Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete Victor E.saouma
Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete Victor E.saouma
DRAFT
c VICTOR
E. SAOUMA,
Fall 2002
Draft
02
Victor Saouma
Draft
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1.1 Mix Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1.1.1 Constituents . . . . . . . .
1.1.1.1.2 Preliminary Considerations
1.1.1.1.3 Mix procedure . . . . . . .
1.1.1.1.4 Mix Design Example . . .
1.1.1.2 Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . .
1.1.2 Reinforcing Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Design Philosophy, USD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Analysis vs Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Basic Relations and Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 ACI Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 FLEXURE
2.1 Uncracked Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E 2-1 Uncracked Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Section Cracked, Stresses Elastic . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 Basic Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 Working Stress Method . . . . . . . . . . . .
E 2-2 Cracked Elastic Section . . . . . . . . . . . .
E 2-3 Working Stress Design Method; Analysis . . .
E 2-4 Working Stress Design Method; Design . . .
2.3 Cracked Section, Ultimate Strength Design Method .
2.3.1 Whitney Stress Block . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 Balanced Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.4 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Practical Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.1 Minimum Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2 Beam Sizes, Bar Spacing, Concrete Cover . .
2.4.3 Design Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 USD Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E 2-5 Ultimate Strength; Review . . . . . . . . . .
E 2-6 Ultimate Strength; Design I . . . . . . . . . .
E 2-7 Ultimate Strength; Design II . . . . . . . . .
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11
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. 15
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21
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. 215
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Draft
02
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
CONTENTS
3 SHEAR
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Shear Strength of Uncracked Section
3.3 Shear Strength of Cracked Sections .
3.4 ACI Code Requirements . . . . . . .
3.5 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E 3-1 Shear Design . . . . . . . . .
3.6 Shear Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E 3-2 Shear Friction . . . . . . . . .
3.7 Brackets and Corbels . . . . . . . . .
3.8 Deep Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Review
Design .
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. 217
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. 239
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31
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4 CONTINUOUS BEAMS
4.1 Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Methods of Analysis . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 Detailed Analysis . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2 ACI Approximate Method . . . .
4.3 Effective Span Design Moment . . . . .
4.4 Moment Redistribution . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1 Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Section .
4.4.2 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E 4-1 Moment Redistribution . . . . .
4.5 Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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41
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46
46
47
Victor Saouma
Draft
CONTENTS
6 SERVICEABILITY
6.1 Control of Cracking . . . . .
E 6-1 Crack Width . . . . .
6.2 Deflections . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.1 Short Term Deflection
6.2.2 Long Term Deflection
E 6-2 Deflections . . . . . .
03
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Vertical
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61
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and Horizontal
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8 COLUMNS
81
9 COLUMNS
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.1 Types of Columns . . . . . . . . .
9.1.2 Possible Arrangement of Bars . . .
9.2 Short Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.1 Concentric Loading . . . . . . . . .
9.2.2 Eccentric Columns . . . . . . . . .
9.2.2.1 Balanced Condition . . .
9.2.2.2 Tension Failure . . . . . .
9.2.2.3 Compression Failure . . .
9.2.3 ACI Provisions . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.4 Interaction Diagrams . . . . . . . .
9.2.5 Design Charts . . . . . . . . . . .
E 9-1 R/C Column, c known . . . . . . .
E 9-2 R/C Column, e known . . . . . . .
E 9-3 R/C Column, Using Design Charts
9.2.6 Biaxial Bending . . . . . . . . . .
E 9-4 Biaxially Loaded Column . . . . .
9.3 Long Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.1 Euler Elastic Buckling . . . . . . .
9.3.2 Effective Length . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.3 Moment Magnification Factor; ACI
E 9-5 Long R/C Column . . . . . . . . .
E 9-6 Design of Slender Column . . . . .
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Provisions
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91
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. 913
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10 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . .
10.1.1 Materials . . . . . . .
10.1.2 Prestressing Forces . .
10.1.3 Assumptions . . . . .
10.1.4 Tendon Configuration
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101
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Victor Saouma
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04
CONTENTS
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. 104
. 104
. 106
. 108
. 1010
. 1012
. 1012
. 1013
. 1013
Draft
List of Figures
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
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. 12
. 110
. 111
. 111
. 111
. 112
. 113
. 21
. 22
. 23
. 24
. 28
. 210
. 215
. 220
. 220
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. 227
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. 241
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
3.1
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. 242
. 243
Draft
02
LIST OF FIGURES
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
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3.10
3.11
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. 32
. 33
. 34
. 35
. 36
. 37
. 39
. 310
. 310
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
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41
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5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Types of Slabs . . . . . . . . .
One vs Two way slabs . . . . .
Load Distribution in Slabs . . .
Load Transfer in R/C Buildings
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
9.1
9.2
Types of columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Tied vs Spiral Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
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51
52
52
53
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transformed X Sections
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62
64
65
66
66
Draft
LIST OF FIGURES
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
03
. 92
. 93
. 93
. 94
. 98
. 914
. 915
. 916
. 916
. 918
. 919
. 920
. 921
. 922
. 922
. 923
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
Victor Saouma
Draft
04
Victor Saouma
LIST OF FIGURES
Draft
List of Tables
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
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13
13
13
15
16
. 16
. 17
. 17
. 18
. 113
. 114
. 114
2.1
2.2
4.1
5.1
7.1
7.2
Draft
02
Victor Saouma
LIST OF TABLES
Draft
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Material
1.1.1
Concrete
This section is adapted from Concrete by Mindess and Young, Prentice Hall, 1981
1.1.1.1
1.1.1.1.1
Mix Design
Constituents
1 Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, water, and aggregates (usually sand and crushed
stone).
Portland cement is a mixture of calcareous and argillaceous materials which are calcined in
a kiln and then pulverized. When mixed with water, cement hardens through a process called
hydration.
2
In such a mixture, about 3/4 of the volume is constituted by the aggregates, and the remaining
1/4 being the cement paste.
Smaller particles up to 1/4 in. in size are called fine aggregates, and the larger ones being
coarse aggregates.
Draft
12
INTRODUCTION
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ASTM C33 (Standard Specifications for Concrete Aggregates) governs the types of rock which
can produce aggregates.
7
The surface texture can be glassy, smooth, granular, rough, crystalline or honeycombed.
12
Coarse aggregate fraction is that retained on the No. 4 sieve, Table 1.1.
Fine aggregate fraction is that passing the No. 4 sieve.
13
ASTM C33 sets grading limits for coarse and fine aggregates, Table 1.2 and 1.3 respectively.
If a concrete does not comply with these limits, than there will be a need for more paste,
and there will be the possibility of aggregate segregation.
14
15 Since aggregates contain some porosity, water can be absorbed. Also water can be retained
on the surface of the particle as a film or moisture. Hence, it is necessary to quantify the
moisture content of the aggregates in order to make adjustments to the water. Because dry
aggregates will remove water from the paste, then the w/c is effectively reduced. On the other
hand moist aggregates may effectively increase the w/c ratio.
Victor Saouma
Draft
1.1 Material
13
ASTM
Design.
Size
mm
Coarse Aggregate
3 in.
75
21/2 in.
63
2 in.
50
11/2 in.
37.5
1 in.
25
3/4 in.
19
1/2 in.
12.5
3/8 in.
9.5
Fine Aggregate
No. 4
4.75
No. 8
2.36
No. 16
1.18
No. 30 0.60 (600 m)
No. 50
300 m
No. 100
150 m
in.
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.75
0.50
0.375
0.187
0.0937
0.0469
0.0234
0.0124
0.0059
Table 1.1: ASTM Sieve Designations Nominal Sizes Used for Concrete Aggregates
Sieve Size
11/2 in.
1 in.
3/4 in.
1/2 in.
3/8 in.
No. 4
No. 8
Table 1.2: ASTM C33 Grading Limits for Coarse Concrete Aggregates
Sieve Size
3/4 in.
No. 4
No. 8
No. 16
No. 30
No. 50
No. 100
% Passing
100
95-100
80-100
50-85
25-60
10-30
2-10
Table 1.3: ASTM C33 Grading Limits for Fine Concrete Aggregates
Victor Saouma
Draft
14
16
INTRODUCTION
Absorption capacity (AC): is the maximum amount of water the aggregate can absorb
AC =
WSSD WOD
100%
WOD
(1.1)
most normal -weight aggregates (fine and coarse) have an absorption capacity in the range
of 1% to 2%.
Surface Moisture (SM): is the water in excess of the SSD state
SM =
WW et WSSD
100%
WSSD
(1.2)
The fineness modulus is a parameter which describe the grading curve and it can be used
to check the uniformity of the grading. It is usually computed for fine aggregates on the basis
of
P
cumulative percent retained on standard sieves
F.M. =
(1.3)
100
where the standard sieves used are No. 100, No. 50, No. 30, No. 16, No. 8, and No. 4, and
3/8 in, 3/4 in, 11/2 in and larger.
18
The fineness modulus for fine aggregate should lie between 2.3 and 3.1 A small number
indicates a fine grading, whereas a large number indicates a coarse material.
19
20
21 Fineness modulus of fine aggregate is required for mix proportioning since sand gradation
has the largest effect on workability. A fine sand (low fineness modulus) has much higher paste
requirements for good workability.
22
The fineness modulus of coarse aggregate is not used for mix design purposes.
no-fines concrete has little cohesiveness in the fresh state and can not be compacted to a
void-free condition. Hence, it will have a low strength, high permeability. Its only advantage is
low density, and high thermal insulation which can be used if structural requirements are not
high.
23
Victor Saouma
Draft
1.1 Material
15
Sieve
Size
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
Weight
Amount
Cumulative
Cumulative
Retained Retained
Amount
Amount
(g)
(wt. %) Retained (%) Passing (%)
4
9
2
2
98
8
46
9
11
89
16
97
19
30
70
30
99
20
50
50
50
120
24
74
26
100
91
18
92
8
P
Sample Weight 500 g.
= 259
Fineness modulus=259/100=2.59
Preliminary Considerations
1. Water/Cement ratio: where the strength is inversely proportional to the water to cement
ratio, approximately expressed as:
fc0 =
A
B 1.5w/c
(1.4)
For fc0 in psi, A is usually taken as 14,000 and B depends on the type of cement, but may
be taken to be about 4. It should be noted that w/c controls not only the strength, but
also the porosity and hence the durability.
2. Aggregate Grading: In order to minimize the amount of cement paste, we must maximize
the volume of aggregates. This can be achieved through proper packing of the granular
material. The ideal grading curve (with minimum voids) is closely approximated by
the Fuller curve
q
d
(1.5)
Pt =
D
where Pt is the fraction of total solids finer than size d, and D is the maximum particle
size, q is generally taken as 1/2, hence the parabolic grading.
1.1.1.1.3
Mix procedure
Before starting the mix design process, the following material properties should be determined:
25
Victor Saouma
Draft
16
INTRODUCTION
Max
3
3
4
4
3
3
Min
1
1
1
1
1
1
Exposure
Mild
Moderate
Extreme
in.
4.5
6.0
7.5
3/8
Sizes of Aggregates
1/2 in. 3/4 in. 1 in.
4.0
3.5
3.5
5.5
5.0
4.5
7.0
6.0
6.05
11/2 in.
3.0
4.4
5.5
Table 1.6: Recommended Average Total Air Content as % of Different Nominal Maximum Sizes
of Aggregates and Levels of Exposure
1
The slump test (ASTM C143) is a measure of the shear resistance of concrete to flowing under its own weight.
It is a good indicator of the concrete workability. A hollow mold in the form of a frustum of a cone is filled
with concrete in three layers of equal volume. Each layer is rodded 25 times. The mold is then lifted vertically,
and the slump is measured by determining the difference between the height of the mold and the height of the
concrete over the original center of the base of the specimen.
Victor Saouma
Draft
1.1 Material
17
Slump
in.
1-2
3-4
6-7
1-2
3-4
6-7
Sizes of Aggregates
3/8 in. 1/2 in. 3/4 in. 1 in.
Non-Air-Entrained Concrete
350
335
315
300
385
365
340
325
410
385
360
340
Air-Entrained Concrete
305
295
280
270
340
325
305
295
365
345
325
310
11/2 in.
275
300
315
250
275
290
Table 1.7: Approximate Mixing Water Requirements, lb/yd3 of Concrete For Different Slumps
and Nominal Maximum Sizes of Aggregates
4. Water/cement ratio: this is governed by both strength and durability. Table 1.8
provides some guidance in terms of strength.
28 days
fc0
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
Dry Rodded Volume (DRV) is the normal volume of space a material occupies.
Victor Saouma
Draft
18
INTRODUCTION
Agg. Size
in
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
11/2
Sand
2.40
0.50
0.59
0.66
0.71
0.76
Fineness Moduli
2.60 2.80 3.00
0.48 0.46 0.44
0.57 0.55 0.53
0.64 0.62 0.60
0.69 0.67 0.65
0.74 0.72 0.70
Table 1.9: Volume of Dry-Rodded Coarse Aggregate per Unit Volume of Concrete for Different
Fineness Moduli of Sand
8. Adjustment for moisture in the aggregates: is necessary. If aggregates are air
dry, they will absorb some water (thus effectively lowering the w/c), or if aggregates are
too wet they will release water (increasing the w/c and the workability but reducing the
strength).
1.1.1.1.4
Concrete is required for an exterior column to be located above ground in an area where
substantial freezing and thawing may occur. The concrete is required to have an average 28day compressive strength of 5,000 psi. For the conditions of placement, the slump should be
between 1 and 2 in, the maximum aggregate size should not exceed 3/4 in. and the properties
of the materials are as follows:
Cement: Type I specific gravity = 3.15
Coarse Aggregates: Bulk specific gravity (SSD) = 2.70; absorption capacity= 1.0%; Total
moisture content = 2.5%; Dry-rodded unit weight = 100 lb/ft3
Fine Aggregates: Bulk specific gravity (SSD) = 2.65; absorption capacity = 1.3 %; Total
moisture content=5.5%; fineness modulus = 2.70
The sieve analyses of both the coarse and fine aggregates fall within the specified limits. With
this information, the mix design can proceed:
1. Choice of slump is consistent with Table 1.5.
2. Maximum aggregate size (3/4 in) is governed by reinforcing details.
3. Estimation of mixing water: Because water will be exposed to freeze and thaw, it must
be air-entrained. From Table 1.6 the air content recommended for extreme exposure is
6.0%, and from Table 1.7 the water requirement is 280 lb/yd3
4. From Table 1.8, the water to cement ratio estimate is 0.4
5. Cement content, based on steps 4 and 5 is 280/0.4=700 lb/yd3
6. Coarse aggregate content, interpolating from Table 1.9 for the fineness modulus of
the fine aggregate of 2.70, the volume of dry-rodded coarse aggregate per unit volume of
concrete is 0.63. Therefore, the coarse aggregate will occupy 0.63 27 = 17.01 ft3 /yd3 .
Victor Saouma
Draft
1.1 Material
19
The OD weight of the coarse aggregate is 17.01 ft3 /yd3 , 100 lbs/ft3 =1,701 lb. The SSD
weight is 1,701 1.01=1,718 lb.
7. Fine aggregate content Knowing the weights and specific gravities of the water, cement,
and coarse aggregate, and knowing the air volume, we can calculate the volume per yd3
occupied by the different ingredients.
Water
Cement
Coarse Aggregate (SSD)
Air
280/62.4
700/(3.15)(62.4)
1,718/(2.70)(62.4)
(0.06)(27)
=
=
=
=
4.49
3.56
1.62
1.62
19.87
ft3
ft3
ft3
ft3
ft3
Hence, the fine aggregate must occupy a volume of 27.0 19.87 = 7.13 ft3 . The required
SSD weight of the fine aggregate is 7.13 ft3 (2.65)(62.4)lb/ft3 =1,179 lbs lb.
8. Adjustment for moisture in the aggregate. Since the aggregate will be neither SSD or
OD in the field, it is necessary to adjust the aggregate weights for the amount of water
contained in the aggregate. Only surface water need be considered; absorbed water does
not become part of the mix water. For the given moisture contents, the adjusted aggregate weights become:
Coarse aggregate (wet)=1,718(1.025-0.01) = 1,744 lb/yd3 of dry coarse
Fine aggregate (wet)=1,179(1.055-0.013) = 1,229 lb/yd3 of dry fine
Surface moisture contributed by the coarse aggregate is 2.5-1.0 = 1.5%; by the fine aggregate: 5.5-1.3 = 4.2%; Hence we need to decrease water to
280-1,718(0.015)-1,179(0.042) = 205 lb/yd3 .
Thus, the estimated batch weight per yd3 are
Water
Cement
Wet coarse aggregate
Wet fine aggregate
205 lb
700 lb
1,744 lb
1,229 lb
3,878 lb/yd3
143.6 lb/ft3
3,878
27
1.1.1.2
26
Mechanical Properties
Contrarily to steel to modulus of elasticity of concrete depends on the strength and is given
by
p
E = 57, 000 fc0
(1.6)
p
fc0
(1.7)
or
E = 33 1.5
Draft
110
INTRODUCTION
27
Normal weight and lightweight concrete have equal to 150 and 90-120 lb/ft3 respectively.
28
Typical concrete (compressive) strengths range from 3,000 to 6,000 psi; However high strength
concrete can go up to 14,000 psi.
29
30
Non-linear part of stress-strain curve is caused by micro-cracking around the aggregates, Fig.
1.2
31
Non-Linear
~ 0.5 cf
Linear
33
t
f0
4.0 + .85t c,28
(1.8)
or
t (days)
0
%fc,28
34
1
20
2
35
4
54
7
70
10
80
15
90
Victor Saouma
Draft
1.1 Material
111
f
c
f / 2
c
u =
0.003
35
(1.9-a)
(1.9-b)
Rather than the tensile strength, it is common to measure the modulus of rupture fr0 , Fig.
1.4
36
11
00
00
11
00
11
11
00
00
11
fr0 7.5
Victor Saouma
fc0
(1.10)
Draft
112
INTRODUCTION
ft
1
fc
ft
2
1
1
2
fc
37
38 In most cases, concrete is subjected to uniaxial stresses, but it is possible to have biaxial
(shells, shear walls) or triaxial (beam/column connections) states of stress.
39
40
Shrinkage: when exposed to air (dry), water tends to evaporate from the concrete surface,
shrinkage. It depends on the w/c and relative humidity. sh 0.0002 0.0007. Shrinkage
can cause cracking if the structure is restrained, and may cause large secondary stresses.
If a simply supported beam is fully restrained against longitudinal deformation, then
sh = Esh
p
3, 000
= 57, 000 3, 000(0.0002) = 624 psi >
{z }
| 10
(1.12-a)
(1.12-b)
ft0
For this reason a minimum amount of reinforcement is always necessary in concrete, and a 2% reinforcement,
can reduce the shrinkage by 75%.
Victor Saouma
Draft
1.1 Material
113
Elastic recovery
creep
Creep recovery
Residual
no load
constant load
no load
fc0
Cu
3,000
3.1
4,000
2.9
ct
23
ci
t0.6
Cu
10 + t0.6
6,000
2.4
(1.13-a)
(1.13-b)
8,000
2.0
41
Coefficient of thermal expansion is 0.65 105 /deg F for normal weight concrete.
1.1.2
42
Reinforcing Steel
43 Bars have a deformation on their surface to increase the bond with concrete, and usually
have a yield stress of 60 ksi.
44
45 Stirrups, used as vertical reinforcement to resist shear, usually have a yield stress of only 40
ksi
Steel loses its strength rapidly above 700 deg. F (and thus must be properly protected from
fire), and becomes brittle at 30 deg. F
46
47
Victor Saouma
Draft
114
INTRODUCTION
Bar Designation
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8
No. 9
No. 10
No. 11
No. 14
No. 18
Diameter
(in.)
