi tm s thin, bao gm tu cn. Nhng c Pht m t s
thin bng nm tm s ny bi v chng ni tri nht. Cng nhau, chng to thnh bc thin.
Hnh gi phn bit nm chi thin nh th no? Sau khi gi tm tp trung trn t tng trong
mt hoc hai gi hoc hn na, u tin, hnh gi cn phi phn bit mn (manodvra).
mn l g? Nh chng ti cp trc y, ci ngi, nng vo loi sc nht nh nm
trong tri tim m danh sanh khi, sc y c gi l cn (sc vt). V chng ti cng
cp rng, gia cc tin trnh tm nhn thc cnh sc, cnh thanh, c v s tm h kip
sanh khi. Khi nhng tm h kip ny sanh khi, khng bt cnh hin ti. Vo lc , s
sanh khi ca cc tm h kip ng vai tr l mn (manodvra): chng ti gi l h kip
mn. Do nh thm su, tm h kip xut hin nh l mt tm gng rc r v chi sng bn
trong tri tim. S chi sng nh tm gng y chnh l sc c to ra bi tm h kip. Nhng
bn thn sc y li khng phi l tm h kip bi v tm h kip l danh. Danh khng c mu
sc.
phn bit nm chi thin, hnh gi cn phn bit h kip mn, v hnh gi cn phi phn
bit t tng hi th khi n xut hin trong h kip mn. Khi thy c tng (nimitta) xut
hin trong h kip mn, lc , hnh gi phn bit nm chi thin nm trong tng y.
NM PHP THUN THC
Khi mi bt u thc hnh bc thin, hnh gi khng nn dnh qu nhiu thi gian phn bit
nm chi thin, hnh gi nn tp trung nhp thin trong khong thi gian di. Nhng mt khi c
th nhp thin trong khong thi gian di, hnh gi cn phi tu tp nm php thun thc
(vas):
1) Tc thun thc (vajjanavas) ( tm hng mn): c th d dng tc n cc chi
thin bt k ni no v khi no m mnh mun.
2) Nhp thin thun thc (sampajjanavas): c th d dng nhp thin bt k ni no v
khi no m mnh mun.
3) Quyt nh thun thc (adhihnavas): c th d dng duy tr bc thin bt k ni no
v khi no theo khong thi gian lu nh mong mun: mt, hai, hoc ba ting, ty theo
khong thi gian n nh trc.
4) Xut thin thun thc (vuhnavas): c th d dng xut thin bt k ni no v khi no
m mnh mun.
5) Qun xt thun thc (paccavekkhavas) ( tm tc hnh): c th d dng xt li cc chi
thin bt k ni no v khi no m mnh mun. Trong thc hnh, php ny ging nh php
thun thc u tin: Tc thun thc. C hai php thun thc ny xy ra cng mt tin trnh
mn.
Trong Kinh PabbateyyaGv ca AguttaraNikya (Kinh Tng Chi B), c Pht ging rng,
hnh gi khng nn c chuyn sang nh thin trc khi thun thc s thin theo nm php ny.
Ngi gii thch rng nu hnh gi cha hon ton thun thc s thin m c t n bc thin

cao hn, v y s mt c s thin cng nh khng th t n nhng bc thin khc. Hnh gi
s mt tt c cc bc thin.
84

NH THIN
Khi hnh gi thun thc s thin, hnh gi c th tin n nh thin. Hnh gi cn phi nhp
vo s thin m gi y quen thuc, xut khi thin y, suy xt hai khuyt im ca s
thin v mt li ch ca nh thin. l:
1) Khuyt im u tin ca s thin l n gn k th l nm trin ci:
i) tham dc (kmacchanda)
ii) sn hn (bypda)
iii) hn trm & thy min (tthinamiddha)
iv) tro c & hi qu (uddhaccakukkucca)
v) hoi nghi (vicikicch)
Nm trin ci c on tr trc tin bi s thin; l l do ti sao s thin th gn vi
nm trin ci.
2) Khuyt im th nh ca s thin l n c cc chi thin th l tm v t khin n km an
tnh hn nh thin, khng c tm v t. Do bi hai chi thin th l tm v t ny khin cho s
thin rt yu v c th d dng mt i.
3) Li ch ca nh thin l khng c tm v t, khin n an tnh hn s thin.
Sau khi qun xt theo cch ny, gi y, hnh gi khng mong mun cc chi thin th l tm
v t na; m ch mong mun cc chi thin l h, lc, nht tm, hnh gi nn li nh tm
trn t tng. Nhng y, chng ti cn cp rng, gi y, khi hnh gi tp trung trn hi
th, hnh gi khng c lm nhm: ang th vo, ang th ra Ti sao khng c? Bi v
lm nhm nh vy l khu din t (vacviatti) c to ra bi hai chi thin th l tm v
t Khi c s mong mun loi tr hai chi thin ny, hnh gi khng c khi dy chng bng
s lm nhm. iu ny p dng cho tt c cc bc thin cao hn.
Nh vy, hnh gi li nh tm trn hi th m khng c s lm nhm no cho n khi an ch
nh xut hin mt ln na. Nu trc y, hnh gi cha bao gi kinh nghim c nh thin
th an ch nh ny s vn ch l s thin m thi. Nh vy, hnh gi s hiu rng vn cn hai
chi thin th l tm v t. Hnh gi nn trong s thin ch mt vi pht. Khi xut khi s
thin, suy xt li cc chi thin, hai chi thin l tm v t s xut hin vi v th thin i vi
hnh gi, trong khi h, lc v nht tm s xut hin vi v an tnh. Do , t b hai chi
thin th v c c cc chi thin an tnh y, hnh gi nn li tp trung vo t tng. Rt
nhanh, an ch nh s xut hin, nh thin. Sau , hnh gi nn tu tp nm php thun thc
ca nh thin.
TAM THIN
Khi hnh gi thnh cng, v mun tu tp tam thin, hnh gi nn xut khi nh thin m gi
y quen thuc, qun xt n hai khuyt im ca n, v mt li ch ca tam thin. l:
1) Khuyt im u tin ca nh thin l n gn s thin c cc chi thin th l tm v t. V
l do y, hnh gi c th d dng ri xung s thin.
2) Khuyt im th nh ca nh thin l t thn n c chi thin th l h. iu ny khin n
km an tnh hn so vi tam thin vn khng c h.
3) Li ch ca tam thin l ch c hai chi thin l lc v nht tm, khin n an tnh hn so vi
nh thin.
Sau khi qun xt theo cch ny, gi y, hnh gi khng mong mun chi thin th l h na;
m ch mong mun cc chi thin an tnh l lc v nht tm, hnh gi nn li tp trung vo t
tng hi th. Cho n khi c li an ch nh. Nu hnh gi cha bao gi kinh nghim tam thin
t trc th an ch nh ny s ch l nh thin m thi. Nh vy, hnh gi s hiu rng vn cn

84
A.IX.I.iv.4 GvUpamSutta (Kinh V D Con B Ci) (My3.215-219)

chi thin h. Hnh gi nn trong nh thin ch mt vi pht. Khi xut khi nh thin, v duyt
li cc chi thin, chi thin h s xut hin vi v th thin vi hnh gi, trong khi lc v nht
tm s xut hin vi v an tnh. Do , t b chi thin th v c cc chi thin an tnh,
hnh gi nn li nh tm trn t tng. Rt nhanh, an ch nh s xut hin, tam thin. Sau
, hnh gi nn tu tp nm php thun thc ca tam thin.
T THIN
Khi hnh gi thnh cng, v mun tu tp t thin, hnh gi nn xut khi tam thin m gi
y quen thuc, suy xt n hai khuyt im ca tam thin, v mt li ch ca t thin.
l:
1) Khuyt im u tin ca tam thin l n gn nh thin, c chi thin th l h. V l do y,
hnh gi c th d dng ri xung nh thin.
2) Khuyt im th nh ca tam thin l t thn n c chi thin th l lc, khin cho n km an
tnh hn t thin vn khng c lc.
3) Li ch ca t thin l n ch c x v nht tm, lm n an tnh hn tam thin.
Sau khi qun xt theo cch ny, gi y, hnh gi khng mong mun chi thin th l lc na;
m mong mun cc chi thin x v nht tm, hnh gi nn li nh tm trn t tng. Cho n
khi an ch nh xut hin. Nu hnh gi cha bao gi kinh nghim t thin t trc, an ch nh
ny s ch l tam thin m thi. Nh vy, hnh gi s hiu rng vn cn chi thin lc. Hnh gi
nn trong tam thin ch mt vi pht. Khi hnh gi xut khi tam thin v duyt li cc chi
thin mt ln na, chi thin lc s xut hin c v th thin i vi hnh gi, trong khi x v
nht tm s xut hin vi v an tnh. Nh vy, t b chi thin th v c chi thin an tnh,
hnh gi nn li nh tm trn t tng. Rt nhanh, an ch nh s xut hin, t thin. Sau ,
hnh gi nn tu tp nm php thun thc ca t thin.
BC THIN V HI TH
Trong s thin, thn hnh hi th tr nn rt vi t; trong nh thin n tr nn vi t hn; trong
tam thin n li cng tr nn vi t hn na; v trong t thin, n hon ton dng li. Hi th
trong t thin khng phi n thun ch l tr nn vi t khng th nhn bit: trong t thin,
thn hnh hi th dng li hon ton. Vi s chng t t thin, hi th hon ton dng li.
Nhiu ngi khng tin rng hi th dng li t thin. Nhng xin hy lng nghe li dy ca
c Pht trong RahoGataSutta ca Tng ng Th (VedanSayutta):
85

Vi ai chng c t thin, hi th vo v hi th ra on dit (asssapasss niruddh
honti).
Vi ai chng c t thin, hi th vo v hi th ra tnh ch (vpasant honti). .
Vi ai chng c t thin, hi th vo v hi th ra an tnh (paippassaddh honti)
l cch m t thin hon tt giai on th t ca tu tp nim hi th (npnssati):
[4] An tnh ton thn hnh, Ti s th vo: V y tp nh vy.
An tnh ton thn hnh, Ti s th ra: V y tp nh vy.

THNH O TM NGNH CA THIN NH
Nh chng ti cp trc y, trong lc tu tp thin nh, hnh gi ang tu tp Thnh o
Tm Ngnh. Bt c khi no hnh gi hay bit i tng hi th m khng c bt k i tng
no khc, chng ta c th ni rng, tm chi phn sanh khi. i tng ca chng hoc l
chun b tng (parikammanimitta), hoc l hc tng (uggahanimitta), hoc l t tng
(paibhganimitta).
Chng hn, ngay lc chng t s thin hi th, tm chi phn bt t tng hi th lm i
tng. Mc d thc ra, ba chi phn v gii l Chnh Ng, Chnh Nghip v Chnh Mng khng
bt t tng hi th lm i tng, nhng chng ti bao gm lun c chng, bi trc lc tu

85
S.IV.ii.1 RahoGataSutta (Kinh c C) (My2.418)

tp thin nh, hnh gi th tr tm gii, chn gii hoc mi gii, hoc hai trm hai mi
by gii ca T-khu, Do vy, chng ta c tm chi phn:
1) Chnh Kin (SammDihi): hiu thu t tng hi th bng tu (r bit t tng).
2) Chnh T Duy (SammSakappa): tng ng vi chi thin tm (vitakka), n gn tm ln t
tng hi th.
3) Chnh Ng (SammVc): chi phn ny c th tr trc , nh gii khng ni di
4) Chnh Nghip (SammKammanta): chi phn ny c th tr trc , nh gii khng
st sanh, vv. .
5) Chnh Mng (Sammjva): chi phn ny c th tr trc , nh cng cc hc gii.
6) Chnh Tinh Tn (SammVyma): n lc hiu thu t tng hi th, n lc gn tm
ln n, n lc nim tr trn n, v n lc nh trn n.
7) Chnh Nim (SammSati): nh ti t tng hi th v khng cc chi phn khc ri khi
t tng hi th.
8) Chnh nh (samm samdhi): nh tm trn t tng hi th.
l cch m tm chi phn ca Thnh o Tm Ngnh khi sanh vo lc chng t s thin.
Cng tng t i vi s chng t nh thin, tam thin, v t thin ngoi tr Chnh T Duy
(SammSakappa) l khng sanh khi, v n tng ng vi chi thin tm vn vng mt trong
cc bc thin y.
KT LUN
Bn bc thin ny cn c gi l bc thin sc gii (rpvacarajhna), bi v chng a n
s ti sanh trong cc ci sc gii. Nhng c Pht khng khuyn khch chng ta tu tp bc
thin v l do y. Ngi khuyn khch chng ta tu tp bc thin lm nn tng cn bn cho
vic tu tp thin minh st, l bc thin nn tng ca minh st (vipassanpdakajjhna).
Trc khi thc hnh minh st, hnh gi nn tu tp nh xa hn na, chng hn, mi kasia,
v bn bc thin v sc lm cho nh vng mnh. Nhng by gi, chng ti s trnh by
cch thc hnh thin minh st da trn t thin nim hi th.

THIN MINH ST
(T Mc Hi Th Vo V Ra ca MahSatiPahnaSutta)
86

Nh chng ti trnh by trong li gii thiu, c hai loi minh st: minh st hip th v minh
st siu th. Minh st hip th u tin ly nm un v cc nhn ca chng lm i tng, sau
l cc c tnh v thng, kh, v v ng ca nm un v cc nhn ca chng. Minh st
siu th ly Nit-bn lm i tng. t n minh st siu th, trc tin, hnh gi cn tu
tp nh hip th v sau l minh st hip th. Chng ti trnh by v nh hip th. By
gi, chng ti s trnh by v minh st hip th.
Trong cc phn trch dn khc nhau m chng ti a ra li ta, c Pht m t thin
minh st l s bit v thy nm un. Ngi cng m t thin minh st l s thng tri, liu tri, ly
tham, v t b nm un, v thng tri, liu tri, ly tham, v t b su ni x v su ngoi x, v
thng tri, liu tri, ly tham, v t b tt c.
C g khc bit gia nhng li ging khc nhau ny? V ngha th khng c s khc bit no.
c Pht ch ging v cng mt iu nhng theo cc s phn loi khc nhau ph hp vi
cn tnh ca thnh chng. Theo ngha tt cng, i tng ca minh st l lun lun ging
nhau: sc chn , danh chn , v cc nhn ca chng.
BA LOI T TRI
Li na, nh chng ti gii thch li ta, theo c Pht, thc hnh minh st, hnh gi
cn phi bit v thy sc, th, tng, hnh, thc trong qu kh, v lai, v hin ti, bn trong v
bn ngoi, th v t, h lit v cao thng, xa v gn cng vi thng tr. Nm tp hp c
c Pht gi l nm th un. Chng l Thnh v Kh. thc hnh minh st, hnh gi
cng cn bit v thy s tp khi v s on dit ca chng, c gi l php duyn khi theo
chiu thun v theo chiu nghch. l nhng g c Pht mun ni v s thng tri nm un,
su ni x v su ngoi x, tt c, danh v sc, cc i tng ca bn nim x. Chng ta gi
tr ny l tr t tri (tapari).
Mt khi hnh gi thng tri c mi mt loi ca ng un, k n, hnh gi cn phi thm
st bn cht v thng (anicca), kh (dukkha), v v ng (anatt) ca chng. y l nhng g
c Pht mun ni v s liu tri nm un, su ni x v su ngoi x, tt c, danh v sc, cc
i tng ca bn nim x. Chng ta gi tr ny l thm t tri (traapari).
Mc ch ca vic thm st nhiu ln nm un nh l v thng, kh, v v ng chnh l t
b s chp th i vi chng. V khi hnh gi thm st chng ht ln ny n ln khc, tht
vy (nu thc hnh ng, nu minh st tr ca hnh gi tr nn thm su v uyn o, v nu
v y c ba-la-mt), s khi sanh s ly tham i vi nm un, v hnh gi s t b s chp
th i vi chng. y l nhng g c Pht mun ni v s ly tham v s t b nm un, su
ni x v su ngoi x, tt c, danh v sc, cc i tng ca bn nim x. Chng ta gi tr
ny l tr t tri (pahnapari).
THIN MINH ST: GIAI ON U
Trong Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta), c Pht m t ba loi tr ny ging vi
bn giai on minh qun. Giai on u, Ngi m t tr t tri (tapari) trong qun thn
(kya):
[1.1] Nh vy, v y sng qun thn trong thn (kye kynupass) bn trong,
[1.2] hay v y sng qun thn trong thn bn ngoi (bahiddh),
[1.3] hay v y sng qun thn trong thn c bn trong ln bn ngoi (ajjhattabahiddh)

86
D.II.9 (374)/M.I.i.10 (107) MahSatiPahnaSutta (Kinh i Nim X) (MyD.2.232/M.1.71)

BA THN
Th no l thn (kya)? Trong Kinh i Duyn (MahNidna Sutta) ca Kinh Trng B
(Dgha Nikya), c Pht ni v hai loi thn: danh thn (nmakya) v sc thn (rpakya).
Nh vy, trong phn gii ngha nim hi th ca Phn Tch o, Tn gi Sriputta gii thch
v loi thn c qun trong nim hi th chnh l hai loi thn ny.
87
Tuy nhin, kinh Nhp
Tc Xut Tc Nim (npnaSsati Sutta), c Pht cng ni v hi th vo v ra nh l mt
thn (kya): chng ti cp iu ny trc y.
88
Thn hi th vo v ra y c bao
gm trong sc thn. Vi sc thn, c Pht cn gi l thn c lp thnh (karajakya), iu
ny bao gm lun c thn hi th v & ra.
Ti sao chng c gi l thn? Bi chng sanh khi nh l cc thn. Chng ti cp iu
ny trc y: danh khi sanh nh l mt thn gm tm cng vi cc tm s ng sanh. Sc
khi sanh nh l mt thn gm cc loi sc khc nhau, l cc nhm sc (rpa kalpa) c
sanh do nghip, do tm, do nhit, do dng cht.
Vipassna chnh l thin qun trn hai loi thn . Trong khi thin nh c bn mi mc
th thin minh st ch c hai loi: thin qun sc (rpakammahna), v thin qun danh
(nmakammahna) hay cn gi l s phn nh sc (rpapariggaha) v phn nh danh
(nmapariggaha). Theo ch gii ca Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta), v T-
khu sau khi tu tp t thin nim hi th th c th tu tp minh st bt u bng thin qun
sc hay thin qun danh. Nhng nu hnh gi tu tp mt mc thin nh khc t n t
thin, v d, mt trong mi mc bin x (kasina), tt nhin hnh gi cng c th dng
thin y thay cho thin nim hi th. Nu hnh gi mun bt u hnh minh st bng thin
qun danh trc thay v qun sc, hnh gi nn phn bit danh trong cc bc thin ca mnh:
chng l danh thuc sc gii hoc danh thuc v sc gii. Tuy nhin, phn bit danh thuc
dc gii, hnh gi cn hon tt thin qun sc, bi v trong trng hp , hnh gi cn phn
bit sc ni x v sc ngoi x.
Nu hnh gi l ngi theo c xe thun qun (suddhavipassanynika), theo Thanh Tnh o
(Visuddhi Magga), hnh gi khng c s chn la: trc tin, hnh gi cn phi thc hnh
thin qun sc, tc l thin t i. Nh chng ti s gii thch by gi, khi hnh gi tu tp thin
t i, hnh gi s t n loi nh tng t nh cn nh (upacrasamdhi). S dng nh
y cho minh st, lc , hnh gi theo c xe thun qun c th tu tp thin qun danh, v
khng c bc thin, hnh gi s khng th phn bit danh thuc sc gii v danh thuc v sc
gii.
Mt s hnh gi khi u l ngi theo c xe thun qun bng vic thc hnh thin t i.
Nhng mt khi h hon tt thin t i, v t c mc nh vng chc v mnh m tng t
nh cn nh. Lc , h dng nh y tu tp bc thin v thc hnh nh ngi theo c xe
tnh ch (samathaynika).
By gi, chng ti s m t thin minh st, bt u bng mc qun sc
(rpakammahna).

87
Trong D.II.2, Kinh i Duyn (MahNidnaSutta), c Pht c ging rng: Ny Ananda, nhng hnh
(krehi) no, nhng sc (ligehi) no, nhng tng (nimittehi) no, nhng mo (uddesehi) no nh m danh
thn (nmakyassa) v sc thn (rpakyassa) c bit n (patti hoti), nu nhng hnh, nhng sc, nhng
tng, nhng mo y khng c (asati) thi nh danh xc * (adhivacanasamphasso) hay hu i xc **
(paighasamphasso) c c bit n khng (pyetha)? (Tha khng, bch Th Tn). Sau , trong PsM.I.iii.5
(170) Lun v tr hnh nim (SatoKriaNiddeso) v trong PD.iii.240, Tn gi Sriputta ging Thn (kya) l
hai loi thn: danh thn (nmakya), sc thn (rpakya).
* nh danh Xc: (designative contact): l xc do s t tn/ch nh (xc vi danh mn) ND.
** Hu i Xc: (impingement contact): l xc do s tip chm/i chiu (xc vi cnh ng mn) ND.

