Compendium of Environment Statistics Malaysia 2013

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Compendium of Environment Statistics
MALAYSIA
2013
ISSN 1511-3396
JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA
HARGA: RM 50.00
PRICE:

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA,
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PERSEKUTUAN,
62514 PUTRAJAYA,
MALAYSIA

Tel : 03-88857000
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E-mel/E-mail : jpbkkp@stats.gov.my
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Website

KOMPENDIUM PERANGKAAN ALAM SEKITAR
COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS

MALAYSIA
2013

JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

i

KATA PENGANTAR
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2013
Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013

Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar 2013 membentangkan perangkaan alam sekitar,
impak aktiviti manusia ke atas alam sekitar dan langkah yang diambil bagi mengurangkan
impak tersebut. Ia memfokuskan maklumat alam sekitar mengikut empat isu utama iaitu
Udara/Atmosfera, Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik (Darat dan Marin), Tanah/Alam Sekitar
Terestrial dan Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk.

Penerbitan ini merupakan satu usaha ke arah pembangunan pangkalan data alam sekitar
selaras dengan peranan Jabatan sebagai pusat penyimpanan perangkaan alam sekitar.
Jadual dan carta dimuatkan dalam penerbitan ini bagi memudahkan pengguna
menganalisis data.

Jabatan merakamkan penghargaan dan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang terlibat
dalam menyumbang kepada penyediaan penerbitan ini. Ulasan dan cadangan ke arah
menambahbaik laporan ini pada masa hadapan amatlah dihargai.

DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN
Ketua Perangkawan Malaysia

Disember 2013

ii

PREFACE

The Compendium of Environment Statistics 2013 presents statistics on environment,
impacts of human activities on the environment and actions taken to minimise the impact.
The report focuses on four main environmental issues namely Air/Atmosphere,
Water/Aquatic Environment (Inland and Marine), Land/Terrestrial Environment and Urban
Environment/Human Settlements.

This publication is an effort towards the development of a database for environmental
statistics in tandem with the Departments role as a central repository for environment
statistics. Tables and charts are presented in this publication to facilitate analyses by
users.

The Department would like to express its appreciation and gratitude to all parties involved
in contributing to this publication. Comments and suggestions towards improving future
reports would be greatly appreciated.

DR. HAJ I ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN
Chief Statistician, Malaysia

December 2013

iii
KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS

KATA PENGANTAR
PREFACE

SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS

SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES

SENARAI LAMPIRAN
LIST OF APPENDICES

PENUNJUK PENTING
KEY INDICATORS

RANGKA KERJA KOMPENDIUM
FRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPENDIUM

BAB
CHAPTER

SATU: UDARA/ATMOSFERA
ONE: AIR/ATMOSPHERE

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

A.1 Iklim
Climate

- Pengenalan
Introduction

- Suhu
Temperature

- Taburan hujan
Rainfall distribution

- Purata kelembapan relatif
Mean relative humidity

MukaSurat
Page

i
ii

xv

xxiii

xxxi

xxxv

xxxix

3

1

iv
KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS

B. KEADAAN
STATE

B.1 Status kualiti udara
Air quality status

- Pengenalan
Introduction

- Indeks Pencemaran Udara
Air Pollutant Index

B.2 Bahan pencemar udara
Air pollutant

- Ozon
Ground Level Ozone

- Plumbum
Lead

- Karbon Monoksida
Carbon Monoxide

- Sulfur Dioksida
Sulphur Dioxide

- Nitrogen Dioksida
Nitrogen Dioxide

- Habuk Halus
Particulate Matter

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE

C.1 Punca pencemaran udara
Sources of air pollution

C.2 Pelepasan bahan pencemar daripada punca utama
Emission of pollutants from main sources

- Kenderaan bermotor
Motor vehicles

Muka Surat
Page

7

13

20

21

v
KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS

- Punca tetap
Stationary sources

D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR
RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

D.1 Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change

BAB
CHAPTER

DUA: ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: DARAT
TWO: WATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: INLAND