2/8=0.250
3/8=0.375
4/8=0.500
5/8=0.625
6/8=0.750
7/8=0.875
8/8=1.000
9/8=1.128
10/8=1.270
11/8=1.410
14/8 =1.693
18/8 =2.257
Area
( in2 )
0.05
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.44
0.60
0.79
1.00
1.27
1.56
2.25
4.00
Perimeter
in
0.79
1.18
1.57
1.96
2.36
2.75
3.14
3.54
3.99
4.43
5.32
7.09
Weight
lb/ft
0.167
0.376
0.668
1.043
1.5202
2.044
2.670
3.400
4.303
5.313
7.650
13.60
1.2
ACI refers to this method as the Strength Design Method, (previously referred to as the
Ultimate Strength Method).
49
Rn i Qi
(1.14)
where
is a strength reduction factor, less than 1, and must account for the type of structural
element, Table 1.12 (ACI 9.3.2)
Type of Member
Axial Tension
Flexure
Axial Compression, spiral reinforcement
Axial Compression, other
Shear and Torsion
Bearing on concrete
0.9
0.9
0.75
0.70
0.85
0.70
Victor Saouma
Draft
115
(1.15-a)
Vn Vu
(1.15-b)
Pn Pu
(1.15-c)
50
51
The various factored load combinations which must be considered (ACI: 9.2) are
1. 1.4D+1.7L
2. 0.75(1.4D+1.7L+1.7W)
3. 0.9D+1.3W
4. 1.05D+1.275W
5. 0.9D+1.7H
6. 1.4D +1.7L+1.7H
7. 0.75(1.4D+1.4T+1.7L)
8. 1.4(D+T)
where D= dead; L= live; Lr= roof live; W= wind; E= earthquake; S= snow; T= temperature;
H= soil. We must select the one with the largest limit state load.
52 Serviceability Limit States must be assessed under service loads (not factored). The
most important ones being
1. Deflections
2. Crack width (for R/C)
3. Stability
1.3
53
Analysis vs Design
Analysis: Given a certain design, determine what is the maximum moment which can be
applied.
Design: Given an external moment to be resisted, determine cross sectional dimensions (b and
h) as well as reinforcement (As ). Note that in many cases the external dimensions of the
beam (b and h) are fixed by the architect.
54
We often consider the maximum moment along a member, and design accordingly.
Victor Saouma
Draft
116
1.4
INTRODUCTION
In developing a design/analysis method for reinforced concrete, the following basic relations
will be used:
55
Compatibility of Displacements: Perfect bond between steel and concrete (no slip). Note
that those two materials do also have very close coefficients of thermal expansion under
normal temperature.
Plane section remain plane strain is proportional to distance from neutral axis.
Neglect tensile strength in all cases.
1.5
ACI Code
Attached is an unauthorized copy of some of the most relevant ACI-318-89 design code provisions.
8.1.1 - In design of reinforced concrete structures, members shall be proportioned for adequate strength in accordance with provisions of this code, using load factors and strength
reduction factors specified in Chapter 9.
8.3.1 - All members of frames or continuous construction shall be designed for the maximum
effects of factored loads as determined by the theory of elastic analysis, except as modified
according to Section 8.4. Simplifying assumptions of Section 8.6 through p
8.9 may be used.
8.5.1 - Modulus of elasticity Ec for concrete may be taken as Wc1.5 33 fc0 ( psi) for values
between 90 and 155 lb per cu ft. For normal weight concrete, Ec may be taken as
of Wc p
57, 000 fc0 .
8.5.2 - Modulus of elasticity Es for non-prestressed reinforcement may be taken as 29,000
psi.
9.1.1 - Structures and structural members shall be designed to have design strengths at all
sections at least equal to the required strengths calculated for the factored loads and forces in
such combinations as are stipulated in this code.
9.2 - Required Strength
9.2.1 - Required strength U to resist dead load D and live load L shall be at least equal to
U = 1.4D + 1.7L
(1.16)
9.2.2 - If resistance to structural effects of a specified wind load W are included in design,
the following combinations of D, L, and W shall be investigated to determine the greatest
required strength U
U = 0.75(1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W )
(1.17)
Victor Saouma
Draft
117
where load combinations shall include both full value and zero value of L to determine the more
severe condition, and
U = 0.9D + 1.3W
(1.18)
but for any combination of D, L, and W, required strength U shall not be less than Eq. (9-1).
9.3.1 - Design strength provided by a member, its connections to other members, and its
cross sections, in terms of flexure, axial load, shear, and torsion, shall be taken as the nominal
strength calculated in accordance with requirements and assumptions of this code, multiplied
by a strength reduction factor .
9.3.2 - Strength reduction factor shall be as follows:
9.3.2.1 - Flexure, without axial load 0.90
9.4 - Design strength for reinforcement Designs shall not be based on a yield strength of
reinforcement fy in excess of 80,000 psi, except for prestressing tendons.
10.2.2 - Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly proportional to
the distance from the neutral axis, except, for deep flexural members with overall depth to
clear span ratios greater than 2/5 for continuous spans and 4/5 for simple spans, a non-linear
distribution of strain shall be considered. See Section 10.7.
10.2.3 - Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed
equal to 0.003.
10.2.4 - Stress in reinforcement below specified yield strength fy for grade of reinforcement
used shall be taken as Es times steel strain. For strains greater than that corresponding to fy ,
stress in reinforcement shall be considered independent of strain and equal to fy .
10.2.5 - Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in flexural calculations of reinforced
concrete, except when meeting requirements of Section 18.4.
10.2.6 - Relationship between concrete compressive stress distribution and concrete strain
may be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other shape that results in
prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests.
10.2.7 - Requirements of Section 10.2.5 may be considered satisfied by an equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution defined by the following:
10.2.7.1 - Concrete stress of 0.85fc0 shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross section and a straight line located parallel
to the neutral axis at a distance (a = 1 c) from the fiber of maximum compressive strain.
10.2.7.2 - Distance c from fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis shall be measured
in a direction perpendicular to that axis.
10.2.7.3 - Factor 1 shall be taken as 0.85 for concrete strengths fc0 up to and including
4,000 psi. For strengths above 4,000 psi, 1 shall be reduced continuously at a rate of 0.05 for
each 1000 psi of strength in excess of 4,000 psi, but 1 shall not be taken less than 0.65.
10.3.2 - Balanced strain conditions exist at a cross section when tension reinforcement
reaches the strain corresponding to its specified yield strength fy just as concrete in compression
reaches its assumed ultimate strain of 0.003.
10.3.3 - For flexural members, and for members subject to combined flexure and compressive axial load when the design axial load strength (Pn ) is less than the smaller of (0.10fc0 Ag )
or (Pb ), the ratio of reinforcement p provided shall not exceed 0.75 of the ratio b that would
produce balanced strain conditions for the section under flexure without axial load. For members with compression reinforcement, the portion of b equalized by compression reinforcement
need not be reduced by the 0.75 factor.
10.3.4 - Compression reinforcement in conjunction with additional tension reinforcement
may be used to increase the strength of flexural members.
Victor Saouma
Draft
118
INTRODUCTION
10.5.1 - At any section of a flexural member, except as provided in Sections 10.5.2 and
10.5.3, where positive reinforcement is required by analysis, the ratio provided shall not be
less than that given by
200
min =
(1.19)
fy
Victor Saouma
Draft
Chapter 2
FLEXURE
This is probably the longest chapter in the notes, we shall cover in great details flexural
design/analysis of R/C beams starting with uncracked section to failure conditions.
1
2.1
Uncracked Section
c
d
As
Assuming perfect bond between steel and concrete, we have s = c , Fig. 2.1
s = c
fs
fc
Es
=
fs =
fc fs = nfc
Es
Ec
Ec
Es
Ec
(2.1)
Draft
22
FLEXURE
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
(n-1)A S 11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
2
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
(n-1)A S
2
Mc
fs = nfc
I
(2.2)
+
Make sure that max
< ft0
Given fc0 = 4,000 psi; ft0 = 475 psi; fy = 60,000 psi; M = 45 ft-k = 540,000 in-lb; As = 2.35
+ , f , and f
Determine fmax
s
max
yt
25" 23"
2
As = 2.35 in
yb
10"
Solution:
29, 000
n =
yb
yb
y t = 25 11.8 = 13.2 in
(10)(25)3
I =
+ (25)(10)(13.2 12.5)2 + (16.45)(23 13.2)2
12
= 14, 722 in2
(540, 000) lb.in(13.2)in
Mc
=
= 484 psi
fcc =
I
(14, 722) in4
Victor Saouma
(2.3-a)
(2.3-b)
(2.3-c)
(2.3-d)
(2.3-e)
(2.3-f)
(2.3-g)
Draft
2.2
23
Mc
(540, 000) lb.in(25 13.2) in
= 433 psi < 475 psi
=
4
I
(14, 722) in
(540, 000)(23 13.2) in
Mc
= (8)
= 2, 876 psi
= n
I
(14, 722)
fct =
(2.3-h)
fs
(2.3-i)
7 This is important not only as an acceptable alternative ACI design method, but also for the
later evaluation of crack width under service loads.
2.2.1
Basic Relations
If fct > fr , fcc < .5fc0 and fs < fy we will assume that the crack goes all the way to the
N.A and we will use the transformed section, Fig. 2.3
8
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
(n-1)A S 11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
2
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
111111111
000000000
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
111111111
000000000
(n-1)A S
2
fc
C
kd/3
kd
d
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
(1-k/3)d=jd
T
where j = (1 k/3).
Victor Saouma
Draft
24
2.2.2
FLEXURE
12 Referred to as Alternate Design Method (ACI Code Appendix A); Based on Working
Stress Design method.
13
14
(2.5)
= Abds
p
k = 2n + (n)2 n
b(kd) (kd)
= nAs (d kd)
2
(2.6)
Design: Objective is to have fc & fs preset & determine As , Fig. 2.4, and we thus seek the
optimal value of k in such a way that concrete and steel reach their respective limits
simultaneously.
c
fc
C
kd/3
kd
d
(1-k/3)d=jd
T
fs
c
s
c
s
=
=
=
kd
dkd
fc
Ec
fs
Es
f c Es
Ec f s
n
r
=
=
=
k
1k
Es
Ec
fs
fc
k=
n
n+r
(2.7)
Balanced design in terms of : What is the value of such that steel and concrete will both
reach their maximum allowable stress values simultaneously
C = bkd
2 fc
fc
T = As fs
n
2 bkd = b fs bd
b = 2r(n+r)
(2.8)
n
C = T
k
=
n+r
= Abds
15
16
Governing equations
Victor Saouma
Draft
25
M = As fs jd
If > b concrete reaches max. allowable value before steel and
M = fc
bkd
jd
2
(2.10)
or
1
M = fc jkbd2 = Rbd2
2
(2.11)
1
fc kj
2
(2.12)
where
p
k = 2n + (n)2 n
Design We define
def
R =
where k =
n
n+r ,
M
R
assume b and solve for d. Finally we can determine As from
17
bd2 =
(2.13)
As = b bd
(2.14)
Summary
Review
b, d, As
M?
= Abds
p
k = 2n + (n)2 n
r = ffsc
n
b = 2r(n+r)
< b M = As fs jd
> b M = 12 fc bkd2 j
Design
M
b, d, As ?
n
k = n+r
j = 1 k3
r = ffsc
R = 12 fc kj
n
b = 2r(n+r)
bd2 = M
R
As = b bd or As =
M
fs jd
Victor Saouma
Draft
26
FLEXURE
Same problem as example 2.1 fc0 = 4,000 psi; ft0 = 475 psi; fy = 60,000 psi; As = 2.35 in2
however, M is doubled to M = 90 k.ft (instead of 45). Determine concrete and steel stresses
Solution:
Based on previous example, fct would be 866 psi fr and the solution is thus no longer
valid.
The neutral axis is obtained from
As
2.35
=
= 0.0102
bd
(10)(23)
n = (0.010)(8) = 0.08174
p
2n + (n)2 n
k =
p
=
2(0.08174) + (0.08174)2 (0.08174) = 0.33
=
I =
kd
(10)(7.6)3
+ (10)(7.6)
12
M
N.A
fcc
I
fs
k.ft
in
psi
in4
psi
in
Uncracked
45
13.2
485
14,710
2,880
1
7.6
2
(2.15-b)
(2.15-c)
(2.15-d)
(2.15-e)
kd = (.33)(23) = 7.6 in
0.33
(23) = 20.47 in
jd =
1
3
M
fs =
As jd
(90)(1, 000)(12)
=
= 22, 400 psi
(2.35)(20.47)
2M
fc =
bjkd2
(2)(90)(12, 000)
=
= 1, 390 psi
(10) (20.47) (7.6)
| {z } | {z }
jd
(2.15-a)
(2.15-f)
(2.15-g)
(2.15-h)
(2.15-i)
(2.15-j)
2
+ 8(2.35)(23 7.6)2 = 5, 922 in4
Cracked
90
7.6
1,390 (< .5fc0 )
5,910
22,400
4
(2.15-k)
Cracked/uncracked
2
2.9
.4 ( I1 )
( 7 )
4
Victor Saouma
Draft
27
2.35
As
=
= .0102
bd
(10)(23)
= 24 ksi
(2.16-a)
=
fs
(2.16-b)
(2.16-h)
Note, had we used the alternate equation for moment (wrong) we would have overestimated
the design moment:
M
1
= = fc bkd2 j
2
1
(1.8)(10)(0.33)(0.89)(23)2 = 1, 397 k.in > 1, 154 k.in
=
2
(2.17-a)
(2.17-b)
If we define c = fc /1, 800 and s = fs /24, 000, then as the load increases both c and s
increase, but at different rates, one of them s reaches 1 before the other.
Load
(2.18-a)
Draft
28
FLEXURE
fs = 24, 000 psi
Es
29, 000
n =
=
=8
Ec
57 4, 000
24
fs
= 13.33
=
r =
fc
1.8
8
n
=
= .375
k =
n+r
8 + 13.33
.375
d
= .875
j = 1 =1
3
3
n
8
b =
=
= .01405
2r(n + r)
2(13.33)(8 + 13.33)
1
1
fc kj = (1, 800)(.375)(.875) = 295 psi
R =
2
2
(2.18-b)
(2.18-c)
(2.18-d)
(2.18-e)
(2.18-f)
(2.18-g)
(2.18-h)
(32)2
= 435 k.ft
8
435 k.ft in2 (12, 000) lb.in
M
=
= 17, 700 in3
R
(295) lbs ft k
bd2 =
(2.19-a)
(2.19-b)
As = (.01405)(18)(31.4) = 7.94
2.3
in2
ft
2.3.1
fc
c
c
h
C= fcb
c
a/2 = c
a= 1c
C= fab
c
d
As
fs
fs
Actual
Draft
29
18 At failure we have, linear cross strain distribution (ACI 10.2.2) (except for deep beams),
non-linear stress strain curve for the concrete, thus a non-linear stress distribution.
19
Two options:
1. Analytical expression of exact integration
2. Replace exact stress diagram with a simpler and equivalent one, (ACI 10.2.6)
C = fc0 bc = fc0 ab
fav
=
fc0
a = 1 c
Thus
=
(2.20-a)
(2.20-b)
(2.20-c)
(2.21)
But the location of the resultant forces must be the same, hence
1 = 2
21
From Experiments
fc0 ( psi)
1 = 2
= /1
22
(2.22)
<4,000
.72
.425
.85
0.85
5,000
.68
.400
.80
0.85
6,000
.64
.375
.75
0.85
8,000
.56
.325
.65
0.86
23
7,000
.60
.350
.70
0.86
if fc0 4, 000
if 4, 000 < fc0 < 8, 000
(2.23)
Victor Saouma
Draft
210
FLEXURE
u=0.003
0.85 fc
a= 1c
C=0.85fc ab
c
h
d
d
As
2.3.2
Balanced Design
fs = fy
As fs = .85fc0 ab = .85fc0 b1 c
c=
As
= bd
Tension Failure:
fy
.85fc0 1 d
(2.24)
Compression Failure:
c = .003
fs
s =
Es
.003
c
=
c=
d
.003 + s
(2.25-a)
(2.25-b)
.003
fs
+.003
Es
(2.25-c)
Balanced Design:
Balanced design occurs if we have simultaneous yielding of the steel and crushing of the
concrete. Hence, we simply equate the previous two equations
24
25
fy
.85fc0 1 d
= b
.003
fs
+.003
Es
bf 2d
.85fc0 1
.003
fs
+.003
Es
87,000
b = .851 ffyc 87,000+f
y
< .75b
26
(2.26)
(ACI 8.4.3)
Victor Saouma
=
=
=
=
1.4D + 1.7L
0.75(1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W )
Mn
.90
(ACI
(ACI
(ACI
(ACI
9.2.1)
9.2.2)
9.1.1)
9.3.2.2)
(2.28)
Draft
211
200
fy
(2.29)
(ACI 10.5.1)
29
2.3.3
30
Review
(2.30)
s y
a = .85f
Fx = 0
0
cb
a
Md = As fy (d 2 ) M = 0
(2.31)
act > b is not allowed by code, in this case we have an extra unknown fs .
We now have one more unknown fs , and we will need an additional equation (from strain
diagram).
31
As f s
c = .85f
0
c b1
c
.003
=
d
.003+s
Md = As fs (d
Fx = 0
From strain diagram
1 c
2 ) M = 0
(2.32)
2.3.4
32
Design
As f y
fy
fy
Fx = 0 a = 0.85f
a = 0.85f
0b
0
2
c
c
Md = fy 1 .59 0 bd
(2.33-a)
fc
Md = As fy d a2
= Abds
{z
}
|
R
fy
R = fy 1 .59 0
fc
Victor Saouma
(2.34)
Draft
212
FLEXURE
which does not depend on unknown quantities. Then solve for bd2 :
bd2 =
Md
R
(2.35)
Solve for b and d (this will require either an assumption on one of the two, or on their
ratio).
As = bd
II b & d known & Md known there is no assurance that we can have a design with b
If the section is too small, then it will require too much steel resulting in an over-reinforced
section.
Iterative approach
(a) Since we do not know if the steel will be yielding or not, use fs .
(b) Assume an initial value for a (a good start is a = d5 )
(c) Assume initially that fs = fy
(d) Check equilibrium of moments (M = 0)
As =
M
d
fs d a2
(2.36)
As fs
.85fc0 b
(2.37)
(f) Check assumption of fs by either comparing with b , or from the strain diagram
.003
dc
s
=
fs = Es
.003 < fy
dc
c
c
where c =
(2.38)
a
1 .
2.4
2.4.1
33
Solid One
way slab
Beams or
ribbed One way slab
Simply
supported
One end
continuous
Both ends
continuous
Cantilever
L/20
L/24
L/28
L/10
L/16
L/18.5
L/21
L/8
Victor Saouma
Draft
2.4.2
35
213
1
2
inch increment.
2. Ideally, the overall depth to width ratio should be between 1.5 to 2.0 (most economical).
3. For T beams, flange thickness should be about 20% of overall depth.
36
Reinforcing bars
1. Minimum spacing between bars, and minimum covers are needed to
(a) Prevent Honeycombing of concrete (air pockets)
(b) Concrete (usually up to 3/4 in MSA) must pass through the reinforcement
(c) Protect reinforcement against corrosion and fire
2. Use at least 2 bars for flexural reinforcement
3. Use bars #11 or smaller for beams.
4. Use no more than two bar sizes and no more than 2 standard sizes apart (i.e #7 and #9
acceptable; #7 and #8 or #7 and #10 not).