88
i Trng Lo thin s cp v thn hi th v&ra trong mi lin h vi Thin nh (Samatha) <Xem mc
AN TNH THN HNH HI TH tr.39 + on trch lin quan trong bi kinh Nim Hi Th, ch thch 76, tr.39>

THIN QUN SC
THIN T I TM LC
c Pht dy thin qun sc theo hai cch, theo cch tm tt hay theo cch chi tit: Trong
Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta), Ngi dy theo cch tm tt:
Li na ny cc T-khu, T-khu qun st thn ny v v tr cc gii v s sp t cc gii:
Trong thn ny c a i (pathavdhtu), thy i (podhtu), ha i (tejodhtu) v
phong i (vyodhtti).
Thin qun sc hay cn gi l thin t i, bn i chng ny c nhn bit qua cc c tnh
ca chng. Trong Php T (DhammaSaga), c Pht m t sc theo mi hai c tnh:
89

t Nc La Gi
1) Cng 4) Mm 7) Chy 9) Nng 11) H tr
2) Th 5) Mn 8) Kt dnh 10) Lnh 12) y
3) Nng 6) Nh
DNG BC THIN NN TNG CA MINH ST
Ging nh c giai on nh v giai on minh st trong thin nim hi th, cng vy, i vi
thin t i cng c cc giai on thin nh v giai on thin minh st. Nhng y, chng
ti ni v nhng hnh gi tu tp bc thin nim hi th nhm mc ch s dng n lm bc
thin nn tng ca minh st (vipassanpdakajjhna), hnh gi nn thit lp li t thin nim
hi th trong mi thi ngi. Sau , khi nh sng tr tu ca v y sng rc, rc r, v chi
sng, hnh gi xut khi t thin v tu tp thin t i. Hnh gi nn lm nh vy trong mi
thi ngi. Vi sc mnh v nh sng ca t thin nim hi th, hnh gi s c th hon tt
thin t i mt cch nhanh chng.
LM TH NO PHN BIT MI HAI C TNH V BN I CHNG
Hnh gi phi hc cch phn bit mi trong mi hai c tnh ny, mi ln mt c tnh.
Thng thng, ngi mi bt u c dy nhng c tnh d phn bit hn trc, sau mi
n cc c tnh kh phn bit hn; thng thng l theo th t ny: y, cng, th, nng, h
tr, mm, trn mn, nh, nng, lnh, kt dnh, chy.
Mi c tnh trc ht phi c phn bit mt ni no nm trn thn, v ri sau
khp ton thn. Cui cng, hnh gi cn phi phn bit tt c mi hai c tnh.
Khi hnh gi c th phn bit tng c tnh mt trong mi hai c tnh khp ton thn mt
cch cc k mau l, hnh gi nn phn bit chng theo th t m c Pht dy: t, nc,
la v gi. Ni cch khc: cng, th, nng, mm, trn mn, nh, chy, kt dnh, nng, lnh, h
tr v y. Khi hnh gi c th phn bit trn thn tng c tnh mt theo th t ny mt
cch cc k mau l, hnh gi s thy c nhiu hoc tt c cc c tnh cng mt lc. K
n, tt hn phn bit mt cch tng th nh th hnh gi ang nhn t ng sau vai hoc t
bn trn u nhn xung.
Thc hnh theo cch ny, hnh gi c th gp phi s cng cng do cc i mt qun bnh.
Trong trng hp , hnh gi nn qun bnh chng bng cc c tnh i lp. V d, khi tnh
cng tr nn rt mnh m, hnh gi nn nhn mnh vo tnh mm, C su cp i lp.
Cng Th Nng Chy Nng H tr

Mm Mn Nh Kt dnh Lnh y
a Thy Ha Phong

89
DhS.II.647-651 UpdBhjanya (Phn Loi Sc Y i Sinh) (My170-171)

T NC LA GI
Khi hnh gi c th thy c tt c mi hai c tnh gn nh cng mt lc, hnh gi c th
tip tc phn bit chng theo bn nhm: t, nc, la v gi. Nhng hnh gi cn phi chc
chn rng mnh c th thy r tng c tnh mt, tng i mt trong bn i. Sau , ly cc
c tnh ny lm i tng, hnh gi tu tp nh trn bn i trong thn.
Khi hnh gi tu tp nh da trn bn i trong thn, hnh gi s tin ti cn nh
(upacrasamdhi). nh ny khng tht s l cn nh, bi cn nh tht s l nh m hnh
gi t c trc khi chng c bc thin, v vi thin t i, hnh gi khng th chng c
bc thin. Nhng hnh gi c th tu tp c mc nh vng chc v mnh m gn ging nh
cn nh.
Khi hnh gi nh tm trn t i, hnh gi s thy cc loi nh sng khc nhau. Thng
thng, n c mu xm khi nh khi hnh gi tu tp nim hi th. Tuy nhin, y, hnh gi
nn tp trung vo t i trong nh sng mu xm khi . K tip, n s tr nn trng nh
bng gn, ri trng sng nh my, ri sau ton thn hnh gi s xut hin nh mt hnh
th c mu trng. Khi hnh gi tip tc nh tm vo t i trong hnh th c mu trng , n
s tr nn sng trong nh mt khi nc hay khi thy tinh.
Ti sao n tr nn sng trong? Bi do cc nhm sc (rpa kalpa) sng trong. Xin hy nh li
iu chng ti gii thch trc y v cch m sc sanh ln trong cc ht h nguyn t c
gi l kalpa (nhm hay tng hp). Chng (rpa kalpa) c cu thnh t cc loi sc khc
nhau. C nm loi nhm sc cha cc tnh sc (sc sng trong) (pasdarpa): nhn, nh, t,
thit, thn tnh sc. Thn tnh sc c tm thy khp thn cng nh trong tt c su cn.
l l do ti sao gi y, ton thn hnh gi hin ra sng trong. L do v sao m hnh gi
thy khi sng trong, m thc cht l v s cc kalpa, l do hnh gi cha ph v c
th m chng ti gi l s o tng v khi (ghana): o tng rng sc l mt khi c, trong
khi thc ra chng khng phi l th nh vy.
BA O TNG V KHI
C ba o tng v khi:
1) Tng rng vt cht l mt khi lin tc tn ti khng thay i: y l o tng v khi lin
tc (santati ghana).
2) Tng rng vt cht l mt hp th khi do ngh rng cc nhm sc chnh l vt cht tt
cng: y l o tng v khi tp hp (samhaghana).
3) Tng rng sc ph thuc vo mt ci ng no , ci ng y c th sai khin sc: y l o
tng v khi chc nng (kiccaghana).
Hnh gi hnh thin qun sc nhm vt qua ba o tng v khi ny. u tin, hnh gi
cn phi vt qua o tng v khi lin tc bng vic thy r cc nhm sc (rpakalpa).
LM TH NO THY V PHN BIT CC NHM SC
Mt khi thn ca hnh gi hin ra nh mt khi sng trong, hnh gi vn nn tip tc ch phn
bit t i nh trc. V sau cng, khi sng trong y lp lnh v pht sng. Khi hnh gi c
th nh trn t i khi lp lnh, sng trong lin tc trong t nht na gi, hnh gi t
c mc nh tng t nh cn nh (upacrasamdhi). V n y l kt thc giai on
thin nh ca thin t i.
Gi y, hnh gi bt u giai on minh st ca thin t i. Vi nh sng mc cn nh y,
lc , hnh gi nn tm nhng ch trng nh khi sng trong phn bit h khng gii
(ksadhtu). H khng gii to ra ranh gii gia cc nhm sc. Mt khi hnh gi phn bit
c h khng gii, khi sng trong s v ra thnh cc phn t nh: chng chnh l cc
nhm sc (rpakalpa) m chng ta nhiu ln cp. Gi y, hnh gi hiu thu c
o tng v khi lin tc. Sau hnh gi cn phi vt qua o tng v khi tp hp. Hnh
gi cn phn bit t i trong tng nhm sc. Trong mi nhm sc, c t nht tm loi c
tnh:

t Nc La Gi
1) Cng hoc mm
2) Th hoc mn
3) Nng hoc nh
4) Chy v
5) Kt dnh
6) Nng hay Lnh 7) H tr v
8) y
hon ton r bit sc, hnh gi cn thc hnh mt cch c h thng. l l do ti sao,
theo Thanh Tnh o (VisuddhiMagga) hnh gi nn phn bit sc theo bn mi hai thn
phn, mi tm gii, mi hai x, nm un
90
PaAuk, chng ti thng hng dn cc
thin sinh trc tin l phn tch sc theo su x v cc i tng tng ng ca chng, tng
ci mt: mt v cnh sc, tai v cnh thanh, mi v cnh mi, li v cnh v, thn v cnh
xc, cn (sc vt) v cc i tng khc. Hnh gi cn phi thy cc loi nhm sc khc
nhau v phn tch chng: y l a i ca mt nhm mi sc thuc mt, y l thy
i ca mt nhm mi sc thuc mt, Hnh gi cn phi thy tt c cc loi sc khc nhau
trong tng loi nhm sc: bn i chng v sc y i sinh (sc do bn i sinh), nh mu, mi,
v, dng cht, v mng cn. Hnh gi cng cn thy c tt c cc loi sc m ngoi tr
nm loi tnh sc.
BNG HAI MI TM LOI SC
Bn loi sc c th khng thuc y i sinh (nipphannarpa)
BN I CHNG (MAHBHTA)
1) a i (pathavdhtu)
2) Thy i (podhtu)
3) Ha i (tejodhtu)
4) Phong i (vjodhtu)

HAI MI BN LOI SC Y I SINH (UPDYARPA)
Mi bn loi sc c th thuc y i sinh (nipphannaupdyarpa)
TNH SC (pasdarpa)
1) Nhn tnh sc (cakkhu pasda)
2) Nh tnh sc (sotapasda)
3) T tnh sc (ghnapasda)
4) Thit tnh sc (jivhpasda)
5) Thn tnh sc (kyapasda)
SC CNH GII (gocararpa)
1) Cnh sc (vaa)
2) Cnh thanh (sadda)
3) Cnh mi (gandha)
4) Cnh v (rasa)
<5) Cnh xc (phohabba)>
1) Dng cht (oj)
1) Mng cn (jvitindriya)
1) Sc vt (hadayarpa)
SC GII TNH (bhvarpa)
1) Sc tnh nam
(purisabhvarpa)
2) Sc tnh n
(itthibhvarpa)
Mi loi sc khng c th (anipphannarpa)
SC GIAO GII (paricchedarpa)
1) H khng gii (ksadhtu)
SC BIU TRI (viattirpa)
1) Thn biu tri (kyaviatti)
2) Khu biu tri (vacviatti)
SC CHUYN I (vikrarpa)
1) Sc khinh (lahut)
2) Sc nhu (mudut)
3) Sc thch nghip
(kammaat)
SC TNG
(lakkhaarpa)
1) Sc sanh (upacaya)
2) Sc tin (santati)
3) Sc lo (jarat)
4) Sc dit (aniccat)

C tt c hai mi tm loi sc: mi tm loi sc c th v mi loi sc khng c th. Sc c
th c sanh ra bi bn nguyn nhn: nghip, tm, nhit, v dng cht. Cn sc khng c

90
<Xem bng Chn Th Tuyt i, tr.89.>

th th khng c sanh ra bi cc nguyn nhn . H khng gii phn cch v xc nh cc
nhm sc. Sc din t (biu tri), sc chuyn i, sc tng l cc trng thi ca sc c th.
Tuy nhin, r bit sc, hnh gi cn phi phn bit c hai loi sc ny. Nhng ch c sc c
th mi c qun l v thng, kh v v ng bng minh st tr.
c th thy c tt c cc loi sc ny ton thn, hnh gi lun cn phi s dng bc
thin nn tng ca minh st (vipassanpdakajjhna). y, chng ti ang ni v hnh gi
s dng bc thin nim hi th, trong trng hp , hnh gi nn ti lp t thin nim hi th
trong mi thi ngi. Lc , khi ca hnh gi sng rc, rc r v chi sng,
hnh gi nn xut khi t thin, v s dng sc mnh v nh sng ca t thin thc hnh
thin t i mt cch h thng nh trc, cho n khi no hnh gi c th thy c cc nhm
sc. Sau phn tch mi trong su cn nh c trnh by trong s . y l con ng c
nht m hnh gi c th liu tri sc bng thng tr ca mnh.

Cc loi sc cn bn thuc mt
(3 loi nhm mi sc [3x10=30] + 1 nhm chn sc [9] + 3 loi nhm tm sc [3x8=24]=63)
Loi NHM MI
SC THUC
MT
NHM MI
SC THUC
THN*
NHM MI
SC THUC
GII TNH*
NHM CHN
SC THUC
MNG CN*
NHM TM SC*
Tnh cht Sng trong Sng trong M M M M M
Ngun
gc
Nghip Nghip Nghip Nghip Tm Nhit Dng
cht
Phn s cn/mn cho
cnh sc
mn i vi
cc xc
(t/la/gi)
Quyt nh
gii tnh

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

9
10
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht

Mng cn
Nhn tnh sc
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht

Mng cn
Thn tnh sc
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht

Mng cn
Sc gii tnh
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht

Mng cn
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng
cht
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng
cht
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng
cht
Cc loi sc cn bn thuc tai
Loi NHM MI
SC THUC
TAI
NHM MI
SC THUC
THN*
NHM MI
SC THUC
GII TNH*
NHM CHN
SC THUC
MNG CN*
NHM TM SC*
Ngun gc Nghip Nghip Nghip Nghip Tm Nhit Dng
cht
Phn s cn/mn
cho cnh
thanh
mn i vi
cc xc
(t/la/gi)
Quyt nh
gii tnh

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

9
10
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht

Mng cn
Nh tnh sc
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht

Mng cn
Thn tnh sc
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht

Mng cn
Sc gii tnh
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht

Mng cn
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng
cht
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng
cht
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng
cht
* Nhm mi sc thuc thn, nhm mi sc thuc gii tnh, nhm chn sc c mng cn, v
cc nhm tm sc u khp su cn.

Cc loi sc cn bn thuc mi
Loi NHM MI
SC THUC
MI
NHM MI
SC THUC
THN*
NHM MI
SC THUC
GII TNH*
NHM CHN
SC THUC
MNG CN*
NHM TM SC *
cht
Phn s cn/mn cho
cnh mi
mn i vi
cc xc
(t/la/gi)
Quyt nh
gii tnh

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

9
10
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht

Mng cn
T tnh sc
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht

Mng cn
Thn tnh sc
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht

Mng cn
Sc gii tnh
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht

Mng cn
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng
cht
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng
cht
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng
cht
Cc loi sc cn bn thuc li
Loi NHM MI
SC THUC
LI
NHM MI
SC THUC
THN*
NHM MI
SC THUC
GII TNH*
NHM CHN
SC THUC
MNG CN*
NHM TM SC *
cht
Phn s cn/mn cho
cnh v
mn i vi
cc xc
(t/la/gi)
Quyt nh
gii tnh

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

9
10
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht

Mng cn
Thit tnh sc
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht

Mng cn
Thn tnh sc
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht

Mng cn
Sc gii tnh
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht

Mng cn
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng
cht
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng
cht
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng
cht
* Nhm mi sc thuc thn, nhm mi sc thuc gii tnh, nhm chn sc c mng cn, v

Cc loi sc cn bn thuc thn
Loi NHM MI
SC THUC
THN*
NHM MI
SC THUC
GII TNH*
NHM CHN
SC THUC
MNG CN*
NHM TM SC *
Tnh cht Sng trong M M M M M
Ngun
gc
Nghip Nghip Nghip Tm Nhit Dng cht
Phn s cn/mn i vi
cc xc
(t/la/gi)
Quyt nh
gii tnh

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht
Mng cn
Thn tnh sc
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht
Mng cn
Sc gii tnh
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht
Mng cn
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht
* Bn loi nhm sc ny u khp su cn.

Cc loi sc cn bn thuc tri tim
Loi NHM MI
SC THUC
TRI TIM
NHM MI
SC THUC
THN*
NHM MI
SC THUC
GII TNH*
NHM CHN
SC THUC
MNG CN*
NHM TM SC *
Tnh cht M Sng trong M M M M M
cht
Phn s cn cho gii
v thc
gii#
cn/mn i vi
cc xc
(t/la/gi)
Quyt nh
gii tnh

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

9
10
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht
Mng cn

Sc vt
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht
Mng cn

Thn tnh sc
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht
Mng cn

Sc gii tnh
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng cht
Mng cn
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng
cht
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng
cht
t
Nc
La
Gi
Mu
Mi
V
Dng
cht
# Nhn thc, nh thc, t thc, thit thc, v thn thc sanh ln nng vo tnh sc vn l sc
th mi (mn) ca nhm mi sc tng ng: nhn thp sc, nh thp sc, t thp sc, thit
thp sc, v thn thp sc. Nhng, tt c cc tm (thc) khc (bao gm gii v thc gii)
sanh ln nng vo sc vt ( cn) ca nhm thp sc.
gii (manodhtu): Tm khn (hng) ng mn v tm tip thu qu thin v tm tip
thu qu bt thin; thc gii (manoviadhtu): tm quan st, tm ng lc, tm ng
k (tm ng s duyn tm thp di tm na cnh), tm h kip.
* Thn thp sc (nhm mi sc thuc thn), tnh thp sc, nhm chn sc c mng cn, v

THIN T I THEO CCH CHI TIT
Trong i Kinh Gio Gii Rhula (MahRhulOvda Sutta) v Kinh Phn Bit Gii
(DhtuVibhaga Sutta), u Kinh Trung B (MajjhimaNikya), c Pht cn m t thin t
i theo bn mi hai thn phn. iu ny cng c Thanh Tnh o (VisuddhiMagga)
cp. Gi y, thc s hon tt phn trnh by v thin sc, chng ta s bn v iu ny.
HAI MI PHN A I
c Pht m t hai mi thn phn c a i thnh u:

1) Tc (kes)
2) Lng (lom)
3) Mng (nakh)
4) Rng (dant)
5) Da (Taco)
6) Tht (masa)
7) Gn (nahru)
8) Xng (ahi)
9) Ty (ahimija)
10) Thn (vakka)
11) Tim (hadaya)
12) Gan (yakana)
13) Honh cch m
(kilomaka)
14) L lch (pihaka)
15) Phi (papphsa)
16) Rut (anta)
17) Mng treo rut
(antagua)
18) Vt thc cha tiu ha
(udariya)
19) Phn (karsa)
20) No (matthaluga)

Trong tt c hai mi thn phn ny ngoi tr vt thc cha tiu ha v phn, tt c chng
c cu thnh t nm mi ba loi sc: Thn thp sc, tnh thp sc, nhm chn sc thuc
mng cn, nhm tm sc do tm sanh, do thi tit sanh v do dng cht sanh: tt c c nm
mi ba loi sc [tham kho s v thn]. Vt thc cha tiu ha v phn ch c cu
thnh t cc nhm tm sc do thi tit sanh.
Tc bn ngoi da c rt t lng thn thp sc, khin rt kh khn phn bit c chng.
V vy, c bn l tm nm mi ba loi sc ny vng chn tc bn trong da. iu ny cng p
dng cho phn mng: hnh gi c th qun st nm mi ba loi sc phn chn mng, st
phn tht ca tay v chn.
MI HAI PHN THY I
C mi hai thn phn trong c th c thy i thnh u:
1) Mt (pitta)
2) m (semha)
3) M (pubbo)
4) Mu (lohita)
5) M hi (sedo)
6) M (medo)
7) Nc mt (assu)
8) M nc (vas)
9) Nc ming (kheo)
10) Cht nhy (sighik)
11) Hot dch (lasik)
12) Nc tiu (muttanti)

M v nc tiu l cc nhm tm sc do thi tit sanh: ch c tm loi sc. M hi, nc mt,
nc ming v cht nhy l cc nhm tm sc do tm sanh hay cc nhm tm sc do thi tit
sanh: tt c l mi su loi sc. Su thn phn cn li c cu to t nm mi ba loi sc nh
trong thn [tham kho s v thn].
BN PHN HA I
C bn thn phn ca c th c ha i thnh u:
1) Nhit lm m (santappanatejo): y l loi ha i lm m thn, bi thn b quy nhiu
(kuppite), bi st tng cn
2) Nhit lo ha (jranatejo): y l loi ha i gy ra s ln ln v gi nua.
3) Nhit nng bng (ahatejo): y l loi ha i gy ra st cao.
4) Nhit tiu ha (pcakatejo): y l loi ha i lm tiu ha cc thc n v thc ung,

Bn thn phn ny c cu thnh ch t cc nhm sc c ha i thnh u. Chng khng c
bt k hnh dng no nh cc thn phn c a i hay thy i thnh u. V th, thy c
cc phn ny trong thn, hnh gi phi tm nhng nhm sc c yu t ha i thnh u trong
thn. Nu chng khng r rng, th qun chng vo lc hnh gi va mi n, hoc lc hnh
gi b st.
SU PHN PHONG I
Su thn phn vn c phong i thnh u:
1) Gi hng ln (uddhagam vt)
2) Gi hng xung (adhogam vt)
3) Gi trong bng (kucchisay vt)
4) Gi trong rut (kohsay vt)
5) Gi y cc chi (agamagnusrino vt)
6) V hi th vo v ra (assso passso)

Hi th vo v ra c cu thnh t cc nhm chn sc do tm sanh: t, nc, gi, la, mu,
mi, v, dng cht v m thanh ca hi th. Nm phn phong i cn li c cu thnh t
cc nhm chn sc c mng cn, v cc nhm tm sc do tm, do thi tit v do dng cht
sanh: c tt c l ba mi ba loi sc.
thy hi th l do tm sanh, hnh gi cn phi thy c cc tm to ra hi th: hnh gi
thy c cc tm qua s phn bit chng mn nh lm khi phn bit nm chi thin.
V hnh gi cn thy rng, cc tm y khi sanh nng vo sc vt ni tri tim. y l
phng thc xc nh v phn tch tt c cc loi sc do tm sanh. Khi hnh gi thy hi th
c sanh ra bi cc tm ny, phn bit t i trong n, v hnh gi s thy rng hi th c
to thnh t cc nhm chn sc c m thanh l yu t th chn. Hnh gi nn thc hnh n
khi thy c chng.
phn tch nm phn phong i cn li, trc tin, phn bit tng loi phn phong i, sau
phn bit t i trong n, hnh gi thy rng n c cu thnh bi bn loi nhm sc, c
thy l ba mi ba loi sc.
Sau khi phn bit v phn tch nhng loi nhm sc khc nhau su cn v bn mi hai thn
phn, gi y, hnh gi cn phn tch cc loi nhm sc khc nhau theo ngun gc: do nghip
sanh, do tm sanh, do thi tit sanh, v do dng cht sanh.
CHN LOI NHM SC DO NGHIP SANH
Khi phn tch sc ca su cn-mn v bn mi hai thn phn, hnh gi s thy rng c
chn loi nhm sc do nghip sanh (kammajakalpa):
1) Nhm mi sc thuc mt (cakkhudasakakalpa)
2) Nhm mi sc thuc tai (sotadasakakalpa)
3) Nhm mi sc thuc mi (ghnadasakakalpa)
4) Nhm mi sc thuc li (jivhdasakakalpa)
5) Nhm mi sc thuc thn (kyadasakakalpa)
6) Nhm mi sc thuc tri tim (hadyadasakakalpa)
7) Nhm mi sc c sc gii tnh nam (purisa bhvadasakakalpa)
8) Nhm mi sc c sc gii tnh n (itthi bhvadasakakalpa)
9) Nhm chn sc c sc mng cn (jvitanavakakalpa)
Chn loi nhm
kip qu kh , hay mt kip tr
, hay mt
kip sng trc kip ny.

Nhm mi sc thuc nhn, nh, t, thit, thn u sng trong bi v sc th mi
ca chng l loi tnh sc tng ng: nhn tnh sc, nh tnh sc, N hot ng nh sc cn
nhn thc khi thy cnh sc, s khi sanh ca nh thc khi nghe cnh
thanh,
S ca nhm mi sc thuc tim
y .
tnh nam c sc tnh nam tng mo n
ng di , tnh n
tnh n
.
Nhm
.