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

A.1 Pengenalan
Introduction

A.2 Sumber air
Water resources

B. KEADAAN
STATE

B.1 Kualiti air sungai
River water quality

- Pengkelasan air
Water classification

- Indeks Kualiti Air
Water Quality Index

B.2 Status kualiti air sungai
River water quality status

- Ammoniakal Nitrogen
Ammoniacal Nitrogen

Muka Surat
Page

24

29

29

30

31

2

vi
KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS

- Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia
Biochemical Oxygen Demand

- Pepejal Terampai
Suspended Solids

- Logam berat
Heavy metal

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE

C.1 Punca pencemaran air
Sources of water pollution

C.2 Sumber air mentah
Raw water resources

C.3 Air permukaan
Surface water

- Pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar
Freshwater aquaculture production

C.4 Penggunaan baja
The use of fertilisers

- Baja
Fertilisers


D.1 Kempen Cintailah Sungai Kita
Love Our River Campaign

D.2 Program Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran
Department of Irrigation and Drainage programmes

Muka Surat
Page

34

34

34

36

37

37

vii
KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS

BAB
CHAPTER

TIGA: ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: MARIN
THREE: WATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: MARINE

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

A.1 Persekitaran marin
Marine environment

B. KEADAAN
STATE

B.1 Kualiti air marin
Marine water quality

- Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai
Marine water quality status at coastal areas

- Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala
Marine water quality status at estuary areas

- Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau
Marine water quality status at island areas

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE

C.1 Tumpahan minyak
Oil spills

- Pengendalian kargo
Cargo throughput

C.2 Hakisan pantai
Coastal erosion

Muka Surat
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41

42

45

46

3

viii
KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS


D.1 Aktiviti Pengurusan Zon Pantai
Coastal Zone Management Activities

BAB
CHAPTER

EMPAT: TANAH/ALAM SEKITAR TERESTRIAL
FOUR: LAND/TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

A.1 Lokasi
Location

- Topografi
Topography

A.2 Tanah bencah
Wetlands

- Pengenalan
Introduction

- Definisi
Definition

- Jenis tanah bencah
Type of wetlands

- Hutan paya gambut
Peat swamp forest

- Hutan paya laut
Mangrove forest

A.3 Kepelbagaian biologi daratan
Terrestrial biodiversity

- Megakepelbagaian
Megadiversity

Muka Surat
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47

51

52

55

4

ix
KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS

- Kepelbagaian biologi
Biological diversity

- Flora dan fauna
Flora and fauna

B. KEADAAN
STATE

B.1 Keadaan alam sekitar daratan
Status of the terrestrial environment

- Kawasan perlindungan/simpanan
Protected /preserved areas

- Taman Laut
Marine Park

B.2 Perhutanan
Forestry

- Pengenalan
Introduction

- Kawasan berhutan
Forested area

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE

C.1 Aktiviti yang memberi kesan kepada tanah di
Malaysia
Activities that affect land in Malaysia

- Kesan pembangunan tanah hutan
Effects on development of forest land

C.2 Sumber hutan
Forestry resources

- Pengusahasilan hutan
Forest harvesting

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57

57

59

59

x
KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS

C.3 Pertanian
Agriculture

- Pengenalan
Introduction

C.4 Pembuatan
Manufacturing

- Pengenalan
Introduction

- Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian
Industrial Production Index

- Pengeluaran simen
Production of cement

C.5 Perlombongan
Mining

C.6 Tenaga
Energy

- Penjanaan tenaga elektrik
Electricity generated

- Penjanaan elektrik campuran
Generation electricity mix


D.1 Seminar Kebangsaan Pemuliharaan Hutan
Pesisiran Pantai Negara
National Seminar on the National Coastal Forest
Rehabilitation

Muka Surat
Page

61

61

63

63

65

xi
KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS

BAB
CHAPTER

LIMA: ALAM SEKITAR BANDAR/PENEMPATAN PENDUDUK
FIVE: URBAN ENVIRONMENT/HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

A.1 Trend kependudukan
Population trend

- Pengenalan
Introduction

- Saiz penduduk
Population size

- Kepadatan penduduk
Population density

- Struktur umur
Age structure

- Nisbah jantina
Sex ratio

- Piramid penduduk
Population pyramid

A.2 Kemudahan perubatan
Medical facilities

- Pengenalan
Introduction

- Kemudahan kesihatan
Health facilities

- Personel perubatan
Medical personnel

Muka Surat
Page

69

73

5

xii
KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS

B. KEADAAN
STATE

B.1 Buangan terjadual
Scheduled waste

- Buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan
Scheduled waste generated