5. Use no more than 5 or 6 bars in one layer.
6. Place longest bars in the layer nearest to face of beam.
7. Clear distance between parallel bars not less that db (to avoid splitting cracks) nor 1 in.
(to allow concrete to pass through).
8. Clear distance between longitudinal bars in columns not less that 1.5db or 1.5 in.
9. Minimum cover of 1.5 in.
10. Summaries in Fig. 2.7 and Table 2.1, 2.2.
2.4.3
37
Design Aids
Review Given b d and known steel ratio and material strength, Mn can be readily obtained
from Mn = Rbd2
Design in this case
Set Md = Rbd2
From tabulated values, select max and min often 0.5b is a good economical choice.
Select R from tabulated values of R in terms of fy , fc0 and . Solve for bd2 .
Select b and d to meet requirements. Usually depth is about 2 to 3 times the width.
Using tabulated values select the size and number of bars giving preference to larger
bar sizes to reduce placement cost (careful about crack width!).
6. Check from tables that the selected beam width will provide room for the bars chosen
with adequate cover and spacing.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Victor Saouma
Draft
214
Bar
Size
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#14
#18
FLEXURE
Nominal
Diam.
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.000
1.128
1.270
1.410
1.693
2.257
1
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.44
0.60
0.79
1.00
1.27
1.56
2.25
4.00
2
0.22
0.40
0.62
0.88
1.20
1.58
2.00
2.54
3.12
4.50
8.00
3
0.33
0.60
0.93
1.32
1.80
2.37
3.00
3.81
4.68
6.75
12.00
Number of Bars
4
5
6
7
0.44
0.55
0.66
0.77
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.24
1.55
1.86
2.17
1.76
2.20
2.64
3.08
2.40
3.00
3.60
4.20
3.16
3.95
4.74
5.53
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
5.08
6.35
7.62
8.89
6.24
7.80
9.36
10.92
9.00
11.25 13.50 15.75
16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00
8
0.88
1.60
2.48
3.52
4.80
6.32
8.00
10.16
12.48
18.00
32.00
9
0.99
1.80
2.79
3.96
5.40
7.11
9.00
11.43
14.04
20.25
36.00
10
1.10
2.00
3.10
4.40
6.00
7.90
10.00
12.70
15.60
22.50
40.00
Table 2.1: Total areas for various numbers of reinforcing bars (inch2 )
Bar
Size
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#14
#18
Number of bars
2
3
4
6.8
8.3
9.8
6.9
8.5 10.2
7.0
8.8 10.5
7.2
9.1 11.0
7.3
9.3 11.3
7.6
9.9 12.1
7.8 10.3 12.9
8.1 10.9 13.7
8.9 12.3 15.7
10.6 15.1 19.6
Victor Saouma
Draft
215
2.5
USD Examples
As = 2.35 in
yb
10"
Solution:
2.35
As
=
= .0102
bd
(10)(23)
4
87
f 0 87
b = .851 c
= (.85)(.85)
= .0285 > act
fy 87 + fy
60 87 + 60
As fy
(2.35)(60)
a =
=
= 4.15 in
.85fc0 b
(.85)(4)(10)
a
4.15
Mn = As fy d
= (2.35)(60) 23
= 2, 950 k.in
2
2
act =
(2.39-a)
(2.39-b)
(2.39-c)
(2.39-d)
(2.39-e)
Note:
Victor Saouma
Draft
216
FLEXURE
1. From equilibrium, Fx = 0 c =
As f y
.851 bfc0
(2.35)(60)
(.85)(.85)(4)(10)
= 4.87 in
c
M
uncracked
13.2
45
cracked
7.61
90
ultimate
4.87
245
1.7 = 144
3. Alternative solution:
Mn = act fy bd2 (1 .59act
= As fy d(1 59act
fy
)
fc0
fy
)
fc0
60
(.0102)] = 2, 950 k.in = 245 k.ft
4
= Mn = (.9)(2, 950) = 2, 660 k.in
= (2.35)(60)(23)[1 (.59)
Md
(2.40-a)
(2.40-b)
(2.40-c)
(2.40-d)
Factored load
wu = 1.4(1.27) + 1.7(2.44) = 5.92 k/ft
2
2
wu L
(5.92)(15)
Md =
=
= 166.5 k.ft(12) in/ft = 1, 998 k.in
8
8
f 0 87
= 0.75b = (0.75)(0.85)1 c
fy 87 + fy
3
87
= .0278
= (0.75)(.85)2
40
87
+
40
fy
R = fy 1 .59 0
f
c
40
= 0.869 psi
= (.0278)(40) 1 (0.59)(.0278)
3
Md
1, 998
bd2 =
=
= 2, 555 in3
R
(0.9)(0.869)
(2.41-a)
(2.41-b)
(2.41-c)
(2.41-d)
(2.41-e)
(2.41-f)
(2.41-g)
Draft
217
d
5
20
5
= 4 in
As =
Md
(1, 600)
= 2.47 in2
a =
fy (d 2 )
(.9)(40)(20 42 )
(2.42)
As fy
(2.47)(40)
=
= 3.38 in
0
(.85)fc b
(.85)(3)(11.5)
(2.43)
check assumption,
a=
Thus take a = 3.3 in.
As =
a =
act =
b =
max =
(1, 600)
= 2.42 in2
(.9)(40)(20 3.3
)
2
(2.42)(40)
= 3.3 in
(.85)(3)(11.5)
2.42
= .011
(11.5)(20)
3
87
= .037
(.85)(.85)
40 87 + 40
.75b = .0278 > act
(2.44-a)
(2.44-b)
(2.44-c)
(2.44-d)
(2.44-e)
fc
2 max
1 + max
(2.45)
Draft
218
FLEXURE
1. Stress-Strain:
=
2 4,000
2.667 106
.003
=
2
1 + 1.11 105 2
1 + .003
(2.46)
0.003
y
c
(2.47)
8, 000 yc
2
1 + yc
(2.48)
Z
8, 000 yc
8, 000 c
y
dy
=
b
y 2
2 dy
c
0
0
01 + c
01 + 1
c
c
c
2
2
b 1
bc
y 2
y
ln 1 +
8, 000 2 ln 1 +
= 8, 000
c2 1
c
c 2
c
0
c
(2.49)
(2.50)
(2.51)
(2.52)
c =
Victor Saouma
y + .003
(.003)d
c=
d
y + .003
(.003)(23)
= 13.6 in
60
29,000 + .003
(2.53)
(2.54)
Draft
219
(2, 773)(10)(13.6)
= 6.28 in2
60, 000
(2.55)
7. To determine the moment, we must first determine the centroid of the compressive force
measured from the neutral axis
Z
y =
=
=
=
8, 000 yc
Z c
b
b ydy
ydA
2
8, 000b
y2
0 1 + (y/c)
=
=
dy =
dy (2.56)
A
2, 773bc
2, 773bc
2, 773bc2 0 1 + 1 2 y 2
c
"
#
Z
Z c
y2
dy
2.885 c
y
2.885
1
(2.57)
1 2 1 2
2 dy =
2
c2
(13.61)2
01 + 1
01 + 1
y2
y2
c
c
c
c
r c
1
1
(2.58)
.01557 yc2 c2 q tan1 y
c2
1
c2
0
3
3
1
.01557 c c tan (1) = (.01557)(13.61)3 (1 tan1 (1)) = 8.43 in (2.59)
c
(2.60)
fc0 87
4 87
= (.85)2
= .0285
fy 87 + 60
60 147
a
11.57
M = As fy d
= (6.55)(60) 23
= 6, 765 k.in
2
2
11.57
a
= 13.61
=
c =
1
.85
(2.61)
(2.62)
(2.63)
(2.64)
(2.65)
10. We summarize
As
c
y0
M
Victor Saouma
Exact
6.28
13.6
5.18
6,713
ACI
6.55
13.6
5.78
6,765
Draft
220
FLEXURE
be
b
11111111111
00000000000
00000000000
11111111111
00000000000
11111111111
00000000000
11111111111
00000000000
11111111111
00000000000
11111111111
00000000000
11111111111
hf
bw
2.6
Equivalent width for uniform stress, Fig. 2.8 must satisfy the following requirements (ACI
8.10.2):
38
1.
1
2 (b
bw ) 8hf
bw
2
L
4
Two possibilities:
1. Neutral axis within the flanges (c < hf ) rectangular section of width b, Fig. 2.9.
2. Neutral axis in the web (c > hf ) T beam.
b
h
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
h d
As
Victor Saouma
Draft
221
b
hf
hd
u =0.003 0.85 fc
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
a=1 c
a
C=0.85f
c
c
d
As
T=As yf
2.6.1
42
Review
111111
000000
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
hf
111111
000000
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
111111
000000
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
A sf
bw
As
A s A sf
(bb w
)h f
bwc
Flanges:
Asf
Mn1 =
F = 0
(2.66)
M = 0
Web:
a =
F = 0
a
Mn2 = (As Asf )fy (d )
2
M = 0
(2.67-a)
(2.67-b)
Total moment:
Mn = Mn1 + Mn2
Victor Saouma
(2.68)
Draft
222
2.6.2
44
FLEXURE
Design, (balanced)
(2.69-a)
(2.69-b)
Asf fy
thus,
As fy
=
def
def
{
fc0
u
w = .85 1
+f
fy u + y
As
bw d
Asf
bw d
}|
(2.70)
Hence,
wb = b + f
(2.71)
w,max = .75(b + f )
(2.72)
36"
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
u=0.003
0.85 fc
a= 1c
C=0.85fc ab
T=Asfy
14"
Solution:
1. Check requirements for isolated T sections
(b) hf b2u 7 14
2
2. Assume Rectangular section
a=
Victor Saouma
As fy
(12.48)(50)
=
= 8.16 in > hf
0
.85fc b
(0.85)(3)(30)
(2.73)
Draft
223
3. For a T section
Asf
=
=
Asw =
w =
b =
=
.85fc0 hf (b bw )
fy
(.85)(3)(7)(30 14)
= 5.71 in2
50
Asf
5.71
= .0113
=
bwd
(14)(36)
As Asf = 12.48 5.71 = 6.77 in2
12.48
Asw
=
= .025
bw d
(14)(36)
f 0 87
.851 c
fy 87 + fy
3
87
= .0275
(.85)(.85)
50 87 + 50
(2.74-a)
(2.74-b)
(2.74-c)
(2.74-d)
(2.74-e)
(2.74-f)
(2.74-g)
7
= 9, 280 k.in
Mn1 = (5.71)(50) 36
2
(As Asf )fy
a =
.85fc0 bw
(6.77)(50)
= 9.48 in
=
(.85)(3)(14)
9.48
Mn2 = (6.77)(50)(36
) = 10, 580 k.in
2
Md = (.9)(9, 280 + 10, 580) = 17, 890 k.in 17, 900 k.in
(2.75-a)
(2.75-b)
(2.76-a)
(2.76-b)
(2.76-c)
(2.76-d)
(2.76-e)
Victor Saouma
Draft
224
FLEXURE
28"
6"
26"
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
00000000000000000
11111111111111111
u=0.003
0.85 fc
a= 1c
C=0.85fc ab
T=Asfy
10"
Solution:
Assume rectangular beam
=
b =
a =
=
Asf
Asw
w =
f
max =
7.59
= .0104
(28)(26)
3
87
(.85)(.85)
= .0214 > fs = fy
60
87 + 60
(As Asf )fy
.85fc0 bw
(7.59)(60)
= 6.37 in > 6 in T beam
(.85)(3)(28)
(.85)(3)(18)(6)
= 4.59 in2
60
7.59 4.59 = 3.00 in2
7.59
= .0292
(26)(10)
4.59
= .0177
(26)(10)
.75(.0214 + .0177) = .0294 > .0292 Ductile failure
= 7.59 4.59 = 3. in
(3)(60)
= 7.07 in
a =
(.85)(3)(10)
7.07
Mn2 = (3.00)(60)(26
) = 4, 050 k.in
2
Md = (.9)(6, 330 + 4, 050) = 9, 350 k.in
2
(2.77-a)
(2.77-b)
(2.77-c)
(2.77-d)
(2.77-e)
(2.77-f)
(2.77-g)
(2.77-h)
(2.77-i)
(2.77-j)
(2.77-k)
(2.77-l)
(2.77-m)
(2.77-n)
Victor Saouma
Draft
225
3"
20"
11"
47"
Solution:
1. Determine effective flange width:
bw ) 8hf
16hf + bw = (16)(3) + 11 = 59 in
L
24
= 72 in
4 = 4 12
Center Line spacing
= 47 in
1
2 (b
b = 47 in
(2.78-a)
2. Assume a = 3 in
As =
a =
Md
6, 400
= 6.40 in2
a =
fy (d 2 )
(0.9)(60)(20 32 )
As fy
(6.4)(60)
=
= 3.20 in > hf
0
(.85)fc b
(.85)(3)(47)
(2.79-a)
(2.79-b)
.85fc0 (b bw )hf
(.85)(3)(47 11)(3)
= 4.58 in2
=
fy
60
hf
3
) = (.90)(4.58)(60)(20 ) = 4, 570 k.in
= Asf fy (d
2
2
= Md Md1 = 6, 400 4, 570 = 1, 830 k.in
=
(2.80-a)
(2.80-b)
(2.80-c)
(2.80-d)
1, 830
= 1.88 in2
(.90)(60) 20 42
d
5
20
5
= 4. in
(2.81)
5. check
a =
(1.88)(60)
= 4.02 in 4.00
(.85)(3)(11)
(2.82-a)
(2.82-b)
(2.82-c)
Draft
226
FLEXURE
f
b
max
4.58
= .0208
(11)(20)
3
87
= (.85)(.85)
= .0214
60
87 + 60
(2.82-d)
(2.82-e)
(2.82-f)
6. Note that 6.46 in2 (T beam) is close to As = 6.40 in2 if rectangular section was assumed.
2.7
45
46 Approach will again be based on a strain compatibility analysis & equilibrium equation, Fig.
2.12.
0.85 fc
u=0.003
As
h
As fs
0.85 fc
As fs
a= 1c
a= 1c
dd
d
As
Asfs
Asfs
(As As )f s
48
and we define
0 =
Victor Saouma
A0s
bd
(2.83)
Draft
2.7.1
49
227
Yes
As yield?
No
As yield?
No
Yes
As yield?
No
II
III
IV
f = fy
f = fy
f < fy
f < fy
f = f y
f < f
f = f
f < f y
d
As
h
u =0.003
s
d
s = y
As
b
Figure 2.14: Strain Diagram, Doubly Reinforced Beam; is As Yielding?
u
d
u + y
d0
= u (u + y )
d
= Es 0s
c =
0s
fs0
From equilibrium:
Combining:
(2.84-b)
(2.84-c)
(2.85)
f0
fs0
u
+ .85 c 1
(2.86)
fy
fy u + y
|
{z
}
Mechanics andbDesign of Reinforced Concrete
b = 1 = 0
Victor Saouma
(2.84-a)
Draft
228
FLEXURE
thus
fs0
+ b
fy
f0
= 0.75b + 0 s
fy
b = 1 = 0
max
(2.87)
(2.88)
Note that 0.75 premultiplies only one term as in the other failure is ipso facto by yielding.
We also note the similarity with max of T Beams (where 0.75 premultiplied both terms).
Test 2 fs = fy is fs0 = fy ?
We set 0s = y , and from the strain diagram
u =0.003
s = y
d
As
h
d
s > y
As
b
Figure 2.15: Strain Diagram, Doubly Reinforced Beam; is A0s Yielding?
c=
from equilibrium
u
d0
u y
(2.89)
(2.90)
combining
min 2 = 0 + .851
fc0 d0 87
fy d 87 fy
(2.91)
which corresponds to the minimum amount of steel to ensure yielding of compression steel
at failure. Thus, if < min then fs0 < fy . Note that some times min can be larger than
.
Test 3 fs < fy , is fs0 = fy (not allowed by ACI)?
From strain diagram:
c =
s =
Victor Saouma
u
d0
u y
dc
y
c d0
(2.92-a)
(2.92-b)
Draft
229
From equilibrium
bdfs = 0 bdfy + .85fc0 1 bc
combining
(2.93-a)
fc0 c
c d0 0
= 3 =
+ .851
dc
fy d
(2.94)
min
II
f < fy
s
Test 3
Test 1
Test 2
III
I
f = f y
f=fy f <fy
s
s
IV
f < f y f = f y
s
Figure 2.16: Summary of Conditions for top and Bottom Steel Yielding
2.7.2
Moment Equations
Case I fs = fy and fs0 = fy , usually occur if we have small bottom and top reinforcement
ratios.
As fy = A0s fy + .85fc0 ab
(As A0s )fy
a =
.85fc0 b
a
MnI = .85fc0 ab d
+ A0s fy (d d0 )
2
(2.95-a)
(2.95-b)
(2.96)
Case II We have fs = fy and fs0 < fy (small bottom and large top reinforcement ratios, most
common case)
c d0
c
0
= E s s
(2.97-b)
A0s fs0
(2.97-c)
0s = u
fs0
As fy =
.85fc0 b1 c
(2.97-a)
(2.98)
Draft
230
Using a = 1 c
FLEXURE
a
+ A0s fs0 (d d0 )
MnII = .85fc0 ab d
2
(2.99)
Case III fs < fy and fs0 = fy (large bottom and small top reinforcement ratios, rare)
dc
c
= E s s
(2.100-a)
s = u
fs
As fs =
A0s fy
(2.100-b)
.85fc0 ab
a = 1 c
(2.100-c)
(2.100-d)
solve for a
a
MnIII = .85fc0 ab d
+ A0s fy (d d0 )
2
(2.101)
Case IV (not allowed by ACI) fs < fy and fs0 < fy (large bottom and top reinforcement
ratios, rare)
c d0
c
dc
= u
c
= A0s fs0 + .85fc0 ab
0s = u
(2.102-a)
(2.102-b)
As fs
a = 1 c
solve for a
a
MnIV = .85fc0 ab d
+ A0s fs (d d0 )
2
(2.102-c)
(2.102-d)
(2.103)
Note that in most beams of normal size and proportions, it will be found that fs0 < fy when
fs = fy . We nevertheless use A0s in order to ensure ductility, stiffness and support for the
stirrups.
50
Victor Saouma
Draft
u =0.003
As = 3 # 11
3"
231
As fs
0.85 f
c
As fy
a=1 c
a= c
27.3"
dd
d
As sf
As yf
(As A
)
s s
16"
As = 4 # 11
Solution:
1. Determine :
4
87
fc0 87
= (.85)(.85)
= .0285
fy 87 + fy
60 87 + 60
6.24
= .0143
(16)(27.3)
4.68
= .0107
(16)(27.3)
b = (.85)1
=
0 =
(2.104-a)
(2.104-b)
(2.104-c)
min = 0 + .85
(2.105-a)
(2.105-b)
Hence
(2.106)
fs0 = Es u
As fy
(6.24)(60) =
374.4 =
fs0
(4.68)fs0 + (.85)(4)(16)(.85)c
4.68fs0 + 46.24c
= 9.9c + 80.2
(2.107-a)
(2.107-b)
(2.107-c)
(2.107-d)
(2.107-e)
(2.107-f)
Victor Saouma
Draft
232
FLEXURE
50
25
-25
-50
-75
-100
We note that fs0 increases with c from the strain diagram, but fs0 decreases with c from
equilibrium. If c increases, force in concrete increases too and force in steel decreases.
Graphically the solution is around 4.9.