(kusala) (dna), (sla), (bhvan). l
. Hnh gi
t phn bit nhn duyn (paccayapariggahaa) m thi. By gi,
hnh gi ch phi .
SANH
(cittajasuddhahakakalpa):
(nipphannarpa): , vi
l phi bng (vipassana). n
tt c .
91

c sc (kyaviattinavakakalpa):
to :
qun )
(kyaviatti) (anipphannarpa
khng bng ).
bng cch , nh cch vo v
nhm
. Phn tch
.
c (lahutdiekdasakakalpa): :
)
(lahut) (mudut) (kammaat)
).
nhm ,
,
4) Nhm mi hai sc c sc thn din t v sc khinh,
(kyaviattilahutdidvdasakakalpa) c cu thnh t:
) + sc
(kyaviatti)
(lahut) (mudut) (kammaat)
).
Loi nhm sc ny sanh ln do bi tui tr, khe mnh, sc mnh, khi chuyn ng ca
thn l nhu nhuyn, nh nhng v d dng.

91
: , phn, m, , la
tm sanh.

c sc (vacviattidasakakalpa):
, nh l

:

)
).
a, b, c
a, b, c , nhm
n v khin
r bit
nhm nhm
.
sc v sc m thanh v sc khinh
(vacviattisaddalahutditerasakakalpa) :

)
).
nhm
t
thm su.
7) Nhm vo v ra do tm sanh
(asssapasssacittajasaddanavakakalpa)
y
hi th.
92

(asssapasssacittajasaddalahutdidv dasakakalpa): :

)
).
, ,
nn m du dng , , h
.
cn nhc l
.

1 (utujasuddhahakakalpa):
(nipphannarpa),
(utuja oj). .

.

92
<TON THN HI TH: Xem CM GIC TON THN HI TH, tr. 73.>

rut
d dy c phn v ton phn
nm u l nhm
.
2) Nhm sc (utujasaddanavakakalpa):
, m thanh c to d dy
nhm c sc m thanh
, v li na, bi
nhm .
(lahutdekdasakakalpa) :
)
(anipphannarpa)
).
nhm
, pha trong v pha ngoi
sanh.
sc
(saddalahutdidvdasakakalpa) :
+ m thanh
)
).
nhm pha trong v pha .

. K
rng
.
1) Nhm tm (hrajasuddhahakakalpa):
(nipphannarpa)
(hrajaoj).
(vipassana).
inh (lahutdekdasakakalpa): :
)
(anipphannarpa) ).
, ch
l rt th
.
nhm
.
TNG
ti
.

anh (upacaya):
nghn
nghn
. Hnh gi s phn bit n khi qun
(paiccasamuppda).
234) (santati), (jarat), (aniccat): ch
nhau ,
nhm
nhm , c gng thy tt c cc loi sc
trong ch mt nhm nhn, khi , c gng
thy c
tt c nhm
ng lot
giai on.

ca
l bit thn khng l g khc
, hay t , l do cn phi
(rpa) thi.
ba ,
nh chng ti trnh by t
nh hnh gi c th tng cn
lun b (ruppana)
cn,
th th m th
sau th
khng ngng bin mt
khng ngng .
lun (ruppana) . cn trong
tng (rpa, rpa)
(rpadhamma, rpadhamma) mt
.

(rpakammahna).
a
mt nim v th no l con ng c nht m vic hnh thin qun lin quan n:
1) nim (npna jhna),
,
sng trong
(upacrasamdhi).
2)
nhm
trong nhm sc

nhm
.
, ,
, l (rpa, rpa)
(rpadhamma, rpa dhamma).
cho thin
(nmakammahna).


Trong Vi Diu Php, c Pht ging v gm 1 tm (thc citta) bit i tng (cnh), cng
vi n l cc tm s (s hu tm cetasika). C tt c nm mi hai loi tm s:
NM MI HAI TM S (CETASIKA):
52 TM S (CETASIKA)
7 Tm S Bin Hnh (chung)
(sabbacittasdhraa)
6 Tm S Bit Cnh (pakiaka)
1) xc (phassa)
2) th (vedan)
3) tng (sa)
4) t (cetan)
5) nht hnh (ekaggat)
6) mng quyn (jvitindriya)
7) tc (manasikra)
1) tm (vitakka)
2) t (vicra)
3) thng gii (adhimokkha)
4) cn (vriya)
5) h (pti)
6) dc (chanda)

14 Tm S Bt Thin (akusalacetasika)
1) si
93
(moha)
2) v tm (ahiri)
3) v qu (anottappa)
4) phng dt (uddhacca)
5) tham (lobha)
6) t kin (dihi)
7) mn (mna)
8) sn (dosa)
9) tt (iss)
10) ln (macchariya)
11) hi (kukkucca)
12) hn trm (thina)
13) thy min (middha)
14) hoi nghi (vicikicch)

25 Tm S Tnh Ho (sobhanacetasika)
19 Bin Hnh Tnh Ho (sobhanasdhraa)
1) tn (saddh)
2) nim (sati)
3) tm (hiri)
4) qu (ottapa)
5) v tham (alobha)
6) v sn (adosa)
7) hnh x (tatramajjhattat)
8) tnh thn (kyapassaddhi)
9) tnh tm (cittapassaddhi)
10) khinh thn (kyalahut)
11) khinh tm (cittalahut)
12) nhu thn (kyamudut)
13) nhu tm (cittamudut)
14) thch thn (kyakammaat)
15) thch tm (cittakammaat)
16) thun thn (kyapguat)
17) thun tm (cittapguat)
18) chnh thn (kyujukat)
19) chnh tm (cittujukat)
3 Tit Ch (Gii Phn) (virat)
1) Chnh Ng (SammVc)
2) Chnh Nghip (SammKammanta)
3) Chnh Mng (Sammjva)

2 V Lng Phn (appama)
1) bi (karu)
2) h (mudit)

1 V Si (amoha)
1) tu quyn (paindriya)
(7 + 6 + 14 + 19 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 52 tm s)

Mt tm s t n khng sanh khi mt mnh. N lun ng sanh cng vi tm v mt s nht
nh cc tm s khc. V d, nhn thc ch c by tm s ng sanh vi n. i vi tm siu
th hp s thin th c ba mi su tm s c ng sanh ln.

93
Bn tm s c gch chn dn sng lun ng sanh vi mi tm bt thin.

C tt c l tm mi chn loi tm, chng c th c phn loi l thin, bt thin hoc v k.
Chng cng c phn loi l dc gii (kmvacara), sc gii (rpvacara), hay v sc gii
(arpvacara). Sau cng, chng c th c phn loi l hip th (lokiya) hay siu th
(lokuttar). Tuy nhin, mi loi tm u ch nhn bit i tng ca chnh n m thi: chnh
l c tnh ca tm. Nh vy, thc ra, ring mt mnh tm th n ch l mt loi. Nhng theo
cc cch phn loi khc nhau cng nh theo cc tm s phi hp, th c tm mi chn loi
tm.

66 Con ng c Nht Chng Ng Nit Bn Con ng c Nht Chng Ng Nit Bn 66

TM MI CHN LOI TM (CITTA)
HIP TH (81) SIU TH (8) #
Bt Thin (12) V Nhn (18) Tnh Ho Dc Gii (24) Sc Gii (15) V Sc Gii (12)
Cn Tham
(lobhamla)
Qu Bt Thin
(akusalavipka)
(i) Thin
(Mah) (kusala)
Thin
(kusala)
Thin
(kusala)
Thin
(kusala)
1) +h +kin v tr 1) +x mt 1) +h +tr v tr 1) s thin 1) H khng v bin x 1) S o
2) +h +kin hu tr 2) +x Tai 2) +h +tr hu tr 2) nh thin 2) Thc v bin x 2) Nht Lai o
3) +h -kin v tr 3) +x mi 3) +h -tr v tr 3) tam thin 3) V s hu x 3) Bt Lai o
4) +h -kin hu tr 4) +x li 4) +h -tr hu tr 4) t thin 4) Phi tng phi phi tng x4) Arahant o
5) +x +kin v tr 5) +kh thn 5) +x +tr v tr 5) ng thin
6) +x +kin hu tr 6) +x tip thu 6) +x +tr hu tr
7) +x -kin v tr 7) +x quan st 7) +x -tr v tr
8) +x -kin hu tr 8) +x -tr hu tr

Cn Sn
(dosamla)
Qu Thin
(kusalavipka)
(i) Qu
(Mah) (vipka)
Qu
(vipka)
Qu
(vipka)
Qu
(vipka)
1) +u +phn v tr 1) +x mt 1) +h +tr v tr 1) s thin 1) H khng v bin x 1) S Qu
2) +u +phn hu tr 2) +x tai 2) +h +tr hu tr 2) nh thin 2) Thc v bin x 2) Nht Lai Qu
Cn Si (mohamla) 3) +x mi 3) +h -tr v tr 3) tam thin 3) V s hu x 3) Bt Lai Qu
1) +x +hoi nghi 4) +x li 4) +h -tr hu tr 4) t thin 4) Phi tng phi phi tng x4) Arahant o
2) +x +phng dt 5) +lc thn 5) +x +tr v tr 5) ng thin

TM TT:
Bt thin 12
Thin 21
Qu 36
Duy tc 20
89

Thin v Bt Thin l cc tc
hnh tm trong cc tin trnh
tm ca ngi cha phi l
Arahant.
6) +x tip thu 6) +x +tr hu tr
7) +h quan st 7) +x -tr v tr
8) +x quan st 8) +x -tr hu tr

Duy Tc
(kriy)
(i) Duy Tc
(Mah) (kriy)
Duy Tc
(kriy)
Duy Tc
(kriy)
# Cc loi tm siu th
(t mu xm) khng
phi l i tng ca
vipassan
Cc loi tm duy tc
ny sanh ln v l i
tng vipassan ch
cho bc Arahant
Nhng tm ny cng
cn c gi l tm i
thin (mahkusala), i
qu (mahvipka),...
1) +h Vi tiu 1) +h +tr v tr 1) s thin 1) H khng v bin x
2) +x Hng ng
mn
2) +h +tr hu tr 2) nh thin 2) Thc v bin x
3) +x Hng mn 3) +h -tr v tr 3) tam thin 3) V s hu x
4) +h -tr hu tr 4) t thin 4) Phi tng phi phi tng x
5) +x +tr v tr 5) ng thin
6) +x +tr hu tr
7) +x -tr v tr
8) +x -tr hu tr


Trong Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta), c Pht m t thin qun danh trn
(tm s) th di qun th (vedannupassan) v thin qun trn cc tm s cn li, Ngi m
t di qun php (dhammnupassan): chng hn, qun cc tm s bt thin di mc nm
trin ci (nvaraa), v cc tm s thin di mc by gic chi (bojjhaga). Cng vy, di
phn qun cc un, c Pht m t php qun th un (vedankkhandha), tng un
(sakkhandha), hnh (chnh l nm mi tm s cn li) un (sakhrakkhandha).
Thin qun danh trn tm, c Pht m t di phn qun tm (cittnupassan). , Ngi
ni, chng hn, tm c tham r bit tm c tham (sarga citta); hay tm khng c tham
r bit tm khng tham (vtarga citta). l php qun tm hp vi tham, k n l
php qun cc loi tm thin, tm qu v tm duy tc, chng hn, tm qung i, r bit tm
qung i (mahaggata citta), tm khng qung i, r bit tm khng qung i
(amahaggata citta). l php qun v cc tm thin sc gii v v sc gii. V sau l
php qun cc loi tm dc gii. Theo cch , c Pht m t tt c tm mi mt tm
hip th theo tm i. Tuy nhin, tm tm siu th cn li khng phi l i tng ca thin
minh st.
Mt s tm sanh khi nm trong mt tin trnh tm (cittavthi) l cc tm thuc tin trnh
nhn thc(vthicitta). Mt s tm sanh khi ngoi mt tin trnh tm, l tm sanh khi gia s
phn chia tin trnh nhn thc hay tm tch khi tin trnh nhn thc (vthimutta).Chng ti
cp iu ny trc y, khi ni v vic ri vo tm h kip (bhavaga).
C su loi tin trnh tm (l trnh tm). Nm loi u l cc tin trnh tm thuc nhn mn,
nh mn, t mn, thit mn, v thn mn, m cc i tng tng ng ca chng ln lt l
cc sc, thanh, mi, v, v xc. Chng c gi chung l 'Tin Trnh Nhn Thc Ng Mn hay
L Ng Mn (pacadvravthi). Loi tin trnh nhn thc th su bt tt c cc php lm i
tng ca n (bao gm c Nit-bn), c gi l tin trnh nhn thc mn
(manodvravthi). Gia su loi tin trnh ny, c s sanh khi loi tm phi tin trnh. Trong
mt kip sng, n lun ly cng mt i tng thuc tin trnh tm cui cng kip trc. N
l loi tm u tin sanh khi trong mt kip sng, l tm tc (ti) sanh (kit sanh thc).
Trong sut kip sng y, n sanh ln gia hai tin trnh nhn thc nh l tm h kip
(bhavaga) m chng ti cp trc y. V n cng l loi tm cui cng sanh khi
trong mt kip sng, l t tm.
Mi tin trnh nhn thc c cu thnh t mt chui cc loi tm khc nhau. Chng sanh khi
theo quy lut t nhin ca tm (cittaniyma). V qun danh, hnh gi cn phi thy chng
sanh khi theo trt t ca quy lut t nhin y. lm c iu ny, hnh gi cn pht trin
nh vng chc v mnh m, vi mt mc thin tnh ch hoc t i. y, chng ti s ni
v nhng hnh gi tu tp n t thin nim hi th v s dng nh y lm bc thin nn
tng ca minh st (vipassanpdakajjhna).
PHN BIT TIN TRNH TM C THIN
Nu hnh gi chng t bc thin, chng hn, t thin nim hi th (npnasati), khi im
tt nht thc hnh thin qun danh chnh l phn bit cc chi thin, sau l tm thin v
cc tm s cn li: iu ny chnh l phn bit php thin (jhnadhamma).
Ti sao hnh gi li bt u theo cch ny? Trc tin, do khi tu tp bc thin, hnh gi
phn bit nm chi thin, nh vy c ngha l hnh gi c mt s kinh nghim phn bit
cc tm s ny. Th nh, tm thin ca mt tin trnh tm c thin (cc tc hnh tm thin
(jhnajavana)) sanh khi hng nghn triu ln lin tip nhau. Do vy, chng ni bt v d
dng phn bit. iu ny ngc li trong mt tin trnh tm dc gii (kmvacaravthi),
cc tc hnh tm ch sanh khi by ln lin tip nhau.
phn bit danh ca thin, hnh gi bt u bng vic lp li s thin, chng hn s thin
nim hi th, cho n khi nh sng tr tu sng rc, rc r v chi sng. Xut khi thin y v
phn bit nm chi thin nh khi hnh gi lm trc y, lc tu tp php thun thc ca s
thin.
94
Nm chi thin l:
1) Tm (vitakka)

94
<Xem NM PHP THUN THC tr.44>

2) T (vicra)
3) H (pti)
4) Lc (sukha)
5) Nht tm (ekaggat)
Hnh gi cn phi thc hnh cho n khi v y c th phn bit tt c nm chi thin cng mt
lc, cng nh phn bit cng nhiu cng tt cc tc hnh tm s thin gia nhiu nghn triu
tm thin sanh khi trong mt tin trnh tm c thin.
C ba mi bn tm hnh vo lc sanh khi mt tm bc thin (tm an ch): Mt tm s thin,
v ba mi ba tm s thin, bao gm c nm chi thin. V hnh gi cng cn phi phn bit
tt c ba mi bn tm hnh . Mt khi hnh gi tr nn thin xo trong vic phn bit nm
chi thin, k n hnh gi s bt u bng: thc (via), tm s xc (phassa), tm s th
(vedan): hnh gi chn php no d thy nht.
Nu hnh gi mun bt u bng thc (via). Hnh gi lp li s thin nim hi th, xut
khi thin y, v phn bit cc tm thin khi chng ang sanh khi nhiu triu ln lin tc. Sau
, lp li s thin, xut khi thin y, hnh gi lin phn bit thc + xc. Hnh theo phng
thc ny phn bit tt c ba mi bn tm hnh trong mi tc hnh tm s thin: u tin
l mt tm hnh, sau hnh gi thm vo mt tm hnh na, nh vy hnh gi phn bit
c hai tm hnh; thm mt tm hnh na, hnh gi phn bit c ba tm hnh, thm mt
tm hnh na, hnh gi phn bit c bn tm hnhvv. . cho n ba mi bn tm hnh.
Mi ln nh vy, hnh gi cn lp li s thin ca mnh, xut khi thin y, thm vo mt tm
hnh n khi ba mi bn tm hnh. y chnh l minh st bt on php
(anupadadhammavipassan) c c Pht m t trong Kinh Bt on (Anupada Sutta) ca
Kinh Trung B (MajjhimaNikya).
Sau khi phn bit ba mi bn tm hnh ca s thin, hnh gi phn bit tt c cc loi tm
hnh khc nhau trong trnh t su loi tm to nn mt tin trnh mn (manodvravthi)
ca s thin. V khi hnh gi hon tt vic phn tch tt c cc danh ca s thin, theo cch
ging vy, hnh gi cn phn bit v phn tch danh ca nh thin, tam thin, v t thin nim
hi th v bt k bc thin no khc m hnh gi chng c.


TIN TRNH TM C THIN (JhnaSampattiVthi) (Bn thin sc gii / Bn thin v sc gii)*
St-na tm
CittaKkhaa
(Trc tin trnh
tm)

(Sau tin trnh tm)

i tng
(cnh)
rammaa
i tng cn t ca
kip sng trc
i tng thin
Jhnrammaa
i tng cn t ca
kip sng trc
Tm
Citta
H Kip
Bhavaga
Hng mn
ManoDvr
vajjana
Tm Tc
hnh 1
Javana
Tm Tc
hnh 2
Javana
Tm Tc
hnh 3
Javana
Tm Tc
hnh 4
Javana
V s triu
Tm Tc hnh
Javana
H Kip
Bhavaga

Qu
Vipka
Duy tc
Kiriya
Chun b
Parikamma
Cn hnh
Upacra
Thun Th
Anuloma
Chuyn Tc
Gotrabhu
An ch
Appan
Qu
Vipka
Nghip
Kamma
Ci
vacara
Dc / Sc / V Sc
Kma/Rpa/Arpa
Dc
Kma
Sc / V Sc
Rpa/Arpa
Dc / Sc / V Sc
Kma/Rpa/Arpa
Cn
Vatthu
Tri Tim (Hadaya)
* Tin trnh tm c thin c th din ra bt k 1 trong 3 ci: dc, sc, v sc gii. Tt c cc chi tit nu ra y c da vo
VsM. iv. 69 PahamaJjhnaKath (Lun v s thin) PP. iv. 74-78.

y, 3 tc hnh tm chun b ca s, nh v tam thin c tt c 34 tm hnh trong khi tc
hnh tm chun b ca t thin ch c 33 tm hnh: khng c h (pti).
Danh Php lc Pht Sanh Tm Thin (jhnacitta)
95

Tm (citta)
Hng
Mn
Bn Tc
Hnh Tm
Chun B
Tc Hnh
Tm Thin
Bn Tc Hnh
Tm Chun
B
Tc Hnh
Tm Thin
Danh Php
(Nmadhamma)
S Nh Tam T
Tm (Citta) X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Tm S (Cetasika)
Bin Hnh (sabbacittasdhraa)

1. Xc (phassa) X X X X X X X X x x x x x
2. Th (vedan)
X-
upekkh
Lc
sukha
Lc - sukha X-upekkh
X-
upekkh
3. Tng (sa) X X X X X X X X X X X X X
4. T (cetan) X X X X X X X X X X X X X
5. Nht Hnh (ekaggat) X X X X X X X X X X X X X
6. Mng Quyn (jvitindriya) X X X X X X X X X X X X X
7. Tc (manasikra) X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Bit Cnh (pakiaka)
1. Tm (vitakka) X X X X X X X X X X
2. T (vicra) X X X X X X X X X X
3. Thng Gii (adhimokkha) X X X X X X X X X X X X X
4. Cn (vriya) X X X X X X X X X X X X X
5. H (pti) X X X X X X
6. Dc (chanda) X X X X X X X X X X X X
Bin Hnh Tnh Ho
(sobhanasdhraa)

1. Tn (saddh) X X X X X X X X X X X X
2. Nim (sati) X X X X X X X X X X X X
3. Tm (hirika) X X X X X X X X X X X X
4. Qu (ottapa) X X X X X X X X X X X X
5. V Tham (alobha) X X X X X X X X X X X X
6. V Sn (adosa) X X X X X X X X X X X X
7. Hnh X (tatramajjhattat) X X X X X X X X X X X X
8. Tnh Thn (kyapassaddhi) X X X X X X X X X X X X
9. Tnh Tm (cittapassaddhi) X X X X X X X X X X X X
10. Khinh Thn (kyalahut) X X X X X X X X X X X X
11. Khinh Tm (cittalahut) X X X X X X X X X X X X
12. Nhu Thn (kyamudut) X X X X X X X X X X X X
13. Nhu Tm (cittamudut) X X X X X X X X X X X X
14. Thch Thn(kyakammaat) X X X X X X X X X X X X
15. Thch Tm (cittakammaat) X X X X X X X X X X X X
16. Thun Thn (kyapguat) X X X X X X X X X X X X
17. Thun Tm (cittapguat) X X X X X X X X X X X X
18. Chnh Thn (kyujukat) X X X X X X X X X X X X
19. Chnh Tm (cittujukat) X X X X X X X X X X X X
V Si (amoha)
1. Tu Quyn (paindriya)

X X X X X X X X X X X X
Tng s tm hnh 12 34 34 32 31 33 31

95
Cc tm s c gch chn dn sng l nm chi thin <xem S THIN tr. 82 v phn trnh by ngay trc>

Danh Php ca Tm Thin (jhnacitta)
Tm
Citta
Hng Mn
ManoDvrvajjana
Chun b
Parikamma
Cn
Hnh
Upacra
Thun
Th
Anuloma
Chuyn
tc
Gotrabhu
Rt nhiu ngn triu
tc hnh tm An Ch
AppanJavana
S thin 12 34 34 34 34 34
Nh thin 12 34 34 34 34 32
(tm/t)
Tam
thin
12 34 34 34 34 31
(h)
T thin 12 33 33 33 33 31
(lc x)
Cn
Vatthu
63 63 63 63 63 63
Mt khi hnh gi phn bit v phn tch c tt c cc tm hnh ca t thin hi th, hnh
gi cng cn phi phn bit v phn tch bt k bc thin no ca nhng mc thin khc m
hnh gi chng c. Nu hnh gi c c bc thin v sc, v y cng thc hnh y nh
vy.
Khi tr nn thin xo trong vic phn bit nhiu loi danh y, k n, hnh gi cn phi
phn bit cc tm hnh thuc cc tin trnh ng mn v cc tin trnh mn theo sau chng:
bt cnh sc, cnh thanh, cnh mi, cnh v, v cnh xc lm i tng.
Theo cch , hnh gi c th phn bit v xc nh tt c cc loi tm trong kh nng ca
mnh. C loi tm no ngoi tm nhn nh ca hnh gi? C mi tm loi tm phn s sanh
khi trong mt v Thnh A-la-hn, nh vy ti khi no hnh gi l mt v thnh A-la-hn, mi
tm loi tm ny s c hin l trong phm vi minh st ca v y. Sau l tm loi tm siu
th (nh chng ti cp trc y), vn khng phi l i tng ca thin minh st. Tm
mi chn loi tm tr mi tm, tr tm cn li su mi ba loi tm m hnh gi cn phi
phn bit v xc nh trong giai on ny.
96

96
SU MI BA: y l mt s trnh by chung, bi l nm loi tm thin thin sc gii v bn loi tm thin thin
v sc gii nm ngoi tm qun ca ngi khng c bc thin, v cc loi tm qu (kit sanh) tng ng ca chng
nm ngoi tm qun i vi cc hnh gi khng th phn bit s sanh khi ca loi tm ny mt kip qu kh nh
kip phm thin sc gii hay phm thin v sc gii.