- Peratusan buangan terjadual dihasilkan
mengikut kategori
Percentage of scheduled waste generated by
category

- Buangan klinikal
Clinical waste

B.2 Kemalangan
Accidents

- Kemalangan jalan raya
Road accident

B.3 Status kesihatan
Health status

i. Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air
Food and Water Borne Diseases

- Keracunan makanan
Food poisoning

- Tifoid
Typhoid

ii. Penyakit bawaan vektor
Vector borne diseases

- Demam denggi dan denggi berdarah
Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever

- Malaria

Muka Surat
Page

77

80

81

xiii
KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE

C.1 Tekanan ke atas alam sekitar bandar
Pressure on the urban environment

- Pengenalan
Introduction

- Tahap urbanisasi
Urbanisation level

C.2 Migrasi
Migration

C.3 Pengangkutan
Transportation

- Pengenalan
Introduction

- Pengangkutan udara
Air transport


D.1 Program Rakan Alam Sekitar (RAS)
Rakan Alam Sekitar (RAS) Programme

D.2 Eksport buangan terjadual
Export of scheduled waste

D.3 Pengangkutan rel bandar
Urban rail transportation

Muka Surat
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87

88

89

90

90

91

xiv
KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS

JADUAL
TABLE

PETA
MAPS

LAMPIRAN
APPENDIX

GLOSARI
GLOSSARY
Muka Surat
Page

95

187

191

225

xv

SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS

Carta
Chart

Muka Surat
Page
Bab 1:
Chapter 1:
Udara/Atmosfera
Air/Atmosphere

1.1 Jumlah hujan di 34 stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2008-2013
Total rainfall at 34 selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2008-2013

4
1.2a Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Semenanjung Malaysia,
2011 dan 2012
Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological stations, Peninsular Malaysia,
2011 and 2012

5

1.2b Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Sabah, 2011 dan 2012
Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological stations, Sabah 2011 and 2012

6
1.2c Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Sarawak, 2011 dan 2012
Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological stations, Sarawak, 2011 and 2012

6

1.3a Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Johor, 2012
Air quality status by station, Johor, 2012

8
1.3b Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Kedah dan Perlis, 2012
Air quality status by station, Kedah and Perlis, 2012

8
1.3c Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Kelantan, 2012
Air quality status by station, Kelantan, 2012

9
1.3d Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Melaka, 2012
Air quality status by station, Melaka, 2012

9
1.3e Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Negeri Sembilan, 2012
Air quality status by station, Negeri Sembilan, 2012

9
1.3f Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Pahang, 2012
Air quality status by station, Pahang, 2012

10
1.3g Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Perak, 2012
Air quality status by station, Perak, 2012

10
1.3h Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Pulau Pinang, 2012
Air quality status by station, Pulau Pinang, 2012

10
1.3i Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Sabah, 2012
Air quality status by station, Sabah, 2012

11

xvi

SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS

Carta
Chart

Muka Surat
Page
1.3j Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Sarawak, 2012
Air quality status by station, Sarawak, 2012

11
1.3k Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Selangor, 2012
Air quality status by station, Selangor, 2012

11
1.3l Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Terengganu, 2012
Air quality status by station, Terengganu, 2012

12
1.3m Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2012
Air quality status by station, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2012

12
1.4 Bilangan hari bagi status kualiti udara Tidak Sihat mengikut stesen,
Malaysia, 2012
Number of days for Unhealthy air quality status by station, Malaysia, 2012

13
1.5
Purata tahunan kepekatan Ozon mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2012
Average annual concentration of Ground Level Ozone by land use, Malaysia, 2012

14
1.6 Purata tahunan kepekatan Plumbum di udara, W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan
Pulau Pinang, 2008-2012
Annual average concentration of Lead in the air, W.P. Kuala Lumpur and Pulau Pinang,
2008-2012

15
1.7 Purata tahunan kepekatan Karbon Monoksida mengikut land use, Malaysia,
2012
Average annual concentratation of Carbon Monoxide by land use, Malaysia, 2012

