KOMPENDIUM PERANGKAAN ALAM SEKITAR KOMPENDIUM PERANGKAAN ALAM SEKITAR

COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS

MALAYSIA 2011 MALAYSIA 2011
ISSN 1511-3396
JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA
KOMPENDIUM PERANGKAAN ALAM SEKITAR KOMPENDIUM PERANGKAAN ALAM SEKITAR
COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS
MALAYSIA 2011 MALAYSIA 2011
JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA
i
KATA PENGANTAR
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar Malaysia 2011 merupakan terbitan ketiga belas oleh
Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.
Kompendium ini membentangkan data berkaitan alam sekitar, impak aktiviti manusia ke atas
alam sekitar dan langkah yang diambil untuk mengurangkan impak tersebut. Ia
memfokuskan maklumat alam sekitar mengikut empat isu utama iaitu Udara/Atmosfera,
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik (Darat dan Marin), Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial dan Alam Sekitar
Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk.
Penerbitan ini merupakan satu usaha ke arah pembangunan pangkalan data alam sekitar
selaras dengan peranan Jabatan sebagai pusat penyimpanan perangkaan alam sekitar.
Jadual dan carta statistik yang terperinci dimuatkan dalam laporan ini bagi memudahkan
pengguna menganalisis data.
Jabatan ingin merakamkan penghargaan kepada semua pihak yang telah memberikan
kerjasama dan bantuan dalam membekalkan data yang diperlukan. Ulasan dan cadangan
ke arah memperbaiki laporan ini pada masa hadapan amatlah dihargai.
DR. HJ. ABDUL RAHMAN B. HASAN
Ketua Perangkawan Malaysia
Disember 2011
ii
PREFACE
The Compendium of Environment Statistics Malaysia 2011 is the thirteenth issue released
by the Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
This compendium is to publish data pertaining to environment, impacts of human activities
on the environment and actions taken to minimise the impact. The report focuses on four
main environmental issues namely Air/Atmosphere, Water/Aquatic Environment (Inland and
Marine), Land/Terrestrial Environment and Urban Environment/Human Settlements.
This publication is an effort towards the development of a database for environmental
statistics in tandem with the Departments role as a central repository for environment
statistics. Detailed statistical tables and charts are presented in this compendium to facilitate
analyses by users.
The Department would like to express gratitude to all parties concerned for their
co-operation and assistance in providing the required data. Comments and suggestions
towards improving future reports would be greatly appreciated.
DR. HJ . ABDUL RAHMAN B. HASAN
Chief Statistician, Malaysia
December 2011
iii
KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
KATA PENGANTAR
PREFACE
SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS
SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES
SENARAI PETA
LIST OF MAPS
SENARAI LAMPIRAN
LIST OF APPENDICES
SIMBOL/AKRONIM
SYMBOLS/ACRONYMS
PETUNJUK PENTING
KEY INDICATORS
RANGKA KERJA KOMPENDIUM
FRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPENDIUM
BAB
CHAPTER
SATU: UDARA/ATMOSFERA
ONE: AIR/ATMOSPHERE
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Iklim
Climate
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Taburan hujan
Rainfall distribution
- Min kelembapan relatif
Mean relative humidity
B. KEADAAN
THE STATE
B.1 Status kualiti udara
Air quality status
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Indeks Pencemaran Udara
Air Pollutant Index
B.2 Bahan pencemar udara
Air pollutants
- Ozon
Ground level ozone
- Plumbum
Lead
- Karbon Monoksida
Carbon Monoxide
- Sulfur Dioksida
Sulphur Dioxide
Muka Surat
Page
i
xi
xvii
xxiii
xxv
xxvii
xxix
xxxiii
3
10
16
1
2
1
iv
- Nitrogen Dioksida
Nitrogen Dioxide
- Habuk Halus
Particulate Matter
C. TEKANAN
THE PRESSURE
C.1 Punca pencemaran udara
Sources of air pollution
C.2 Pelepasan dari punca utama
Emission of pollutants from main sources
- Punca bergerak
Mobile sources
- Punca tetap
Stationary sources
D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR
RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
D.1 Adaptasi iklim: Melindungi negara daripada risiko
perubahan iklim
Climate adaptation: Protecting the nation from the risks
of climate change
D.2 Mengurang pelepasan untuk meningkatkan kualiti udara
Reducing emissions to improve air quality
BAB
CHAPTER
DUA: ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: DARAT
TWO: WATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: INLAND
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Pengenalan
Introduction
A.2 Sumber air
Water resources
B. KEADAAN
THE STATE
B.1 Kualiti air sungai
River water quality
- Pengkelasan air
Water classification
- Indeks Kualiti Air
Water Quality Index
B.2 Status kualiti air sungai
River water quality status
- Ammoniakal Nitrogen
Ammoniacal Nitrogen
- Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Muka Surat
Page
21
22
23
24
27
27
31
31
32
33
2
v
- Pepejal Terampai
Suspended Solids
- Logam berat
Heavy metals
C. TEKANAN
THE PRESSURE
C.1 Punca pencemaran air
Sources of water pollution
C.2 Sumber air mentah
Raw water resources
C.3 Air permukaan
Surface water
- Pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar
Freshwater aquaculture production
C.4 Penggunaan baja
The use of fertilisers
- Baja
Fertilisers
D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR
RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
D.1 Pengurusan sumber dan bekalan air
Managing water endowment and supply
D.2 Program Satu Negeri Satu Sungai
One State One River Programme
BAB
CHAPTER
TIGA: ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: MARIN
THREE: WATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: MARINE
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Persekitaran marin
Marine environment
B. KEADAAN
THE STATE
B.1 Kualiti air marin
Marine water quality
- Jumlah Pepejal Terampai
Total Suspended Solids
- Minyak dan Gris
Oil and Grease
- Bakteria kolifom
Escherichia coli
- Logam berat
Heavy metals
Muka Surat
Page
35
35
36
36
37
38
39
40
43
44
3
vi
C. TEKANAN
THE PRESSURE
C.1 Tumpahan minyak
Oil spills
- Pengendalian kargo
Cargo throughput
D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR
RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
D.1 Zon Industri Akuakultur (ZIA)