Tin Trnh Tm Ng Mn (pacadvravthi) (tin trnh nhn/nh/t/thit/thn mn: v d l tin trnh nhn mn (cakkhudvravthi).)
St-na tm
CittaKkhaa
(Trc tin trnh tm)

(Sau tin
trnh tm)

i tng
(cnh)
rammaa
i tng cn t ca kip
sng trc
i tng mu (sc)
Rprammaa
i tng
cn t ca
kip sng
trc
Tm
Citta
H Kip
Bhavaga
Hng ng
mn
PacaDvr
vajjana
Nhn
Thc
Cakkhu
Via
Tip thu
Sampaicchana
Quan st
Santraa
on nh
Vohapana
Tc hnh
Javana
ng k
Tadrammaa
H Kip
Bhavaga
Qu
kh
Atta
Rng
ng
Calana
Dt dng
Upaccheda
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2

Qu
Vipka
Duy tc
Kiriya
Qu
Vipka
Duy tc
Kiriya
Nghip
Kamma
Qu
Vipka
Qu
Vipka
Cn
Vatthu
Tri Tim
Hadaya
Mt
Cakkhu
Tri Tim
Hadaya


QUN NIM DANH
Li na, mc ch ca vic phn bit v xc nh cc loi tm hnh khc nhau trong cc tin
trnh tm sc gii v dc gii l hiu rng tm chng c g khc ngoi s sanh, tr v dit
ca nhng loi danh y: chng c linh hn, hay t ng, l l do ti sao hnh gi cn phi
qun tt c chng ch l danh (nma).
Phn bit li tt c cc tm hnh ca tin trnh tm s thin, tin trnh tm nh thin,... Phn
bit tt c cc loi danh (nma) y cho mi loi tin trnh, v xc nh chng theo c tnh
nghing v v bm dnh cht vo i tng (namana) ca chng.
QUN DANH - SC
Gi y, khi phn bit v xc nh c danh, hnh gi cn phi phn bit v phn tch sc
m danh nng sanh. Hnh gi s dng k nng trong thin t i phn bit v xc nh
nhm mi sc thuc tri tim, l ni nng sanh ca cc tin trnh mn dc gii v tin trnh
tm bc thin. V hnh gi phn bit v phn tch con mt (ni x) l ni thy cnh sc, v
cnh sc (ngoi x) c thy, tai v cnh thanh...
Sau , hnh gi phn bit v xc nh c danh ln sc nh: danh-sc (nmarpa), danh-sc
(nmarpa),...
TM TT V KT LUN
Chng ta hy tm li nhng g hnh gi lm c. Hnh gi lm c ba iu:
1) Hnh gi phn bit c danh bn trong v xc nh n l danh.
2) Hnh gi phn bit c sc bn trong v xc nh n l sc.
3) Hnh gi phn bit c c danh v sc bn trong v xc nh chng l danh-sc.
Nhng ch phn bit v xc nh danh-sc bn trong thi th vn cha . Hnh gi cng cn
phi phn bit v xc nh danh v sc bn ngoi. iu ngha l hnh gi cng cn phi
phn bit v xc nh danh v sc ca nhng chng sanh khc.
Khi thy danh v sc c bn trong ln bn ngoi, hnh gi cn phi qun chng l: Khng c
n ng, khng c n b, khng c ch thin, khng c phm thin, khng c t ng: ch c
danh v sc.
Nh vy, hnh gi hon tt giai on u ca minh st nh c m t trong Kinh i
Nim X phn qun danh thn v sc thn c bn trong v bn ngoi:
[1.1] Nh vy, v y sng qun thn trong thn (kye kynupass) bn trong,
[1.2] hay v y sng qun thn trong thn bn ngoi (bahiddh),
[1.3] hay v y sng qun thn trong thn c bn trong ln bn ngoi (ajjhattabahiddh)
Minh st tr ny c gi l Tr Phn nh Danh-Sc (nmarpaparicchedaa).

THNH O TM NGNH CA MINH ST: GIAI ON U
Nh chng ti cp trc y, trong thin minh st hip th, hnh gi ang tu tp Thnh
o Tm Ngnh hip th. Vo bt c lc no hnh gi bit c sc chn hay danh chn ,
chng ta c th ni rng tm chi phn sanh khi. i tng ca chng lc hoc l mt
danh php hoc l mt sc php.
V d, khi hnh gi phn bit v xc nh cc tm hnh ca bc s thin, tm chi phn bt cc
php thin (jhnadhamma) lm i tng. Li na, mc d ba chi phn v gii Chnh Ng,
Chnh Nghip, v Chnh Mng thc ra khng bt php thin lm i tng, song chng ti vn
tnh gp chng, bi v trc khi hnh gi th tr thin minh st, hnh gi th tr nm gii,
tm gii, chn hay mi gii hoc hai trm hai mi by gii ca T-khu, Nh vy, hnh gi
c c tm chi phn:
1) Chnh kin (SammDihi): hiu thu php thin bng tr tu.

2) Chnh t duy (SammSakappa): tng ng vi tm s tm (vitakka) gn tm vo php
thin.
3) Chnh ng (SammVc): c th tr trc , nh gi gii khng ni di,
4) Chnh nghip (SammKammanta): c th tr trc , nh gi gii khng st sanh,
5) Chnh mng (Sammjva): c th tr trc , nh vic gi cc gii.
6) Chnh tinh tn (SammVyma): n lc th nhp php thin, n lc gn tm vo n,
n lc nim tr trn n v n lc nh trn n.
7) Chnh nim (SammSati): nh ti php thin, v khng cc chi phn khc ri b php
thin.
8) Chnh nh (SammSamdhi): nh tm trn php thin.
l cch m tm chi phn ca Thnh o Tm Ngnh khi sanh trong khi thc hnh thin
minh st giai on u.
THIN MINH ST: GIAI ON HAI
Sau y l thin minh st giai on hai:
[2.1] v y sng qun php sanh khi (samudayadhamm) trong thn;
[2.2] hay v y sng qun php dit tn trong thn (vayadhamm);
[2.3] hay v y sng qun php sanh khi v dit tn (samudayavayadhamm) trong thn.

HAI LOI SANH DIT
Theo Thanh Tnh o (Visuddhimagga) v Phn Tch o (Paisambhidmagga), c hai loi
sanh & dit:
97

1) Duyn sanh & dit (paccayato udayabbaya):
i) Khi hnh gi nhn thy rng do bi v minh lm duyn, hnh sanh, v do bi hnh
sanh, thc sanh, l thng tr v duyn sanh ca cc un: php duyn khi theo
chiu thun (anuloma).
ii) Khi hnh gi thy rng vi s dit ca v mnh, hnh dit, do bi hnh dit, thc
dit,... chnh l thng tr v duyn dit ca cc un: php duyn khi theo chiu
nghch (pailoma).
2) S sanh & dit tc thi (paccayato udayabbaya): iu ny mun ni v s sanh, dit
theo tng st-na ca cc un: c tnh v thng ca chng.
Thy c hai loi sanh & dit ny to thnh giai on th hai ca thc hnh minh st.
Duyn sanh & dit cn phi c phn bit thot khi t kin (micchdihi) v mt t
ng thng hng hay linh hn, v cng thot khi t kin on dit sau khi cht. Hnh
gi cn phi thy bng thng tr s sanh ra v cht i xy ra do cc nhn, v s dit
khng cn d st ca s sanh ra v cht i xy ra khi cc nhn dit. chnh l php
duyn khi theo chiu thun (anulomapaiccasamuppda), v php duyn khi theo chiu
nghch (pailomapaiccasamuppda). Chng ti trnh by iu ny li ta.
98

97
Ton b phn trnh by v sau bt ngun t VsM.xx.724-731 Lun v Tr Sanh & Dit (UdayaBbayaaKath)
(v VsM) vn c lin quan n phn Phn Tch Tr Sanh & Dit (UdayaBbayaaNiddeso) trong b PsM.I.i.6
(.50), c hai phn lun ny u c nhc li trong ch gii Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna sutta) (383).
98
c trch t mc
THNH V NGUN GC CA KH CN PHI C ON TN., tr. 3 v
THNH V KH DIT CN PHI C CHNG NG, tr.4.

PHP DUYN KHI CHIU THUN
V th no, ny cc T-khu, l Thnh v Ngun Gc ca Kh?
[1] Do duyn v minh (avijj paccay), hnh sanh (sakhr);
[2] Do duyn hnh (sakhra paccay), thc sanh (viaa);
[3] Do duyn thc, danhsc sanh (viapaccay nmarpa);
[4] Do duyn danhsc, lc nhp sanh (nmarpapaccay sayatana);
[5] Do duyn lc nhp, xc sanh (sayatanapaccay phasso);
[6] Do duyn xc, th sanh (phassapaccay vedan);
[7] Do duyn th, i sanh (vedanpaccay tah);
[8] Do duyn i, th sanh (tahpaccay updna);
[9] Do duyn th, hu sanh (updnapaccay bhavo);
[10] Do duyn hu, sanh sanh (bhavapaccay jti);
[11] Do duyn sanh, (jtipaccay),
[12] gi, cht (jarmaraa), su (soka), bi (parideva), kh (dukkha), u (domanasa), no
(upysa) sanh.
y l ngun gc (samudayo) ca ton b kh un ny.
Nh vy, ny cc T-khu, c gi l Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh (DukkhaSamudaya
AriyaSacca).

PHP DUYN KHI CHIU NGHCH
V ny cc T-khu, th no l Thnh v Kh Dit? (DukkhaNirodha AriyaSacca)
[1] Do v minh dit (avijjya tveva asesavirga nirodh), cc hnh dit (sankhra nirodho);
[2] Do hnh dit, thc dit (sakhranirodh, vianirodho);
[3] Do thc dit, danhsc dit (vianirodh, nmarpanirodho);
[4] Do danhsc dit, lc nhp dit (nmarpanirodh, sayatananirodho);
[5] Do lc nhp dit, xc dit (sayatananirodh, phassanirodho);
[6] Do xc dit, th dit (phassanirodh, vedannirodho);
[7] Do th dit, i dit (vedannirodh, tahnirodho);
[8] Do i dit, th dit (tahnirodh, updnanirodho);
[9] Do th dit, hu dit (updnanirodh, bhavanirodho);
[10] Do hu dit, sanh dit (bhavanirodh, jtinirodho);
[11] Do sanh dit (jtinirodh);
[12] gi, cht (jarmaraa), su (soka), bi (parideva), kh (dukkha), u (domanasa), no
(upys) dit (nirujjhanti).
y l s dit (nirodho) ca ton b (kevalasa) kh un (dukkhakkhandhassa) ny.
Nh vy, ny cc T-khu, c gi l Thnh v Kh Dit.

PHN BIT PHP DUYN KHI CHIU THUN
Tuy nhin, ch c nim tin rng sanh v cht xy ra do nhn duyn, v s dit ca sanh v
cht khng cn d st khi nhn duyn on dit thi th khng . Minh st tr lun i hi

thng tr mi lc: loi tr tu thc hnh trc tip. Bng khng, Thnh v Ngun Gc ca
Kh khng th c on tn v Thnh v Kh Dit khng th c chng ng.
Lm th no hnh gi c th phn bit php duyn khi theo chiu thun v chiu nghch?
Chng ti trnh by v cch phn bit danh (nma) v sc (rpa). Nu hnh gi c th phn
bit danh v sc theo cch m chng ti m t, hnh gi cng s c th phn bit c cc
nhn ca chng. Phn bit danh v sc v cc nhn ca chng c gi chung l phn bit
php duyn khi (paiccasamuppda).
c Pht dy bn phng php phn bit duyn khi ty theo cn tnh ca ngi nghe. V
phng php th nm c dy bi Tn gi Sriputta, c ghi li trong Phn Tch o
(PaisambhidMagga). gii thch cc phng php ny mt cch chi tit th cn nhiu thi
gian, do vy chng ti ch ni hai phng php m chng ti thng dy ti cc trung tm
thin Pa-Auk. Chng c gi l phng php th nm ca Tn gi Sriputta v phng php
th nht, c c Pht dy trong, chng hn Kinh i Duyn (MahNidna Sutta) ca Kinh
Trng B (DghaNikya), v trong Nidna-Vagga ca Kinh Tng ng B
(SayuttaNikya).
C hai phng php i hi s phn bit nm un (pacakkhandha) trong qu kh, hin ti,
v v lai, cch m nhn v qu vn hnh trong ba thi k y: ba kip sng. Hnh gi phn bit
u l nhn, u l qu. Khi hnh gi c th lm c nh vy, hnh gi cng c th hc phn
bit php duyn khi theo cc phng php khc c dy trong cc kinh v ch gii.

PHNG PHP TH NM
TAM LUN (BA VNG)
Theo phng php th nm, php duyn khi c m t l ba vng (lun) (vaa): hai lun
thuc v nhn (c c thy l nm), mt lun thuc v qu (c c thy l nm):
1) Phin no lun (kilesavaa): l s lp li cc tm s bt thin l v minh (avijj),
tham i (tah), v chp th (updna). Tham i v chp th l s biu hin ca tm s
tham (lobha).
2) Nghip lun (kammavaa): l s lp li cc hnh nghip (sakhra) v hu
(bhava), y l nghip hu (kammabhava). Nhng hnh nghip m hnh gi lm
khin to ra mt tim lc ca nghip tn ti trong dng tng tc danh-sc ca v y. N
c gi l nghip lc (kammasatti). Nghip lun bao gm nghip lc ca cc nghip
lm t hng ngn i kip v trc, v ch mi nm pht va qua.
3) Qu lun (vipkavaa): l s lp li thc (via), danh-sc (nmarpa), lc
nhp (sayatana), xc (phassa), v th (vedan). chnh l cc qu ca nghip qu kh.
Ni theo cch khc, l s lp li ca sanh (jti), gi & cht (jarmaraa), su (soka), bi
(parideva), kh (dukkha), u (domanassa), v no (upysa).
Do bi s sanh khi ca phin no lun, nghip lun sanh. V do bi s sanh khi ca
nghip lun, qu lun sanh. chnh l cch mi hai chi phn ca php duyn khi theo
chiu thun c th c xem l tam lun to thnh nm nhn v nm qu.
NM NHN NM QU
1) V minh (avijj) 1) Thc qu (via)
2) i (tah) 2) Danh Sc (nmarpa)
3) Th (updna) 3) Lc Nhp (sayatana)
4) Hnh Nghip (sakhra) 4) Xc (phassa)
5) Nghip Hu (kammabhava) (nghip lc) 5) Th (vedan)
Nm nhn chnh l s tch ly cc thin nghip v bt thin nghip t kip ny sang kip khc.
Nghip lc ca chng to ra nm qu, tc nhng qu ca nghip trong cc kip v lai. S sanh

ra v kip sng khng l g khc ngoi s sanh khi ca nm qu do bi nm nhn qu kh:
chng c t ng, chng c linh hn, chng c s hin hu thng hng, v chng c s hy
dit no sau khi cht. Vo lc cht, nm qu ca mt kip sng dng li, v nm qu mi sanh
ln do bi nm nhn khc qu kh, to ra s ti sanh v kip sng mi.
Nm nhn c tch ly trong cc kip qu kh to ra nm qu trong kip hin ti. Nm nhn
khc c tch ly trong kip hin ti, cng vi nm nhn trong cc kip sng qu kh s to
ra nm qu nhng kip v lai. Nu nm nhn l thin nghip, nm qu s cho ra mt kip
sng an vui. Nu nm nhn l bt thin nghip, nm qu s cho ra mt kip sng kh au. S
vn hnh ca nm nhn v nm qu ny vn hnh trong v s kip qu kh, v s tip tc
vn hnh trong tng lai, chng no v y cn cha chng c A-la-hn.
S qun php duyn khi lin h n vic thy chui nm nhn v nm qu ny, chng vn
hnh nh hai lun nhn v mt lun qu. Hnh gi bt u bng s qun qu kh.

LM TH NO PHN BIT DUYN SANH
qun qu kh, hnh gi bt u bng vic cng dng n, hoa hoc nhang n mt ngi
bo thp hoc mt hnh tng Pht. Hnh gi nn lm mt c nguyn ti sanh theo mun
nh tr thnh mt v T-khu, mt tu n, mt ngi nam, mt ngi n hay mt v ch thin
chng hn. Nu hnh gi mun ti sanh l mt v Phm thin, hnh gi nn lp li bc thin
hi th m hnh gi a thch sau pht nguyn ti sanh l mt v Phm Thin.
Sau , hnh gi i ngi thin, nhp vo t thin cho n khi nh sng tr tu sng rc, rc r
v chi sng. K n, hnh gi phn bit danh-sc (nmarpa) bn trong ln bn ngoi lp i
lp li nhiu ln. iu ny l cn thit bi v vic phn bit danh-sc qu kh tng t nh vic
phn bit danh-sc bn ngoi. Do vy, nu hnh gi khng th phn bit danh-sc bn ngoi
th vic phn bit danh-sc qu kh l cc k kh khn i vi hnh gi.
Sau , hnh gi phn bit danh-sc xut hin khi hnh gi cng dng ti ngi bo thp
hay hnh tng Pht hoc lc hnh gi nhp vo bc thin hi th: hnh gi phn bit chng
nh cc i tng bn ngoi. Sau , hnh nh ca vic cng dng hay nhp thin s xut
hin: lc , hnh gi phi phn bit t i trong hnh nh .
Khi hnh nh b v thnh nhng nhm sc (rpa kalpas), hnh gi phn bit tt c cc loi
sc su mn, c bit l su mi ba loi sc tm c. iu s cho php hnh gi phn
bit nhng chui di cc tm h kip (bhavaga) sanh khi ni tip nhau gia s sanh khi ca
cc tin trnh mn. Tip theo, hnh gi i ngc li v xui theo cc chui tin trnh mn,
tm nm nhn. u tin l phin no lun, k n l nghip lun.
1) Phin no lun (kilesavaa): y, n chnh l cc tin trnh mn c cc tc hnh tm
bt thin c cn tham l c mun tr thnh mt v T-khu, tu n, ngi nam, ngi n
hay ch thin hoc Phm thin. Hnh gi i ngc v xui theo cc chui tin trnh tm
mn cho n khi hnh gi tm ra chng. Chng s c hai mi tm hnh nu c h; mi
chn tm hnh nu khng c h. Cc tm hnh ny s bao gm cc phin no v minh,
tham i v chp th.
2) Nghip lun (kammavaa): y, n chnh l cc tin trnh mn c cc tc hnh tm
thin ca vic cng dng n ngi bo thp hay hnh tng Pht. Chng s c ba mi bn
tm hnh nu c h; ba mi ba tm hnh nu khng c h.
Ti sao c mun tr thnh mt v T-khu chng hn, li l bt thin? Bi v, nh chng ti
gii thch khi trnh by v thin minh st, theo ngha tt cng th khng c n ng, khng c
n b, khng c ch thin v khng c Phm thin, ch c danh v sc. c mun tr thnh v
T-khu sanh khi do bi ba phin no l v minh, tham i v chp th:
1) V minh l o tng cho rng mt v T-khu tht s hin hu.
2) Tham i l s mong mun v c ao i sng ca mt v T-khu.
3) Chp th l s dnh mc vi i sng l mt v T-khu.
Ba chi phn, v minh, tham i, v chp th phi hp vi tt c cc tm khin to nn phin
no lun (kilesavaa).