16
1.8
Purata tahunan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksida mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2012
Average annual concentration of Sulphur Dioxide by land use, Malaysia, 2012

17
1.9
Purata tahunan kepekatan Nitrogen Dioksida mengikut land use, Malaysia,
2012
Average annual concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide by land use, Malaysia, 2012

18
1.10
Purata tahunan kepekatan Habuk Halus mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2012
Average annual concentration of Particulate Matter by land use, Malaysia, 2012

19
1.11 Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut punca, Malaysia, 2012
Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by source, Malaysia, 2012

20
1.12 Pelepasan mengikut bahan pencemar ke udara, Malaysia, 2012
Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere, Malaysia, 2012

21

xvii

SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS

Carta
Chart

Muka Surat
Page
1.13 Jumlah pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada kenderaan bermotor,
Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Total emission of pollutants to the atmosphere from motor vehicles, Malaysia,
2011 and 2012

21
1.14 Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada punca tetap melalui stesen
janakuasa, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere from stationary sources through power plants,
Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

22
1.15 Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada punca tetap melalui industri,
Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere from stationary sources through industries,
Malaysia, 2011and 2012

23
Bab 2:
Chapter 2:
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Darat
Water/Aquatic Environment: Inland

2.1
Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Ammoniakal Nitrogen, Malaysia,
2008-2012
Status of river water quality based on Ammoniacal Nitrogen pollutant, Malaysia,
2008-2012

31
2.2 Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia,
Malaysia, 2008-2012
Status of river water quality based on Biochemical Oxygen Demand pollutant, Malaysia,
2008-2012

32
2.3 Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Pepejal Terampai, Malaysia,
2008-2012
Status of river water quality based on Suspended Solids pollutant, Malaysia, 2008-2012

33
2.4 Jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Total freshwater aquaculture production, Malaysia, 2009-2013

35
2.5 Jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar mengikut sistem ternakan, Malaysia,
2012 dan 2013
Total freshwater aquaculture production by culture system, Malaysia, 2012 and 2013

35

xviii

SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS

Carta
Chart

Muka Surat
Page
Bab 3:
Chapter 3:
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Marin
Water/Aquatic Environment: Marine

3.1 Pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar dan air payau/masin, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Production of freshwater and brackishwater/marine aquaculture, Malaysia, 2009-2013

41

3.2a Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,
Malaysia, 2010-2012
Marine water quality status at coastal area based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2010-2012

43

3.2b Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,
Malaysia, 2010-2012
Marine water quality status at estuary area based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2010- 2012

44
3.2c Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,
Marine water quality status at island area based on Marine Water Quality Index,

44
3.3 Pengendalian kargo di pelabuhan terpilih, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Cargo throughput at selected ports, Peninsular Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

45

3.4 Taburan kawasan hakisan pantai di Malaysia, 2012
Distribution of coastal erosion areas in Malaysia, 2012

46
Bab 4:
Chapter 4:
Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial
Land/Terrestrial Environment

4.1 Keluasan hutan paya gambut mengikut kawasan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Area of peat swamp forest by region, Malaysia, 2008-2012

53

4.2 Keluasan hutan paya laut mengikut kawasan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Area of mangrove forest by region, Malaysia, 2008-2012

54
4.3 Taburan peratus keluasan hutan paya laut, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2012
Percentage distribution of mangrove forest area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2012

55
4.4 Taburan peratus keluasan berhutan, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2012
Percentage distribution of forested area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2012

58

xix

SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS

Carta
Chart

Muka Surat
Page
4.5 Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Production of major timber products, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

59
4.6 Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut kawasan,
Forest area licensed for harvesting by region, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

60
4.7 Pertumbuhan Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian (IPP) dan indeks sektor,
Malaysia, 2008-2012
Industrial Production Index (IPI) and sector indices growth, Malaysia, 2008-2012

62
4.8 Pengeluaran simen, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Production of cement, Malaysia, 2008-2012

62
4.9 Pengeluaran minyak mentah, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Crude oil production, Malaysia, 2008-2012

63
4.10 Pengeluaran bersih gas asli, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Net production of natural gas, Malaysia, 2008-2012

63
4.11 Taburan peratus penjanaan tenaga elektrik campuran mengikut stesen,
Malaysia, 2012
Percentage distribution of the generation of electricity mix by stations, Malaysia, 2012