Aquaculture Industrial Zone (ZIA)
BAB
CHAPTER
EMPAT: TANAH/ALAM SEKITAR TERESTRIAL
FOUR: LAND/TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Lokasi
Location
- Topografi
Topography
A.2 Tanah bencah
Wetlands
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Definisi
Definition
- Jenis tanah bencah
Type of wetlands
- Hutan paya gambut
Peat swamp forest
- Hutan paya laut
Mangrove forest
A.3 Kepelbagaian biologi daratan
Terrestrial biodiversity
- Megakepelbagaian
Megadiversity
- Kepelbagaian biologi
Biological diversity
- Flora dan fauna
Flora and fauna
B. KEADAAN
THE STATE
B.1 Keadaan alam sekitar daratan
Status of the terrestrial environment
- Kawasan perlindungan/kawasan simpanan
Protected areas/preserved areas
- Taman Laut
Marine Parks
B.2 Perhutanan
Forestry
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Kawasan berhutan
Forested area
Muka Surat
Page
52
53
57
58
61
62
63
4
vii
C. TEKANAN
THE PRESSURE
C.1 Aktiviti yang memberi kesan kepada tanah di Malaysia
Activities that affect land in Malaysia
- Kesan pembangunan tanah hutan
Effects on development of forest land
C.2 Sumber hutan
Forestry resources
- Pengusahasilan hutan
Forest harvesting
C.3 Pertanian
Agriculture
- Pengenalan
Introduction
C.4 Pembuatan
Manufacturing
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian
Industrial Production Index
- Pengeluaran simen
Production of cement
C.5 Perlombongan
Mining
- Pengenalan
Introduction
C.6 Tenaga
Energy
- Penjanaan tenaga elektrik
Electricity generated
- Penjanaan elektrik campuran
Generation electricity mix
D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR
RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
D.1 Pengurusan hutan
Forest management
- Pemuliharaan hutan paya laut
Conservation of mangrove forest
- Kempen Menanam 26 juta pokok
The Planting of 26 million Trees Campaign
Muka Surat
Page
64
64
66
67
68
68
71
viii
BAB
CHAPTER
LIMA: ALAM SEKITAR BANDAR/PENEMPATAN PENDUDUK
FIVE: URBAN ENVIRONMENT/HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Trend kependudukan
Population trend
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Saiz penduduk
Population size
- Kepadatan penduduk
Population density
- Struktur umur
Age structure
- Nisbah jantina
Sex ratio
- Piramid penduduk
Population pyramid
A.2 Kemudahan perubatan
Medical facilities
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Kemudahan kesihatan
Health facilities
- Personel perubatan
Medical personnel
B. KEADAAN
THE STATE
B.1 Buangan terjadual
Scheduled waste
- Buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan
Scheduled waste generated
- Peratusan dihasilkan mengikut kategori
Percentage generated by category
- Buangan klinikal
Clinical waste
B.2 Kemalangan
Accidents
- Kemalangan jalan raya
Road accident
B.3 Status kesihatan
Health status
i. Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air
Food and Water Borne Diseases
- Tifoid
Typhoid
- Keracunan makanan
Food poisoning
Muka Surat
Page
75
79
83
86
87
5
ix
ii. Penyakit bawaan vektor
Vector borne diseases
- Malaria
- Demam denggi dan denggi berdarah
Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever
C. TEKANAN
THE PRESSURE
C.1 Tekanan ke atas alam sekitar bandar
Pressure on the urban environment
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Tahap urbanisasi
Urbanisation level
C.2 Migrasi
Migration
C.3 Pengangkutan
Transportation
- Pengenalan
Introduction
- Pengangkutan udara
Air transport
D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR
RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
D.1 Klinik 1Malaysia
The 1Malaysia Clinic
D.2 Eksport buangan terjadual
Export of scheduled waste
D.3 Pengangkutan rel bandar
Urban rail transportation
JADUAL
TABLES
PETA
MAPS
LAMPIRAN
APPENDICES
GLOSARI
GLOSSARY
Muka Surat
Page
89
91
92
93
94
94
95
101
193
201
231
xi
Carta Senarai Carta Muka Surat
Chart List of Chart Page
Bab 1: Udara/Atmosfera
Chapter 1: Air/Atmosphere
1.1 Jumlah hujan di 24 stesen kaji cuaca utama terpilih, Malaysia, 20062011 4
Total rainfall at 24 selected principal meteorological stations, Malaysia, 20062011
1.2 Jumlah hujan tahunan di 24 stesen kaji cuaca utama terpilih, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010 5
Annual total rainfall at 24 selected principal meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2009 and 2010
1.3 Stesen yang menerima hujan melebihi 3,000 mm dan bilangan hari hujan, 2010 6
Stations that received rainfall over 3,000 mm and number of rainy days, 2010
a. Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Labuan
Labuan International Airport
b. Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuching, Sarawak
Kuching International Airport, Sarawak
c. Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Kota Kinabalu International Airport, Sabah
d. Lapangan Terbang Sultan Azlan Shah, Perak
Sultan Azlan Shah Airport, Perak
e. Lapangan Terbang Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah, Subang, Selangor
Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, Subang, Selangor
1.4a Jumlah hari hujan di stesen kaji cuaca utama terpilih, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010 8
Total number of rainy days at selected principal meteorological stations, Peninsular
Malaysia, 2009 and 2010
1.4b Jumlah hari hujan di stesen kaji cuaca utama terpilih, Sabah dan Sarawak, 2009 dan 2010 9
Total number of rainy days at selected principal meteorological stations, Sabah and Sarawak
2009 and 2010
1.5 Min kelembapan relatif di 24 stesen kaji cuaca utama terpilih, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010 10
Mean relative humidity at 24 selected principal meteorological stations, Malaysia,
2009 and 2010
1.6a Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Johor, 2010 11
Air quality status by station, Johor, 2010
1.6b Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Kedah dan Perlis, 2010 12
Air quality status by station, Kedah and Perlis, 2010
1.6c Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Kelantan, 2010 12
Air quality status by station, Kelantan, 2010
1.6d Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Melaka, 2010 12
Air quality status by station, Melaka, 2010
1.6e Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Negeri Sembilan, 2010 13
Air quality status by station, Negeri Sembilan, 2010
1.6f Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Pahang, 2010 13
Air quality status by station, Pahang, 2010