K tip, gi s hnh gi nguyn tr thnh mt ngi n:
1) V minh l o tng cho rng mt ngi n tht s hin hu.
2) Tham i l s mong mun v c ao i sng lm mt ngi n.
3) Chp th l s dnh mc vi i sng l ngi n y.
Li na, thay vo , nu hnh gi nguyn tr thnh mt v Phm thin:
1) V minh l o tng cho rng mt v Phm Thin tht s hin hu.
2) Tham i l s mong mun v c ao i sng lm mt v Phm thin.
3) Chp th l s dnh mc vi kip sng l mt v Phm thin.
Trong cc v d, hnh nghip (sakhra) l t thin (kusalacetan) ca vic cng dng hay
nhp vo bc thin, v nghip chnh l nghip lc ca chng. C hai c tm thy trong cc
tm to nn nghip lun (kammavaa).
Mc d, c mun m hnh gi lm l bt thin nghip, song chng khng phi l nghip lun
bi n c thc hin v vic cng dng n bo thp hay hnh tng Pht: Do bi s sanh
khi ca phin no lun nn mi sanh khi nghip lun.
Khi hnh gi c th phn bit danh-sc ca phin no lun v nghip lun qu kh gn, hnh
gi phi i ngc v qu kh xa hn, n mt thi im no trc lc cng dng hay trc
lc nhp thin, v phn bit danh-sc theo cch tng t. Sau li tip tc i xa hn cht
na v c lp li tin trnh.
Theo cch ny, hnh gi phn bit danh-sc mt ngy trc, mt tun trc, mt thng trc,
mt nm trc, hai nm trc, ba nm trc, Cui cng, hnh gi s c th phn bit danh-
sc hp vi thc u tin ngay chnh kip sng hin ti ca mnh: kit sanh thc (paisandhi
citta). Danh-sc y chnh l s th thai kip sng hin ti.
Khi i tm cc nhn ca s th thai, hnh gi phi i ngc xa hn na, n kip sng trc.
Sau , hnh gi s thy hoc l danh v sc thi im cn t ca mnh kip trc, hoc l
i tng ca tin trnh cn t (maraasannavthi) kip trc. chnh l tin trnh tm
cui cng ca hnh gi kip qu kh, trc khi tm t sanh khi.
C ba i tng c th xy ra cho tin trnh cn t. V hnh gi c ti sanh lm ngi, nhng
i tng ny s ch phi hp vi thin:
1) Nghip: nhng t hnh ca mt thin nghip lm trc trong cng kip sng hoc
mt kip sng trc. Chng hn, hnh gi hi tng s hoan h hp vi vic cng dng
vt thc n cc v T-khu hoc nhng ngi th nhn khc, hoc s an lc v tnh lng
hp vi thin.
2) Nghip tng (kamma nimitta): Mt i tng hp vi mt thin nghip lm trc
trong cng mt kip sng hay mt kip sng trc. Nu hnh gi l mt v bc s trong kip
trc, hnh gi s thy nhng bnh nhn; nu hnh gi tng l mt Pht t, hnh gi c
th thy mt v T-khu, mt hnh tng Pht hay nghe tng kinh Pi; nu hnh gi l mt
thin sinh, hnh gi c th thy t tng (paibhganimitta) ca mc thin qu kh ca
mnh.
3) Th tng (gati nimitta): mt cnh tng v ni n ca hnh gi, ni m v y sp ti
sanh. i vi vic sanh li lm ngi, n chnh l d ca ngi m hin ti ca hnh gi;
nh mt tm thm .
y, i tng ca tin trnh tm cn t trong kip qu kh cng chnh l i tng ca tm
u tin kip sng hin ti: Tm tc sanh (paisandhicitta). i tng xut hin do bi
nghip lc sp sa chn mi lc kt thc kip sng qu kh y. Qu ca n l tm tc sanh
ca hnh gi. V i tng ca tm tc sanh cng l i tng ca tm h kip (bhavaga)
hin ti, v s l i tng ca tm t trong kip sng ny. Chng ti trnh by iu ny
trc y, khi ni v tm h kip (bhavaga). ( l bi v tm h kip bt i tng qu kh
nn hnh gi khng hay bit g khi ri vo tm h kip)
Khi hnh gi phn bit i tng ca tin trnh cn t ca kip sng qu kh, hnh gi cng
s c th phn bit nghip lun to ra qu un (vipkakkhandha) ca kip sng ny. T

thin v nhng tm hnh khc, cng nh nghip lc ca chng to ra sc do nghip sanh
(kammajarpa) v danh qu (vipkanma). K tip, hnh gi cng s c th phn bit phin
no lun c trc : v minh, i v th, cng nh nhng tm hnh khc.
l cch m hnh gi bng thng tr ca chnh mnh thy c rng do bi nm nhn m
nm qu sanh lc s th thai hnh gi: Do v minh, i, th, cc hnh nghip, v nghip hu
(tim lc ca nghip), nn thc, danh-sc, lc nhp, xc v th sanh khi vo lc th thai
kip sng hin ti. Nhng n vn cha phi l su x (lc nhp). Vo lc th thai ca mt
chng sanh con ngi, ch c hai x: x v thn x. Nhn-, nh-, t-, v thit x xut hin
trong thi k thai nghn v y xy ra sau .
l cch m hnh gi thy php duyn khi ca nm un, danh v sc. Nh chng ti
cp trc y, iu ny cn c gi l phn bit duyn sanh (paccayato udaya).

LM TH NO PHN BIT DUYN DIT
Php duyn khi theo chiu nghch (pailoma) l s ph nh tt c mi hai chi phn ca php
duyn khi. Cc duyn b ph nh cng vi s chng c A-la-hn. Do bi nng lc ca A-la-
hn o, phin no lun b dit tn khng cn d st: v minh, i, v th u b dit tn. iu
ny c gi l phin no Nit-bn (kilesaParinibbna). V do bi phin no Nit-bn, nghip
lun b dit: hnh nghip v nghip lc ca n cng b dit. Do bi nm nhn ny b dit, cc
thin nghip v bt thin nghip m v A-la-hn tch ly trc khi chng c A-la-hn khng
cn kh nng to ra mt sanh hu tng lai sau khi cht. Tuy vy, nm qu ca qu lun vn
tip tc hot ng cho n khi v A-la-hn cht. Ci cht ca v A-la-hn chnh l s cht Bt-
Nit-bn (Parinibbna-cuti), cn gi l cc un Nit-bn (khandhaParinibbna). iu ngha
l qu lun b dit hon ton khng cn d st: khng cn nm qu na.
Gi y, nu hnh gi thc hnh minh st thun thc, v c ba-la-mt qu kh mnh m,
minh st tr ca hnh gi c th tr nn chn mi, v hnh gi c th tr thnh mt v A-la-hn
trong kip sng ny. Hnh gi cng c th tr thnh mt v A-la-hn trong mt kip v lai.
Min l hnh gi hnh thin chm ch, lc y hnh gi s c th thy s chng ng A-la-hn
trong tng lai ca mnh. Nhng nu hnh gi ngng hnh thin, v ch lo th hng dc lc,
tng lai y s thay i.
Phn bit duyn khi theo chiu nghch l thy r qu v A-la-hn trong tng lai, hoc
trong kip ny hoc mt kip sng v lai. l qun s dit tn hon ton trong tng lai ca
nm nhn v nm qu nh chng ti va gii thch.
Khi hnh gi c th bit v thy php duyn khi theo c chiu thun v chiu nghch bng
thng tr ca chnh mnh, loi thng tr s bng tn gc r cc loi t kin khc nhau:
thng kin v on kin. Chng no hnh gi cn cha th bit v thy php duyn khi
trong c hai chiu thun v nghch bng thng tr ca chnh mnh, hnh gi khng th bng tn
gc r cc loi t kin khc nhau . K n, l s phn bit duyn sanh & duyn dit
(paccayato udayabbaya). Loi minh st tr ny cn c gi l tr nm bt nhn duyn
(paccayapariggahaa). V trong giai on ny, hnh gi s hon tt loi tr u tin trong
ba loi t tri m chng ti cp trc y: tr t tri (tapari).

LM SAO QUN S SANH & DIT THEO ST-NA
K tip, l qun s sanh & dit theo st-na (khaato udayabbaya). iu ny ni n s
sanh, dit v bin d theo tng st-na ca cc un:
1) Ngay khi chng va sanh ln, cc un dit i tc th, y chnh l c tnh v thng ca
chng (aniccalakkhaa).
2) Chng lun lun b n p bi tnh sanh v dit lin tc, y chnh l c tnh kh ca
chng (dukkhalakkhaa).

3) Do phi chu v thng v kh theo cch ny, c Pht ging, chng khng c mt thc
th vnh cu, khng c mt t ng thng hng, y chnh l c tnh v ng ca chng
(anattalakkhaa).
chnh l ba c tnh (tam tng) (tilakkhaa) m hnh gi cn phi qun trong minh st.
Hnh gi cn phi qun ba c tnh ca nm un qu kh, v lai v hin ti, bn trong v
bn ngoi, th v t, h lit v cao thng, xa v gn. Cng vy, hnh gi cn phi qun ba
c tnh ca tt c (sabba) m chng ti cp trc y: nhn x, sc x, nhn thc,
nhn xc, v cc th sanh khi bi nhn xc, tng, t, i, tm, i vi nh, t, thit, thn v
, bao gm tt c cc hnh ca cc thin chng m hnh gi c, v mi hai chi phn
ca php duyn khi. Loi minh st tr ny cn c gi l tr thm st tam tng
(sammasanaa). V v n bit ba c tnh ca tt c cc nhm php ny, nn n cn c
gi l thm st nhm (kalpasammasana).
Trong giai on ny, chng ti thng dy thin sinh nhng cch thc khc nhau cng c s
thm st ba c tnh cc nhm khc nhau ca mi mt loi nm un. V khi thin sinh c
th thy chng r rng theo tng st-na mt, minh st tr ny c gi l tr qun s sanh &
dit (udayabbaynupassana).
Vo giai on tu tp thin minh st trc , chng ti gi tr minh st ca hnh gi l tr minh
st yu (taruavipassana). V trong giai on ny, hnh gi c th kinh nghim loi nh
sng m hnh gi cha tng bit n trc y; tr v danh-sc c th tr nn sc bn m v
y cha tng kinh nghim qua, v hnh gi cng s kinh nghim h, an tnh khng mt mi,
rt thun lc, nim tin rt mnh m v kin quyt, n lc min mt v qun bnh tt, nim
c an tr tt, v x, l nhng g m hnh gi cha bao gi kinh nghim qua. V do s
thiu kinh nghim, hnh gi rt d c th ngh rng nhng php ny ng ngha vi chng c
o v Qu: V hnh gi c th tr nn dnh mc vi chng, pht trin t kin v ng mn.
l cch m nhng php y c th tr thnh iu m chng ti gi l nhim ca minh st
(vipassanupakkilesa). Chng rt nguy him v chng dn dt hnh gi t chnh o lch qua
t o. Nhng nu hnh gi c c mt v thy c thin xo, hnh gi c th bit v thy
cc php y ch l v thng, kh v v ng. Theo cch y, hnh gi li c th ngn chn c
nhng nhim ny, tr li o l v tu tp nhng g m chng ti gi l minh st tr vng chc
(balavavipassana).
K tip, hnh gi s hon tt giai on th hai ca thin minh st:
[2.1] Hay v y sng qun php sanh khi (samudayadhamm) trong thn;
[2.2] hay v y sng qun php dit tn trong thn (vayadhamm);
[2.3] hay v y sng qun [c hai] php sanh v dit (samudayavayadhamm) trong thn.

THNH O TM NGNH CA THIN MINH ST: GIAI ON TH HAI
Li na, khi hnh gi tu tp thin minh st giai on th hai, hnh gi tip tc pht trin Thnh
o Tm Ngnh. Vo bt c lc no hnh gi bit mt trong ba c tnh ca, hoc l sc tt
cng, hoc danh tt cng, hoc cc nhn ca chng, chng ti c th ni rng tm chi phn
sanh khi. i tng ca tm chi phn lc l, hoc c tnh v thng, hoc c tnh kh,
hoc c tnh v ng ca mt sc php, mt danh php, hay mt chi phn ca php duyn
khi.
Chng hn, khi hnh gi qun s v thng ca sc tt cng, tm chi phn ly s v thng
ca sc php (rpadhamma) lm i tng. y, li na, mc d trn thc t, ba chi phn
v gii Chnh ng, Chnh Nghip, v Chnh mng khng ly s v thng ca bt k php no
lm i tng, nhng chng ti bao gm lun c chng, bi v trc khi hnh gi th tr thin
minh st, hnh gi th tr hoc nm gii, tm gii, chn hay mi gii, hoc hai trm hai
mi by gii ca T-khu, Nh vy, chng ta c tm chi phn:
1) Chnh kin (SammDihi): hiu thu s v thng ca sc php bng tr tu.
2) Chnh t duy (SammSakappa): tng ng vi tm s tm (vitakka), gn tm vo
s v thng ca sc php.

3) Chnh ng (SammVc): c th tr trc , nh l gii khng ni di,
4) Chnh nghip (SammKammanta): c th tr trc , nh gii khng st sanh,
5) Chnh mng (Sammjva): c th tr trc , ging nh cc gii hc.
6) Chnh tinh tn (SammVyma): n lc hiu thu s v thng ca sc php, n lc
gn tm vo n, n lc nim tr trn n, v n lc nh trn n.
7) Chnh Nim (SammSati): nh ti s v thng ca cc sc php, khng cho cc chi
phn khc ri khi s v thng ca sc php.
8) Chnh nh (SammSamdhi): nh tm trn s v thng ca sc php.
l cch tm chi phn ca Thnh o Tm Ngnh sanh khi trong sut giai on th hai
ca php hnh minh st.

THIN MINH ST: GIAI ON BA
Cng mt nguyn tc, hnh gi c th r bit cch m tm chi phn ca Thnh o Tm
Ngnh sanh khi trong sut giai on th ba ca php hnh minh st, nh c Pht ging
trong mc Nim Hi Th ca Kinh i Nim X:
[3] Hay c nim nh vy C thn y (atthi kyoti), c thit lp va hng n tr
(yvadeva amattya), va hng n nim (paissatimattya).
y, c Pht ang ni n s tn ha ca hnh gi qua cc tr minh st ngy mt cao hn.

MI BA TR MINH ST U TIN
C tt c l mi su tr minh st. Chng ti trnh by bn tr u tin. Loi tr th nht to
thnh giai on u tin ca minh st:
1) Tr Phn nh Danh-Sc (NmaRpaParicchedaa): y, hnh gi phn bit v
phn tch nm th un: sc tt cng v danh tt cng trong qu kh, v lai v hin ti, bn
trong v bn ngoi, th v t, h lit v cao thng, xa v gn.
Ba tr minh st tip theo to thnh giai on th hai ca minh st.
2) Tr Nm Bt Nhn Duyn (PaccayaPariggahaa): y, hnh gi qun php duyn
khi ca nm un theo chiu thun v chiu nghch.
3) Tr Thm St Tam Tng (Sammasanaa): y, hnh gi qun cc c tnh (tng
trng) v thng, kh v v ng ca cc un.
4) Tr Qun Tnh Sanh & Dit (UdayaBbaynupassana): y, hnh gi qun s
sanh v dit ca cc un, tr v cc c tnh v thng, kh v v ng ca chng c
mnh m hn.
Giai on th ba ca minh st m chng ti sp trnh by l chn tr minh st tip theo:
5) Tr Qun S Hoi Dit (Bhagnupassana): y, hnh gi ch c bit qun v
s hoi dit ca nm un, tr v cc c tnh v thng, kh v v ng ca chng c
mnh m hn.
6) Tr Kinh y (BhayatUpahnaa): y, hnh gi qun s kinh hi v tnh dit lin
tc ca nm un tr v cc c tnh v thng, kh v v ng ca chng c mnh m
hn.
7) Tr Qun S Him Nguy (dnavnupassana): y, hnh gi qun s nguy him
ca tnh dit lin tc ca nm un tr v cc c tnh v thng, kh v v ng ca chng
c mnh m hn.
8) Tr Ym Ly (Nibbidnupassana): y, hnh gi qun trn s tht rng chng c
g ng am m i vi tnh dit lin tc ca nm un. Vi cch qun ny, hnh gi s tr nn

nhm chn vi nm un. Trong giai on ny, tm ca hnh gi nghing hng n Nit-bn,
php v sanh, tch tnh.
9) Tr Dc Thot (MucituKamyata): trong giai on ny (do bi s tch ly cc tr
minh st vng chc v mnh m trc ), s nhm chn i vi nm un mnh n ni hnh
gi mong mi c gii thot khi nm un.
10) Tr Gin Trch hay Tr Suy Xt hay Tr Quyt Ly (Paisakhnupassana): y,
hnh gi suy xt li cch m nm un v thng kh v v ng, bng cch y m khin tr
minh st ngy cng su sc v mnh m hn bao gi ht.
11) Tr Hnh X (SakhrUpekkha): y, cui cng th hnh gi s pht trin s
trung lp i vi nm un. Tng v cc un s thay i: ng hn l hnh gi khng cn thy
thch th hay s hi i vi chng, gi y, hnh gi nhn chng bng mt tm trung lp.
Loi tr ny chnh l nh im ca tr minh st hip th.
12) Tr Thun Th (Anulomaa): y l mt loi tr chun b, chun b chuyn hng t tr
minh st trn nm un sang tr minh st i vi Nit-bn. Mt khi tr ny sanh khi, chn chn
hnh gi s t n bn loi tr cui cng.
13) Tr Chuyn Tc (Gotrabhua): Loi tr ny ly Nit-bn lm i tng. Mc d vy, n
vn thuc hip th bi v n ch nh du s chuyn i t phm nhn (puthujjana) sang
Thnh nhn (Ariya).
Chn tr minh st ny (t tr th nm n tr th mi ba) to thnh giai on th ba ca minh
st. Ba tr cui cng to thnh giai on th t ca minh st: Hai tr u l siu th, song, tr
cui cng li l hip th.

THIN MINH ST: GIAI ON BN
BA TU MINH ST CUI CNG
14) Tr o (Maggaa): tr ny chnh l tr minh st siu th u tin, v n ly Nit-bn
lm i tng. Tt c cc tr minh st hip th ch n p cc nhim, nhng vi Tr o, n
hy dit cc phin no theo tng giai on, Nhp Lu o Tr hy dit mt s phin no, Nht
Li o Tr lm yu i mt s cc phin no, Bt Lai o Tr hy dit mt s cc phin no, v
vi A-la-hn o Tr, tt c cc phin no cn li b hy dit khng cn d st.
15) Tr Qu (Phalaa): loi tr ny chnh l qu ca Tr o, v theo sau n. N cng thuc
Siu Th, bt Nit-bn lm i tng.
16) Tr Phn Khn (Duyt) (Paccavekkhaaa): C nm tr xt duyt, tt c u l hip th.
Chng sanh sau cc o-Qu Tr. Chng xt duyt o Tr, Qu Tr, Nit-bn, cc phin no
b hy dit, v cc phin no cn li. Vi s sanh khi A-la-hn o Tr, khng cn cc phin
no cn li.
Ba tr cui cng l nhng g c Pht mun ni trong m t v giai on th t v cng l giai
on cui cng ca thin minh st:
[4] V v y sng khng nng ta (anissito), khng chp trc mt vt g trn i (na ca
kici loke updiyati).

THNH O TM NGNH CA THIN MINH ST
Khi o Tr v Qu Tr sanh khi, Thnh o Tm Ngnh siu th v minh st siu th sanh
khi. Vi minh st hip th, tm chi phn ca Thnh o Tm Ngnh ly mt i tng hip
th lm i tng: mt sc php, mt danh php, mt chi phn ca duyn khi, hoc c tnh
v thng, c tnh kh hoc c tnh v ng. Tuy nhin, vi minh st siu th, tm chi phn
ly php Nit-bn (Nibbnadhamma) thuc siu th lm i tng. V khi php Nit-bn l i
tng, ba chi phn v gii l Chnh Ng, Chnh Nghip, v Chnh Mng cng sanh khi. Tt c
tm chi phn sanh khi cng lc vi nh siu th v minh st siu th:

1) Chnh Kin (SammDihi): hiu thu php Nit-bn bng tr tu.
2) Chnh T Duy (SammSakappa): tng ng vi tm s tm (vitakka), gn tm
vo php Nit-bn.
3) Chnh Ng (SammVc): vi s hiu thu php Nit-bn, cc phin no chu trch
nhim cho t ng b hy dit. l cch m Thnh o Tm Ngnh siu th bao gm
chi phn Chnh Ng.
4) Chnh Nghip (SammKammanta): Li na, cc phin no chu trch nhim cho t
nghip b hy dit, iu ny c ngha l chi phn Chnh Nghip cng sanh khi.
5) Chnh Mng (Sammjva): khi cc phin no chu trch nhim cho t ng, t
nghip b hy dit, iu ny c ngha l chi phn Chnh Mng cng sanh khi.
6) Chnh Tinh Tn (SammVyma): n lc hiu thu php Nit-bn, n lc gn
tm vo n, n lc nim tr trn n, v n lc nh trn n.
7) Chnh Nim (SammSati): nh ti php Nit-bn, v khng cho cc chi phn khc
ri khi php Nit-bn.
8) Chnh nh (SammSamdhi): nh tm trn php Nit-bn.
l cch m tm chi phn ca Thnh o Tm Ngnh sanh khi giai on th t ca minh
st.

BA LOI THNG T TR
S sanh khi ca Thnh o Tm Ngnh siu th tng ng vi giai on cui cng ca tr
t tri (pahnapari), loi tr th ba trong ba loi thng t tr (pari).
1) Hai tr minh st u tin (tr phn nh danh-sc cng vi tr nm bt nhn duyn) cng
to thnh tr u tin trong ba loi thng t tr: tr t tri (tapari).
2) Hai tr minh st tip theo (tr thm st tam tng v tr qun sanh-dit) cng to thnh
thm t tri (traapari).
3) Mi hai tr minh st hip th v siu th cn li to thnh tr th ba trong ba loi thng
t tr, tr t tri (pahnapari). Phn ln loi tr ny c hnh thnh t by loi qun
tng. Tn gi Sriputta ging v chng trong Phn Tch o (PaisambhidMagga):
99

3.1) Qun nm un l v thng, hnh gi t b c thng tng (niccasa) i
vi nm un.
3.2) Qun nm un l kh, hnh gi t b lc tng (sukhasa) i vi nm un.
3.3) Qun nm un l v ng, hnh gi t b ng tng (attasa) i vi nm un.
3.4) Qun nm un nh vy, hnh gi thy c s tan v o tng (nibbindato) v
nm un, v theo cch y, t b ham thch (nandi) i vi nm un.
3.5) Qun nm un l s tan v o tng, hnh gi thy chng vi s ly i (virajjanto),
do t b tham i (rga) i vi nm un.
3.6) Qun nm un vi s ly i, hnh gi thy chng nh ch l s dit (nirodhento), v
bng cch y, t b s tp khi (samudaya) ca nm un. iu ny cng ging nh ni
rng hnh gi t b cc chi phn chnh yu ca php duyn khi: v minh v tham i.
3.7) Qun nm un nh l s dit, hnh gi t b s nm cht (dna) i vi nm un.
iu ny cng nh ni rng v y t b s chp th (updna) i vi nm un, v y
thnh tu c vy vi s sanh khi ca Thnh o Tm Ngnh siu th. Do vy, c
Pht ging rng: v y sng khng nng ta (anissito), khng chp trc mt vt g
trn i (na ca kici loke updiyati).
V sau , c Pht kt thc li dy i vi v T-khu tu tp Nim Hi Th (npnassati).

99
PsM.I.vii.52 BhagnupassanaNiddeso (Phn Tch Tr Qun S Hoi Dit) (My.1.55)

Ny cc T-khu, nh vy T-khu sng qun thn trong thn (kye kynupass viharati).
Cu mong tt c qu v chuyn cn thc hnh Bn Nim X, con ng c nht t n
Thnh o Tm Ngnh siu th, chng ng Nit-bn, V Vi gii (Asakhatadhtu): Thnh
v Kh Dit.