64

Bab 5:
Chapter 5:
Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk
Urban Environment/Human Settlements

5.1 Purata kadar pertumbuhan penduduk tahunan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Average annual population growth rate, Malaysia, 2008-2012

69
5.2 Kepadatan penduduk mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010 dan 2012
Population density by state, Malaysia, 2010 and 2012

70
5.3 Piramid penduduk, Malaysia, 2012
Population pyramid, Malaysia, 2012

72
5.4 Kadar mortaliti bayi dan kanak-kanak, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Infant and toddler mortality rate, Malaysia, 2008-2012

73

5.5 Jangkaan hayat ketika lahir mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Life expectancy at birth by sex, Malaysia, 2008-2012

74

xx

SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS

Carta
Chart

Muka Surat
Page
5.6 Bilangan hospital kerajaan dan swasta, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of government and private hospitals, Malaysia, 2008-2012

74
5.7 Bilangan katil hospital kerajaan dan swasta, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of government and private hospital beds, Malaysia, 2008-2012

75
5.8 Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih (doktor dan doktor gigi), Malaysia,
2008-2012
Number of trained medical personnel (doctor and dentist), Malaysia, 2008-2012

76
5.9 Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih (jururawat dan penolong jururawat),
Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of trained medical personnel (nurse and assistant nurse), Malaysia, 2008-2012

76
5.10 Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Quantity of scheduled waste generated, Malaysia, 2008-2012

77
5.11 Peratus buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan mengikut kategori, 2012
Percentage of scheduled waste generated by category, 2012

78
5.12 Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untuk pemusnahan di insinerator,
Malaysia, 2008-2012
Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction at incinerator, Malaysia, 2008-2012

79
5.13 Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of reported road accidents, Malaysia, 2008-2012

80
5.14 Bilangan kecederaan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of reported road casualties, Malaysia, 2008-2012

80
5.15 Bilangan kes Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air terpilih, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of selected cases of Food and Water Borne Diseases, Malaysia, 2008-2012

81

5.16 Kadar kejadian keracunan makanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012
Incidence rate for food poisoning by state, Malaysia, 2012

82
5.17 Kadar kejadian tifoid mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012
Incidence rate for typhoid by state, Malaysia, 2012

83
5.18a Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian demam denggi, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of cases and incidence rate of dengue fever, Malaysia, 2008-2012

84

xxi

SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS

Carta
Chart

Muka Surat
Page
5.18b Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian demam denggi berdarah, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of cases and incidence rate of haemorrhagic dengue fever, Malaysia, 2008-2012

85
5.19 Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian malaria, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of cases and incidence rate of malaria, Malaysia, 2008-2012

86
5.20 Peratus perkadaran penduduk bandar, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Percentage of proportion of urban population, Malaysia, 2008-2012

87
5.21 Taburan peratus migran antara negeri mengikut arah aliran migrasi (strata), Malaysia,
2008-2009 hingga 2011-2012
Percentage distribution of inter-state migrants by migration direction (stratum), Malaysia,
2008-2009 to 2011-2012

88
5.22 Pendaratan dan berlepas di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Landings and take-offs at airport, Malaysia, 2008-2012

89
5.23 Purata harian penumpang perkhidmatan rel bandar, 2008-2012
Average daily passengers of urban rail services, 2008-2012

91

xxiii

SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES

Jadual
Table
Muka Surat
Page
Bab 1:
Chapter 1:
Udara/Atmosfera
Air/Atmosphere

A Ringkasan perangkaan iklim di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2012
Summary of climate statistics at selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2012

3
1.1 Purata suhu, hujan dan purata kelembapan relatif, Malaysia, 2008-2013
Mean temperature, rainfall and mean relative humidity, Malaysia, 2008-2013

95
1.2 Bacaan minimum dan maksimum bulanan IPU, Malaysia, 2012
Monthly minimum and maximum API, Malaysia, 2012

102
1.3 Purata bulanan kepekatan Ozon di udara, Malaysia, 2012
Monthly average concentration of Ground Level Ozone in the air, Malaysia, 2012

106

1.4 Purata bulanan kepekatan Karbon Monoksida di udara, Malaysia, 2012
Monthly average concentration of Carbon Monoxide in the air, Malaysia, 2012