1.6g Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Perak, 2010 13
Air quality status by station, Perak, 2010
1.6h Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Pulau Pinang, 2010 14
Air quality status by station, Pulau Pinang, 2010
xii
Carta Senarai Carta Muka Surat
Chart List of Chart Page
1.6i Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Sabah, 2010 14
Air quality status by station, Sabah, 2010
1.6j Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Sarawak, 2010 14
Air quality status by station, Sarawak, 2010
1.6k Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Selangor, 2010 15
Air quality status by station, Selangor, 2010
1.6l Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Terengganu, 2010 15
Air quality status by station, Terengganu, 2010
1.6m Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2010 15
Air quality status by station, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2010
1.7 Bilangan hari bagi status kualiti udara Tidak Sihat mengikut stesen, Malaysia, 2010 16
Numbers of days for Unhealthy air quality status by station, Malaysia, 2010
1.8 Purata tahunan kepekatan O
3
mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2010 17
Average annual concentration of O
3
by land use, Malaysia, 2010
1.9 Purata tahunan kepekatan Pb di udara, W.P. Kuala Lumpur, 20062010 18
Annual average concentration of Pb in the air, W.P. Kuala Lumpur, 20062010
1.10 Purata tahunan kepekatan CO mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2010 19
Average annual concentration of CO by land use, Malaysia, 2010
1.11 Purata tahunan kepekatan SO
2
mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2010 20
Average annual concentration of SO
2
by land use, Malaysia, 2010
1.12 Purata tahunan kepekatan NO
2
mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2010 21
Average annual concentration of NO2 by land use, Malaysia, 2010
1.13 Purata tahunan kepekatan PM
10
mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2010 22
Average annual concentration of PM
10
by land use, Malaysia, 2010
1.14 Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut punca, Malaysia, 2010 23
Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by source, Malaysia, 2010
1.15 Pelepasan mengikut bahan pencemar ke udara, Malaysia, 2010 24
Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere, Malaysia, 2010
1.16 Jumlah pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada punca bergerak, Malaysia, 24
2009 dan 2010
Total emission of pollutants to the atmosphere from mobile sources, Malaysia,
2009 and 2010
1.17 Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada punca tetap melalui stesen janakuasa, 25
Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010
Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere from stationary sources through power plants,
Malaysia, 2009 and 2010
1.18 Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada punca tetap melalui industri, Malaysia, 2010 26
Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere from stationary sources through industries,
Malaysia, 2010
xiii
Carta Senarai Carta Muka Surat
Chart List of Chart Page
Bab 2: Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Darat
Chapter 2: Water/Aquatic Environment: Inland
2.1 Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar NH
3
-N, Malaysia, 20062010 33
Status of river water quality based on NH
3
-N pollutant, Malaysia, 20062010
2.2 Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar BOD
5
, Malaysia, 20062010 34
Status of river water quality based on BOD
5
pollutant , Malaysia, 20062010
2.3 Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar SS, Malaysia, 20062010 35
Status of river water quality based on SS pollutant, Malaysia, 20062010
2.4 Anggaran jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 20072011 37
Estimated of t otal freshwater aquaculture production, Malaysia, 20072011
2.5 Anggaran jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar mengikut sistem ternakan, Malaysia, 38
2010 dan 2011
Estimated of t otal freshwater aquaculture production by culture system, Malaysia,
2010 and 2011
Bab 3: Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Marin
Chapter 3: Water/Aquatic Environment: Marine
3.1 Anggaran pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar dan air payau/masin, Malaysia, 20072011 43
Estimated of freshwater and brackishwater/marine aquaculture production, Malaysia, 20072011
3.2a Purata kepekatan TSS berdasarkan MWQCS di kawasan pantai, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010 45
Average concentration of TSS based on MWQCS at coastal area, Malaysia, 2009 and 2010
3.2b Purata kepekatan TSS berdasarkan MWQCS di kawasan muara, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010 45
Average concentration of TSS based on MWQCS at estuary area, Malaysia, 2009 and 2010
3.3a Purata kepekatan O&G berdasarkan MWQCS di kawasan pantai, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010 46
Average concentration of O&G based on MWQCS at coastal area, Malaysia, 2009 and 2010
3.3b Purata kepekatan O&G berdasarkan MWQCS di kawasan muara, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010 46
Average concentration of O&G based on MWQCS at estuary area, Malaysia, 2009 and 2010
3.4a Purata kepekatan E.coli berdasarkan MWQCS di kawasan pantai, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010 47
Average concentration of E.coli based on MWQCS at coastal area, Malaysia, 2009 and 2010
3.4b Purata kepekatan E.coli berdasarkan MWQCS di kawasan muara, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010 47
Average concentration of E.coli based on MWQCS at estuary area, Malaysia, 2009 and 2010
3.5 Purata kepekatan logam berat berdasarkan MWQCS di kawasan pantai, Malaysia, 48
2009 dan 2010
Average concentration of heavy metals based on MWQCS at coastal area, Malaysia,
2009 and 2010
3.6 Purata kepekatan logam berat berdasarkan MWQCS di kawasan muara, Malaysia, 50
2009 dan 2010
Average concentration of heavy metals based on MWQCS at estuary area, Malaysia,
2009 and 2010
3.7 Pengendalian kargo di pelabuhan terpilih, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010 52
Cargo throughput at selected ports, Peninsular Malaysia, 2009 and 2010
xiv
Carta Senarai Carta Muka Surat
Chart List of Chart Page
Bab 4: Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial
Chapter 4: Land/Terrestrial Environment
4.1 Keluasan hutan paya gambut mengikut kawasan, Malaysia, 20062010 59
Area of peat swamp forest by region, Malaysia, 20062010
4.2 Keluasan hutan paya laut mengikut kawasan, Malaysia, 20062010 60
Area of mangrove forest by region, Malaysia, 20062010
4.3 Taburan peratus keluasan hutan paya laut, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2010 61
Percentage distribution of area of mangrove forest, Peninsular Malaysia, 2010
4.4 Taburan peratus keluasan berhutan, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2010 63
Percentage distribution of forested area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2010
4.5 Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010 65
Production of major timber products, Malaysia, 2009 and 2010
4.6 Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut kawasan, 66
Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010
Forest area licensed for harvesting by region, Malaysia, 2009 and 2010
4.7 Pertumbuhan Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian (IPP) dan indeks sektor, 67
Malaysia, 20062010
Industrial Production Index (IPI) and sector indices growth, Malaysia, 20062010
4.8 Pengeluaran simen, Malaysia, 20062010 68
Production of cement , Malaysia, 20062010
4.9 Pengeluaran minyak mentah, Malaysia, 20062010 69
Crude oil production, Malaysia, 20062010
4.10 Pengeluaran bersih gas asli, Malaysia, 20062010 69
Net production of natural gas, Malaysia, 20062010
4.11 Taburan peratus penjanaan tenaga elektrik mengikut stesen, Malaysia, 2010 70
Percentage distribution of the generation of electricity by stations, Malaysia, 2010
Bab 5: Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk
Chapter 5: Urban Environment/Human Settlements
5.1 Purata kadar pertumbuhan penduduk tahunan, Malaysia, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 dan 2010 75
Average annual population growth rate, Malaysia, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 and 2010
5.2 Kepadatan penduduk mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2000 dan 2011 76
Population density by state, Malaysia, 2000 and 2011
5.3 Peratus anggaran penduduk pertengahan tahun mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, 78
Malaysia, 2011
Percentage of mid-year population estimates by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2011
5.4 Kadar mortaliti bayi dan kanak-kanak, Malaysia, 20062010 79
Infant and toddler mortality rate, Malaysia, 20062010
xv
Carta Senarai Carta Muka Surat
Chart List of Chart Page
5.5 Jangkaan hayat ketika lahir mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 20062010 80
Life expectancy at birth by sex, Malaysia, 20062010
5.6 Bilangan hospital kerajaan dan swasta, Malaysia, 20062010 80
Number of government and private hospitals, Malaysia, 20062010
5.7 Bilangan katil hospital kerajaan dan swasta, Malaysia, 20062010 81
Number of government and private hospital beds, Malaysia, 20062010
5.8 Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih (doktor dan doktor gigi), Malaysia, 20062010 82
Number of trained medical personnel (doctor and dentist), Malaysia, 20062010
5.9 Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih (jururawat dan penolong jururawat), Malaysia, 20062010 82
Number of trained medical personnel (nurse and assistant nurse), Malaysia, 20062010
5.10 Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan, Malaysia, 20062010 83
Quantity of scheduled waste generated, Malaysia, 20062010
5.11 Peratus buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan mengikut kategori, 2010 84
Percentage of scheduled waste generated by category, 2010
5.12 Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dihasilkan oleh insinerator, Malaysia, 20062010 85
Quantity of clinical waste generated by incinerators, Malaysia, 20062010
5.13 Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 20062010 86
Number of reported road accidents, Malaysia, 20062010
5.14 Bilangan kecederaan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 20062010 86
Number of reported road casualties, Malaysia, 20062010
5.15 Bilangan kes Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air, Malaysia, 20062010 87
Number of cases of Food and Water Borne Diseases, Malaysia, 20062010
5.16 Kadar insiden tifoid mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010 88
Incidence rate for typhoid by state, Malaysia, 2010
5.17 Kadar insiden keracunan makanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010 89
Incidence rate for food poisoning by state, Malaysia, 2010
5.18 Bilangan kes yang dilaporkan dan kadar insiden malaria, Malaysia, 20062010 90
Number of reported cases and incidence rate of malaria, Malaysia, 20062010
5.19 Bilangan kes yang dilaporkan dan kadar insiden demam denggi dan denggi berdarah, 91
Malaysia, 20062010
Number of reported cases and incidence rate of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever
Malaysia, 20062010
5.20 Peratus perkadaran penduduk bandar mengikut tahun, Malaysia, 20062011 92
Percentage of proportion of urban population by year, Malaysia, 20062011
5.21 Taburan peratus migran antara negeri mengikut arah aliran migrasi (strata), Malaysia, 93
20062007 hingga 20092010
Percentage distribution of inter-state migrants by migration direction (stratum), Malaysia
20062007 to 20092010
5.22 Pendaratan dan berlepas di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2006-2010 94
Landing and take-off at airport, Malaysia, 2006-2010
5.23 Purata harian penumpang perkhidmatan rel bandar, 20062010 95
Average daily passengers of urban rail services, 20062010
xvii
Jadual Senarai Jadual Muka Surat
Table List of Tables Page
Bab 1: Udara/Atmosfera
Chapter 1: Air/Atmosphere
1.1 Min suhu udara, hujan dan min kelembapan relatif, Malaysia, 20062011 101
Mean air temperature, rainfall and mean relative humidity, Malaysia, 20062011
1.2 Bacaan minimum dan maksimumbulanan IPU, Malaysia, 2010 106
Monthly minimum and maximum API, Malaysia, 2010
1.3 Purata bulanan kepekatan O
3
di udara, Malaysia, 2010 110
Monthly average concentration of O3 in the air, Malaysia, 2010
1.4 Purata bulanan kepekatan CO di udara, Malaysia, 2010 112
Monthly average concentration of CO in the air, Malaysia, 2010
1.5 Purata bulanan kepekatan SO
2
di udara, Malaysia, 2010 114
Monthly average concentration of SO
2
in the air, Malaysia, 2010
1.6 Purata bulanan kepekatan NO
2
di udara, Malaysia, 2010 116