Bt-Nit-bn Un (KhandhaParinibbna)
Tu Un
(Pa-
Kkhandha)
(VsM.xiv-
xxiii)
7) Tri Kin
Thanh Tnh
(a-
Dassana-
Visuddhi)
Arahant o & Qu (ArahattaMaggaPhala)
(Phin no Bt-Nit-bn (KilesaParinibbna))
Bt Lai o & Qu (AngmiMaggaPhala)
Nht Lai o & Qu (SakadgmiMaggaPhala)
Tht Lai o v Qu (SotpattiMaggaPhala)
o & Qu (MaggaPhala)
(16) Tr Phn Khn
(Paccavekkhaa-a)
(15) Tr Qu (Phala-
a)
(14) Tr o (Magga-
a)
(13) Tr Chuyn Tc
(Gotrabhu-a)
(12) Tr Thun Th
(Anuloma-a)
(11) Tr Hnh X
(Sakhrupekkh-a)
(10) Tr Suy Xt
(Paisakh-a)
(9) Tr Dc Thot
(Mucitukamyat-
a)
(8) Tr Ym Ly (Nibbid-
a)
(7) Tr Him Nguy
(dnava-a)
(6) Tr Kinh y (Bhaya-
a)
(5) Tr Hoi Dit
(Bhaga-a)
3) Tr t tri
(Pahna-
pari)
(khng tnh
Tu Chuyn
Tc)
6) o hnh
Tri Kin Thanh
Tnh
(Paipad-
a-
Dassana-
Visuddhi)

Duyn Khi (Paiccasamuppda)
5 nhn 5 qu t kip ny sang kip sau:
Qu kh - Hin ti V lai Nit-bn Un

Danh tt cng (paramatthanma)
63 loi tm (citta) + 52 loi tm s (cetasika)
1-3) qu kh (atta) v lai (ngata) hin ti
(paccuppanna)
4-5) ni (ajjhatta) ngoi (bahiddh)
6-7) th (orika) t (sukhuma)
8-9) cao thng (pata) h lit (hna)
10-11) xa (dre) gn (santike)
(Tm Jhna ch cho 1 loi vi bc thin jhna)

Sc Tt Cng (paramattharpa)
18 loi sc c th (nipphannarpa)
1-3) qu kh (atta) v lai (ngata) hin ti
(paccuppanna)
4-5) ni (ajjhatta) ngoi (bahiddh)
6-7) th (orika) t (sukhuma)
8-9) cao thng (pata) h lit (hna)
10-11) xa (dre) gn (santike)

Phn bit c tnh v thng (aniccalakkhaa), c tnh kh
(dukkhalakkhaa) v c tnh v ng (anatta lakkhaa) ca
danh sc tt cng v cc nhn ca chng (duyn khi
(paiccasamuppda))

Thin Minh St (vipassanbhvan)
(4B) Tr Sanh Dit
(mnh) (UdayaBbaya-
a)
2) Thm t
Tri
(Traa-
pari)
5) o v Phi
o Tri Kin
Thanh Tnh
(Maggmagg
a-a-
Dassana-
Visuddhi)
(4A) Tr Sanh Dit (yu)
(UdayaBbaya-a)
(3) Tr Thm St Tam
Tng (Sammasana-
a)
4) on Nghi
Thanh Tnh
(Kakh-
Vitaraa-
Visuddhi)
Phn bit duyn khi (paicca - samuppda) (phng php 1
v 5): phn bit c tnh (lakkhaa), phn s (rasa), biu hin
(paccupahna), nhn gn (padahna) ca mi nhn v mi
qu ca cc kip qu kh, hin ti v cc kip v lai.
Tr Bt ng vi Php (Dhammahitia)
(2) Tr Nm Bt Nhn
Duyn
(Paccaya-Pariggaha-
a)
1) Tr t Tri
(ta-
pari)
3) Kin Thanh
Tnh
(Dihi-
Visuddhi)
Phn tch danh-sc (Nmarpa-vavatthna): Phn tch rng
ngoi danh-sc (nmarpa) ra th khng c chng sanh
(satta), i sng (jva), t ng (atta), n ng, n b, thin
nhn, phm thin
Phn bit c danh v sc (Rprpa-pariggaha): phn bit
c tnh (lakkhaa), phn s (rasa), biu hin (paccupahna)
v nhn gn (padahna) ca mi loi sc v danh php cng
nhau.
Phn bit danh (Arpa-pariggaha): phn bit tng tm s
(cetasika) v tm (citta) trong mi st-na tm 6 loi tin
trnh tm (citta-vthi) (ng mn/ mn & ci dc/sc/v sc
gii)
Phn bit sc (Rpa-pariggaha) (Thin T i): phn bit
cc loi nhm sc (kalpa) mi trong 6 mn/42 thn phn.
Phn bit cc loi sc tt cng trong mi loi kalpa.
Xc nh cc Hnh (SakhraPariccheda)
(1) Tr Phn Tch Danh-
Sc
(NmaRpa-Pariccheda-
a)
Mi Su Tr
(a)
Ba t Tri
(Pari)

nh Un
(Samdhi-
Kkhandha)
VsM.iii-xiii)
2) Tm Thanh
Tnh (Citta-
Visuddhi)
Thin Phn Tch T i
(Catudhtuvavatthna) cn nh
Thin Phn Tch T
i
(Catudhtuvavatthna)
V l cc
mc thin
bo h, hnh
gi tu tp cc
mc ny
n thun l
tt nht n
mc c th.
Nim S Cht (Maranussati) cn nh Nim S Cht
(Maranussati)
Qun Bt Tnh (Asubha-bhvan) s thin
Nim n c Pht
(Buddhnusati)
Nim n c Pht (Buddhnusati) cn nh Qun Bt Tnh (Asubha-bhvan)
X (upekkh) t thin T (mett), Bi (karun), H
(mudit), X (upekkh)
T (mett), Bi (karun), H (mudit)
s, nh, tam
thin
Bn V Sc (cattro rupp) (thin v
sc (arpajjhna))
da vo vic loi
b sc ca kasia
(tr kasia h
khng)

Hnh gi c th
dng cn nh
tu tp nh bc
thin: trc tin l
qun 32 thn phn
ri sau l
kasia
(Xem ct k trc)
Kasia trng (odta)/ xanh-en (nla)/
vng (pta)/ (lohita)/ t (pathav)/ nc
(po)/la (tejo)/gi (vyo)/ nh sng
(loka)/ h khng (ksa)
s,nh,tam,t
thin

Tc v bt tnh (paikklamanasikra)
(xng)
s thin

Thin Phn Tch T i
(Catudhtuvavatthna) Cn nh

(Hnh Gi Dng C Xe Thun Qun
(SUDDHAVIPASSAN YNIKA))
Qun 32 thn phn (dvattiskr)
(phn bit chng bng nh sng ca nh
bc thin)

Nim Hi Th (npnassati)
(Hnh Gi Dng C Xe nh
(SAMATHAYNIKA))
s,nh,tam,t
thin
Gii Un
(Sla-
Kkhandha)
VsM.i-ii)
1) Gii Thanh
Tnh (Sla-
Visuddhi)
T-khu: 4 gii thanh tnh:
(catuparisuddhisla)
1) Gii ch ng Ptimokkha (Pimokkha-savarasla)
2) Gii thu thc lc cn (Indriyasavarasla)
3) Gii nui mng thanh tnh (jvaprisuddhisla)
4) Gii qun tng 4 mn vt dng (Paccayasannissitasla)
Tu n: 10 gii (dasasla)
C s: 5 (paca), 8 (aha), 9 (nava), 10 (dasasla) gii
Ba Un
(Khandha)
By Thanh
Tnh
(VISUDDHI)
Ny Cc T-khu, y L Con ng c Nht.
(Ekyano aya, Bhikkhave, Maggo)

Chn Th Tuyt i
Phn Loi Chn Th Tuyt i (ParamatthaSacca)
PHN LOI DANH SC
(nmarpa)
NM UN
(pacakkhandha)
MI HAI X
(dvadasyatana)
MI TM GII
(ahrasadhtu)
BN
(catusacca)
I) Sc (rpa)
(x28)
Sc Sc un Ni

Nhn x
Nh x
T x
Thit x
Thn x
Ngoi

Sc x
Thanh x
Mi x
V x
Xc x
Php x#
Nhn gii
Sc gii
Nh gii
Thanh gii
T gii
Mi gii
Thit gii
V gii
Thn gii
Xc gii
Php gii#

Kh
II) Tm (citta)
(x89)
Danh Thc Un x
X
Nhn thc gii
Nh thc gii
T thc gii
Thit thc gii
Thn thc gii
thc gii
gii
Kh
o
III) Tm s
(cetasika)
(x52)
Danh Th Un
Tng Un
Hnh Un
X
Php x# Php gii# Kh
Kh Tp
o
IV) Nit-bn
(Nibbna) (x1)
X X X
Php x# Php gii# Dit
Trong Thanh Tnh o (VsM.xvviii.663-667), Lun v Phn nh Danh-sc (Nma-Rpa-
Pariggaha-Kath), thin minh st (vipassan) c ging da trn danh-sc (663), danh-sc
(664), mi tm gii (665), mi hai x (666), nm un (667); trong S Gii Thanh Tnh
o (VisuddhiMaggaMahk), thin minh st (vipassan) c ging da trn Bn S
Tht.
# PHP GII (dhamma-dhtu) / PHP X (dhamm-yatana): chnh l mi su loi sc t (ch
c nhn thc bng tin trnh mn) + nm mi hai tm s + Nit-bn (Nibbna).
V cc khi nim khng phi l Chn Th Tuyt i, nn chng khng c nu trong bng
phn loi ny.

Phn Loi Chn Th Tuyt i (ParamatthaSacca) theo Nm Un
(PacaKkhandha)
*

4 x sc i hin (mahbhta)
24 x sc do t i sinh (updyarpa)
1) Sc un (rpakkhandha)
1 x tm s th

(vedan)
1 x tm s tng
(sa)
1 x tm s xc
(phassa)
1 x tm s t
(cetan)
1 x tm s nht tm
(ekaggat)
1 x tm s mng quyn
(jvitindriya)
1 x tm s tc
(manasikra)
6 x tm s bit cnh (pakiaka)
14 x tm s bt thin (akusalacetasika)
19 x tnh ho bin hnh (sobhanacetasika)
3 x tm s tit ch (gii phn) (virat)
2 x tm s v lng phn (appama)
1 x tm s tu quyn (amoha)
2) Th un (vedankkhandha)
3) Tng un (sakkhandha)

4) Hnh un
(sakhrakkhandha)
8 x tm cn tham (lobhamlacitta)
2 x tm cn sn (dosamlacitta)
2 x tm cn si (mohamlacitta)

7 x tm qu bt thin (akusalavipkacitta)
8 x tm qu thin v nhn

(kusalavipkacitta)
1 x tm hng ng mn (pancadvrvajjanacitta)
1 x tm hng mn (manodvrvajjanacitta)
1 x tm ng cng sanh tiu
#
(hasituppdacitta)

8 x tm i thin dc gii (kmvacara kusalacitta)
8 x tm i qu dc gii (kmvacara vipkacitta)
8 x tm duy tc dc gii
#
(kmvacara kiriycitta)

5 x tm thin sc gii (rpvacara kusalacitta)
5 x tm qu sc gii (rpvacara vipkacitta)
5 x tm duy tc sc gii
#
(rpvacara kiriycitta)

4 x tm thin v sc gii (arpvacara kusalacitta)
4 x tm qu v sc gii (arpvacara vipkacitta)
4 x tm duy tc v sc gii
#
(arpvacara kiriycitta)

4 x tm thin siu th
(lokuttarakusalacitta)
4 x tm qu siu th
(lokuttaravipkacitta)

5) Thc un
(viakkhandha)
1 x N
NNI
II
T
TT-
--B
BB
N
NN (
((N
NNI
IIB
BBB
BB
N
NNA
AA)
)) (Khng tnh)

*
Chn Th Tuyt i c bn php (dhamma):
1) Tm mi chn loi tm (citta) (t mu xm m), xem tr.68.
2) Nm mi hai tm s (cetasika) (t mu xm nht), xem tr.66.
3) Sc (rpa) (khng t) l bn sc i chng (mah-bhta) v hai mi bn sc y i sinh (updyarpa), xem
tr.53.
4) Nit-bn l ngoi un nn loi tr khi s phn loi cc un, loi tr khi phm vi ca minh st. S phn loi
ny c lm theo phn tch ca c Pht Vbh.i.32-149 KhandhaVibhago (Phn Tch Un), phn loi Vi Diu
Php (Abhidhammabhjanya). c Pht cng phn chia chnh nhng php ny theo mi hai x <tr.91>, mi
tm gii <tr.92>, bn Thnh <tr.93>.
y l by tm s bin hnh (sabbacittasdhraa) : lun c mt cng vi mi loi tm.
y l loi tm qu thin v nhn (ahetuka), trong khi cc tm qu thin cn li c nhn v tham v v sn, c
hoc khng c v si (tu).
#
Nhng tm ny ch c mt v A-la-hn, v khng th c c vi nhng ngi khc, v c tnh l ch cho
phm vi minh st ca v A-la-hn.
Cc loi tm siu th b loi tr khi phm vi minh st.



Phn Loi Chn Th Tuyt i (ParamatthaSacca) theo Mi Hai X
(Dvdasyatana)
*

1 x nhn tnh sc (cakkhupasda)
1 x sc mu (vaa)
1 x nh tnh sc (sotapasda)
1 x sc thanh (sadda)
1 x t tnh sc (ghnapasda)
1 x sc mi (gandha)
1 x thit tnh sc (jivhpasda)
1 x sc v (rasa)
1 x thn tnh sc (kyapasda)
1 x sc a / phong / ha i (pathav / vyo / tejodhtu)
1) Nhn x (cakkhyatana)
2) Sc x (rpyatana)
3) Nh x (sotyatana)
4) Thanh x (saddyatana)
5) T x (ghnyatana)
6) Mi x (gandhyatana)
7) Thit x (jivhyatana)
8) V x (rasyatana)
9) Thn x (kyyatana)
10) Xc x (phohabbyatana)
8 x tm qu thin v nhn
(kusalavipkacitta)
#
(hasituppdacitta)
#
#
#
4 x tm thin siu th
4 x tm qu siu th

11) x
(manyatana)
1 x sc thy i (podhtu)
1 x sc dng cht (oj)
1 x sc mng quyn (jvitindriya)
1 x sc tri tim (hadayarpa)
2 x sc gii tnh (bhvarpa)
10 x sc khng c th (anipphannarpa)

7 x tm s bin hnh (sabbacittasdhraa)
6 x tm s bit cnh (pakiaka)
14 x tm s bt thin (akusala)
19 x tm s tnh ho bin hnh (sobhanasdhraa)
3 x tm s tit ch (gii phn) (virati)
2 x tm s v lng phn (appama)
1 x tm s tu quyn (paindriya)

12) Php x
(dhammayatana)
1 x N
NNI
II
T
TT-
--B
BB
N
NN (
((N
NNI
IIB
BBB
BB
N
NNA
AA)
))

*
3) Sc (rpa) (khng t) l bn sc i chng (mah-bhta) v hai mi bn sc y i sinh (updyarpa), xem
tr.53.
4) Nit-bn c tnh trong php x, l mt i tng ch c nhn thc bi thc: nhng l mt hin thc siu
th v n b loi tr khi phm vi minh st.
Cch phn loi ny c lm theo s phn tch ca c Pht trong Vbh.ii.155-167, X Phn Tch
(yatanaVibhago), phn loi Vi Diu Php (Abhidhammabhjanya). c Pht cng phn chia chnh nhng php
ny l nm un<tr.90>, mi tm gii <tr.92>, bn Thnh <tr.93>.
#


Phn Loi Chn Th Tuyt i (ParamatthaSacca) theo Mi Tm Gii
(Ahrasa Dhtu)
*

1 x nhn tnh sc (cakkhupasda) 1) Nhn gii (cakkhudhtu)
1 x sc mu (vaa) 2) Sc gii (rpadhtu)
2 x nhn thc
(cakkhuvia) 3) Nhn thc gii (cakkhuviadhtu)

1 x nh tnh sc (sotapasda) 4) Nh gii (sotadhtu)
1 x sc thanh (sadda) 5) Thanh gii (saddadhtu)
2 x nh thc
(sotavia) 6) Nh thc gii (sotaviadhtu)

1 x t tnh sc (ghnapasda) 7) T gii (ghnadhtu)
1 x sc mi (gandha) 8) Mi gii (gandhadhtu)
2 x t thc
(ghanavia) 9) T thc gii (ghnaviadhtu)

1 x thit tnh sc (jivhpasda) 10) Thit gii (jivhdhtu)
1 x sc v (rasa) 11) V gii (rasadhtu)
2 x thit thc
(jivhvia) 12) Thit thc gii (jivhviadhtu)

1 x thn tnh sc (kyapasda) 13) Thn gii (kyadhtu)
1 x sc a/phong/ha i (pathav/vyo/tejodhtu) 14) Xc gii (phohabbadhtu)
2 x thn thc
(kyavia) 15) Thn thc gii (kyaviadhtu)

1 x tm hng ng mn (pancadvrvajjanacitta) 16) gii (manodhtu)
2 x tm tip thu
(sampaicchanacitta)
1 x sc thy i (podhtu)
17) Php gii
(dhammadhtu)
1 x sc dng cht (oj)
1 x sc mng quyn (jvitindriya)
1 x sc tri tim (hadayarpa)
2 x sc gii tnh (bhvarpa)
10 x sc khng c th (anipphannarpa)
52 x tm s (cetasika)
1 x N
NNI
II
T
TT-
--B
BB
N
NN (
((N
NNI
IIB
BBB
BB
N
NNA
AA)
))
3 x tm quan st (santranacitta)
1 x hng mn (manodvrvajjanacitta)
1 x ng cng sanh tiu
#
(hasituppdacitta)
#
#
#
4 x tm thin siu th
4 x tm qu siu th

18) thc gii (manoviadhtu)

*
3) Sc (rpa) (khng t) l bn sc i chng (mah-bhta) v hai mi bn sc y i sinh (updyarpa)<tr.53>
4) Nit-bn c tnh trong php gii, l mt i tng ch c nhn thc bi thc: nhng l mt hin thc siu
th v n b loi tr khi phm vi minh st. S phn loi ny c lm theo phn tch ca c Pht Vbh.iii.183-
184 DhtuVibhago (Phn Tch Gii), phn loi Vi Diu Php (Abhidhammabhjanya). c Pht cng phn chia
chnh nhng php ny theo nm un <tr.90>, mi hai x <tr.91>, bn Thnh <tr.93>.

Hai loi tm ny gm mt tm qu bt thin (akusalavipka) v mt tm qu thin v nhn
(kusalavipkaahetukacitta).
PHP GII: khng ging nh i tng (cnh) php (dhammrammaa). Cnh php bao gm c cc khi nim
vn khng phi l gii. Cnh Php cn bao gm nm loi tnh sc v su loi thc m y cp mt cch ring
r. Chng c chung nhau mi su sc t, nm mi hai tm s v Nit-bn m thi.
#


Phn Loi Chn Th Tuyt i (ParamatthaSacca) theo Bn (Catu
Sacca)
*

4 x sc i hin (mahbhta)
24 x sc do t i sinh (updyarpa)

8 x tm qu thin
(kusalavipkacitta)
#
(hasituppdacitta)
#
#
#

7 x tm s bin hnh (sabbacittasdhraa) hip th
6 x tm s bit cnh (pakiaka) hip th
1 x tm s si
(moha)
1 x tm s v tm
(ahiri)
1 x tm s v qu
(anottappa)
1 x tm s phng dt
(uddhacca)
1 x tm s mn
(mna)
1 x tm s t kin
(dihi)
1 x tm s sn
(dosa)
1 x tm s tt
(iss)
1 x tm s ln
(macchariya)
1 x tm s hi
(kukkucca)
1 x tm s hn trm
(thina)
1 x tm s thy min
(middha)
1 x tm s hoi nghi
(vicikicch)
19 x tm s bin hnh tnh ho (sobhanasdhraa) hip th
3 x tm s tit ch (gii phn) (virat)
2 x tm s v lng phn
(appama)
1 x tm s tu quyn (paindriya) hip th
1) Kh (DukkhaSacca)
1 x tm s tham (lobha) 2) Kh Tp (SamudayaSacca)
1 x N
NNI
II
T
TT-
--B
BB
N
NN (
((N
NNI
IIB
BBB
BB
N
NNA
AA)
))
3) Dit (NigrodhaSacca)
4 x tm thin (kusalacitta)
siu th
7 x tm s bin hnh (sabbacittasdhraa) siu th
6 x tm s bit cnh (pakiaka) siu th
19 x tm s bin hnh tnh ho (sobhanasdhraa) siu th
3 x tm s tit ch (gii phn) (virat) siu th
1 x tm s tu quyn (paindriya) siu th

4) o (MaggaSacca)
(s thin)
4 x tm qu (vipkacitta)
siu th (Khng tnh)

*
1) Tm mi chn loi tm (citta) (t mu xm m), xem tr.69
3) Sc (rpa) (khng t) l bn sc i chng (mah-bhta) v hai mi bn sc y i sinh (updyarpa)<tr.53>
4) Nit-bn l Chn Th Tuyt i thuc siu th, n khng nm trong phm vi minh st. S phn loi ny c lm
theo phn tch ca c Pht Vbh.iv.206 SaccaVibhago (Phn Tch S Tht ()), phn loi Vi Diu Php
(Abhidhammabhjanya). c Pht cng phn chia chnh nhng php ny theo nm un <tr.90>, mi hai x
<tr.91>, mi tm gii <tr.92>.
#
Mi bn loi tm s bt thin khng bao gi l siu th, ch l hip th. y khng cn phn loi n l hip th.
Tng t vi hai tm s v lng phn.
Cc loi tm siu th c loi khi phm vi minh st.