4. Combining those two equations1
c2 + .7085c 26.42 = 0
(2.108)
we obtain c = 4.80 in a = 0.85(4.8) = 4.078 in, and fs0 = (.003)(29, 000) 4.803
4.80 = 32.6 ksi
5. Substituting into the moment equation
a
+ A0s fs0 (d d0 )
(2.109-a)
Mn = .85fc0 ab d
2
4.078
= (.85)(4)(4.078)(16) 27.3
+ (4.68)(32.62)(27.3 3) (2.109-b)
2
(2.109-c)
= 9, 313 k.in
Md = 0.9(9, 313) = 8, 382 k.in = 699 k.ft
(2.109-d)
6. Check
max = .75b +
fs0 0
fy
= (.75)(.0285) +
(2.110-a)
32.6
(.0107) = |{z}
.027
60
(2.110-b)
Victor Saouma
Draft
233
(2.111-b)
Amax
s
(2.111-d)
= (.0213)(12)(21) = 5.37 in
As fy
(5.37)(60)
a =
=
= 7.89 in
0
.85fc b
(.85)(4)(12)
a
7.89
Mmax = (0.9)As fy d
= (.9)(5.37)(60) 21
2
2
= 4, 943 k.in < 6, 060 k.in
(2.111-a)
(2.111-c)
(2.111-e)
(2.111-f)
(2.111-g)
1.12 in2
(2.112-a)
(2.112-b)
(2.112-c)
(2.112-d)
4 2.5
87
= .0229 < (.0257)
= .00444 + (.85)(.85)
60 21.0 87 60
0 =
(2.113-a)
(2.113-b)
(2.113-c)
(2.113-d)
Note that if it turned out that fs0 < fy , then we will need to make an assumption on A0s (such
as A0s = A2s , as we will have three equations (2 of equilibrium and one of strain compatibility)
and four unknowns (As , A0s , fs0 and c).
2.8
Moment-Curvature Relations
In ordinary reinforced concrete design, we need not be concerned by the moment curvature relation of a flexural member. Yet this relation is important to properly understand (in
subsequent chapters)
51
Victor Saouma
Draft
234
FLEXURE
Fig.2.17 shows portion of an originally straight beam which has been bent to the radius
fy
y
STEEL
y
C
c d y
b
A
M
CONCRETE
el
where y is measured from the axis of rotation (neutral axis), the radius of curvature.
53
c
=
y
c
(2.115)
54 Next we seek to derive the moment curvature for a beam. This will clearly depend on the
location of the neutral axis, and we identify the following key stages, Fig. ??:
fr Iut
c2
r
fr
=
c2
E c c2
(2.116-a)
(2.116-b)
Cracked Elastic: when the section cracks, the stiffness is immediately reduced and the curvature increases (the moment does not change). We will then have a linear response up
Victor Saouma
Draft
111111111
000000000
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
111111
000000
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
11111111
00000000
el
cr
c2
=
fr
cr
=
c = kd
M
el
d
cS = dkd
EI
ct
Failure
ut
M el
jd
<
T=A
el
EI
n
el
< <
111111
000000
000000
111111
111111
000000
235
f =f
E
S
M cr
Proportional
Limit of Concrete
Cracking
inel
d
Z
=
cs
T=A
E
S
< A fy
S
M
As jd
bd2
kjfc
2
fc,el
Ec
el
c1
(2.117-a)
(2.117-b)
(2.117-c)
fy .
(2.118-a)
(2.118-b)
2.9
55 Considering the equilibrium of forces acting on an infinitesimal portion of a rebar, Fig. 2.19,
and defining U as the force per unit length, we have
Victor Saouma
Draft
236
FLEXURE
M
M +M
111
000
000
111
111
000
111
000
111
000
C + dC
T
jd
T
V+dV
T+dT
111111111111111111
000000000000000000
000000000000000000
111111111111111111
111111111111111111
000000000000000000
T+dT
dx
dx
(2.119)
= T jd
dM
=
jd
dT
57
dT
dx
(2.120-a)
(2.120-b)
dM
dx
(2.121)
V
jd
(2.122)
U
0
(2.123)
Actual stress distribution along steel bar is quite complex, Fig. 2.20.
If bond stress is too large splitting along reinforcement, Fig. 2.21.
It frequently starts at diagonal cracks dowel action increases the tendancy of splitting
shear and bond failures are often interrelated.
63
64 Based on tests with one single bar, ultimate average bond force/inch of length of bar is
p
Un 35 fc0 .
Victor Saouma
Draft
237
u stresses on concrete
u stresses on rebar
1111111111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000000000
Steel tension slope =dT
dx
Bond stress u
Victor Saouma
Draft
238
FLEXURE
If we have several bars in one layer spaced 6 in or less, then the ultimate bond capacity is
80% of the single bar case.
65
66
p
35 fc0
un =
0
(2.124)
1111111111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000000000
Ts = 0
Ld
Ts= A yf
b
A f
Ld = Ubny
0.028Ab fy
Un = un
0
p
ld =
(2.125)
fc0
35 fc0
un =
0
67
A sf y
0.035Ab fy
1 0.028Ab fy
p
p
=
0.8
fc0
fc0
(2.126)
If actual development length l is smaller than ld , then we must provide anchorage in order
to avoid a bond failure.
69
70
Note:
1. un is independent of diameter
Victor Saouma
Draft
239
= Ab fs
d2
ld =
= fs 4 b
Ab f s
= Un
fs d2b
4Un
(2.127)
ld increases with the square of db small bar diameters require shorter development
length.
71 Top bars, with more than 12 inch of concrete below them, will have a reduced bond stress
(due to rise of water during vibration). This reduction in bond results in an increase of ld by
40%
ACI 12.2.2 may be obtained from above but rather than use we increase ld by 15% for
safety.
72
ldb = .04 b
=
=
A fy
fc0
fy
.085 0
fc
fy
.125 0
fc
(2.128)
#18
(2.129)
ld = d dd ldb
74
If not enough development length can be provided provide hooks, Fig. 2.24 at
1. 90 degrees: bar must extend by 12db
2. 180 degrees: see code.
where
lhb = 1200 db 0
fc
(2.130)
ldh = d lhb
and d is given in the ACI code.
2.9.1
Ideally, the steel should be everywhere as nearly fully stressed as possible. Since the steel
force is proportional to the moment, then the steel area is nearly proportional to the moment
diagram.
75
76
Victor Saouma
Draft
240
FLEXURE
db
As in part (b)
Critical
section
12db
ldh
(a)
db
Critical
section
4db or 2 1/2
in. min.
ldh
4db
Nos. 3 through 8
5db
Nos. 9, 10, 11
6db
Nos. 14 and 18
(b)
As
4
2. If negative bars are cut, they must extend at least ld beyond face of support.
3. Negative bars must extend d or 12db beyond theoretical cutoff point defined by moment
diagram.
4. At least one third of top reinforcement at support must extend at least ld beyond theln
beyond the inflection point of the
oretical cutoff point of other bars, and d, 12db or 16
negative moment diagram.
77 Determination of cutoff points can be rather tedious, for nearly equal spans uniformly loaded,
in which no more than about one half the tensile steel is to be cut off or bent, locations shown
in Fig. 2.26 are satisfactory (note that left support is assumed simply supported).
78
Victor Saouma
Draft
241
Theoretical
positive
moment
Inflection point
for (+As)
Theoretical
negative
moment
of span
Moment Capacity
of bars O
Inflection point
for (-As)
C
L
Face of support
Moment capacity
of bars M
Greatest of d, 12 d , ln/16
b
d or 12 db
ld
Bars M
ld
Bars N
ld
Bars L
ld
Bars O
d or 12 db
Victor Saouma
Draft
242
FLEXURE
L1
4
L1
3
0"
6"
L1
L1
8
L1
4
6"
L2
3
0"
6"
0"
L1
L1
4
L2
8
6"
L1
3
L1
7
L2
3
L2
L2
3
L2
3
0"
6"
6"
L2
4
L2
8
L2
L2
4
Figure 2.26: Standard cutoff or bend points for bars in approximately equal spans with uniformly distributed load
Victor Saouma
Draft
2 bars
243
5 bars
4 bars
AA
BB
Ld
Ld
Mcap
of 5 bars
CC
Mcap of 4 bars
Md=Mn
Ld
Mcap
of 2 bars
d or 12
Victor Saouma
Draft
244
Victor Saouma
FLEXURE
Draft
Chapter 3
SHEAR
3.1
Introduction
Beams are subjected to both flexural and shear stresses. Resulting principal stresses (or stress
trajectory) are shown in Fig. 3.1.
1
45
90
Tension trajectories
Compression trajectories
45
Due to flexure, vertical flexural cracks develop from the bottom fibers.
As a result of the tensile principal stresses, two types of shear cracks may develop, Fig. 3.2:
Large V
Small M
Small V
Large M
Flexural Cracks
Large V
Small M
Flexural Cracks
Draft
32
SHEAR
M
Vd
3.2
Question: What is the maximum shear force which can be applied before a flexural crack
develop into a flexural shear crack?
7
vc
vn
fc
jd
+
Shear
Flexure
T
Shear
Solution strategy:
1. Determine the flexural compressive stress fc in terms of M
2. Determine shear stress v in terms of V
Victor Saouma
Draft
33
fc = fns
f = Mn
Mn
Mn
c
nAs jd
= F1
fc =
A
2
s
= bd
njbd
nbd2
n
Mn = As fs jd fs = AMs jd
2. Shear stress
vn = F2
Vn
bd
(3.1)
(3.2)
vn
f1
fc
vn
f1 =
fc
+
2
fc
2
2
+ vn2
(3.3)
=
=
ft0 Vn
f1 bd
ft0
f1 bd
Vn
Vn
Vn
= ft0
bd
bd
(3.4-a)
(3.4-b)
(3.4-c)
Victor Saouma
Draft
34
SHEAR
Vn
=
bd
ft0
1/2
(3.5)
F E
F1 Ec Mn
1 c M n
2
+
+
F
2
|{z}
2 E Vn d 2 Es Vn d
| {z s}
| {z }
C0
C10
5. set ft0 = 4
C10
fc0
Vn
p =
bd fc0
V
n
bd fc0
C1
fc0
1
s
Mn
Vn d
C1
fc0
(3.6)
2
Mn
Vn d
+ C2
&
Mn fc0
Vn d
7. This is how far we can go analytically. To determine the exact factors associated with
this equation, one has to undertake a series of tests.
8. From 440 tests, Fig. 3.5 it is found that
Vn
bd fc
3.5
2.0
1.9
Vn d
M f
n
c
Figure 3.5: Shear Strength of Uncracked Section
Vn
Vn d
p 3.5
p = 1.9 + 2, 500
bd fc0
Mn fc0
or if we set vc =
Vn
bd ,
then
p
p
Vn d
vc = 1.9 fc0 + 2, 500
3.5 fc0
Mn
9. Note that vc is in terms of
Victor Saouma
(3.7)
Vn d
M
(ACI 11.3.2.1)
(3.8)
Draft
35
10. This equation is usually found acceptable for predicting the flexure shear cracking load
for shear span/depth ratio VMnnd of 2.5 to 6 & is found to be very conservative for lower
values
11. Increasing has a beneficial effort as a larger amount of steel results in narrower & smaller
flexural tension cracks before formation of diagonal cracks larger area of uncracked
concrete can resist the shear.
12. Use of Vu & Mu instead of Vn =
3.3
Vu
& Mn =
Mu
p
If the shear stress exceeds 1.9 fc0 + 2, 500 VMndd , then the flexural crack will extend into a
flexural shear crack, Fig. 3.6. and if
11
C
Vc
A v fv z
Va
Vd
T=As fs
p
Figure 3.6: Free Body Diagram of a R/C Section with a Flexural Shear Crack
1. No shear reinforcements failure
2. Stirrups are present stirrups will carry part of shear force
12
(3.9)
Vint
where
Vc
n
Av
fv
Vd
Va
13
p
s
Victor Saouma
Draft
36
SHEAR
V int
in
t
V cz
Vd
V ay
Yield of stirups
Failure
Inclined cracking
Flexural cracking
Vs
Vext
Vc +nAv fy
|{z}
unknown
(ACI 11.1.1)
(3.10)
Vs
3.4
14
H
The ACI code requirements ( 11) are summarized by Fig. 3.8:
1. Design for Vu (factored shear) rather than Vn =
Vu
(3.11)
Draft
37
4. If 0.5Vc < Vu Vc use minimum shear reinforcement; select Av (usually #3 bars) and
determine
Av f y
s = 50b
(ACI 11.5.5.3)
w
d
(3.12)
s < 2
(ACI 11.5.4.1)
s < 24 in (ACI 11.5.4.1)
5. If Vu > Vc provide stirrup such that
Vu
= V n = V c + Vs = V c +
or
(ACI 11.17)
Av fy
Av fy d
=
(v
Vc
u vc )b
s =
6. If Vu Vc > 4
Av fy d
s
(3.14)
Vu
7. Upper limit:
d
4
(3.13)
p
Vu Vc < 8 fc0 bw d
(ACI 11.5.6.8)
(3.15)
Vu
f c
f c
f c
Steel
f c
4
f c
10
Concrete
s max=d/4 or 12"
s=
A vfy d
Vu
Vc
s max=d/2 or 24"
s =
Avfy
(v uv c) b
no stirups
not allowable
A v fy
min. stirups
50b w
f c
Victor Saouma
Draft
38
3.5
SHEAR
Examples
22
12 (8.8)
88
(12)(22)
= .333 ksi
= 71.9 k and vu =
71.9
(12)(22)
= .272 ksi
vc
2
= 53.6 psi
p
5. 4 fc0 = 2(126) = 252 psi;
p
fc0
333
Vu
272
107.1
v c
53.6
v c
2
x
19"
min. reinforcement no reinforcement
38.6"
7. vu vc = 0
333
(10)(12) x
vc
2
333
(10)(12) x
8. vu
=0
Victor Saouma
Av f y
50bw
(.22)(40,000)
= 14.66
(50)(12)
d
22
2 = 2 = 11
)
in
in
smax = 11 in
(3.16)
Draft
39
10. at support
s =
Av fy d
Av fy
=
(v
Vc
u vc )b
(3.17-a)
Vu
(.85)(.22)(40, 000)
(272 107.1)(12)
(3.17-b)
3.78 in
(3.17-c)
(3.17-d)
3.6
Shear Friction
Previous design procedure was applicable to diagonal tension cracks (where tension was
induced by shear), for those cases where we do have large pure shear, Fig. 3.9, use shear
friction concept.
15
An=
N uc
fy
#7
Vu
weld
Nuc
A n part of A v f
close sriru
(usually #3)
Avf
assumed crack
+ shear plane
remainder of A v f
assumed crack
Vu
18
(3.18)
If the shear reinforcement is inclined with respect to the crack, Fig. 3.11
Vn = T cos f + C
Vn = T (cos f sin f )
f
Vn = Avf fy (cos f + sin (3.19-a)
C = T sin f
T = Avf fy
Victor Saouma
Draft
310
SHEAR
Vn
Vn
Vn
crack separation
due to slip
crack
Vn
Vn
A vf f y
Sheartransfer
reinforcement
A
Avf f y
2
vf
fy
Avf f y
2
Tsin f
Tcos f
assumed crack
applied shear=Vn
A vf fy
C=Tsin f
f
T
Victor Saouma
Draft
311
20
21
22
Avf
Vu
fy
(3.20)
Avf
Vu
ACI 11.27
fy (cos f + sin f )
(3.21)
0.2fc0 Ac
Vn <
(3.22)
800Ac
possible crack
20
vf
3#6
15
N uc
2#6
15
N uc
Vu
4"
Vuc
24"
Solution:
1. Assume all the shear Vu will be acting parallel to crack (small angle 20 )
2. Assume all Vu is parallel to crack required Avf =
Vu
fy
105
(0.85)(60)(1.4)
= 1.47 in2
(0.3)(105)
2
ac
3. As = N
fy = (0.85)(60) = 0.62 in for horizontal force
As = Avf + An = 1.47 + 0.62 in2 = 2.09 in2 use 5# 6 (As = 2.20 in2 )
Victor Saouma
Draft
312
3.7
SHEAR
To be Edited
23
24
25
a
d
2. For
a
d
3. For
1
2
a
d
1
r
Vn = [6.5 5.1
(
)
r
p
Nu 3
Nuc
](1 0.5 ) 1 + [64 + 160 (
) ]
fc0 bw d
Vu
d
Vu
(3.23)
u
where = A??s ; and 0.13 ffyc ; N
Vu not to be taken < 0.20 in calculating vu ; Nu = (+ve)
compression, and (-ve) tension; Ah < As also Ah 0.50As distributed uniformly; thru
fc0
As
2
3 d adjacent to As ; = bd .04 fy .
3.8
Deep Beams
Victor Saouma
Draft
Chapter 4
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
4.1
Continuity
R/C bldgs constructions commonly have floor slabs, beams, girders and columns continuously
placed to form a monolithic system
1
Max +ve M @
AB_CD_EF
Max -ve M @ B
Min -ve @ B
Max -ve @ C
Min -ve @ C
Max -ve @ D
Min -ve @ D
Draft
42
4.2
4
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
Methods of Analysis
Two approaches:
1. Detailed analysis
(a) Moment distribution
(b) Computer analysis (such as RISA, SAP, etc...)
2. Approximate (but conservative) based on ACI 8.3.3 moment coefficients
4.2.1
5
Refer to CVEN3525/3535/4525
4.2.2
6
Detailed Analysis
1
2
11 wu Ln
1
2
14 wu Ln
1
2
16 wu Ln
1
2
9 wu Ln
1
2
10 wu Ln
1
2
11 wu Ln
......
1.15 wu2Ln
wu Ln
2
These moment coefficients take into account some inelastic action (stress redistribution).
Victor Saouma
Draft
43
Victor Saouma
Draft
44
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
C
L column
C
L column
111
000
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
VaL
2
CL span
VaL
6
VaL
3
C
L beam
aL
2
Column width aL
VaL
2
VaL
3
VaL
6
L
2
Moment curve based on prismatic member
aL
2
1111111111111111111111111 VaL
0000000000000000000000000
6
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
Adjusted
Moment Curve
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
C
beam
L
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
C
L beam
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111
4.3
9
10
Negative moments should be the one at the face of the columns, Fig. 4.4.
We recall that the change in moment is equal to the area under shear diagram.
M = Mcl
V aL
2
(4.1)
but V and M vary in some unknown way between center line of column and edge, thus we can
reduce M by V b/3 where b is the width of the column. Thus
ve
Mdve Mmax
11
Vb
3
(4.2)
4.4
4.4.1
Moment Redistribution
Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Section
12
13
The beam has an elastic plastic moment curvature relation, Fig. 4.6
Victor Saouma
Draft
45
2
WL
24
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
WL
12
WL
12
Curvature
15
Thus we will have a plastic hinge at the support however this is not synonymous with collapse.
16 Collapse or failure occurs when we have a mechanism or 3 adjacent hinges (plastic or otherwise). This can be easily determined from statics, Fig. 4.7
w
16 M
L
M
12 M
wu L2
8
16Mp
L2
Thus capacity was increased 33% after first plastic hinge occurred.
18 This is accompanied by large rotation of the plastic hinges at the supports, and when compared with the linear elastic solution M ve & and M +ve %
19
Victor Saouma
Draft
46
4.4.2
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
Concrete
20 Concrete is brittle hence by itself no appreciable plastic deformation can occur, however in
R/C, Fig. 4.8
ce
.003
fc
kd
dkd
dc
u
Asf y
s= y
M
s> y
Asf y
.003
c
u
Steel yielding
fc
y
First crack
cr
cr y
Strain caused by
moment redistribution
Unit rotation
22
M = 20(1
0
)% ACI 8.4.1
b
(4.3)
87
where b = 0.851 ffyc ( 87+f
) provided that
y
25 Earthquake resistant structures must have a certain ductility to absorb the lateral oscillating
load large amount of reinforcement at the joints.