Monthly average concentration of NO
2
in the air, Malaysia, 2010
1.7 Purata bulanan kepekatan PM10 di udara, Malaysia, 2010 118
Monthly average concentration of PM
10
in the air, Malaysia, 2010
1.8 Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut jenis dan punca, Malaysia, 2010 120
Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by type and source, Malaysia, 2010
1.9 Peratusan pematuhan dalam penguatkuasaan pelepasan asap hitam mengikut 120
jenis kenderaan, Malaysia, 20062010
Percentage of compliance onenforcement of black smoke emission by type
of vehicles, Malaysia, 20062010
1.10 Bilangan saman yang dikeluarkan bagi pelepasan asap hitam mengikut jenis kenderaan, 121
Malaysia, 20062010
Number of summonses issued for black smoke emission by type of vehicles,
Malaysia, 20062010
1.11 Status pematuhan oleh industri-industri terhadap Peraturan-Peraturan Kualiti Alam Sekitar 122
(Udara Bersih) 1978, Malaysia, 20062010
Compliance status by industries of Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978,
Malaysia, 20062010
Bab 2: Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Darat
Chapter 2: Water/Aquatic Environment: Inland
2.1 Rekabentuk kapasiti loji rawatan air mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 20062010 125
Water treatment plants design capacity by state, Malaysia, 20062010
2.2 Jumlah pengeluaran air yang dibekalkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 20062010 126
Total production of water supplied by state, Malaysia, 20062010
2.3 Peratusan penduduk yang dibekalkan dengan air paip mengikut negeri dan kawasan, 127
Malaysia, 20072010
Percentage of population supplied with piped water by state and areas,
Malaysia, 20072010
2.4 Bilangan dan peratusan lembangan sungai mengikut kategori, Malaysia, 20062010 128
Number and percentage of river basins by category, Malaysia, 20062010
2.5 Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar utama, Malaysia, 20062010 128
Status of river water quality based on main pollutants, Malaysia, 20062010
xviii
Jadual Senarai Jadual Muka Surat
Table List of Tables Page
2.6 Purata tahunan kepekatan logam berat di sungai, Malaysia, 20062010 129
Annual average concentration of heavy metals in river, Malaysia, 20062010
2.7a Bekalan air mentah yang diambil terus dari sungai mengikut negeri, 20062010 130
Supply of raw water extracted directly fromrivers by state, 20062010
2.7b Bekalan air mentah yang diambil dari empangan mengikut negeri, 20062010 131
Supply of raw water from storage dams by state, 20062010
2.7c Bekalan air mentah bawah tanah mengikut negeri, 20062010 132
Supply of raw groundwater by state, 20062010
2.8 Penggunaan air bermeter mengikut sektor dan negeri, Malaysia, 20062010 133
Metered water consumption by sector and state, Malaysia, 20062010
2.9 Anggaran bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 20072011 134
Estimated of number, area and production of freshwater aquaculture, Malaysia, 20072011
2.10 Pengeluaran dan import baja, Malaysia, 20072011 135
Production and import of fertilisers, Malaysia, 20072011
2.11 Pengeluaran racun herba, Malaysia, 20072011 135
Production of herbicides, Malaysia, 20072011
2.12 Pendakwaan kesalahan bagi pencemaran air, Malaysia, 20062010 136
Offences prosecuted for water pollution, Malaysia, 20062010
Bab 3: Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Marin
Chapter 3: Water/Aquatic Environment: Marine
3.1 Anggaran bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran daripada akuakultur air payau/masin, 139
Malaysia,20072011
Estimated number, area and production from brackishwater/marine aquaculture, Malaysia,
20072011
3.2a Purata kepekatan bahan pencemar utama berdasarkan MWQCS di kawasan pantai, 140
Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010
Average concentrations of main pollutants based on MWQCS at coastal area,
Malaysia, 2009 and 2010
3.2b Purata kepekatan bahan pencemar utama berdasarkan MWQCS di kawasan muara, 141
Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010
Average concentrations of main pollutants based on MWQCS at estuary area,
Malaysia, 2009 and 2010
3.3 Insiden tumpahan minyak di laut, Malaysia, 20062010 142
Oil spill incidents at sea, Malaysia, 20062010
3.4 Bilangan kes tumpahan minyak mengikut punca dan sebab, Malaysia, 20062010 142
Number of oil spill incidents by source and cause, Malaysia, 20062010
3.5 Pendaratan tahunan ikan marin mengikut kumpulan peralatan menangkap ikan, 143
Malaysia, 20072011
Annual landings of marine fish by fishing gear group, Malaysia, 20072011
3.6 Pengendalian kargo di pelabuhan terpilih, Semenanjung Malaysia, 20062010 144
Cargo throughput at selected ports, Peninsular Malaysia, 20062010
3.7 Bilangan stesen pemantauan kualiti air marin, Malaysia, 20062010 145
Number of marine water quality monitoring stations, Malaysia, 20062010
3.8 Bilangan stesen pengawasan bebola tar yang diawasi mengikut kategori pulau, 145
Malaysia, 20062010
Number of tarball monitoring station by island category, Malaysia, 20062010
xix
Jadual Senarai Jadual Muka Surat
Table List of Tables Page
Bab 4: Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial
Chapter 4: Land/Terrestrial Environment
4.1 Jumlah keluasan tanah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010 149
Total land area by state, Malaysia, 2010
4.2 Keluasan hutan paya gambut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 20062010 150
Area of peat swamp forest by state, Malaysia, 20062010
4.3 Keluasan hutan paya laut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 20062010 151
Area of mangrove forest by state, Malaysia, 20062010
4.4a Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2010 152
Gazetted protected area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2010
4.4b Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Sabah, 2010 154
Gazetted protected area, Sabah, 2010
4.4c Kawasan perlindungan sepenuhnya, Sarawak, 2010 155
Totally protected area, Sarawak, 2010
4.4d Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet di bawah taman laut, Malaysia, 2010 157
Gazetted protected area of marine park, Malaysia, 2010
4.5 Kawasan berhutan dan tidak berhutan, Malaysia, 20062010 158
Forested and non-forested areas, Malaysia, 20062010
4.6 Keluasan hutan simpanan kekal, Malaysia, 20062010 160
Area of permanent reserved forest, Malaysia, 20062010
4.7 Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 20062010 161