CH GII

A
NM TH UN = SU NI/NGOI X: Trong S.V.XII.ii.4, Phm Ni X (AjjhatikkyatanaSutta), c Pht
ging: V ny cc T-khu, th no l Thnh v Kh (Dukkha Ariya Sacca)? Su ni x cn phi c tr li
nh vy (cha ajjhattikni yatanni). Th no l su? Nhn x (cakkhyatana), nh x (sotyatana), t x
(ghnyatana), thit x (jivhyatana), thn x (kyyatana), x (manyatana). Ny cc T-khu, y
gi l Thnh v Kh. V trong mt v d khc S.IV.I.i.2 Phm Ni Kh (AjjhattaDukkhaSutta), c Pht
ging: Mt, ny cc T-khu, l kh. Ci g kh l v ng (tadanatt). Ci g v ng cn phi nh tht qun
(evameta yathbhta) vi chnh tr tu (SammaPaya dahabba) l: Ci ny khng phi ca ti (neta
mama), ci ny khng phi l ti (nesohamasmi), ci ny khng phi t ng ca ti (na meso att). Trong cc
kinh sau , c Pht cng ging tng t i vi su ngoi x (cnh sc/cnh thanh), vi mi lin h n ni x
v ngoi x qu kh/v lai/hin ti, Ngi ging: khi mt v a vn Thnh t thy vy, v y nhm chn i vi
mt/cc cnh sc Cng vy trong S.III.V.1, Phm Mt (CakkhuSutta). c Pht gii thch rng: Ny cc T-
khu, s sanh, s tr, s thnh, s xut hin ca mt l s sanh ca kh, s tr ca bnh hon, s xut hin ca
gi cht. S sanh ca tai ca mi ca li ca thn ca s xut hin ca gi cht. chnh l su ni
x. Trong cc kinh cn li ca phm trn, c Pht ging gii tng t tng x i vi su ngoi x/su loi
thc/su loi xc/su loi th sanh bi su loi xc/su loi tng/su loi t/su loi i/su gii (bn i
chng/khng gii/thc gii)/v nm un.
Hn na, trong Kinh Mc ch G Cho Phm Hnh (KimAtthiyaBrahmaCariyaSutta) ca S.IV.I.xv.7, c Pht
bo cc v t khu thuyt ging cho nhng v khc v kh theo php tt c : Mt (cakkhu), ny cc hin gi, l kh
(dukkha) sc (cnh) nhn xc V bt c cm th no khi ln do nhn xc, l lc, hay kh, hay bt lc bt
kh, chng u l kh. Do liu tri chng (tassa pariya) nn Phm hnh c sng di Th Tn. V v y gii
thch tng t cho tai/mi/li/thn/,
*NM TH UN = DANHSC (namrup): danh v sc c th ch cho th/tng/hnh/thc un v sc un, n c
th ch n tt c nm un.
*DANH SC =TH /TNG /HNH/THC/SC UN: Trong S.II.I.i.2 Kinh Phn Bit (VibhagaSutta), c Pht
phn tch mi hai chi phn ca php duyn khi. Trong on: Do thc duyn danh-sc (viapaccay
nmarpa). Ngi ging: V ny cc T-khu, th no l danh-sc (nmarpa)? Th (vedan), tng (sa), t
(cetan), xc (phasso), tc (manasikra); y gi l danh (nma). Bn i chng (cattro ca mahbht) v
sc do bn i chng to ra (catunnaca mahbhtna updyarpa); y gi l sc (rpa).
Ch gii Kinh Tng ng B: Th chnh l th un (vedankkhando), v tng chnh l tng un (sakkhando).
T/xc/tc i din cho hnh un v ba loi tm s ny lun hin hu trong mi thc d l loi thc yu
(dubbalesupicittesu). S Gii Kinh Tng ng B gii thch: iu ny ni n nm loi thc (pacavini):
nhn/nh/t/thit/thn thc. Mc d trong nm loi thc ny cng c mt mng quyn (jvitindriya) v nht hnh
(ekaggat) s b, tuy vy phn s ca n (kicca) khng r rng (na tath pkata) nh ca tm s t, vv. .
l l do v sao, nhng tm s trc (xc, t, tc ) li ni bt (uddhat) trong Kinh Pi.
Bn i chng chnh l bn i: a (pathav), thy (po), ha (tejo), v phong i (vyodhtu). Sc bt ngun t
bn i chng ny chnh l hai mi bn loi sc y i sanh. Chng hn, nm loi tnh sc, sc mng cn, sc mu,
sc thanh, sc mi, sc v, hai loi sc gii tnh v sc h khng.
SA
Thc tc sanh d ngi m l thc un
(vikkhandha), v danhsc sanh do duyn thc (vipaccay), khng g khc ngoi bn un cn li: th
un (vedankkhandha), tng un (sakkhandha), hnh un (sakhrakkhandha) v sc un (rpakkhandha).
DANHSC = NM TH UN: Trong S.II.I.vi.8, Kinh Thc (Via sutta), c Pht c gii thch trong on Do
duyn hnh, thc sanh theo cch khc: Ny cc t khu, ai sng thy v ngt (assdnupassino viharato) trong
cc php kit s (sayojaniyesu dhammesu), c tp khi ca thc (viassa avakkanti hoti). Do duyn thc,
danhsc sanh (vipaccay nmarpa), do duyn danh-sc, lc nhp sanh, on trch ny, danhsc
y m ch cho bn un (sc, th, tng, hnh un) trong nm un. Nhng trong bi kinh trc (S.II.I.vi.7),
Kinh DanhSc (NmaRpa Sutta) cng trnh by ging ht nh qu trnh ny, c Pht ch ni v ngun gc
(tp khi) ca danh-sc (nmarpa avakkanti) m khng cp n ngun gc ca thc. Trong trng hp ny,
danhsc tng ng vi tt c nm un, c to ra do bi thc nghip kip sng trc.
Trong S.II.I.vii.4 Kinh C Tham (AtthiRgaSutta), c Pht gii thch v vic hnh thnh ca thc qua bn loi
n (hra): Khi no c, [1] on thc (kabakre hre), [2] xc thc (phassa), [3] t nim thc
(manosacetan), [4] thc thc (via), ny cc T-khu, khi y c s tham mun (atthi rgo), c s thm kht
(atthi nand), c s i luyn (atthi tah) [Ch gii Kinh Tng ng B (SA): chng chnh l cc t ch n tham
(lobhasseva nmmi)], thc (via), [
S
thc hot ng (abhisakhravia)] c an tr
(patihita) v c tng trng (virha) [do nghip thc y (kamma javpetv)] V trong mi trng hp,
c Pht dy tip: Ni no thc (via) an tr (patihita) v tng trng (virha), ch y c s tp khi
ca danhsc (atthi tattha nmarpassa avakkhanti). Ni no c s tp khi ca danh-sc, ch y c hnh tng
trng (sakhrna vuddhi). Ni no c hnh tng trng, ch y c hu ti sanh trong tng lai (yati
punabbhavbhinibbatti). Ch no c hu ti sanh trong tng lai, ni c sanh, gi, cht (yati
jtijrmarana) tng lai. Trong trng hp , danhsc li tng ng vi nm un do thc nghip to ra
kip sng trc.


B
Trong S.V.II.iv.10 Phm trin ci (Nvaraa sutta), c Pht ging: Nm trin ci ny, ny cc T-khu, tc
thnh si m (andhakara), tc thnh khng mt (acakkhukara), tc thnh v tr (aakara), on dit
tr tu (panirodhik), d phn vo tn hi (vightapakkhiy), khng a n Nitbn
(aNibbnasavattanik).
Trong A.V.II.I.1, Phm trin ci (varaaSutta). Ngi ging: Ny cc T-khu, T-khu no khng on tn
nm chng ngi (vara) trin ci (nvara) bao ph tm (cetaso ajjhruh), lm yu t tr tu (paya
dubbalkara), khng c sc mnh, v tr tu yu km, s bit li ch ca mnh, hay s bit li ch ca ngi, hay
c th bit li ch ca c hai, hay s chng ng c php Thng nhn, tri kin th thng xng ng bc Thnh; s
kin ny khng xy ra.
Trong M.II,ii.9 Kinh Subha (Subha sutta), c Pht gii thch iu khng th xy ra l bit v thy hay s chng
ng c php Thng nhn (uttarimanussadhamma), c tri kin th thng xng ng bc Thnh
(alamAriyaadassanavisena); khi vn cn nm trin ci.
Trong S.V.II.iv.3 Kinh cu u (UpakkilesaSuttam), c Pht gii thch c nm cu u i vi vng, lm cho n
khng chn chnh chu s dng. V sau Ngi so snh nm trin ci cng nh nhng cu u ny vy: Nhng
php ny, ny cc T-khu, l nm cu u ca tm (pacime cittassa upakkiles). Chnh do nhng cu u y, tm
khng c nhu nhuyn (mudu), khng c kham nhn (kammaniya), khng c chi sng (pabhassara), d b b
vn (pabhagu), v khng chn chnh c nh tnh (na ca samm samdiyati) on dit cc lu hoc. V
trong S.V.II.iv.3, Kinh chng ngi trin ci (varaNvaraSutta), c Pht m t nm trin ci nh nhng
chng ngi lm yu t tr tu (paya dubbalkara).

C
T B = BC THIN: Theo VsM.iv.74 S on Tr Nm Chi Phn (PacAgaVippahndi) gii thch rng bc
thin chnh l s on tr nm chi phn (PacAgaVippahna) v s s hu nm chi phn
(PacAgasammnagatanti): y, tham dc, sn hn, hn trm & thy min, tro c & hi qu, hoi nghi, nm
trin ci ny nn c hiu nh s on tr nm chi phn (PacAgaVippahnat). Bc thin s khng khi sanh
khi nm trin ci ny khng c on tr. Do , chng c gi l nhng chi phn on tr (Pahnagtiti). Bt
c php bt thin no (akusal dhamm) u b loi tr ngay trong bc thin (jhnakkhane). Mc d vy, n lm
chng ngi r rt i vi bc thin (jhnantaryakarni). S s hu nm chi phn c gii thch sau chnh l
s s hu nm chi thin.
Cng vy, VSM.iv.70 Lun v s thin (PahamaJhnaKath) c trch dn mt ch gii Pi gi l Peaka: V vy
nh chnh l s i lp ca tham dc (samdhi kmacchandassa paipakkho), h l s i lp ca sn hn (pti
bypdassa), tm l s i lp ca hn trm & thy min (vitakko thinamiddhassa), lc l s i lp ca tro c &
hi qu (sukha uddhaccakukkuccassa), t l s i lp ca hoi nghi (vicro vicikicch).

D
Trong M.III.iii.5 Kinh iu Ng a (DantaBhmhiSutta), c Pht ch dn cc t khu tu tp nh sau:
Nh Lai, Bc A-la-hn, Chnh ng Gic xut hin i, tuyn thuyt Gio Php sau khi t mnh chng ng bng
thng tr.
Ngi gia ch hay con trai ngi gia ch, hay mt ngi sanh giai cp (h tin) nghe php y, sau khi nghe
Php, ngi y sanh lng tn ngng Nh Lai.
Trn s qun chiu, ngi y nhn thy rng Gio Php c tuyn thuyt bi Nh Lai khng d g thc hin trong
i sng gia nh, v th ngi xut gia thnh tr thnh T-khu.
Ri Nh Lai hun luyn thm v t y sng ch ng trong s ch ng ca gii bn Ptimokkha
(Ptimokkhasavarasavuto), y oai nghi chnh hnh (cragocarasampano), thy nguy him trong nhng
li nh nht (aumattesu vajjesu bhayadassvi), th lnh v tu hc trong hc gii (sikkhpadesu).
Khi thc hnh trn , Nh Lai li hun luyn thm cho v t y phng h cc cn (indriyesu guttadvro).
Khi thc hnh trn , Nh Lai li hun luyn thm cho v t y tit trong n ung (bhojane matta).
Khi thc hnh trn , Nh Lai li hun luyn thm cho v t y sng nhit tm tnh thc (jgariya
anuyutto).
Khi thc hnh trn , Nh Lai li hun luyn thm cho v t y c c nim & tnh gic
(satisampajaena samanngato).
Khi thc hnh trn , Nh Lai li hun luyn thm cho v t y hy mt tr x thanh vng (vivitta
sensana), khu rng (araa), gc cy (rukkha mla), ngn ni (pabbata), ch hoang vu (kandara), hang
ni (giriguha), bi tha ma (susna), khm rng (vanapattha), ngoi tri (abbhoksa), ng rm
(pallapuja)!
V y sau khi n xong, trn ng kht thc tr v, ngi xung, kit gi, gi lng thng, thit lp nim ( mc
thin) trc mt (parimukha sati upahapetv).
V y loi tr nm trin ci: tham dc (abhijjha), sn hn (bypdapadosa), hn trm & thy min
(thinamiddha), tro c & hi qu (uddhaccakukkucca), v hoi nghi (vicikicch).
V y sau khi loi tr nm trin ci ny (so ime paca nvarae pahya), nhng php lm nhim tm t (cetaso
upakkilese), lm yu t tr tu (paya dubbalkarae), v y sng qun thn trong thn (kye kynupass
viharati), nhit tm, tnh gic, c nim sau khi loi tr tham u th gian, qun th trong cc th (vedansu. .). . .
qun tm trong tm (citte. .). . . qun php trong cc php (dhammesu dhammnupass viharati), nhit tm (tp),
tnh gic (sampajno), c nim (satim) sau khi loi tr tham u th gian (vineyya loke abhijjhdomanassa).
(Theo ch gii Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPaha Sutta) gii thch rng tham dc / u no tng ng vi nm
trin ci).

V y chng v tr nh thin (dutiya jhna), tam thin (tatiya jhna), t thin (cattuttha jhna). (Tng
s thin l s tuyt i loi tr nm trin ci ca v y).
Vi tm nh tnh (samhite citte), thanh tnh (parisuddhe), trong sng (pariyodte), khng cu nhim
(anagae), khng phin no (vigatpakkilese), nhu nhuyn (mudubhte), d s dng (kammaniye), vng chc
(hite), bt ng (nejappatte), v y hng (abhininnmeti) tm n tc mng tr (pubbenivsnussatiya),
sanh t tr (cutpaptaya), v lu tn tr (Asavna Khayaya), A-la-hn.

E
Trong S.I.II.iii.6/A.IV.I.v.5 Phm Rohitassa (Rohitassa-Sutta), c Pht cp nm th un nh l th gian:
Nhng ny Hin gi, trong ci thn di my tc ny, vi nhng tng, nhng t duy ca n, Ta tuyn b v th
gian (loka-ca papemi), v th gian tp khi (loka-samudaya-ca), v th gian on dit (loka-nirodha-ca), v
con ng a n th gian on dit (loka-nirodha-gmii-ca paipadanti). Tng t vy, trong S.II.I.v.4 Kinh
Th Gian (Loka sutta), c Pht gii thch ngun gc ca kh (nm th un) cng l ngun gc ca th gian: Do
duyn mt v cc sc, nhn thc khi sanh. Do ba php t hp nn c xc [trong cc chi phn ca php duyn
khi]. y, ny cc t khu, chnh l ngun gc ca th gian. V Ngi cng ni tng t nh vy i vi su loi
ni/ngoi x, v thc. Ngc li, vi s x ly/on dit tham i khng cn d st, cc chi phn theo sau u b on
dit, v: y, ny cc t khu, chnh l th gian on dit.

F
MC THIN SC: Chng hn, trong M.I.iv.3 i Kinh Ngi Chn B (MahGoplakaSutta) (My M. 1.
281), c Pht gii thch: V th no, ny cc T-khu, l T-khu khng bit r cc sc (na rpa)? y, ny
cc T-khu, T-khu i vi sc php (ya kici rpa), khng nh tht r bit (yathbhta nappajnti) tt
c loi sc (sabba rpa), thuc bn i (cattrimahbhtni) v sc do bn i hp thnh (catunnaca
mahbhtna updyarpanti). Nh vy, ny cc T-khu, T-khu khng bit r cc sc.
Trong trng hp , c Pht gii thch, ngi khng th c tng trng, tn ha, v m rng trong Php v
Lut ny (abhabbo imasmi DhammaVinaye vuddhi virhi vepulla pajjitu) [Ch gii Trung B Kinh (MA):
ngi khng th tng trng, tn ha v gii/nh/tu/o/Qa/Nit-bn
(slasamdhivipassanMaggaPhalaNibbnehi)].
V trong S.II.III.iv.10 Kinh Samn v B la mn th ba (TatiyaSamaaBrhmaaSutta), c Pht gii thch:
Ny cc T-khu, cc Samn, Blamn no khng bit r (nappajnanti) a i (pathavidhtu), khng bit r
a i tp khi (patthavdhtusamudaya), khng bit r a i on dit (patthavdhtunirodha), v khng
bit s thc hnh a n a i on dit (patthavdhtunirodhagmini paipada) khng bit r thy i,
ha i, phong itp khion ditthc hnh a n phong i on dit, cc Samn hay Blamn y
khng c chp nhn l Samn gia cc Samn, hay l Blamn gia cc Blamn. V nhng bc Tn gi y,
ngay trong i sng hin ti cng khng th vi thng tr t mnh chng ng, chng t v an tr mc ch Samn
hnh (smaatthaca) [SA:Nit Bn] hay mc ch Blamn hnh (brahmaatthaca).
MC THIN DANH: Trong S.IV.II.ii.6 Phm Nhiu Th Nht (PahamaSambahulaSutta) (My S. 2. 421), c
Pht gii thch: Ny cc T-khu, c ba th ny: lc th (sukh vedan), kh th (dukkh vedan), bt kh bt lc
th (adukkhamasukhvedan). Ny cc T-khu, y gi l cc th. Do xc tp khi nn th tp khi
(phassasamuday vedansamudayo). Do xc on dit nn th on dit (phassanirodhvedannirodho). Ch
duy nht Thnh o Tm Ngnh ny l php hnh a n th on dit (vedannirodha nappajnanti), l:
Chnh Kin, Chnh T Duy, Chnh Ng, Chnh Nghip, Chnh Mng, Chnh Tinh Tn, Chnh Nim, Chnh nh.
Sau , trong S.IV.II.ii.9 Kinh Samn & B la mn Th Ba (TatiyaSamaaBrhmaaSutta), c Pht gii thch:
Ny cc T-khu, cc Samn, Blamn no khng bit r th (vedannappajnanti), khng bit r th tp
khi (vedansamudaya nappajnanti), khng bit r th on dit (vedannirodha nappajnanti), khng
bit r php hnh dn n th on dit (vedannirodhagmini paipada nappajnanti), cc Samn hay
Blamn y khng c chp nhn l Samn gia cc Samn, hay l Blamn gia cc Blamn. V nhng v
y, ngay trong i sng hin ti cng khng th vi thng tr t mnh chng ng, chng t v an tr mc ch
Samn hnh (smaatthaca) v mc ch Blamn hnh (bragmaatthaca).

G
Trong S.V.II.iii.10 Kinh Uddi (Udyi sutta), Tn gi Udyi m t php hnh ca mnh vi c Pht:
Th Tn thuyt php cho con nh vy: y l sc, y l sc tp khi, y l sc on dit, y l con ng
a n sc on dit. y l th. Ri sau , bch Th Tn, con i n ch nh trng, v trong khi ty qun
(samparivattento) theo s sanh dit (udayabbayavasena) ca nm th un ny, con nh tht thng tri
(yathbhta abbhasi): y l kh. Con nh tht thng tri: y l kh tp khi. Con nh tht thng tri:
y l kh dit. Con nh tht thng tri: y l con ng a n kh dit. Php, bch Th Tn, c con hon
ton chng tri (abhisamito). o c con chng c (pailaddho).
Sau Ngi gii thch vi c Pht rng nu ngi tu tp theo o l ny, ngi s chng c A-la-hn. Php m
ngi chng tri chnh l Php minh st (vipassan Dhamma). o c ngi chng c chnh l minh st o
(vipassanmagga).
Trong D.II.1. Kinh i Bn (Mah PadnaSutta), c Pht thuyt v su v Pht trc y v gii thch mt s
chi tit v kip sng ca c Pht Vipass (Tbthi) cch y chn mi mt kip (tri t). Ngi gii thch bao gm
c cch c Pht Vipass gic tri Php duyn khi theo chiu thun v nghch. V sau Ngi t duy: Tht vy,
Ta t ti o l gic ng (adhigato kho myya maggo sambodhya yadida)
[DA: y chnh l o l minh st (vipassan maggo) (cng nh Kinh Udyi va mi cp)]. V sau , c Pht
Vipass qun tnh sanh & dit ca nm un (pacasu updnakkhandhesu udayabbaynupass): y l sc,

y l th y l thc tp khi, y l thc on dit, y l con ng a n thc on dit Khng lu sau
, Ngi chng c A-la-hn v Pht Chnh ng Gic.
Ba phn qun nm un c thuyt ging trong Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahna Sutta) di Phn Un
(KhandhaPabba) trong Qun Php (DhammAnupasan), v trong S.II.I.iii.1 Kinh Mi Lc (DasaBalaSutta),
c Pht m t iu ny ging nh ting rng con s t nh khi Ngi chuyn vn bnh xe phm thin
(brahmacakka), Bnh Xe Php (Dhamma cakka).
Tng t vy, trong S.III.I.viii.6 Kinh S T (Sha Sutta), c Pht cng thuyt theo cch ny bi kinh vi tri
kin ng nht: Khi Nh Lai xut hin th gian Nh Lai ging dy Php: y l sc, y l sc tp khi Khi
c Pht bng thng tr chuyn vn Php Lun: thn (sakkyaca) v s dit (nirodhaca), s tp khi ca thn
(sakkyassa ca sambhava). Thnh o Tm Ngnh (AriyacAhAgika Magga) a n s thot kh
(dukkpasamagmina)
Tng t vy, trong A.IV.I.iv.3 Kinh S T (Sha Sutta), Ngi gii thch: Khi Nh Lai xut hin trn th gian, Nh
Lai ging Php: y l thn (iti sakkyo), y l thn tp khi (iti sakkyasamudayo), y l thn on dit
(itisakkyanirodho), y l con ng a n thn on dit (itisakkyanirodhagmin paipad).
Trong A.VIII.I.i.2 Kinh Tu (PaSutta), c Pht bao gm php qun ny trong phn lit k tm nhn (hetu)
a n tu (AA: minh st):
[1]. y, ny cc T-khu, mt v T-khu sng nng ta vo bc o s (Satthra upanissya viharati) hay
bc ng Phm hnh (garuhniya sabrahmacri) ng vai tr y ch s, y c an tr tm qu mt cch
sc so (tibba hirottappa paccupahita hoti), c i m, c knh trng (pemaca gravo ca).
[2]. V y thng thm ving hi v tham vn: Tha Tn gi, ci ny l th no? ngha ci ny l g? Cc
Tn gi y m rng nhng g cha c m rng (avivaaceva vivaranti), phi by nhng g cha c phi by
(anuttnkataca uttn karonti), v i vi nhng php cn ang nghi vn (anekavihitesu ca kakhthniyesu
dhammesu), h gii ta nhng nghi vn (kakha paivinodenti).
[3]. V y sau khi nghe php, c gng thnh tu hai s an tnh: Thn an tnh (kyavpaksena) v tm an tnh
(cittavpaksena).
[4]. V y c gii c (slav), sng ch ng vi s ch ng ca gii bn (Ptimokkhasavarasavuto viharati),
y uy nghi chnh hnh (cragocarasampanno), thy s hi trong nhng li nh nht, chp nhn v hc tp
cc hc gii (aumattesu vajjesu bhayadassv).
[5]. V y nghe nhiu (bahussuto), th tr iu nghe (sutadharo), cht cha iu nghe (sutasannicayo);
nhng php y, s thin (dikaly), trung thin (majjhekay), hu thin (pariyosna-kay), ngha l
(sttha), vn c c tc (hng bin) (sabyajana), cao i sng Phm hnh y thanh tnh
(kevalaparipua parisuddha brahmacariya abhivadanti); nhng php y, v nghe nhiu (bahussut),
nm gi (dht), ghi nh tng c nhiu ln (vacas paricit), chuyn qun st (manasnupekkhit), kho
th nhp chnh kin (dihiy suppaividdh).
[6]. V y sng tinh cn tinh tn (raddhavriyo viharissati), on tn cc php bt thin (akusalna
dhammna), lm sanh khi cc php thin (kusalna dhammna), bn ch (thmav), min mt kin tr
(dahaparakkamo), khng ngng lin h n cc php thin (anikkhittadhuro kusalesu dhammesu).
[7]. V y i n ch Tng, khng l ngi ni nhiu (annkathiko), khng ni chuyn ph phim
(atiracchnakathiko), t mnh ni php (Dhamma bhsati), hay mi ngi khc ni, khng khinh thng
(ntimaati) s im lng ca bc Thnh (Ariya tuhbhva).
[AA: s im lng ca bc Thnh y l t thin (catutthajjhna): cng ch tm n cc mc thin cn li
(sesakammahnamanasikropi)].
[8]. V y sng ty qun sanh dit (udayabbhaynupass) ca nm un (updnakkhandhesu): y l sc (iti
rpa), y l sc tp khi (iti rpassa samudayo); y l sc on dit (iti rpassa atthagamo); y l th (iti
vedan), y l th tp khi; y l th on dit; y l tng (iti sa) y l hnh (iti sakhr) y l thc
(iti via), y l thc tp khi; y l thc on dit.
c Pht kt thc bng vic gii thch rng, do v t khu thc hnh tm php ny, khin cho cc bc ng Phm
hnh ngng m (sambhventi) v mi php v y lm, h suy ngh nh sau: Chc chn bc ng tn knh ny
bit c ci bit (jna jnti), thy c ci thy (passa passati). V c Pht kt lun: y l php
a n s i m (piyattya), a n s tn knh (garuttya), a n s tu tp (bhvanya), a n bc samn
(smaya) [AA: bc samn y chnh l nhng phn s ca bc sa mn (samaadhammatthya)] a n s
thng nht (ekbhvya savattati) [Ch gii Tng Chi B Kinh gii thch s thng nht y chnh l s khng sai
bit/ khng mu thun (nirantarabhvatthya)].
Trong A.III.II.iv.1 Kinh Samn (SamaaSutta), c Pht gii thch cc phn s ca bc samn:
Ny cc T Khu, c ba hnh Samn (samaassa samaiyni), phn s ca mt bc SaMn (samaakaranyni).
Th no l ba? Th tr tng thng gii hc (adhislasikkh), th tr tng thng nh hc (adhicittasikkh), th tr
tng thng tu hc (adhipasikkh). Do vy, ny cc tkhu, cc thy nn th tr nh vy:
[1] Sc bn s l c mun chng ta (tibbo no chando bhavissati) th tr tng thng gii hc (adhislasikkh).
[2] Sc bn s l c mun chng ta th tr tng thng nh hc (adhicittasikkh).
[3] Sc bn s l c mun chng ta th tr tng thng tu hc (adhipasikkhsamdna).
Nh vy, ny cc t khu, cc thy nn hc tp. (Evahi vo, bhikkhave, sikkhitabba).
Tam hc ny, c c Pht m t trong, chng hn, A.III.II.iv.9 Kinh Hc Tp th nht
(PahamaSikkhattayaSutta):