108
1.5 Purata bulanan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksida di udara, Malaysia, 2012
Monthly average concentration of Sulphur Dioxide in the air, Malaysia, 2012

110
1.6 Purata bulanan kepekatan Nitrogen Dioksida di udara, Malaysia, 2012
Monthly average concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide in the air, Malaysia, 2012

112
1.7 Purata bulanan kepekatan Habuk Halus di udara, Malaysia, 2012
Monthly average concentration of Particulate Matter in the air, Malaysia, 2012

114
1.8 Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut jenis dan punca, Malaysia, 2012
Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by type and source, Malaysia, 2012

116
1.9 Peratusan pematuhan dalam penguatkuasaan pelepasan asap hitam mengikut
jenis kenderaan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Percentage of compliance on enforcement of black smoke emission by type of vehicles,
Malaysia, 2008-2012

117
1.10 Bilangan saman yang dikeluarkan bagi pelepasan asap hitam mengikut jenis
kenderaan,
Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of summonses issued for black smoke emission by type of vehicles, Malaysia,
2008-2012

117

1.11 Status pematuhan oleh industri terhadap Peraturan-Peraturan Kualiti Alam
Sekitar (Udara Bersih) 1978, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Compliance status by industries of Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978,
Malaysia, 2008-2012
118

xxiv

SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES

Jadual
Table

Muka Surat
Page
Bab 2:
Chapter 2:
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Darat
Water/Aquatic Environment: Inland

2.1 Rekabentuk kapasiti loji rawatan air mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Water treatment plants design capacity by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

119
2.2 Jumlah pengeluaran air yang dibekalkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Total production of water supplied by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

120
2.3 Peratusan penduduk yang dibekalkan dengan air paip mengikut negeri dan
kawasan, Malaysia, 2009-2012
Percentage of population supplied with piped water by state and areas, Malaysia,
2009-2012

121
2.4 Bilangan dan peratusan lembangan sungai yang diawasi mengikut kategori,
Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number and percentage of river basins monitored by category, Malaysia, 2008-2012

122

2.5 Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar utama, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Status of river water quality based on main pollutants, Malaysia, 2008-2012

122
2.6 Purata tahunan kepekatan logam berat di sungai, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Annual average concentration of heavy metals in river, Malaysia, 2008-2012

123
2.7a Bekalan air mentah yang diambil terus dari sungai mengikut negeri, Malaysia,
2008-2012
Supply of raw water extracted directly from rivers by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

124

2.7b Bekalan air mentah yang diambil dari empangan mengikut negeri, Malaysia,
2008-2012
Supply of raw water from storage dams by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

125

2.7c Bekalan air mentah bawah tanah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Supply of raw groundwater by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

126
2.8 Penggunaan air bermeter mengikut sektor dan negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Metered water consumption by sector and state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

127

2.9 Bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number, area and production of freshwater aquaculture, Malaysia, 2009-2013

128
2.10 Pengeluaran dan import baja, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Production and import of fertilisers, Malaysia, 2009-2013

129

xxv

SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES

Jadual
Table

Muka Surat
Page
2.11 Pengeluaran racun herba, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Production of herbicides, Malaysia, 2009-2013

129

2.12 Bilangan kejadian banjir yang dilaporkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of flood incident reported by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

130

2.13 Pendakwaan kesalahan bagi pencemaran air, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Offences prosecuted for water pollution, Malaysia, 2008-2012

131
Bab 3:
Chapter 3:
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Marin
Water/Aquatic Environment: Marine

3.1 Bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran daripada akuakultur air payau/masin,
Malaysia, 2009-2013
Number, area and production from brackishwater/marine aquaculture, Malaysia,
2009-2013

132

3.2a Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air
Marin, Malaysia, 2010-2012
Marine water quality status at coastal areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2010-2012

133
3.2b Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,
Malaysia, 2010-2012
Marine water quality status at estuary areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2010-2012

134
3.2c Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air
Marin, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Marine water quality status at island areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,

135
3.3 Insiden tumpahan minyak di laut, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Oil spill incidents at sea, Malaysia, 2008-2012

136

3.4 Bilangan kes tumpahan minyak mengikut punca dan sebab, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of oil spill incidents by source and cause, Malaysia, 2008-2012