Victor Saouma
Draft
4.5 Buildings
47
WL
20
WL
24
+
WL
12
WL
12
0.9
WL
12
0.9 W L
12
Solution:
From above, amout of redistribution
M
M ve
M +ve
4.5
26
= 20(1
0
b )%
Buildings
Number of Stories
Up to 15
up to 40
up to 40
up to 80
Vertical loads: DL and LL. This is typically done for a floor, through a grid analysis. No
need to model the entire structure. We can use
ACI Approximate equations
Exact (Moment distribution, computer)
Lateral laod: WL, EL. This requires the analysis of a 2D or 3D frame. Two approaches:
Approximate method: Portal method, or cantilever method.
Exact Moment distribution, computer.
28
Victor Saouma
Draft
48
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
1. Use ACI approximate equations for the design of the slab. Then, there is no need to worry
about optimal placement of load to maximize positive or negative moments, or moment
redistribution.
2. Once the slab is designed, use exact method for beams, girders. Reduce negative moments.
3. Tabulate maximum +ve and -ve moments for each beam.
4. Determine the column loads, tabulate.
5. Can use approximate or exact method of analysis for frames. Tabulate results.
6. Add maximum positive and negative moments due to vertical and lateral loads.
7. Design accordingly.
29
E-W SLAB
N-S BEAM
E-W GIRDER
L
h
N-S GIRDER
hf
DL
w0
w0
LL
wu
M
L
hf
h
M
V
R
PW
WL
W0
Wa
Col
Fou
V
Span
Slab thickness
Beam/girder depth
Flexure
Shear
Reation
Partition wall
Wind load
Self weight
Total factored load
Column
Foundation
PW
PW
wu
WL
w0
PW
WL
wu
wu
w0
Col
W
Fou
S
Victor Saouma
Draft
Chapter 5
Types of Slabs
Beam
Beam
Beam
Beam
Beam
Beam
oneway slab
twoway slab
oneway slab
Grid slab
Flat slab
If
L
s
> 2 than most of the load ( 95%) is carried in the short directions, Fig. 5.3
4 Load transfer in one way slabs is accomplished hierarchically through an interaction of slab,
beam, girder, column and foundations, Fig. 5.4
Draft
52
1111
0000
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
1111
0000
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
Strip
B
L
1111
0000
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
11111
00000
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
1111
0000
Beam 2
10"
Beam 2
Beam 1
Strip
Beam 1
Beam 1
B
10"
11111
00000
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
Beam 1
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
1111
0000
111
000
000
111
P A
A 101010
11A
00
00
11
00
11
000
111
000
B111
Victor Saouma
Draft
53
Victor Saouma
Draft
54
Solid One
way slab
Beams or
ribbed One way slab
Simply
supported
One end
continuous
Both ends
continuous
Cantilever
L/20
L/24
L/28
L/10
L/16
L/18.5
L/21
L/8
5.2
5
12 in
As
= Ab
ft
bar spacing in inches
(5.1)
12Ab
As
(5.2)
4. Slab thickness t is usually assumed, and we design reinforcement. ACI 9.5.2.1 recommended minimum thickness of beams/slabs are given by Table 5.1. where L is in inches,
and members are not supporting partitions. If a slab is so dimensioned
(a) Deflection need not be checked
(b) Usually, neither flexure, nor shear controls
5. In reinforcement design, a good initial guess for
a
d
is 0.15.
6. Slab thickness are rounded to the neares 1/4 inch for slabs less than 6 inch, and 1/2 for
thicker ones.
7. ACI Sect. 7.7.1 gives minimum cover for corrosion control
(a) Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground, No. 11 or smaller 3/4
inch.
(b) Concrete exposed to weather or in contact with ground:
i. No. 5 bars and smaller, 1.5 inch.
ii. No. 6 and larger, 2. inch.
8. Transverse reinforcement (shrinkage, temperature) must be provided
bh
0.0018 Grade 60 and welded wire fabric
Victor Saouma
(5.3)
Draft
55
p
9. Shear does not usually control & no minimum reinforcement is needed (vc = 2 fc0 )
10. Principal reinforcement shall not be spaced at more than 3 times the slab thickness nor
18 in (ACI 7.6.5).
11. Usually No. 4 and larger bars are used for flexural reinforcement, as No. 3 may be
bent out of position by workers walking on it. This is more critical for top than bottom
reinforcement.
12. Sometimes, No.3 is used for bottom, and No. 4 for top.
13. Shrinkage/temperature reinforcement shall not be spaced at more than 5 times the slab
thickness nor 18 in (ACI 7.12.2.2).
5.3
Design an 8 span floor slab. Each span is 15 ft long, fc0 = 3, 750 psi, fy = 60 ksi, wl =100 psf,
floor cover is 0.5 psf, mechanical equipment 4 psf, and ceiling 2 psf. Interior supporting beams
have a width of 14 inch, and exterior ones 16 inches. First span is measured from exterior of
exterior beam to center of first interior beam.
Thickness: of the floor is based on ACI recommendation:
16 14
= 165 in
2
2
14
= (15)(12) 2 = 166 in
2
165
l
=
= 6.88 in
=
24
24
166
l
=
= 5.93 in
=
28
28
le = (15)(12)
(5.4-a)
li
(5.4-b)
hemin
himin
We round h up to h = 7.25 in. Assuming 3/4 in. cover and No. 4 bars
0.5
d = 7.25 0.75 +
= 6.25 in
2
Factored Loads
(5.4-c)
(5.4-d)
(5.5)
Slab
wd =
7.25
(150) = 90.6 psf of floor surface
12
(5.6)
(5.7)
16
2
14
2
= 165 in = 13.75 ft
Draft
56
Flexural Design
ai = 0.15d = 0.15(6.25) = 0.9375 in
Mu
12Mu
0.222
As =
Mu
=
=
fy (d a2 )
0.9(60)(6.25 a2 )
6.25 a2
As fy
60
=
As = 1.569As
a =
0
0.85fc b
(0.85)(3.75)(12)
(5.8-a)
(5.8-b)
(5.8-c)
(5.8-d)
For maximum spacing, ACI specifies 3h = 3(7.25) = 21.75 in but no more than 18 in,
smax = 18 in.
ln , ft
wu ln2
M Coeff.
Mu ft-kip/ft
a
As
a
As
a
As
Amin
s
Reinf.
Aprov
s
Support
13.75
57.85
1/24
2.41
0.937
0.092
0.145
0.087
0.136
0.087
0.157
#4@15
0.16
Midspan
13.75
57.85
1/14
4.13
0.937
0.159
0.249
0.150
0.235
0.150
0.157
#4 @15
0.16
Support
13.79
58.19
1/10
5.82
5.82
0.937
0.223
0.351
0.213
0.334
0.212
0.157
#4@12
0.20
1/11
5.29
Midspan
13.83
58.53
1/16
3.66
0.937
0.141
0.221
0.132
0.207
0.132
0.157
#4@15
0.16
Support
13.83
58.53
1/11
5.32
0.937
0.204
0.320
0.194
0.304
0.194
0.157
#4@12
0.20
Midspan
13.83
1/16
3.66
(1.15)(306)(157)
ln
=
= 2, 302 lb/ft of width
2
2
(5.9)
(1.0)(306)(166)
ln
=
= 2, 117 lb/ft of width
2
2
(5.10)
(5.11)
Victor Saouma
Draft
57
Victor Saouma
Draft
58
Victor Saouma
Draft
Chapter 6
SERVICEABILITY
So far we have focused on the ultimate structural behaviour (failure), Vu & Mu , i.e the strength
of a member.
2 It is important to also control the behaviour of structural elements under service load (unfactored)
1. Cracking
2. Deflection
6.1
Control of Cracking
3 As y %, y % larger crack width is associated with large fy . This is why the ACI code
places a limitation on max fy = 80ksi. (ACI 9.4)
4
The concern is not the # of crack (we can not control it) but rather the crack width.
Draft
62
SERVICEABILITY
7 Based on purely experimental research, the following emperical relation was determined, Fig.
6.1:
p
(6.1)
w = .076fs 3 dc A
Gergely & Lutz Eq.
where
w
fs
dc
width in 1/1,000 in
Steel service stress ksi (if not computed can be assumed as 0.6 fy )
Thickness of concrete cover measured from tension face to center of bar
closest to this face, in.
h2
h1
Area of concrete surrounding one bar = Total effective tensile area in2
# of bars
Neutral Axis
2y
y
h1
111
000
000
111
000
111
000
111
Steel Centroid
w
Figure 6.1: Crack Width Equation Parameters
8
ACI
1. Expresses the crack width indirectly by z where
z=
and assumes =
h2
h1
p
w
= fs 3 dc A
.076
(ACI 10.6.4)
(6.2)
= 1.2 w = .091z
Victor Saouma
Draft
6.2 Deflections
63
Exposure
dry air, or protective membrane
humidity, moist air, soil
deicing chemicals
seawater, salt
water retaining structures
wmax (in.)
.016
.012
.007
.006
.004
1111111111111111
0000000000000000
1111111111111111
0000000000000000
14.65"
00000000000
11111111111
11111111111
00000000000
00000000000
11111111111
00000000000
11111111111
00000000000
11111111111
00000000000
11111111111
12.15"
20"
2.5"
22.5"
7.85"
11.5"
Solution:
1. w = .076fs 3 dc A
29103
3,120
= 9.29
b(kd)2
2
k
3
(1.27+2.44)(15) (12)
M
5. M = wL
8 and fs = As jd fs = 8(3.14)(.869)(20) = 22.9 ksi
Note that ACI allows 0.6fy = (0.6)(40) = 24 ksi conservative
6. =
22.57.85
207.85
14.65
12.15
(2.5)(2)(11.5)
4
= 14.38 in2
p
1
8. w = (.076)(1.206)(22.9) 3 (2.5)(14.38) 1,000
= .00696 in .
7. A =
6.2
Deflections
10
11
Every structural design must satisfy requirements of strength, stiffness & stability
Victor Saouma
Draft
64
SERVICEABILITY
12 With the increased usuage of: a) high strength material (resulting in smaller cross section)
& b) use of refined design methods, we can no longer rely on the factor of safety to take care
of deflection, we but must detemine it
13
14
15
16
6.2.1
17
In general =
f (w,L)
EI ,
5wL4
384EI
18 f (w, l) and E are known, but how do we determine I? (uncracked transformed or cracked),
Fig. 6.2
c ut
c e1 c e2
c cr
2
1
cr
B B
#
Mcr 3
Mcr 3
Icr (ACI 9.5.2.3)
Ieff =
Ig + 1
Ma
Ma
Victor Saouma
(6.3)
Draft
6.2 Deflections
65
where
Ieff Ig
I
Mcr = fr0 ygb
p
fr0 = 7.5 fc0
For beams with one end continuous Ieff = 0.85Im + 15(Icon ) where Im , Ie are the moment of
inertia at the middle and the end respectively.
22
23
5 wL4
w% %
=
I& %
384 EI
24
6.2.2
Mcr
Ma
t
inst.
t
Figure 6.3: Time Dependent Deflection
25
Creep coefficient:
Cc =
Ect =
f
i
= i (1+Cc )
Ec
1+Cc
Victor Saouma
Draft
66
SERVICEABILITY
b
Cracked
elastic
neutral axis
fci
fct
kd
t
d
A s fs
As
s
Figure 6.4: Time Dependent Strain Distribution
3. But since C is now lower and we still satisfy Mext = Mint both stresses in steel & concrete
must increase with time
27
(6.4)
1+500
0
As
bd
and
3
1.0
Time (months)
6
1.2
12
1.4
60
2.0
total = initial (1 + )
LL short
DL sustained
1111
0000
0000
1111
1111
0000
0000
1111
Draft
6.2 Deflections
28
67
Note that we are usually interested in the live load deflection (C-B), thus
i, short = i, sust + short i, sust
|
{z
} | {z }
Ieff (DL+LL)
29
(6.6)
Ieff (DL)
i,sh
i,sh
t,sust + i,sh
t,sus + i,sh
<
<
<
<
1.27
1.27
2. Moment of inertias:
Ieff =
Ig =
Mcr
Ma
bh3
12
Ig + 1
(11.5)(22.5)3
12
Mcr
Ma
3
Ict
Victor Saouma
L
180
L
360
L
480
L
240
Draft
68
SERVICEABILITY
11.5"
7.85"
20"
12.15"
b(kd)2
nAs (d kd) = 0 k =
2
2
(11.5)(7.85)3
+ (11.5)(7.85) 7.85
12
2
Ict =
.393 kd = 7.85 in
+ (9.29) (3.14)(12.152 ) = 6, 130 in4
| {z } | {z }
n
As
Masust =
33.2 3
33.2 3
(6, 130) = 6, 209 in4
(10, 916) + 1 104.3
104.3
h
33.2 3
33.2 3 i
(10, 916) + 1 35.7
(6, 130) = 9, 993 in4
35.7
5 (1.27)[(15)(12)]
i, sust = 384
(3,120)(9,993) = .046 in
i = .218 .046 = .172 in
8. creep = i, sust
=
Victor Saouma
2.
= 2. creep = (2)(.046) = .092 in
1+0
Draft
Chapter 7
APPROXIMATE FRAME
ANALYSIS
1 Despite the widespread availability of computers, approximate methods of analysis are justified by
1. Inherent assumption made regarding the validity of a linear elastic analysis vis a vis of
an ultimate failure design.
2. Ability of structures to redistribute internal forces.
3. Uncertainties in load and material properties
2
We use the design sign convention for moments (+ve tension below), and for shear (ccw +ve).
In all free body diagrams assume positivee forces/moments, and take algeebraic sums.
7.1
Vertical Loads
6 The girders at each floor are assumed to be continuous beams, and columns are assumed to
resist the resulting unbalanced moments from the girders.
7
Basic assumptions
1. Girders at each floor act as continous beams supporting a uniform load.
2. Inflection points are assumed to be at
(a) One tenth the span from both ends of each girder.
(b) Mid-height of the columns
3. Axial forces and deformation in the girder are negligibly small.
4. Unbalanced end moments from the girders at each joint is distributed to the columns
above and below the floor.
Draft
72
Based on the first assumption, all beams are statically determinate and have a span, Ls
equal to 0.8 the original length of the girder, L. (Note that for a rigidly connected member, the
inflection point is at 0.211 L, and at the support for a simply supported beam; hence, depending
on the nature of the connection one could consider those values as upper and lower bounds for
the approximate location of the hinge).
8
Maximum positive moment at the center of each beam is, Fig. 7.1
w
M
lft
V
V
rgt
rgt
lft
0.1L
0.1L
0.8L
L
111
000
000
111
111
000
000
111
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
11
00
00
11
00
11
00
11
Figure 7.1: Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Vertical Loads; Girder Moments
1
1
M + = wL2s = w (0.8)2 L2 = 0.08wL2
8
8
(7.1)
Maximum negative moment at each end of the girder is given by, Fig. 7.1
w
w
M lef t = M rgt = (0.1L)2 (0.8L)(0.1L) = 0.045wL2
2
2
(7.2)
Girder Shear are obtained from the free body diagram, Fig. 7.2
V lf t =
wL
2
V rgt =
wL
2
(7.3)
Column axial force is obtained by summing all the girder shears to the axial force transmitted by the column above it. Fig. 7.2
rgt
P dwn = P up + Vi1
Vilf t
Victor Saouma
(7.4)
Draft
73
above
rgt
lft
V i1
Vi
below
Figure 7.2: Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Vertical Loads; Column Axial Forces
h/2
h/2
above
M col
M lft
i1
rgt
Mi1
lft
rgt
Mi
rgt
Vlft
Vi1
i1
Li1
Mbelow
col
lft
i
rgt
i
Li
h/2
h/2
Figure 7.3: Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Vertical Loads; Column Moments
Victor Saouma
Draft
74
Column Moment are obtained by considering the free body diagram of columns Fig. 7.3
rgt
bot
M top = Mabove
Mi1
+ Milf t
M bot = top
(7.5)
Column Shear Points of inflection are at mid-height, with possible exception when the columns
on the first floor are hinged at the base, Fig. 7.3
V =
M top
h
2
(7.6)
Girder axial forces are assumed to be negligible eventhough the unbalanced column shears
above and below a floor will be resisted by girders at the floor.
7.2
10
Horizontal Loads
Low rise buidlings, where the height is at least samller than the hrizontal dimension, the
deflected shape is characterized by shear deformations.
High rise buildings, where the height is several times greater than its least horizontal dimension, the deflected shape is dominated by overall flexural deformation.
7.2.1
Portal Method
11 Low rise buildings under lateral loads, have predominantly shear deformations. Thus, the
approximate analysis of this type of structure is based on
13
Victor Saouma
Draft
75
H/2
H/2
Figure 7.4: Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads; Column Shear
Column Shear is obtained by passing a horizontal section through the mid-height of the
columns at each floor and summing the lateral forces above it, then Fig. 7.4
P
V
ext
F lateral
V int = 2V ext
2No. of bays
(7.7)
Column Moments at the end of each column is equal to the shear at the column times half
the height of the corresponding column, Fig. 7.4
M top = V
h
2
M bot = M top
(7.8)
Girder Moments is obtained from the columns connected to the girder, Fig. 7.5
h/2
h/2
above
M col
lft
rgt
M i1
M i1
rgt
Mi
rgt
Vlft
lft
Vi1
rgt
lft
Mi
i1
Vi
below
Li1/2
Li1/2
M col
Li /2
Li /2
h/2
h/2
Figure 7.5: Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads; Girder Moment
Victor Saouma
Draft
76
rgt
above
below
Milf t = Mcol
Mcol
+ Mi1
Mirgt = Milf t
(7.9)
Girder Shears Since there is an inflection point at the center of the girder, the girder shear
is obtained by considering the sum of moments about that point, Fig. 7.5
V lf t =
2M
L
V rgt = V lf t
(7.10)
Column Axial Forces are obtained by summing girder shears and the axial force from the
column above, Fig. ??