C ba, ny cc T-khu, l nhng hc tp ny. Th no l ba? Tng thng gii hc (adhislasikkh), tng thng
nh hc (adhicittasikkh), tng thng tu hc (adhipasikkh).
[1] Th no l tng thng gii hc?
y, ny cc T-khu, v T-khu c gii c (bhikkhu slasikkh) sng ch ng vi s ch ng ca gii bn
Ptimokkha (Ptimokkhasavarasavuto viharati), y uy nghi chnh hnh (cragocarasampanno), thy s
hi trong nhng li nh nht, chp nhn v hc tp cc gii hc (aumattesu vajjesu bhayadassv). Ny cc T-
khu, y gi l tng thng gii hc.
[2] V ny cc T-khu, th no l tng thng nh hc?
[i] y, ny cc T-khu, v T-khu ly dc, ly php bt thin chng v tr s thin (pahama jhna
upasampajja viharati), mt trng thi h lc do ly dc sanh, c tm, c t.
[ii] Li na, v t khu b tm, b t, ni tnh nht tm, v y chng v tr nh thin (dutiya jhna upasampajja
viharati), mt trng thi h lc do nh sanh, khng tm, khng t.
[iii] Vi s ly h, tr x, v y chng v tr tam thin (tatiya jhna upasampajja viharati), ni tm im tnh, c
nim v tnh gic, thn cm s lc th m cc bc Thnh gi l: x nim, lc tr.
[iv] Li na, v t khu x lc, x kh, dit h, u cm th trc, v y chng v tr t thin (catuttha jhna
upasampajja viharati), khng kh, khng lc, x nim thanh tnh.
Ny cc T-khu, y gi l tng thng nh hc.
[3] V ny cc T-khu, th no l tng thng tu hc?
y, ny cc T-khu, v T-khu nh tht r bit:
[i] y l kh, v y nh tht r bit (ida dukkhanti yathbhta pajnti)
[ii] y l ngun gc ca kh, v y nh tht r bit (aya dukkhasamudayoti yathbhta pajnti)
[iii] y l kh dit, v y nh tht r bit (aya dukkhanirodhoti yathbhta pajnti)
[iv] y l con ng a n kh dit, v y nh tht r bit (aya dukkhanirodhagmin paipadti
yathbhta pajnti)
Ny cc T-khu, y gi l tng thng tu hc.

H
Y L SC/TH/:
DA.II.383
Khi c Pht ni y l sc (iti rpa) tc Ngi mun ni v t khu hiu r sc theo
bn cht ring ca chng (sabhvato): xc nh n nh y l sc (iti rpa), c rt nhiu l sc (ettaka
rpa), v cng chng c g khc ngoi sc (na ito para rpa atthi).
D.II.383
nh ngha nh vy chnh l s
phn chia sc (ettaka rpa) thnh bn i chng, sc y i sanh, gm sc c th v sc khng c th, sc do
nghip sanh, sc do thi tit sanh, v sc do dng cht sanh, y mi chnh l s nm r sc ng theo bn cht
ring ca chng (sarpaggahaabhvato),
SA.III.78
theo c tnh ct yu (sarasato), s gii hn chc nng
(pariyantato), s phn nh (paricchedato), v s phn nh ranh gii (paricchindanato).
DA.II.63
ni theo cch khc,
y l s phn tch tng loi sc theo c tnh (lakkhaa), phn s (rasa), biu hin (paccupahna), v nhn gn
(padahna).
DA.II.63
l s nm r sc khng thiu st (anavasesarpapariggaho),
D.II.383
c thc hin trit
(pariydiyitv) v ch khi y, ngi mi hiu r sc ng vi bn cht ring ca nhn x (cakkhyatana), nh
x (sotyatana), t x (ghanyatana), cng nh mu (vaa), mi (gandha), v (rasa), ch khi y, ngi mi
bit r sc ng vi bn cht ring cng vi biu hin lun bin i (ruppanasabhvato) ni n.
D.II.383
Li na, khi c Pht ni: y l th (iti vedan), tc l Ngi ang hm n v t khu bit r th ng vi
bn cht ring (sabhvato) ca chng: xc nh n l: y l th (aya vedan), c rt nhiu th (ettak vedan),
v cng chng c g khc ngoi th (na ito para vedan atthi).
DA.II.63
l s phn chia ca th thnh lc th
(sukhavedan), kh th (dukkhavedan), bt lc bt kh th (adukkhamasukhavedan), thuc thn (kyika)
v tm (cetasika), thuc v vt cht (smisa) v khng thuc v vt cht (niramisa), do nhn xc sanh
(cakkhusamphassaj), nh xc sanh (sotasamphassaj), Li na, y mi chnh l s nm r th khng thiu
st (anavasesavedanpariggaho), vi vic phn tch tng loi th theo c tnh (lakkhaa), phn s (rasa), biu
hin (paccupahna), v nhn gn (padahna).
D.II.383
ng vi bn cht ring v s hng cnh
(anubhavanasabhvato),
DA.II.63
l s cm gic/kinh nghim i tng (vedayitasabhva),
DA.II.63
Theo cch tng t, y l tng (iti sa), chnh l s nm r tng (sapariggaho) khng thiu st
(anavasesa): sc tng (rpasa), thanh tng (saddasa),
DA.II.63
ng vi bn cht ring ca s nhn
thc ca chng (sajananasabhva).
D.II.63
nh mu sc (xanh/vng/)
DA.II.63
y l hnh (iti sakhr) chnh l s nm r cc hnh (sakhrpariggaho) khng thiu st; l s nm bt
cc tm s cn li khng thiu st: xc (phassa), t (cetan), nht tm (ekaggat), mng cn (jivitindriya), ng
vi bn cht ring ca chng l s to tc (abhisakharaasabhva) v
D.II.383
n lc/tch ly (yhana).
y l thc (iti via) chnh l s nm bt cc thc (viapariggaho) khng thiu st (anavasesa): nhn
thc (cakkhuvia), nh thc (sotavia), tm ng mn hng (pacadvrvajjanacitta), tm mn hng
(manodvrvajjanacitta), tm h kip (bhavagacitta), tm thin (jhnacitta), ng vi bn cht ring l nhn
bit (vijnanasabhva),
D.II.383
ng vi bn cht ring bit l s bt ly i tng (rammaassa
upaladdhisabhva).
DA.II.63
Li na, mt ngi cn c s nm bt nh vy trong mi trng hp, bng vic phn
tch tng php theo c tnh (lakkhaa), phn s (rasa), biu hin (paccupahna) v nhn gn (padahna) ca
chng.
R bit sc un theo cch ny chnh l s lnh hi sc (rpapariggaha), s r bit cc th, tng, hnh v thc un
theo cch ny chnh l lnh hi danh (nmaparihhaha): c hai cn c gi l Tr Phn nh DanhSc

(NmaRpaParicchedaa). Hai loi phn nh ny nm trong tr u tin ca ba loi t tri, Tr t tri
(tapari). y l nhng g c Pht m t l thng tri (abhijna) nm un,
VsM.xx.736
v l tr hip th ca
Kh Thnh .
(Theo cch ngn gn thng thng ca ch gii/S Gii,
D
ni rng y chnh l s phn chia sc
(rpassapabhedo) theo cch chia i chng, y i sinh, (bhtupddivasena). Cng vy, hn th na, n m t
s hiu r i vi cc c tnh ring ca sc l theo c tnh ring ca mt,, ca mu,
(cakkhdivadisabhvato). hiu c nhng g c ni trong cc loi v d k trn (3 chm v.v.) (di
trc tin), ngi cn phi hc cc s phn chia m n (ch gii/S Gii) ni n, trong trng hp ny chnh l
s phn chia ca nm un trong VsM.xiv, m DA cp n. D theo cng cch tm lc trnh by s phn chia
thit yu i vi th (vedan) (lc,.. (sukhdi)), tng (sa) (sc tng, (rpasadi)), hnh (sakhr)
(xc, (phassdi)), v thc (via) (nhn thc, (cakkhuvidi)). Nh vy, nhng v d m rng c
thm vo trong mi trng hp.

I
DUYN / ST NA SANH & DIT: Ch gii D.II.9 Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahnaSutta) (383) c gii
thch v php qun s tp khi v s dit tn ca nm un chnh l thy c tnh sanh&dit ca nm un theo
nm cch (packrehi), iu ny c Tn gi Sriputta gii thch trong PsM.I.i.6 (50) Lun v tr Sanh&Dit
(UdayaBbayaaNiddeso): ngi thy s sanh ca sc th un (rpakkhandhassa udaya passanto), th thy
nm c tnh g (katamni paca lakkhani passati)?
[1.1] Vi s sanh ca v minh (avijjsamuday), c s sanh ca sc (rpasamudayoti): nh vy, theo ngha
duyn sanh (paccayasamudayahena), ngi thy c s sanh ca sc un (rpakkhandhassa udaya
passati).
[1.2] Vi s sanh ca tham i (tahsamuday), c s sanh ca sc (rpasamudayoti): nh vy, theo ngha
passati).
[1.3] Vi s sanh ca nghip (kammasamuday), c s sanh ca sc (rpasamudayoti): nh vy, theo ngha
passati).
[1.4] Vi s sanh ca dng cht (hrasamuday), c s sanh ca sc (rpasamudayoti): nh vy, theo
ngha duyn sanh (paccayasamudayahena), ngi thy c s sanh ca sc un (rpakkhandhassa udaya
passati).
[1.5] Ngi thy c tnh sanh ca sc un (nibbattilakkhaa passantopi), th cng thy c s sanh ca sc
un (rpakkhandhassa udaya passati).
Ngi thy s sanh ca sc un (rpakkhandhassa udaya passanto), th thy c nm c tnh ny (imni
paca lakkhani passati).
Ngi thy s dit (vaya passanto), th thy nm c tnh g (katamni paca lakkhani passati)?
[1.1] Vi v minh dit (avijjnirodh), sc dit (rpanirodhoti): nh vy, theo ngha duyn dit
(paccayanirodhahena), ngi thy c s dit ca sc un (rpakkhandhassa vaya passati).
[1.2] Vi tham i dit (tahnirodh), sc dit (rpanirodhoti): nh vy, theo ngha duyn dit
[1.3] Vi nghip dit (kammanirodh), sc dit (rpanirodhoti): nh vy, theo ngha duyn dit
[1.4] Vi dng cht dit (hranirodh), sc dit (rpanirodhoti): nh vy, theo ngha duyn dit
[1.5] Ngi thy c tnh ca s thay i (viparimalakkhaa passantopi), th thy c s dit ca sc un
(rpakkhandhassa vaya passati).
Ngi thy s dit ca sc un (rpakkhandhassa vaya passanto), th thy c nm c tnh ny (imni paca
lakkhani passati).
Ngi thy s sanh & dit (udayabbaya passanto), th thy c mi c tnh ny (imni dasa lakkhani
passati).
Sau Tn gi Sriputta gii thch v nm c tnh i vi s sanh v nm c tnh i vi s dit theo tng un
trong bn v sc un (danh un) cn li; tt c gm bn mi c tnh. Ngi thy s sanh & dit ca nm un,
th thy c nm mi c tnh ny (imni pasa lakkhani passati).
gii thch cho on trn, Ch gii D.II.9 Kinh i Nim X (MahSatiPahnaSutta) (383), ni n s gii
thch chi tit trong VsM.xx.724-731 Lun v Tr Sanh Dit (UdayaBbayaaKath).
DUYN SANH:
VsM.726
Ngi thy c vi s sanh ca v minh, tham i, nghip, th c s sanh ca nm un, v
vi s dit ca v minh, tham i, nghip, th c s dit ca nm un, tc l ngi ang thy duyn sanh & dit
(paccayato udayabbayadassana).
VsM.728
iu c ngha l thy c duyn sanh tc l thy c php duyn
khi theo chiu thun (anuloma). Tm li: Do ci ny c mt, ci kia c mt; do ci ny sanh khi, ci kia sanh khi
(imasmi sati ida hoti, imassuppd ida uppajjati).
VsM.724.
Ni cch khc: Do v minh c mt (avijjya sati)
trong mt sanh hu trc (purimabhavasiddhya), nn c s sanh ca sc (rpassa uppdo hoti) trong sanh hu
ny (imasmi bhave). Cng vy i vi th-, tng-, hnh- v thc un.
PsMA.50
Theo s trnh by php duyn khi ca Tn gi X Li Pht, l: Do v minh, hnh, i, th, v nghip lc
ca nghip hu qu kh, nn c s sanh ca kit sanh thc, danhsc, lc nhp, xc, v th bt k hu no l qu
trong tng lai. <tham kho s m t v cch v T-khu bit/thy/hiu r/th nhp iu ny hu ch
I
>

DUYN DIT: s dit tn ca nm un din ra vi v A-la-hn nhp dit (PariNibbna).
VsM.728
iu ny c ngha l
thy c duyn dit l thy c php duyn khi theo chiu nghch (pailoma). Tm li: Ci ny khng c mt
nn ci kia khng c mt; ci ny dit nn ci kia dit (imasmi asati ida na hoti, imassa nirodh ida
nirujjhati).
VsM.724
Ni cch khc: Vi s dit ca v minh nh s v sanh (avijjya anuppdanirodhato) bi o
Tr cao nht (AggaMaggaena), nn c s dit ca sc (angatassa rpassa) nh s v sanh
(anuppdanirodho) tng lai: bi s dit tn ca vic sanh ln nhn ca sc (uppajjanakarpapaccayassa
niruddhabhvena). iu ny ph hp vi m t ca Tn gi Sriputta v php duyn khi: Vi s dit ca v
minh, hnh, i, th v nghip lc tng lai, nn c s dit ca vic sanh ln, tc v sanh, ca bt k kit sanh
thc, danh-sc, lc nhp, xc v th bt k hu no l qu trong tng lai. < tham kho s trnh by ca Ngi X
Li Pht v vic v t khu bit/ thy/ hiu r/ th nhp iu ny hu ch
I
>
ST NA SANH & DIT:
VsM. 726
Mt c tnh sanh ca php ch c thy ngay ti st-na sanh ca n
(uppattikkhaeyeva) (khonh khc n c sanh). Mt c tnh thay i ca php ch c thy ngay ti st-na
dit xy ra sau (bhagakkhae) (khonh khc n dit sau ). l cch hnh gi thy c tnh sanh v thay
i ca cc un chnh l thy c st-na sanh & dit (khaato udayabbayadassana) (s sanh v dit ca mi
loi danh v sc theo st-na ny n st-na khc).
VsM.728
Qua vic thy c c tnh sanh v thay i ca nm
un, ngi thy c c tnh hu vi (sakhatalakkhaa).
c Pht c thuyt v iu ny trong A.III.I.v.7 Kinh Tng Hu Vi (SakhataLakkhaaSutta): C ba tng
hu vi ny, ny cc T-khu, cho cc php hu vi (sakhatassa sakhatalakkhaa). Th no l ba? Sanh c trnh
by r (uppdo payati), dit c trnh by r (vayo payati), s bin d khi ang tr c trnh by r
(hitassa athatta payati).
AA
Hu vi l tt c cc php thuc tam gii (tebhmaka dhamm): ci dc gii,
ci sc gii, ci v sc gii, sc v v sc. Sanh (uppdo) xy ra vo st-na pht sanh ca php hu vi
(uppdakkhane). N tng ng vi s sanh (jti). S bin d khi ang tr (hitassa athatta) xy ra st-na
tr ca php hu vi (thnakkhae). N tng ng vi s gi (jar). Dit (vayo) xy ra vo st-na dit ca php
hu vi (bhedakkhae).
S.III.145
gii thch iu ny tng ng s tan r (bhaga).
VSM. 740
Ba c tnh ny hnh thnh
tnh v thng (aniccalakkhaa). Do bi cc php hu vi u c ba c tnh ny m nm un l v thng. V v
s v thng ca chng nn c Pht ging nm un cng l kh v v ng.
VSM.740
c Pht ging v iu ny trong S. III. I. ii. 4 phm Ci g l V Thng (YadAniccaSutta): Sc, ny
cc T-khu, l v thng (rpa, bhikkhave, anicca); Ci g v thng l kh (yadanicca ta dukkha); ci
g kh l v ng (yaddukkha tadanatt); ci g v ng, cn phi nh tht (evameta yathbhta) qun vi
Chnh Tr Tu (SammaPpaya dahabba): Ci ny khng phi ca ti (neta mama); ci ny khng phi l
ti (nesohamasmi); ci ny khng phi t ng ca ti (na meso att). Tip theo, c Pht phn tch v ch dy
ging nh vy i vi bn un cn li. V Ngi ging rng, thy nh vy, v a vn Thnh t ym ly vi nm un
v t n Nit-bn.

J
S.V.XII.ii.1 Kinh Chuyn Php Lun (DhammaCakkaPpavattanaSutta), khi Tn gi Kondaa chng c Nhp
Lu, iu ny c m t l tr ca v y: Phm php no c s sanh, tt c php y u c s dit (ya-kici
samudaya-dhamma sabba tanirodh dhamma).

K
gii thch cch m v t khu nng tm (citta paggahetabba) khi cn n, VsM.iv.64 Mc Mi Php Thun
Thc Trong An Ch (DasaVidhaAppanKosalla) trch dn mt on trong Kinh la (AggiSutta): V nh, ny
cc T-khu, mt ngi mun t ln mt ngn la nh, ngi y nm vo y c t, phn b t, ci t,
ngn la y gia ma, gi v rc bi ln trn; ngi y c th nhen ngn la nh y khng? (Tha khng, bch
Th Tn). Cng vy, ny cc T-khu, trong khi tm th ng (lna citta hoti), khi y khng ng lc (aklo),
khng phi thi (tasmi samaye) tu tp khinh an gic chi, khng phi thi l tu tp nh gic chi, khng phi thi
l tu tp x gic chi. V sao? V rng, khi tm th ng, tht kh lm tm pht khi nh nhng php ny (etehi
dhammehi dussamuhpaya hoti). Ny cc T-khu, khi tm th ng, trong khi y, l phi thi tu tp trch
php gic chi tinh tn gic chi h gic chi. V sao? V rng, ny cc T-khu, khi tm th ng, tht d lm tm
pht khi nhng php ny. V nh, ny cc T-khu, mt ngi mun t ln mt ngn la nh, ngi y nm vo
y c kh, phn b kh, ci kh, dng ming thi, khng c rc bi ln trn; ngi y c th nhen ngn la y
khng? (Tha c, bch Th Tn).
VsM.iv.65.ibid
trch dn nhng li gii thch ngc li ca c Pht i vi cch v t
khu iu phc tm (citta niggahetabba) khi cn n: v nh mt ngi mun dp tt mt m la to th khng
nn b vo nhng nhin liu kh m thay vo l nhng vt t, cng vy, khi tm dao ng (uddhata
citta hoti), T-khu nn iu phc tm vi an tnh gic chi, nh gic chi v x gic chi. V sau c Pht
ging rng nim l hu ch mi thi: Nhng nim, ny cc T-khu, l cn thit cho mi thi (sabbatthika), Ta
tuyn b nh vy.

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Con ng c Nht

y l by tm s bin hnh (sabbacittasdhraa) : lun c mt cng vi mi loi tm.

Cc loi tm siu th b loi tr khi phm vi minh st.

Cc loi tm siu th b loi tr khi phm vi minh st.

(cakkhuvia) 3) Nhn thc gii (cakkhuviadhtu)

(sotavia) 6) Nh thc gii (sotaviadhtu)

(ghanavia) 9) T thc gii (ghnaviadhtu)

(jivhvia) 12) Thit thc gii (jivhviadhtu)

(kyavia) 15) Thn thc gii (kyaviadhtu)

Cc loi tm siu th b loi tr khi phm vi minh st.

siu th (Khng tnh)

Cc loi tm siu th c loi khi phm vi minh st.

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