Production of major timber products by state, Mal aysia, 20062010
4.8 Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut negeri, 163
Malaysia, 20062010
Area of forest area licensed for harvesting by state, Malaysia, 20062010
4.9 Keluasan bertanam bagi tanaman utama, Malaysia, 20062010 164
Planted area of major crops, Malaysia, 20062010
4.10 Pengeluaran tanaman utama, Malaysia, 20062011 164
Production of major crops, Malaysia, 20062011
4.11 Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian, Malaysia, 20062010 165
Index of Industrial Production, Malaysia, 20062010
4.12 Pengeluaran galian mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 20062010 166
Production of minerals by type, Malaysia, 20062010
4.13 Penjanaan tenaga elektrik mengikut kawasan dan stesen, Malaysia, 20062010 167
Electricity generated by region and station, Malaysia, 20062010
4.14 Jalan raya mengikut jenis dan bidang kuasa, Malaysia, 20062010 168
Roads by surface type and jurisdiction, Malaysia, 20062010
4.15 Peruntukan dan perbelanjaan pembangunan sumber hutan, Malaysia, 20062010 169
Forest development allocation and expenditure, Malaysia, 20062010
4.16 Pembangunan sumber hutan, Semenanjung Malaysia, 20062010 170
Forest resource development, Peninsular Malaysia, 20062010
4.17 Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sabah, 20062010 171
Forest resource development, Sabah, 20062010
4.18 Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sarawak, 20062010 172
Forest resource development, Sarawak, 20062010
xx
Jadual Senarai Jadual Muka Surat
Table List of Tables Page
Bab 5: Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk
Chapter 5: Urban Environment/Human Settlements
5.1 Anggaran penduduk pertengahan tahun, Malaysia, 20062011 175
Mid-year population estimates, Malaysia, 20062011
5.2 Kepadatan penduduk mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2000, 20072011 176
Population density by state, Malaysia, 2000, 20072011
5.3 Anggaran penduduk pertengahan tahun mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2011 177
Mid-year population estimates by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2011
5.4 Nisbah personel perubatan terlatih-penduduk, Malaysia, 20062010 177
Trained medical personnel-population ratio, Malaysia, 20062010
5.5 Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan mengikut industri, 20062010 178
Quantity of scheduled waste generated by industry, 20062010
5.6 Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dihasilkan oleh insinerator mengikut negeri, 179
Malaysia, 20062010
Quantity of clinical waste generated by incinerators by state, Malaysia, 20062010
5.7 Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya dan kecederaan yang dilaporkan mengikut negeri, 180
Malaysia, 20062010
Number of road accidents and reported casualties by state, Malaysia, 20062010
5.8 Bilangan kes dan kadar insiden Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air, Malaysia, 20062010 182
Number of cases and incidence rate of Food and Water Borne Diseases, Malaysia, 20062010
5.9 Kadar insiden kolera mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 20062010 182
Incidence rate for cholera by state, Malaysia, 20062010
5.10 Kadar insiden tifoid mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 20062010 183
Incidence rate for typhoid by state, Malaysia, 20062010
5.11 Kadar insiden keracunan makanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 20062010 183
Incidence rate for food poisoning by state, Malaysia, 20062010
5.12 Bilangan kes penyakit malaria yang dilaporkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 20062010 184
Number of reported cases of malaria by state, Malaysia, 20062010
5.13 Bilangan kes demam denggi dan denggi berdarah yang dilaporkan mengikut negeri, 184
Malaysia, 20062010
Number of reported cases of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever by state,
Malaysia, 20062010
5.14 Bilangan kematian mengikut jenis penyakit, Malaysia, 20062010 185
Number of deaths by type of diseases, Malaysia, 20062010
5.15 Peratus perkadaran penduduk bandar mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 20072011 185
Percentage of proportion of urban population by state, Malaysia, 20072011
5.16 Bilangan kenderaan bermotor yang berdaftar mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 20062010 186
Number of motor vehicles registered by type, Malaysia, 20062010
5.17 Ketibaan dan pelepasan kapal laut yang terlibat dalam perdagangan luar negeri 187
di pelabuhan terpilih, Malaysia, 20062010
Arrivals and departures of ocean-going vessel engaged in foreign trade at
selected ports, Malaysia, 20062010
5.18 Perangkaan kereta api, Malaysia, 20062010 188
Railway statistics, Malaysia, 20062010
5.19 Jumlah penumpang yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 20062010 188
Total number of passengers handled at airports, Malaysia, 20062010
xxi
Jadual Senarai Jadual Muka Surat
Table List of Tables Page
5.20 Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 20062010 189
Total cargo handled at airports, Malaysia, 20062010
5.21 Buangan terjadual yang diuruskan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 20062010 189
Scheduled waste managed by state, Malaysia, 20062010
5.22 Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dieksport mengikut jenis buangan, Malaysia, 20062010 190
Quantity of scheduled waste exported by type of waste, Malaysia, 20062010
xxiii
Peta Senarai Peta Muka Surat
Maps List of Maps Page
1 Peratusan min kelembapan relatif mengikut negeri/stesen kaji cuaca utama, 193
Malaysia, 2010
Percentage of mean relative humidity by states/principal meteorological station,
Malaysia, 2010
2 Bekalan air mentah yang diambil terus dari sungai, empangan dan air bawah tanah 194
mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010
Supply of raw water extracted directly from rivers, dams and groundwater by state,
Malaysia, 2010
3 Pengendalian kargo di pelabuhan terpilih Semenanjung Malaysia, 2010 195
Cargo throughput at selected port, Peninsular Malaysia, 2010
4 Bilangan Penduduk, Malaysia, 2010 196
Total population, Malaysia, 2010
5 Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya dan kecederaan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010 197
Number of road accidents and reported casualties by states, Malaysia, 2010
xxv
Lampiran Senarai Lampiran