P
above
rgt
lft
V i1
Vi
below
Figure 7.6: Approximate Analysis of Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads; Column Axial Force
P = P above + P rgt + P lf t
(7.11)
Example 7-1: Approximate Analysis of a Frame subjected to Vertical and Horizontal Loads
Draw the shear, and moment diagram for the following frame. Solution:
Vertical Loads
Victor Saouma
Draft
77
0.25 k/ft
6 0.5 k/ft13 7
15 k
5 12
30 k
9
1
10
11
00
11
00
11
00
20
30
14
11
8
4
14
16
11
00
24
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
4.5 k.ft
8.0 k.ft
4.5 k.ft
10.1 k.ft
18.0 k.ft
10.1 k.ft
6.5 k.ft
11.5 k.ft
6.5 k.ft
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
9.0 k.ft
16.0 k.ft
9.0 k.ft
20.3 k.ft
36.0 k.ft
20.3 k.ft
13.0 k.ft
23.0 k.ft
13.0 k.ft
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
lf t
+M12
M5top
rgt
lf t
M12
+ M13
= (4.5) + (10.1)
top
M6
rgt
lf t
M13
+ M14
= (10.1) + (6.5)
M7top
rgt
M14
= (6.5)
M8top
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
4.5
4.5
5.6
5.6
3.6
3.6
6.5
6.5
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
Draft
78
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
4.5
4.5
5.6
5.6
3.6
3.6
6.5
6.5
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
= w122L12 =
lf t
= V12
= w132L13 =
lf t
= V13
= w142L14 =
lf t
= V14
(0.25)(20)
2
(0.25)(30)
2
(0.25)(24)
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
2.5 k
2.5 k
3.75 k
3.75 k
3.0 k
3.0 k
=
=
=
=
=
=
5.00
5.00
7.50
7.50
6.00
6.00
= w92L9 = (0.5)(20)
2
= V9lf t
= w102L10 = (0.5)(30)
2
lf t
= V10
= w112L11 = (0.5)(24)
2
lf t
= V11
7. Column Shears
V5 =
V6 =
V7 =
V8 =
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
V4 =
M5top
H5
2
M6top
H6
2
M7top
H7
2
M8top
H8
2
M1top
H1
2
M2top
H2
2
M3top
H3
2
M4top
H4
2
4.5
= 0.64 k
5.6
= 0.80 k
3.6
0.52 k
6.5
0.93 k
4.5
= 0.56 k
5.6
= 0.70 k
3.6
0.46 k
6.5
0.81 k
14
2
14
2
14
2
14
2
16
2
16
2
16
2
16
2
k
k
k
k
k
k
Victor Saouma
P5
P6
P7
P8
=
=
=
=
lf t
V12
= 2.50 k
rgt
lf t
V12 + V13 = (2.50) + 3.75 = 6.25 k
rgt
lf t
V13
+ V14
= (3.75) + 3.00 = 6.75 k
rgt
V14 Mechanics and Design of=Reinforced
3.00 k
Concrete
Draft
79
0.25K/ft
12
13
10
20
30
+8.0k
+18.0k
-4.5k
+16.0k
-9.0k
+4.5k
+5.6k
-4.5k
+4.5k
+5.6k
14
16
24
+11.5k
-6.5k
+23.0k
+32.0k
-20.2
-4.5k
-9.0k
11
3
-4.5k
14
0.50K/ft
k
-13.0
-20.2
k
-13.0k
-5.6k
+3.6k
-5.6k
-3.6k
-6.5k
+3.6k
+6.5k
+6.5k
-3.6k
-6.5k
Victor Saouma
Draft
710
+2.5K
+3.75K
+3.0K
-2.5K
+5.0
+7.5
-3.75K
+6.0
-5.0K
-0.64K
-0.56K
-3.0K
-6.0K
-7.5K
-0.80K
+0.51K
-0.70K
+0.45K
+0.93K
+0.81K
Victor Saouma
Draft
711
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
7.5 k
18.75 k
20.25 k
9.00 k
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
15
(2)(3)
2(V5 ) = (2)(2.5)
2(V5 ) = (2)(2.5)
V5
15+30
(2)(3)
2(V1 ) = (2)(7.5)
2(V1 ) = (2)(2.5)
V1
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
2.5 k
5k
5k
2.5 k
7.5 k
15 k
15 k
7.5 k
= V12H5 =
= M5top
= V62H6 =
= M6top
(2.5)(14)
2
(5)(14)
2
=
=
=
=
17.5
17.5
35.0
35.0
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
M7top = 7 2 7 =
M7bot = M7top
V up H
(5)(14)
2
V up H
=
35.0 k.ft
= 35.0 k.ft
M8top = 8 2 8 =
M8bot = M8top
(2.5)(14)
2
=
17.5 k.ft
= 17.5 k.ft
V dwn H
(7.5)(16)
2
=
60 k.ft
= 60 k.ft
M2top = 2 2 2 =
M2bot = M2top
V dwn H
(15)(16)
2
=
120 k.ft
= 120 k.ft
M3top = 3 2 3 =
M3bot = M3top
V dwn H
(15)(16)
2
=
120 k.ft
= 120 k.ft
M4top = 4 2 4 =
M4bot = M4top
V dwn H
(7.5)(16)
2
=
60 k.ft
= 60 k.ft
Victor Saouma
=
=
=
=
=
=
M5top
lf t
M12
rgt
M12
+ M6top = 17.5 + 35
lf t
M13
rgt
M13
+ M7top = 17.5 + 35
lf t
M14
=
=
=
=
=
=
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
Draft
712
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Height
14
16
Span
Load
Load
APROXVER.XLS
Victor E. Saouma
L1
20
0.25
0.5
L2
L3
30
24
0.25
0.25
0.5
0.5
MOMENTS
Bay 1
Bay 2
Bay 3
Col
Beam
Column
Beam
Column
Beam
Col
Lft Cnt Rgt
Lft Cnr Rgt
Lft Cnt Rgt
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
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AAAAA
A
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AAAAAAAA
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8.0 -4.5 AAAA
11.5 -6.5 AAAA
AAAAAAAA
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AAAAA
A -6.5
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAA -4.5
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AAAA -10.1 18.0 -10.1AAAA
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AA AAAA
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AA
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-4.5 AAAA
-5.6
3.6
6.5
AAAA
AAAA
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4.5 AAAAAAAA
-3.6
-6.5AAAA
AAAA
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AAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA5.6
AAAAAAAAAAAA
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A
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A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
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A
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AAAAA
A -13.0 23.0 -13.0 AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAA -9.0 16.0
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA -20.3 36.0 -20.3AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
-9.0
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
A
AAAA
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A
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AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
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A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
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AAAA
A
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AA AAAA
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AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
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AA
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AA
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-4.5 AAAA
-5.6
3.6
6.5
AAAAAAAA
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5.6
-3.6
-6.5
AAAA
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AAA
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AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
SHEAR
Bay 1
Bay 2
Bay 3
Col
Beam
Column
Beam
Column
Beam
Col
Lft
Rgt
Lft
Rgt
Lft
Rgt
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
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A
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A
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A
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AAAA -3.75AAAA
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A 3.00 AAAA
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AAAAAA 2.50AAAA
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Victor Saouma
L1
20
0.25
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H
L2
30
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APROXVER.XLS
M
L3
24
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Column
AXIAL FORCE
Bay 1
Col
Beam
0
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Bay 3
Beam
Column
Beam
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Lft
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SHEAR
Bay 1
Col
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Bay 2
Bay 3
Beam
Column
Beam
Column
Beam
Col
Lft
Cnt
Rgt AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALft
Cnr
Rgt AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA Lft
Cnt
Rgt
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
A
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
A
=0.08*D4*D3*D3
=+D10
=-0.045*I4*I3^2
=0.08*I4*I3*I3
=+I10
=-0.045*N4*N3^2
=0.08*N4*N3*N3
=N10
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
A =-0.045*D4*D3^2
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
A AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
A AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
A
=+D10
=-F10+I10
=-K10+N10
=-P10
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA =-G11
AAAA
A =-L11
=-C11
=-Q11
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
MOMENTS
Bay 1
Col
29
30
Span
Load
Load
24
25
26
27
28
22
23
16
17
18
19
20
21
13
14
15
A
1
2
3 Height
4 14
5 16
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Draft
7.2 Horizontal Loads
713
Draft
714
15K
=
=
=
=
=
=
12
30K
13
10
20
+17.5K
+17.5K
-35K
+60K
-120K
+17.5K
-120K
+77.5
+77.5
-17.5K
-60K
+17.5K
-17.5K
K
16
24
-35K
+120K
-60K
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
k.ft
14
+35K
+35K
77.5
77.5
77.5
77.5
77.5
77.5
11
30
-17.5K
+120K
+60K
+17.5K
14
=
=
=
=
=
=
+77.5
-77.5K
-17.5K
-17.5K
-77.5K
-77.5K
Victor Saouma
Draft
715
2M lf t
= 1.75 k
= 1.75 k
lf t
13
V13
= L13
= (2)(17.5)
30
rgt
lf t
V13
= +V13
2M lf t
= 1.17 k
= 1.17 k
lf t
14
V14
= L14
= (2)(17.5)
24
rgt
lf t
V14 = +V14
2M lf t
= 1.46 k
= 1.46 k
= (2)(77.5)
V9lf t = L12
20
9
V9rgt = +V9lf t
2M lf t
= 7.75 k
= 7.75 k
lf t
10
V10
= L10
= (2)(77.5)
30
rgt
lf t
V10
= +V10
2M lf t
= 5.17 k
= 5.17 k
lf t
11
V11
= L11
= (2)(77.5)
24
rgt
lf t
V11
= +V11
2M lf t
= 6.46 k
= 6.46 k
=
=
=
=
lf t
V12
= (1.75) k
rgt
lf t
+V12 V13 = 1.75 (1.17) = 0.58 k
rgt
lf t
+V13
V14
= 1.17 (1.46) = 0.29 k
rgt
V14 = 1.46 k
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
9.5 k
3.16 k
1.58 k
7.66 k
Design Parameters On the basis of the two approximate analyses, vertical and lateral load,
we now seek the design parameters for the frame, Table 7.2.
Victor Saouma
Draft
716
Portal Method
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
PORTAL.XLS
Victor E. Saouma
PORTAL METHOD
# of Bays
# of Storeys
2
Force Shear
H Lat. Tot Ext Int
H1
14 15 15 2.5
H2
16 30 45 7.5 15
L1
20
L2
L3
30
24
MOMENTS
Bay 1
Bay 2
Bay 3
Col
Beam
Column
Beam
Column
Beam
Col
Lft Rgt AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA Lft Rgt AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA Lft Rgt AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
A
AAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
-17.5
17.5
-17.5
17.5
-17.5
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAA
A 17.5
A
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
17.5 AAAA
35.0
35.0
17.5
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
-17.5 AAAA
-35.0
-35.0
-17.5
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
A AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAA 77.5 -77.5 AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA 77.5 -77.5AAAA
AAAAAAAA
A 77.5 -77.5 AAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAA
AAAA
A
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A AAAA
AAAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
60.0 AAAA
120.0
120.0
60.0
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
-60.0 AAAA
-120.0
-120.0
-60.0
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
SHEAR
Bay 1
Bay 2
Bay 3
Col
Beam
Column
Beam
Column
Beam
Col
Lft Rgt
Lft Rgt
Lft Rgt
AAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAA -1.17 -1.17 AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA -1.46 -1.46AAAA
AAAAAAAA
A -1.75 -1.75 AAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
A
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
2.50 AAAA
5.00
5.00
2.50
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
2.50 AAAA
5.00
5.00
2.50
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
A AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAA -5.17 -5.17 AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA -6.46 -6.46AAAA
AAAAAAAA
A -7.75 -7.75 AAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
7.50 AAAA
15.00
15.00
7.50
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
7.50 AAAA
15.00
15.00
7.50
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AXIAL FORCE
Bay 1
Bay 2
Bay 3
Col
Beam
Column
Beam
Column
Beam Col
AAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
A
A
0.00
0.00
0.00
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
A
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
A
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
A AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
1.75
-0.58
0.29
-1.46
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
A AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
A
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
A
0.00
0.00
0.00
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAA
AAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAA
A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
9.50 AAAA
-3.17
1.58
-7.92
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Victor Saouma
Draft
A
1
PORTAL METHOD
A
AA
AAA
A
AA
AAA
717
PORTAL.XLS
A
AA
AAA
A
AA
AAA
A
AA
AAA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Victor E. Saouma
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A3
AL1
A
A
AAL2
A
A
A L3
A
2 AAAA
# ofAAAA
Bays
AAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A AAAAAAAAAAAA
A AAAAAAAA
A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAA
AA AAAA
AA AAAA
A
A
A
AA
A
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A AAAAAAAAAAAA
A AAAAAAAA
A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAA
3
A
A
A
A
A
A20
A
A
AA30
A
A
A 24
A
AA
AA
AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A MOMENTS
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
AA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
AAA
AAA
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
Bay 1
Bay 2 AA
Bay 3 AA
AA
A
A2
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
AAAAAAAAAAA
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
6
Force AA
Shear
Col
Beam
Column
Beam
Column
Beam
Col
A
A
A
A
AA
AA
A
A
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A
A
A
7
H Lat. AA Tot
Ext
Lft
Lft
AInt
A Rgt AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALft
A Rgt
A Rgt
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAAA
AAA
AAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
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8
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9 AAAA
H1 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
14 AAAA
=+D9/(2*$F$2)
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A15 AAAA
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12 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
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16 A30
=+E12*B12/2
A =SUM($C$9:C12) A=+D12/(2*$F$2)
A=2*E12
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A AAAAAA
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A
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14
A
A SHEAR
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
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AA
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AA
A
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A
A
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15 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Bay 1
Bay 2 AA
Bay 3
A
A
A
A
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16
Col
Beam
Column
Beam
Column
Beam
Col
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
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A
A
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
A
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17
Lft
Rgt
Lft
Rgt
Rgt
A
A
A
A
A
A
A AAAAAAA Lft
A
A
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18
A
=-2*I8/I$3 =+I18 AAAA
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19
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20
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22
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24
AA
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A AXIAL FORCE
A
A
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25
Bay 1
Bay 2 AA
Bay 3
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A
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26
Col
Beam
Column
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Column
Beam
Col
A
AA
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A
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27
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28 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
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29
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30
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5 # of Storeys
AA
A
AA
A
A
A
AA
A
AA
A
A
A
Victor Saouma
Draft
718
Mem.
Moment
Axial
Shear
Moment
Axial
Shear
Moment
Axial
Shear
Moment
Axial
Shear
Moment
Axial
Shear
Moment
Axial
Shear
Moment
Axial
Shear
Moment
Axial
Shear
Vert.
Hor.
4.50
7.50
0.56
5.60
18.75
0.70
3.60
20.25
0.45
6.50
9.00
0.81
4.50
2.50
0.64
5.60
6.25
0.80
3.60
6.75
0.51
6.50
3.00
0.93
60.00
9.50
7.50
120.00
15.83
15.00
120.00
14.25
15.00
60.00
7.92
7.50
17.50
1.75
2.50
35.00
2.92
5.00
35.00
2.63
5.00
17.50
1.46
2.50
Design
Values
64.50
17.00
8.06
125.60
34.58
15.70
123.60
34.50
15.45
66.50
16.92
8.31
22.00
4.25
3.14
40.60
9.17
5.80
38.60
9.38
5.51
24.00
4.46
3.43
Victor Saouma
Draft
719
Mem.
10
11
12
13
14
-ve Moment
+ve Moment
Shear
-ve Moment
+ve Moment
Shear
-ve Moment
+ve Moment
Shear
-ve Moment
+ve Moment
Shear
-ve Moment
+ve Moment
Shear
-ve Moment
+ve Moment
Shear
Vert.
Hor.
9.00
16.00
5.00
20.20
36.00
7.50
13.0
23.00
6.00
4.50
8.00
2.50
10.10
18.00
3.75
6.50
11.50
3.00
77.50
0.00
7.75
77.50
0.00
5.17
77.50
0.00
6.46
17.50
0.00
1.75
17.50
0.00
1.17
17.50
0.00
1.46
Design
Values
86.50
16.00
12.75
97.70
36.00
12.67
90.50
23.00
12.46
22.00
8.00
4.25
27.60
18.00
4.92
24.00
11.50
4.46
Victor Saouma
Draft
720
Victor Saouma
Draft
Chapter 8
COLUMNS
Draft
Chapter 9
COLUMNS
9.1
Introduction
Columns resist a combination of axial P and flexural load M , (or M = P e for eccentrically
applied load).
1
9.1.1
Types of Columns
Tied column
tie steel
main longitudinal steel reinforcement
Pipe column
Spiral column
Draft
92
COLUMNS
9.1.2
3
6 bars
4 bars
8 bars
Corner column
10 bars
12 bars
Wall column
16 bars
14 bars
9.2
Short Columns
9.2.1
4
Concentric Loading
No moment applied,
Elastic Behaviour
P
= fc Ac + fs As
= fc (Ac + nAs )
Ultimate Strength
Pd = Pn
Pn = .85fc0 Ac + fy As
note:
1. 0.85 is obtained also from test data
2. Matches with beam theory using rect. stress block
3. Provides an adequate factor of safety
9.2.2
5
Eccentric Columns
Victor Saouma
Draft
93
P
P
M
ML
MR
L
e= M M
P
Pn
cu
P
cu
Compression
failure range
e = 0; a = h; c =
Mn
cu
Pn
Balanced Failure
Load path for
givin e
Tension failure
range
eb
c ~ h; e=
cu
e large
M
Mn
su
> y
Assumptions A0s = As ; =
9.2.2.1
8
As
bd
A0s
0
bd ; fs
= fy
Balanced Condition
M
P
1. Steel yielding
2. Concrete crushing
Victor Saouma
Draft
94
COLUMNS
From the strain diagram (and compatibility of concrete and steel strains), Fig. 9.6
d
d
h/2
As
As
b
cs
s
A sf y
s
Pn
A sf s
A sf s
0.85fc
Asf s
Asf y
a
e
e
c = .003
fy
y =
Es
u
d=
c =
u + y
(9.1-a)
(9.1-b)
.003
fy
Es
+ .003
(9.1-c)
Furthermore,
0s
c d0
0s =
c
c
c d0
c
c
(9.2-a)
(9.2-b)
thus the compression steel will be yielding (i.e. 0s = y ) for c = .003 and d0 = 2 in if c > 6 in
10
Pn
Pn = .85fc0 ab + A0s fy0 As fs a = .85fc0 b
a = 1 cb
fs = fy
.003
c =
0
d
b
fy
As = As
+.003
.003
+ .003
(9.3)
Es
Victor Saouma
Draft
95
or
Pnb = .851 fc0 bd
87, 000
fy + 87, 000
(9.4)
11 To obtain Mnb we take moment about centroid of tension steel As of internal forces, this
must be equal and opposite to the externally applied moment, Fig. 9.6.
a
Mnb = Pnb eb = .85fc0 ab(d ) + A0s fy (d d0 )
| {z }
2 {z
}
|
M
ext
12
(9.5)
Mint
Note: Internal moments due to As fy and A0s fy cancel each other for symmetric columns.
9.2.2.2
Tension Failure
Pn
.85fc0 b
a
M = 0 Pn e0 = Pn (d ) + A0s fy0 (d d0 )
2
(9.6-a)
(9.6-b)
Two approaches
1. Solve iteratively for those two equations
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Assume a (a < h2 )
From strain compatibility solve for fsc , center steel stress if applicable.
Fy = 0 solve for Pn
M = 0 with respect to tensile reinforcement, solve for Pn
If no convergence among the two Pn , iterate by solving for a from Fy = 0
s
2
0
0
0
0
e
d
e
e
Pn = .85fc0 bd ( 1) +
+ 2 1
1
+
d
d
d
d
where
=
=
Victor Saouma
(9.7)
A0s
As
bd = bd
fy
.85fc0
Draft
96
COLUMNS
=
def
fs0
Pn
Mn
1 c
(9.8-a)
fy
(9.8-b)
c
c
0.85fc0 ab
u E s
d0
fy
(9.8-c)
(9.8-d)
A0s fs0
C+
As fy
h
ha
h
0 0
0
+ As fs
d + As fs d
C
2
2
2
Mn
Pn
(9.8-e)
(9.8-f)
(9.8-g)
Compression Failure
d
+ u
dc
= E s u
c
d a1
= E s u a
fs
Es
(9.9-a)
Pn = .85fc0 ab + A0s fy As fs
a
Pn e0 = .85fc0 ab(d ) + A0s fy (d d0 )
2
(9.9-b)
(9.9-c)
this would yield a cubic equation in Pn , which can be solved analytically or by iteration.