Appendix List of Appendices
1 Model Rangka Kerja Tekanan-Keadaan-Tindak Balas
Pressure-State-Response Framework Model
2 Senarai Ahli JAAMPAS
List of IACES Members
3 Perbandingan nilai IPU dengan tahap pencemaran
dan kawalan kesihatan
Comparison of API values with level of pollution and health measures
4 Punca dan kesan bahan pencemar udara kepada
manusia dan tumbuhan
Sources and effects of air pollutants on human and plants
5 Klasifikasi kualiti air berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air
Water quality classification based on Water Quality Index
6 Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air dan kelas air dan kegunaan
Water Quality Index classification and water class and uses
7 Kriteria standard dan kualiti air marin
Marine water quality criteria and standards
8A Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai bersih,
Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010
Water quality status within clear river basins, Malaysia,
2009 and 2010
8B Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai sederhana tercemar,
Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010
Water quality status within slightly polluted river basins, Malaysia,
2009 and 2010
8C Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai tercemar,
Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010
Water quality status within polluted river basins, Malaysia,
2009 and 2010
9 Rujukan
References
Muka Surat
Page
201
203
205
206
207
208
209
211
219
225
227
xxvii
SIMBOL/AKRONIM
SYMBOLS/ACRONYMS
- tiada / kosong / tiada kes
nil / blank / no cases
.. tidak diperoleh
not available
f unjuran
projection
e anggaran
estimate
p sementara
provisional
n.a. tidak berkenaan
not applicable
r pindaan
revised
0.0 kurang daripada setengah unit terkecil yang ditunjukkan
less than half the smallest unit shown
i.e. iaitu
that is
g/m
3
mikrogram setiap meter padu
microgram per cubic metre
ppm bahagian setiap juta
parts per million
ppb bahagian setiap bilion
parts per billion
km
2
kilometer persegi
square kilometres
mg/l miligram setiap liter
milligram per litres
bil. bilangan
no. number
RM Ringgit Malaysia
min. minimum
mak. maksimum
max. maximum
ADB Bank Pembangunan Asia
Asian Development Bank
FDES Rangka Kerja untuk Pembangunan Perangkaan Alam Sekitar
Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics
ILP Institut Latihan Perindustrian
Industrial Training Institute
JAAMPAS Jawatankuasa Antara Agensi mengenai Perangkaan Alam Sekitar
IACES Inter-agency Committee on Environment Statistics
xxviii
LMSM Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia
MPOB Malaysian Palm Oil Board
PERHILITAN Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara
DWNP Department of Wildli fe and National Parks
UPE Unit Perancang Ekonomi
EPU Economic Planning Unit
UNEP Program Alam Sekitar Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu
United Nations Environment Programme
USM Universiti Sains Malaysia
W.P. Wilayah Persekutuan
NOTA
NOTE
Pembundaran: Jumlah bagi komponen mungkin berbeza dengan jumlah besar dalam jadual
penerbitan disebabkan oleh pembundaran angka.
Rounding: The sum of components may not add up to the totals in the tables presented
in this publication due to rounding.
xxix
PETUNJUK PENTING
KEY INDICATORS
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
p
1. Udara/Atmosfera
Air/Atmosphere
a.
Min suhu (
o
C)
a
Mean temperature (
o
C)
a
- Maksimum
Maximum
31.4 31.3 31.7 32.0 32.0
b
- Minimum
Minimum
23.9 23.7 23.9 24.3 24.2
b
b. Jumlah hujan (mm)
a
Total rainfall (mm)
a
2,137.8 2,092.6 2,099.2 2,264.8 607.1
b
c. Min kelembapan relatif (%)
a
Mean relative humidity (%)
a
81.1 81.4 81.2 83.4 83.0
b
d. Bacaan minimum dan maksimum Indeks Pencemaran Udara (IPU) bagi stesen-stesen terpilih
Minimum and maximum Air Pollutant Index (API) readings for selected stations
Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.
- Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 4 131 8 135 4 168 26 169 - -
- Larkin, Johor Bahru 0 141 5 101 2 99 15 111 - -
- Bandaraya Melaka 4 92 3 80 4 137 22 139 - -
- Seberang Jaya 8 101 6 99 5 106 28 93 - -
- Kuching 6 75 5 72 10 114 16 54 - -
- Miri 6 73 6 76 6 179 17 89 - -
- Kota Kinabalu 3 64 1 55 1 78 10 68 - -
e.
Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut punca ('000 tan metrik):
Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by source ('000 tonnes):
- Punca bergerak
Mobile sources
2,172.8 1,630.8 1,762.8 1,829.7 -
- Punca tetap
Stationary sources
311.1 370.1 762.2 733.1 -
i. Industri
Industrial
133.0 149.0 166.3 113.9
-
ii. Stesen janakuasa
Power plant
178.2 221.4 595.9 619.2 -
a Merujuk kepada Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur (KLIA)
Refer to Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA)
b Januari hingga Jun
January to June
IPU/API Status IPU/API status
050 Baik/Good
51100 Sederhana/Moderate
101200 Tidak sihat/Unhealthy
201300 Sangat tidak sihat/Very unhealthy
301500 Berbahaya/Hazardous
Melebihi/Above 500 Kecemasan/Emergency
xxx
PETUNJUK PENTING
KEY INDICATORS
c
Tidak termasuk Sabah
Excludes Sabah
2007 2008 2009 2010
2011
p
2.
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik
Water/Aquatic Environment
a.
Darat
Inland
i. Lembangan sungai yang Bersih (bil.)
Clean river basins (no.)
91 76 70 65 -
ii. Lembangan sungai yang Sederhana
Tercemar (bil.)
Slighty Polluted river basins (no.)
45 60 64 65 -
iii. Lembangan sungai yang Tercemar (bil.)
Polluted river basins (no.)
7 7 9 13 -
iv. Peratusan penduduk yang dibekalkan
dengan air paip
Percentage of population supplied with
piped water
90.5 90.9 93.0
r
94.2 -
b.
Marin
Marine
i. Pendaratan tahunan ikan marin (tan metrik)
Annual landings of marine fish (tonnes)
1,381,423 1,394,532 1,393,226 1,428,881 1,433,951
ii. Bilangan stesen pemantauan kualiti air marin
Number of marine water quality monitoring
stations
233 229 233 240 -
iii. Tumpahan minyak di laut (bil.)
Oil spills at sea (no.)
29 12 21 16 -
3. Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial
Land/Terrestrial Environment
a. Jumlah kawasan berhutan (hektar)
Total forested area (hectares)
18,225,795
r
18,258,162
r
18,243,922 13,778,517
c
-
b. Keluasan hutan paya gambut (hektar)
Area of peat swamp forest (hectares)
1,265,045 1,269,358 1,269,358 952,947
c
-
c. Keluasan hutan paya laut (hektar)
Area of mangrove forest (hectares)
560,323
r
558,312 554,858 210,699
c
-
4.
Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk
Urban Environment/Human Settlement
a. Saiz penduduk ('000)
Population size
27,186.0 27,540.5 27,895.3 28, 334.1 28,552.7
b. Penduduk bandar (%)
Urban population
63.0 63.2 63.3 71.0 63.5
c. Kepadatan penduduk (kilometer persegi)
Population density (per sq. km)
82 83 84 86 86
d. Nisbah doktor-penduduk
Doctor-population ratio
1:1,145 1:1,105 1:927 1:859 -
e. Bilangan kenderaan berdaftar
Number of vehicles registered
16,813,943 17,971,901 19,016,782 20,188,565 -
f. Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan
(tan metrik/tahun)
Quantity of scheduled waste generated
(tonnes/year)
1,138,839 1,304,899 1,705,308 1,880,929 -
g. Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dihasilkan oleh
insinerator (tan metrik)
Quantity of clinical waste generated by incinerators
(tonnes)
12,534 14,140 16,559 16,781 -
xxxi
PETUNJUK PENTING
KEY INDICATORS
Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia
Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department
Jabatan Alam Sekitar
Department of Environment
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung
Malaysia
Department of Forestry, Peninsular
Malaysia
Jabatan PerhutananSabah
Sabah Forestry Department
Jabatan Hutan Sarawak
Forest Department Sarawak
Kementerian Kesihatan
Ministry of Health
Jabatan Bekalan Air
Department of Water Supply
d Termasuk kolera, tifoid, disenteri, viral hepatitis A dan keracunan makanan
Includes cholera, typhoid, dysentry, viral hepatitis A and food poisoning
e Termasuk malaria, demam denggi dan denggi berdarah
Includes Malaria, dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever
2007 2008 2009 2010
2011
h. Bilangan kes Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air
d
Number of cases of Food and Water Borne Diseases
d
15,153 17,744 11,011 13,315 -
i. Bilangan kes penyakit bawaan vektor
e
Number of cases of vector borne diseases
e
30,090 56,725 48,496 52,821 -
xxxiii
RANGKA KERJA KOMPENDIUM
Rangka kerja
Perangkaan yang diterbitkan di dalam Kompendium
Perangkaan Alam Sekitar (KPAS) ini disusun mengikut
empat klasifikasi media alam sekitar dan dianalisis
berdasarkan model Tekanan-Keadaan-Tindak Balas
(PSR) dari Rangka Kerja untuk Pembangunan
Perangkaan Alam Sekitar (FDES) yang dibangunkan
oleh Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) seperti di Lampiran 1.
Walau bagaimanapun, untuk kesesuaian di Malaysia,
format ini telah diubahsuai kepada model Keadaan-
Tekanan-Tindak Balas (SPR).
Kompendium ini menerangkan alam sekitar mengikut
klasifikasi media seperti berikut: Udara/Atmosfera,
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik (darat dan marin),
Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial dan Alam Sekitar
Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk. Susunan kompendium
ini adalah seperti berikut: setiap bab mengandungi latar
belakang alam sekitar diikuti keadaan semasa
seterusnya menggambarkan bagaimana aktiviti manusia
memberi tekanan ke atas alam sekitar. Akhirnya tindak
balas yang sesuai diambil untuk mengurangkan tekanan
atau impak.
Punca data
Perangkaan dalam KPAS ini telah diperoleh menerusi
sumber data sekunder, rekod pentadbiran dan
perangkaan yang diterbitkan. Beberapa data
sosio-ekonomi berkaitan dengan perangkaan alam
sekitar yang telah dikumpul dan disimpan oleh Jabatan
Perangkaan secara langsung atau tidak langsung juga
digunakan untuk tujuan ini. Selain itu, data yang
dibekalkan oleh Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) dan agensi-
agensi kerajaan yang lain, terutamanya ahli-ahli
Jawatankuasa Antara Agensi mengenai Perangkaan
Alam Sekitar (JAAMPAS). Senarai penuh ahli-ahli
JAAMPAS seperti ditunjukkan di Lampiran 2.
FRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPENDIUM
Framework
The statistics in this Compendium of Environment
Statistics (CES) is compiled and presented according to
four environmental media classifications and the
analyses are based on the Pressure-State-Response
(PSR) model of the Framework for the Development of
Environment Statistics (FDES) developed by the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) as per Appendix 1.
However, for Malaysia compatible purpose the PSR
format was modified to State-Pressure-Response
(SPR) model.
This compendium describes the environment according
to the following media classifications: Air/Atmosphere,
Water/Aquatic Environment (inland and marine),
Land/Terrestrial Environment and Urban
Environment/Human Settlements. Its layout adopts the
following approach: each chapter outlines the
background of the environment, followed by a
description of the existing state. It then proceeds to show
how human activities can put pressure on the
environment leading to appropriate responses taken to
minimise these stresses or impacts.
Data sources
The statistics in the CES were obtained from secondary
data, administrative records and derived statistics. Some
of the socio-economic data that has been collected and
kept in Department of Statistics are directly or indirectly
relevant to environment statistics also been used for this
purpose. Apart from this, data were also sourced from
the Department of Environment (DOE) and other
Government agencies, particularly, members of the
Inter-Agency Committee on Environment Statistics
(IACES). The full list of IACES members is shown in
Appendix2.
xxxiv
Kompendium ini merupakan sebahagian daripada
rancangan yang berterusan untuk mempersembahkan
perangkaan alam sekitar yang terpilih. Terdapat ruang
data yang masih perlu diliputi, terutamanya tentang flora
dan fauna, dan kepelbagaian biologi. Usaha telah
dimulakan bagi mengumpul beberapa perangkaan ini
melalui penyiasatan tetap. Beberapa seksyen dalam
kompendium ini telah ditambah baik dengan
pengumpulan data daripada penyiasatan-penyiasatan ini
dan juga lain-lain sumber. Penambahan tajuk bagi
seksyen yang sedia ada adalah berterusan.
This compendium is part of an ongoing programme to
present selected areas of environment statistics. There
are still data gaps to be covered, especially in the areas
of flora and fauna, and bio-diversity. Efforts have been
initiated to collect some of these statistics through regular
surveys. Some sections of the CES have been enhanced
with data collected from these surveys and also other
sources. The inclusion of new topics within the existing
sections is expected to continue.