1. Assume a (a ' h)
2. Solve for M = 0 with respect to tensile reinforcement & solve for Pn
3. From strain compatibility solve for fs
4. Check that Fy = 0 & solve for a
5. If ai+1 6= ai go to step 2
Case II: c is known and c > cb ; fs , fs0 , and Pn are unknown
Victor Saouma
Draft
97
In this case
a = 1 c
(9.10-a)
dc
c
c d0
0
fs = c Es
c
0
C = 0.85fc ab
fs = c Es
fy
(9.10-b)
fy
(9.10-c)
(9.10-d)
A0s fs0
Pn = C + As fs +
ha
h
h
+ A0s fs0
d0 + As fs d
Mn = C
2
2
2
9.2.3
(9.10-e)
(9.10-f)
ACI Provisions
1. Governing equations
min
max
s
=
=
=
=
=
1%
8%
0
A
0.45( Agc 1) ffyc
0.7 for tied columns
0.75 for spiral columns
ACI 10.9.1
ACI 10.5
(9.11)
where
s minimum ratio of spiral reinforcement
Ag gross area of section
Ac area of core
2. A minimum of 4 bars for tied circular and rect
3. A minimum of 6 bars for spirals (ACI10.9.2)
4. increases linearly to 0.9 as Pn decreases from 0.10fc0 Ag or P0 , whichever is smaller,
to zero (ACI 9.3.2).
5. Maximum strength is 0.8P0 for tied columns ( = 0.7) and 0.85P0 for spirally reinforced
columns ( = 0.75).
9.2.4
13
Interaction Diagrams
9.2.5
Design Charts
To assist in the design of R.C. columns, design charts have been generated by ACI in term
As +A0s
e
Pn
Mn
and
of non dimensionalized parameters = bhf
0 vs bh2 f 0 = h for various t where t =
bh
14
fy
.85fc0
Draft
98
COLUMNS
Tied:
Pn(max) = 0.80 P0
Spir. reinf: P n(max) = 0.85 P
0
Compression
control region
P0
P n(max)
1
e
P nM n
(M n Pn )
P d M d
(M
mi
Pn(max)
eb
ilur
d fa
ce
alan
Tension
nb
0.10f c A g
e~h; e = infty
M n
Mn
cb
h d0 = 20 2.5 = 17.5 in
.003
.003
17.5 = 11.1 in
d = 50
fy
+
.003
+
.003
29,000
E
(9.12-a)
(9.12-b)
fs
def
fs0
Pnb
Mnb
=
=
eb
1 cb = (0.85)(11.1) = 9.44 in
(9.12-c)
fy = 50 ksi
(9.12-d)
0
11.1 2.5
cd
c = (29, 000)(
(0.003) = 67.4 ksi > fy fs0 = 50(9.12-e)
Es
ksi
c
11.1
0.85fc0 ab = (0.85)(3.5)(9.44)(12) = 337 k
(9.12-f)
C + As fs A0s fs = 337 + (2.0)(50) + (2.0)(50) = 337 k
(9.12-g)
a
Pnb e0 = .85fc0 ab(d ) + A0s fy (d d0 )
(9.12-h)
2
9.44
337 17.5
+ (2.0)(50)(17.5 2.5) = 5, 807 k.in = 484 k.ft (9.12-i)
2
5, 807
(9.12-j)
= 17.23 in
337
Tension failure, c = 5 in
fs
def
Victor Saouma
fy = 50 ksi
(9.13-a)
Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete
Draft
C
Pn
Mn
c d0
c
fy
(9.13-b)
(9.13-d)
0.85fc0 ab
(9.13-e)
(0.85)(3.5)(4.25)(12) = 152 k
(9.13-f)
(0.003)(29, 000)
A0s fs0
As fy
(9.13-c)
C+
ha
h
h
+ A0s fs0
d0 + As fs d
about section centroid (9.13-i)
C
2
2
2
20 4.25
20
20
(152)
2.5 + (2.0)(50) 17.5 (9.13-j)
+ (2.0)(43.5)
2
2
2
=
=
c E s
5.0 2.5
= 43.5 ksi
5.0
1 c = 0.85(5.0) = 4.25 in
=
a
99
(9.13-g)
(9.13-k)
2, 598
= 18.69 in
139
(9.13-l)
Compression failure, c = 18 in
a = 1 c = 0.85(18) = 15.3 in
dc
fy
fs = c Es
c
17.5 18.0
= (0.003)(29, 000)
= 2.42 ksi As is under compression
18.0
c d0
fs0 = c Es
fy
c
18.0 2.5
= 75 ksi > fy fs0 = 50 ksi
= (0.003)(29, 000)
18.0
C = 0.85fc0 ab = (0.85)(3.5)(15.3)(12) = 546 k
Pn = C +
Mn
A0s fs0
As fs
(9.14-a)
(9.14-b)
(9.14-c)
(9.14-d)
(9.14-e)
(9.14-f)
(9.14-g)
(9.14-h)
= 546 + (2.0)(50) (2.42)(2) = 650 k
ha
h
h
= C
+ A0s fs0
d0 + As fs d
about section centroid (9.14-i)
2
2
2
20 15.3
20
20
= (546)
+ (2.0)(50)
2.5 + (2.0)(2.42) 17.5 (9.14-j)
2
2
2
=
e =
(9.14-k)
2, 000
= 3.07 in
650
(9.14-l)
Draft
910
COLUMNS
20"
3"
3"
24"
c
.003
Cc
Balanced Condition:
fy
40
= .001379
=
Es
29, 000
u
.003
.003 = 14.4 in
cb =
d=
u + y
.003 + .001379
a = 1 cb = (.85)(14.4) = 12.2 in
(9.15-a)
y =
Cc =
sc
fsc
(9.15-b)
(9.15-c)
.85fc0 ab
= (.85)(3)(12.2)(20) = 624 k
c h/2
14.4 12
u =
.003 = .0005
=
c
14.4
= (29, 000)(.0005) = 15 ksi center bars
(9.15-d)
(9.15-e)
(9.15-f)
(9.15-g)
(9.15-h)
Note that the compression steel is yielding because d0 > 2 and c > 6 (as previously
proven)
Taking moment about centroid of section
Mnb = Pnb e
h a
2 2
h
h
+ As fy
d0 + A0s fy
d0
2
2
12.2
+ 4(1.56)(9)(40)
= (.85)(3)(12.2)(20) 12
2
+4(1.56)(40 .85 3)(12 3)
= .85fc0 ab
(9.16-a)
(9.16-b)
(9.16-c)
(9.16-d)
(9.16-e)
8, 164
= 12.2 in
670.8
(9.16-f)
eb =
Victor Saouma
Draft
911
12"
20"
3"
hcd
3"
24"
c=23.5"
9"
sc
e=2.4"
e=11.4"
.003
Pn
h/2=12"
.85fc
A sf
A scf sc
Cc
a=20"
1. Assume a = 20 in
c=
A sf
a/2
a
20
=
= 23.5 in
1
.85
(9.17)
.003
c
(9.18-a)
c h2
.003
c
= Es sc
sc =
fsc
c
.003
c
23.5 12
.003 = 42.5 ksi > fy fsc = fy
= 29, 000
23.5
= Es
Victor Saouma
h
2
(9.18-b)
(9.18-c)
(9.18-d)
(9.18-e)
Draft
912
COLUMNS
(9.19-d)
.003
c
.003
(24 3 23.5)
=
23.5
= .000319
=
(9.20-a)
(9.20-b)
(9.20-c)
(9.20-d)
(9.21-a)
a = 20.4 in
Pn =
(9.21-c)
(9.21-d)
1, 476 k
(9.21-e)
e=h
(9.21-f)
a
1
7.9
.85
= 9.3 in
12 c
sc
12 9.3
.003 = .00087
=
9.3
= (29, 000)(0.00087) = 25.3 ksi
(9.22-a)
(9.22-b)
(9.22-c)
4. Iterate
F = 0 Pn = (.85)fc0 ab + Asc fsc
= (.85)(3)(7.9)(20) 2(1.56)(25.3)
= 403 79 = 324 k
a
M = 0 Pn (e + h/2 d ) = .85fc0 ab(d ) + A0s fy (d d0 )
2
d d0
Asc fsc (
)
2
(9.23-a)
(9.23-b)
(9.23-c)
Victor Saouma
(9.23-d)
Draft
913
Pn (24 + 9) = (.85)(3)(7.9)(20)(21
+2(1.56)(25.3)(9)
7.9
) + 4(1.56)(40)(21 3)
2
(9.23-e)
Pn = 323 k
(9.23-f)
(9.23-g)
5. Determine Mn
Mn = Pn e = (323)(24) = 7, 752 k.in = 646 k.ft
(9.24)
(9.25-a)
(9.25-b)
2. Chart parameters
e
h
=
=
e
h
(358)(12)
= 0.75
(9.26-a)
(287)(20)
h 2d0 20 (2)(2.5)
= 0.75 interpolate between A3 and A(9.26-b)
4
h
20
287
Pn
=
= 0.3
(9.26-c)
bhfc0
(12)(20)(4)
= (0.3)(0.75) = 0.225
(9.26-d)
At
bh
fy
.85fc0
)
At =
(0.4)(b)(h)(.85)(fc0 )
1
2
= 5.45 in(9.27-a)
= (0.4)(12)(20)(.85)(4)
fy
(60)
Victor Saouma
Draft
914
9.2.6
15
COLUMNS
Biaxial Bending
An exact approach entails the trial and eror determination of an inclined neutral axis, this
is an exact method but too cumbersome to use in practice.
16
17 Hence, we seek an approximate solution, the most widely used method is the load contour
method or Bresler-Parme method.
18
The failure surface of a biaxialy loaded column is shown in Fig. 9.8, and the general nondi-
Pn
M0x
111111
000000
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
M0y
Mny
Mnx
Figure 9.8: Failure Surface of a Biaxially Loaded Column
mensional equation for the moment contour at a constant Pn may be expressed as
Mny 1
Mnx 1
+
= 1.0
M0x
M0y
where
Mnx
Mny
M0x
M0y
and 1
=
=
=
=
and
Pn ey
Pn ex
Mnx capacity at axial load Pn when Mny (or ex ) is zero
Mny capacity at axial load Pn when Mnx (or ey ) is zero
2 are exponent which depend on geometry and strength.
19 Bresler suggested that we set 1 = 2 = . For practical purposes, a value of = 1.5 for
rectangular columns, and between 1.5 and 2.0 for square sections has proven acceptable.
20 An improvement of Bresler equation was devised by Parme. The main assumption is that at
any load Pn , Fig. 9.9
M0y
Mny
=
Mnx
M0x
or
Mny = M0y
Mnx = M0x ;
Victor Saouma
Draft
M 0y
915
M ny /M0y
1.0
C
M ny M
0x
C
M 0y
B
M 0y
M0x
A M
nx
M
45
0x
A
1.0
Mnx /M0x
The usual range is between 0.55 and 0.70, with a recommended value of 0.65 for design.
23
M0y
M0x
+
= 1.0
M
M0y
0x
= 12
log = log 0.5
0.5
= log
log
thus,
Mnx
M0x
log 0.5/log
+
Mny
M0y
log 0.5/log
(9.28)
= 1.0
24
25
Gouwens proposed to replace the above curves, by a bilinear model, Fig. 9.11
Review of a section
Mny
Mny
Mnx 1
Mnx
= 1 If
+
M0y
M0x
M0y
M0x
Mny
Mnx
Mnx Mny 1
+
= 1 If
M0x
M0y
M0y
M0x
Design of a column
(9.30)
M0y
Mny
M0y
1
= M0y If
M0x
Mnx
M0x
Mny
M0y
M0x
1
Mnx + Mny
= M0x If
M0y
Mnx
M0x
Mny + Mnx
Victor Saouma
(9.29)
(9.31-a)
(9.31-b)
Draft
916
COLUMNS
0.90
0.
0.8 85
0
0.7
5
0.7
0
0.6
5
0.8
0.6
be
ta
0.6
0.
55
=0
Nny/M0y
.5
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Mnx/M0x
Mnx
M ny /M 0y + M nx /M 0x (1 / ) =1
1.0
(M nx /M 0x ) +(M ny /M 0y) =1
M0y
0y
M0x
1111111
0000000
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
M ny /M
Pn
M nx /M 0x + M ny /M 0y (1 / ) =1
Mny
45
A
M nx /M 0x
1.0
Figure 9.11: Bilinear Approximation for Load Contour Design of Biaxially Loaded Columns
Victor Saouma
Draft
917
26 Note, circular or square columns with symmetric reinforcement should always be considered
first for biaxially loaded columns.
Mux
Pu
Muy
Pu
(120)(12)
= 10.0 in
144
(54)(12)
= 4.5 in
144
=
=
The interaction diagram for e = 10 in, e = 4.5 in and e = 0 will give Pn equal to 254, 486, and
952 kips respectively.
The required load Pn = 144
0.7 = 205 k, the corresponding moments are M0x = M0y = 207 k.ft
from the interaction diagram. Using = 0.65
Required Mnx
M0x
Required Mny
M0y
=
=
120
0.7
207
= 0.828
207
= 0.373
54
0.7
Mnx
M0x
log 0.5/log
Mny
M0y
1.609
+ (0.373)1.609
(0.828)
log
log 0.5/log
Mny
M0y
Mnx
M0x ,
log 0.5
log 0.65
=
=
0.943
= 1.609
Mny
M0y
0.45 which is greater than the actual value, hence the design
Mny 1
Mnx
1
+
M0x
M0y
10.65
= 0.828 + 0.1815 = 1.0095
0.828 + 0.337 0.65
which indicates a slight overstress.
We note that the approximate method is on the conservative side.
Victor Saouma
Draft
918
9.3
9.3.1
COLUMNS
Long Columns
Euler Elastic Buckling
Column buckling theory originated with Leonhard Euler in 1744. An initially straight member is concentrically loaded, and all fibers remain elastic until buckling occur.
27
28 For buckling to occur, it must be assumed that the column is slightly bent as shown in Fig.
9.12. Note, in reality no column is either perfectly straight, and in all cases a minor imperfection
x and y are
principal axes
Mz = P y
(9.32)
Recalling that
Mz
d2 y
=
2
dx
EI
upon substitution, we obtain the following differential equation
P
d2 y
=0
2
dx
EI
31
Letting k 2 =
P
EI ,
(9.34)
32
(9.33)
(9.35)
The two constants are determined by applying the essential boundary conditions
1. y = 0 at x = 0, thus B = 0
2. y = 0 at x = L, thus
A sin kL = 0
Victor Saouma
(9.36)
Draft
919
This last equation can e satisfied if: 1) A = 0, that is there is no deflection; 2) kL = 0, that is
no applied load; or 3)
kL = n
(9.37)
2
P
= n
or
Thus buckling will occur if EI
L
P =
n2 2 EI
L2
The fundamental buckling mode, i.e. a single curvature deflection, will occur for n = 1; Thus
Euler critical load for a pinned column is
33
2 EI
L2
(9.38)
2E
cr = 2
L
(9.39)
Pcr =
The corresponding critical stress is
where I = Ar.
34
Note that buckling will take place with respect to the weakest of the two axis.
9.3.2
35
Large
Effective Length
kL
r
kL
r
Pn
1
tan E
fp
Pcr
Crushing
1
tan
Buckling
(kl/r) lim
(kl/r)
Le
r
where Le is the effective length and is equal to Le = kL and r the radius of gyration (r =
37
I
A ).
Le is the distance between two adjacent (fictitious or actual) inflection points, Fig. 9.13
Victor Saouma
Draft
920
COLUMNS
P cr
P cr
Pcr
i.p.
i.p.
l/4
kl= l
2
l
2
kl=l
<kl<l
i.p.
i.p.
l/4
i.p.
i.p.
P cr
Pcr
k=1
P cr
k=1/2
1/2<k<1
Pcr
cr
cr
l
kl=21
Pcr
l<kl<
i.p.
i.p.
kl=1
Pcr
Pcr
l<kl<
i.p.
k=2
i.p.
k=1
Figure 9.14: Critical lengths of columns
Victor Saouma
Draft
921
k is known for some simple highly idealized cases, but for most cases k depends on A + B
(relative stiffnesses of columns to connected beams), Fig. 9.15
38
( EI
L )of columns
EI
( L )of floor members
(9.40)
A
( EI
ln
( EI
ln
P
( EI
ln
MA
MA
MA
MB
MB
MB
Single curvature
Double curvature
Braced
Unbraced
9.3.3
39
40 Code recommends some minimum eccentricity to account for imperfectly placed load, Fig.
9.17
41
1
P
1 1P
cr
| {z
}
Moment magnification factor
(9.41)
42 The moment magnification factor reflects the amount by which the beam moment M0 is
magnified by the presence of an axial load, Fig. 9.18
The previous equation assumes the presence of hinges at each end (Euler column). In the
most general case we will have
43
Mmax = M0
Victor Saouma
Cm
1 PPcr
(9.42-a)
Draft
922
COLUMNS
Sidesway Inhibited
50.
10.
5.
3.
Ga
1.0
0.9
2.
Sidesway Uninhibited
Gb
50.
10.
5.
3.
100.
50.
30.
20.
2.
0.8
1.
1.
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.3
0.2
Ga
0.3
0.6
20.
10.
5.
4.
10.
9.
8.
7.
6.
5.
3.
10.
9.
8.
7.
6.
5.
4.
2.
4.
3.
3.
2.
2.
1.5
0.2
1.
0.1
0.
Gb
100.
50.
30.
20.
1.
0.1
0.5
0.
1.
Victor Saouma
Draft
923
P
P
P 0(max)
P cr
M
Pu
in
Pn
em
Pu
Pu e
M
0
M c = M 2
kl/r
Mc
>0
<0
Cm < 1
Cm =1
44
45
M1
.4
M2
(9.42-b)
ACI Code
Lu
k 1.0
k 1.0
r = .3h
r = .25d
M1
kLu
r < 34 12 M2
kLu
r < 22
(9.43)
(9.44)
Pcr =
(9.45)
Cm
(9.46)
EI =
or EI =
d =
Ec Ig
5
+ Es Is
1 + d
Ec Ig
2.5
1 + d
MD
1.4PDL
=
M D + ML
1.4PDL + 1.7PLL
(9.47)
(9.48)
(9.49)
d is the ratio of maximum design load moment to maximum design total load moment (always
Victor Saouma
Draft
924
COLUMNS
22
= 13.17 ft
12
r = .25d = (.25)(14 in) = 3.5 in
p
p
Ec = 57, 000 fc0 = 57, 000 5, 000 = 4, 030 ksi
(14)4
d4
=
= 1, 886 in4
Ig =
64
64
Lu = 15 ft
EIcol =
Ec Ig
2.5
1+d
d = 0
EI
L
1
= 3, 040, 000 k in2
2.5
3, 040, 000
= 16, 890 k.in
(15)(12)
=
c
Ig
(14)(22)3 1
Ibeam = Icr '
=
= 6, 210 in4
2
12
2
EI
(4, 030)(6, 210)
=
= 52, 140 k.in
L beam
(12)(40)
(EI/L)col
(16, 890)
= .162
=
A =
(EI/L)beam
2(52, 140)
bottom column I =
(16)4
64
(9.50-a)
(9.50-b)
(9.50-c)
(9.50-d)
(9.51-a)
(9.52-a)
(9.52-b)
(9.52-c)
(9.52-d)
= 3, 217 in4
EI =
EI
=
L col
B =
(9.53-a)
(9.53-b)
(9.53-c)
(.65)(13.16)(12)
= 29.3
3.5
(9.54-a)
= 34 12 = 22 assuming M1 = M2
(9.54-b)
(9.54-c)
Draft
925
2 EI
2 (3, 040, 000)
=
= 2, 848 k
2
(kl)
[(.65)(13.16)(12)]2
M1
=1
CM = .6 + .4
M2
1
1
=
=
= 1.3
500
Pu
1 (.75)(2,848)
1 Pcr
Pcr =
(9.54-d)
(9.54-e)
(9.54-f)
Lu =18
L
3
l =43.3in
111
000
000
111
000
111
111
000
000
111
000
111
Solution:
(9.55-a)
(9.55-b)
(9.55-c)
22"
Victor Saouma
Draft
926
COLUMNS
If
Is
Ec
224
= 19, 500 in4
12
= (2)(.015)(22)2 (8.5)2 = 1, 050 in4
p
= 57, 000 4, 000 = 3.6 106 psi
=
(9.56-a)
(9.56-b)
(9.56-c)
Es = 29 10 ksi
6
EI =
=
EIc
L
EIb
L
kL
r
+ Es Is
1 + d
(3.6106 )(19,500)
5
(9.56-e)
3.59 1010
= 1.66 108
12 18
(9.56-f)
(9.56-g)
AtA&B =
if
(9.56-d)
Ec Ig
5
2(1.66 108 )
= 2.13 from ACI commentary k = 1.65
1.56 108
(9.56-h)
= 22 neglect slenderness
r = (.3)(22) = 6.6 in
kL
(1.65)(18)(12)
=
= 54 > 22
r
6.6
2 EI
2 (3.59 1010 )
=
= 279 106 lbs
Pcr =
(kL)2
[(1.65)(18)(12)]2
Pu = 2.24 105 lb
Cm = 1.0(unbraced)
1
Moment Magnification =
=
Pu
1 P
1
cr
= 1.13
(9.57-a)
(9.57-b)
(9.57-c)
(9.57-d)
(9.57-e)
1
(2.24105 )
(.7)(2.79106 )
(9.57-f)
(9.57-g)
Moment for which the column is to be designed (1.13) (520) = 587 k.ft and Pu = 224
Victor Saouma
Draft
Chapter 10
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
10.1
Introduction
Beams with longer spans are architecturally more appealing than those with short ones.
However, for a reinforced concrete beam to span long distances, it would have to have to be
relatively deep (and at some point the self weight may become too large relative to the live
load), or higher grade steel and concrete must be used.
1
However, if we were to use a steel with fy much higher than 60 ksi in reinforced concrete
(R/C), then to take full advantage of this higher yield stress while maintaining full bond between
concrete and steel, will result in unacceptably wide crack widths. Large crack widths will in
turn result in corrosion of the rebars and poor protection against fire.
One way to control the concrete cracking and reduce the tensile stresses in a beam is to
prestress the beam by applying an initial state of stress which is opposite to the one which will
be induced by the load.
3
For a simply supported beam, we would then seek to apply an initial tensile stress at the
top and compressive stress at the bottom. In prestressed concrete (P/C) this can be achieved
through prestressing of a tendon placed below the elastic neutral axis.
4
5 Main advantages of P/C: Economy, deflection & crack control, durability, fatigue strength,
longer spans.
6
Pretensioning: Steel is first stressed, concrete is then poured around the stressed bars. When
enough concrete strength has been reached the steel restraints are released, Fig. 10.1.
Postensioning: Concrete is first poured, then when enough strength has been reached a steel
cable is passed thru a hollow core inside and stressed, Fig. 10.2.
10.1.1
Materials
7 P/C beams usually have higher compressive strength than R/C. Prestressed beams can have
fc0 as high as 8,000 psi.
8
The importance of high yield stress for the steel is illustrated by the following simple example.
Draft
102
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Vertical
bulkhead
Harping
hold-up
point
Harping
hold-down
point
Jacks
Anchorage
Prestressing
bed slab
Continuous
tendon
Precast Concrete
element
Tendon
anchorage
Jacks
Support
force
Casting bed
Jacks
Tendon
Casting bed
Hold-down
force
Anchorage
Anchorage
Intermediate
diaphragms
Jack
Beam
Jack
Tendon in conduct
Anchorage
Jack
Slab
Wrapped tendon
Victor Saouma
Draft
10.1 Introduction
103
(10.1)
we want to make sure that this amout of deformation is substantially smaller than the
stretch of the steel (for prestressing to be effective).
5. Assuming ordinary steel: fs = 30 ksi, Es = 29, 000 ksi, s =
30
29,000
304
30
(10.2)
9. Alternatively if initial stress was 150 ksi after losses we would be left with 124 ksi or a
17% loss.
10. Note that the actual loss is (.90 103 )(29 103 ) = 26 ksi in each case
9
Having shown that losses would be too high for low strength steel, we will use
Strands usually composed of 7 wires. Grade 250 or 270 ksi, Fig. 10.3.
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
00000
11111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
00000
11111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
00000
11111
000000
111111
000000
111111
00000
11111
000000
000000
111111
00000111111
11111
000000
111111
000000
111111
00000
11111
000000
111111
000000
111111
00000
11111
000000
000000
111111
00000111111
11111
000000
111111
000000
111111
00000
11111
00000
11111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
00000
11111
00000
11111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
00000
11111
00000
11111
000000
111111
000000
111111
00000
11111
000000
111111
00000
11111
000000
111111
00000
11111
000000
111111
00000
11111
000000
111111
00000
11111
000000
111111
00000
11111
000000
111111
00000
11111
000000
111111
11111
00000
000000
111111
fp
log t fpi
=1
.55
(10.3)
fpi
10
fpy
10
Victor Saouma
Draft
104
10.1.2
11
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Prestressing Forces
10.1.3
12
Assumptions
I
c1 ,
S2 =
I
c2 ,
(section modulus)
10.1.4
Tendon Configuration
13 Through proper arrangement of the tendon (eccentricity at both support and midspan)
various internal flexural stress distribution can be obtained, Fig. 10.4.
10.1.5
Equivalent Load
An equivalent load for prestressing can be usually determined from the tendon configuration
and the prestressing force, Fig. 10.5.
14
10.1.6
15
Load Deformation
The load-deformation curve for a prestressed concrete beam is illustrated in Fig. 10.6.
Victor Saouma
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
111
000
fy
fc
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
fc
fc
1111
0000
fc =f t
0000
1111
0000
+ 1111
1111
0000
0000
1111
2f c
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
11
00
2f c
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
0
None
P cos
2P sin
h/2
2f c
00000000
11111111
00000000
11111111
+
00000000
11111111
=
00000000
11111111
11111111
00000000
2f =2f
t
c
0
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
111
000
2f c
P cos
P cos
Q
P
2h/3
fc
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
11
00
00
11
2f c
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
0
fc
00
11
00
11
00
11
11
00
00
11
fc
P
h/2
Midspan
1111
0000
ft =f c
0000
1111
+ 0000
1111
0000
1111
f
0000
1111
c
1111
0000
0
2f c
000 11111111
111
00000000
11111111
000
111
00000000
000
111
00000000
11111111
+
000 11111111
111
00000000
11111111
=
000
111
00000000
000
111
00000000
11111111
2f c
2f =2f
t
c
fc
Midspan
00
11
00
11
=
0
00 +
11
00
11
00
11
Ends
fc
0
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
111
000
2f c
fc
fc
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
fc
(g)
P
2Q
h/3
h/2
Ends
2Q
Q
P
fc
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
fc
None
(f)
P
P sin
P P sin
P cos
P
(e)
P
P
h/3
P cos
M
P sin
M P sin
P
(d)
P
e
P sin
P sin
(b)
P cos
2P sin
P cos
P
Pe
Pe
P
P
e
(c)
P
P cos
P
P
P sin
P
Member
P sin
(a)
P
Victor Saouma
105
Draft
10.1 Introduction
Figure 10.4: Alternative Schemes for Prestressing a Rectangular Concrete Beam, (Nilson 1978)
Draft
106
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Load
Ru
ptu
Steel yielding
Service load limit
including
tolerable overload
Overload
re
Tn
Service
load
range
Decompression
or higher
cgs (f=0)
Balanced
Full dead load
Deformation
(deflection of camber)
pe
pi
Figure 10.6: Load-Deflection Curve and Corresponding Internal Flexural Stresses for a Typical
Prestressed Concrete Beam, (Nilson 1978)
10.2
16
Flexural Stresses
I
Ac )
=
Ac
I
Ac
f1 =
f2
ec1
r2
ec2
1+ 2
r
1
(10.4)
(10.5)
2. Pi and the self weight of the beam M0 (which has to be acconted for the moment
the beam cambers due to prestressing)
ec1 M0
Pi
1 2
f1 =
(10.6)
Ac
r
S1
Pi
ec2 M0
(10.7)
f2 =
1+ 2 +
Ac
r
S2
Service Load when the prestressing force was reduced from Pi to Pe beacause of the losses,
and the actual service (not factored) load is apllied
3. Pe and M0
Victor Saouma
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 4
c1
c2
Pi
Ac
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
11
00
Pi
Ac
e c1
)
r2
e c2
)
r2
Mo
e c1
)
r2
S
Pi
(1+
Ac
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
111111111
000000000
Pi
(1
Ac
Pe
(1
Ac
e c2
Mo
)+
r2
S2
1
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
111111
000000
Pe
(1+
Ac
Pi e c 1
Ic
Pi e c 2
Ic
Mo
S1
Pi
(1
Ac
e c1
)
r2
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
000000000
111111111
111111111
000000000
e c2
)
r2
Mo
e c1
)
r2
S1
Pi
(1+
Ac
Pi
(1
Ac
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
000000
111111
111111
000000
e c1
Mt
)
r2
S1
e c2
Mo
)+
r2
S2
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
000
111
111
000
Pe
(1+
Ac
e c2
Mt
)+
r2
S2
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
11111
00000
Pe
(1
Ac
Pi
(1+
Ac
Md + Ml
S
Mo
S2
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
11111
00000
Md + Ml
S2
1
0000000000
1111111111
0000000000
1111111111
0000000000
1111111111
0000000000
1111111111
0000000000
1111111111
0000000000
1111111111
0000000000
1111111111
0000000000
1111111111
0000000000
1111111111
0000000000
1111111111
0000000000
1111111111
0000000000
1111111111
0000000000
1111111111
0000000000
1111111111
0000000000
1111111111
1111111111
0000000000
Victor Saouma
(10.9)
ec1
r2
ec2
1+ 2 +
r
f1 =
(10.10)
(10.11)
r2
S1
f1 =
(10.8)
1
M0
S1
M0
S2
Pe
Ac
Pe
=
Ac
f2
Pe
Ac
Pe
=
Ac
f2
107
10.2 Flexural Stresses
Draft
The internal stress distribution at each one of those four stages is illustrated by Fig. 10.7.
Figure 10.7: Flexural Stress Distribution for a Beam with Variable Eccentricity; Maximum
Moment Section and Support Section, (Nilson 1978)
Draft
108
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
17 Those (service) flexural stresses must be below those specified by the ACI code (where the
subscripts c, t, i and s refer to compression, tension, initial and service respectively):
0
fci permitted concrete compression stress at initial stage .60fp
ci
fti permitted concrete tensile stress at initial stage
< 3 fci0
0
fcs permitted concrete compressive stress at service stage .45f
pc
p
fts permitted concrete tensile stress at initial stage
6 fc0 or 12 fc0
p
Note that fts can reach 12 fc0 only if appropriate deflection analysis is done, because section
would be cracked.
18
Full prestressing (pioneered by Freysinet), no tensile stresses, no crack, but there are some
problems with excessive camber when unloaded.
Partial prestressing (pioneered by Leonhardt, Abeles, Thurliman), cracks are allowed to
occur (just as in R/C), and they are easier to control in P/C than in R/C.
The ACI code imposes the following limits on the steel stresses in terms of fpu which is the
ultimate strength of the cable: Pj < .80fpu As and Pi < .70fpu As . No limits are specified for
Pe .
19
2"
7"
4"
6"
24"
7"
6"
2"
5"
4"
The section properties for this beam are Ic = 12, 000 in4 , Ac = 176 in2 , S1 = S2 = 1, 000 in3 ,
= AI = 68.2 in2 .
Determine flexural stresses at midspan and at support at initial and final conditions.
Solution:
r2
ec1
Pi
1 2
Ac
r
(10.12-a)
Draft
f2
109
(5.19)(12)
169, 000
1
= 83 psi
=
176
68.2
ec2
Pi
1+ 2
=
Ac
r
169, 000
(5.19)(12)
=
1+
= 1, 837 psi
176
68.21
(10.12-b)
(10.12-c)
(10.12-d)
2. Pi and the self weight of the beam M0 (which has to be acconted for the moment the
beam cambers due to prestressing)
w0 =
M0 =
(176) in2
(.150) k/ ft3 = .183 k/ft
(144) in2 / ft2
(.183)(40)2
= 36.6 k.ft
8
(10.13-a)
(10.13-b)
M0
(36.6)(12, 000)
=
= 439 psi
S1,2
1, 000
Pi
ec1 M0
1 2
Ac
r
S1
83 439 = 522 psi
p
3 fc0 = +190
Pi
ec2 M0
1+ 2 +
Ac
r
S2
1, 837 + 439 = 1, 398 psi
.6fc0 = 2, 400
(10.14)
f1 =
(10.15-a)
(10.15-b)
fti =
f2 =
=
fci =
(10.15-c)
(10.15-d)
(10.15-e)
(10.15-f)
3. Pe and M0 . If we have 15% losses, then the effective force Pe is equal to (1 0.15)169 =
144 k
Pe
ec1 M0
f1 =
(10.16-a)
1 2
Ac
r
S1
(5.19)(12)
144, 000
1
439
(10.16-b)
=
176
68.2
f2
144, 000
(5.19)(12)
=
1+
+ 439
176
68.2
(10.16-d)
(10.16-f)
(10.16-c)
(10.16-e)
note that 71 and 1, 561 are respectively equal to (0.85)(83) and (0.85)(1, 837)
respectively.
Victor Saouma
Draft
1010
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
(10.17)
(110)(12, 000)
= 1, 320 psi
1, 000
(10.18)
MDL + MLL =
and corresponding stresses
f1,2 =
Thus,
Pe
ec1 M0 + MDL + MLL
1 2
Ac
r
S1
510 1, 320 = 1, 830 psi
.45fc0 = 2, 700
Pe
ec2 M0 + MDL + MLL
1+ 2 +
Ac
r
S2
1, 122 + 1, 320 = +198 psi
p
6 fc0 = +380
f1 =
(10.19-a)
(10.19-b)
fcs =
f2 =
=
fts =
(10.19-c)
(10.19-d)
(10.19-e)
(10.19-f)
+198
10.3
2
-1122
1
-1398
-1837
-83
-510
-522
-1830
5. The stress distribution at each one of the four stages is shown below.
Victor Saouma
Draft
1011
80 ft
CENTER
LINE
9.25
44
ROAD
9.25
SIDEWALK
TRANSVERSE DIAPHRAGMS
52"
10"
3"
7"
TRANSVERSE DIAPHRAGM
10"
7"
3-3"
6-7"
SLOTS FOR CABLES
6 1/2"
3 1/2"
7"
30"
Victor Saouma
Draft
1012
10.3.1
21
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Cross-Section Properties
8.9"
22.5"
7"
22.5"
6-7"
= 79"
61.2"
8.9"
#
79 8.9 2
(7)(61.2)3
(52)(8.9)3
+ (52)(8.9)
I = 2
+
12
2
2
12
c1 = c2
S1 = S2
r2
10.3.2
(10.20-a)
(10.20-b)
(10.20-c)
(10.20-d)
(10.20-e)
(10.20-f)
Prestressing
22 Each beam is prestressed by two middle parabolic cables, and two outer horizontal ones
along the flanges. All four have approximately the same eccentricity at midspan of 2.65 ft. or
31.8 inch.
23 Each prestressing cable is made up 64 wires each with a diameter of 0.27 inches. Thus the
total area of prestressing steel is given by:
0.276 in 2
) = 0.0598 in2
2
(10.21-a)
Draft
1013
(10.21-b)
(10.21-c)
24 Whereas the ultimate tensile strength of the steel used is 247 ksi, the cables have been
stressed only to 131 ksi, thus the initial prestressing force Pi is equal to
10.3.3
26
(10.22)
(10.23)
Loads
The concrete (density=.15 k/ ft3 ) road has a thickness of 0.45 feet. Thus for a 44 foot width,
the total load over one single beam is
1
qr,tot = (44) ft(0.45) ft(0.15) k/ ft3 = 0.23 k/ft
(10.24)
13
27
Similarly for the sidewalks which are 9.25 feet wide and 0.6 feet thick:
1
(10.25)
qs,tot = (2)(9.25) ft(0.60) ft(0.15) k/ ft3 = 0.13 k/ft
13
We note that the weight can be evenly spread over the 13 beams beacause of the lateral
diaphragms.
28
29
(10.26)
30 The live load is created by the traffic, and is estimated to be 94 psf, thus over a width of
62.5 feet this gives a uniform live load of
1
wLL = (0.094) k/f t2 (62.5) ft = 0.45 k/ft
(10.27)
13
31
10.3.4
(10.28)
Flexural Stresses
Pi
ec1
1 2
Ac
r
6
(31.8)(39.5)
(2 10 )
1
= 490. psi
=
1, 354
943.
ec2
Pi
1+ 2
=
Ac
r
(2 106 )
(31.8)(39.5)
=
1+
= 3, 445. psi
1, 354
943.
f1 =
f2
Victor Saouma
(10.29-a)
(10.29-b)
(10.29-c)
(10.29-d)
Draft
1014
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
2. Pi and the self weight of the beam M0 (which has to be acconted for the moment the
beam cambers due to prestressing)
(1.72)(160)2
= 5, 504 k.ft
8
The flexural stresses will thus be equal to:
w0
f1,2
=
M0 =
(10.30)
M0
(5, 50.4)(12, 000)
=
= 2, 043 psi
S1,2
943.
(10.31)
Pi
ec1 M0
1 2
Ac
r
S1
490 2, 043 = 1, 553 psi
p
3 fc0 = +190
ec2 M0
Pi
1+ 2 +
Ac
r
S2
3, 445 + 2, 043 = 1, 402. psi
.6fc0 = 2, 400
f1 =
(10.32-a)
(10.32-b)
fti =
f2 =
=
fci =
(10.32-c)
(10.32-d)
(10.32-e)
(10.32-f)
3. Pe and M0 . If we have 13% losses, then the effective force Pe is equal to (10.13)(2106 ) =
1.74 106 lbs
ec1 M0
Pe
1 2
f1 =
(10.33-a)
Ac
r
S1
1.74 106
(31.8)(39.5)
(10.33-b)
=
1
2, 043. = 1, 616 psi
1, 354
943.
Pe
ec2 M0
f2 =
(10.33-c)
1+ 2 +
Ac
r
S2
(31.8)(39.5)
1.74 106
1+
+ 2, 043. = 954. psi
(10.33-d)
=
1, 354
943.
4. Pe and M0 + MDL + MLL
MDL + MLL =
(0.81)(160)2
= 2, 592 k.ft
8
(10.34)
.45fc0 = 2, 700
ec2 M0 + MDL + MLL
Pe
1+ 2 +
Ac
r
S2
954 + 962. = +8. psi
p
6 fc0 = +380
(10.35)
f1 =
(10.36-a)
(10.36-b)
fcs =
f2 =
=
fts =
Victor Saouma
(10.36-c)
(10.36-d)
(10.36-e)
(10.36-f)
Draft
Victor Saouma
1015
Draft
Bibliography
Billington, D. and Mark, R.: 1983, Structural studies, Technical report, Department of Civil
Engineering, Princeton University.
Nilson, A.: 1978, Design of Prestressed Concrete, John Wiley and Sons.