136
3.5 Pendaratan tahunan ikan marin mengikut kumpulan peralatan menangkap ikan,
Malaysia, 2009-2013
Annual landings of marine fish by fishing gear group, Malaysia, 2009-2013

137

xxvi

SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES

Jadual
Table

Muka Surat
Page
3.6 Pengendalian kargo di pelabuhan terpilih, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2008-2012
Cargo throughput at selected ports, Peninsular Malaysia, 2008-2012

138
3.7 Taburan kawasan hakisan pantai di Malaysia, 2012
Distribution of coastal erosion areas in Malaysia, 2012

139
3.8 Bilangan stesen pemantauan kualiti air marin, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of marine water quality monitoring stations, Malaysia, 2008-2012

140
Bab 4:
Chapter 4:

4.1 Jumlah keluasan tanah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012
Total land area by state, Malaysia, 2012

141
4.2 Keluasan hutan paya gambut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Area of peat swamp forest by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

142
4.3 Keluasan hutan paya laut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Area of mangrove forest by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

143
4.4a Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2012
Gazetted protected area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2012

144
4.4b Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Sabah, 2012
Gazetted protected area, Sabah, 2012

147
4.4c Kawasan perlindungan sepenuhnya, Sarawak, 2012
Totally protected area, Sarawak, 2012

148
4.4d Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet di bawah taman laut, Malaysia, 2012
Gazetted protected area of marine park, Malaysia, 2012

150
4.5 Kawasan berhutan dan tidak berhutan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Forested and non-forested areas, Malaysia, 2008-2012

152

4.6 Keluasan hutan simpanan kekal, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Area of permanent reserved forest, Malaysia, 2008-2012

155
4.7 Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Production of major timber products by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

156

xxvii

SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES

Jadual
Table

Muka Surat
Page
4.8 Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut negeri,
Malaysia, 2008-2012
Forest area licensed for harvesting by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

158

4.9 Keluasan bertanam bagi tanaman utama, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Planted area of major crops, Malaysia, 2008-2012

159
4.10 Pengeluaran tanaman utama, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Production of major crops, Malaysia, 2008-2012

160

4.11 Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Index of Industrial Production, Malaysia, 2008-2012

160
4.12 Pengeluaran galian mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Production of minerals by type, Malaysia, 2008-2012

161
4.13 Penjanaan tenaga elektrik mengikut kawasan dan stesen, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Electricity generated by region and station, Malaysia, 2008-2012

162
4.14 Tenaga elektrik yang dibekalkan dan digunakan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Electricity supplied and consumed, Malaysia, 2008-2012

163

4.15 Jalan raya mengikut jenis dan bidang kuasa, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Roads by surface type and jurisdiction, Malaysia, 2008-2012

164
4.16 Peruntukan dan perbelanjaan pembangunan hutan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Forest development allocation and expenditure, Malaysia, 2008-2012

165
4.17 Pembangunan sumber hutan dan pemeliharaan/pemuliharaan alam sekitar,
Semenanjung Malaysia, 2008-2012
Forest resource development and environmental conservation/rehabilitation, Peninsular
Malaysia, 2008-2012

166
4.18 Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sabah, 2008-2012
Forest resource development, Sabah, 2008-2012

167
4.19 Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sarawak, 2008-2012
Forest resource development, Sarawak, 2008-2012

167

xxviii

SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES

Jadual
Table

Muka Surat
Page
Bab 5:
Chapter5:
Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk
Urban Environment/Human Settlements

5.1 Anggaran penduduk pertengahan tahun, Malaysia, 2008-2013
Mid-year population estimates, Malaysia, 2008-2013

168

5.2 Kepadatan penduduk mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2000, 2009-2012
Population density by state, Malaysia, 2000, 2009-2012

169
5.3 Bilangan penduduk mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
The number of population by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2012

170

5.4 Nisbah personel perubatan terlatih-penduduk, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Trained medical personnel-population ratio, Malaysia, 2008-2012

170

5.5 Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan mengikut industri, 2008-2012
Quantity of scheduled wastes generated by industry, 2008-2012

171

5.6 Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untuk pemusnahan di insinerator
mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction at incinerators by state, Malaysia,
2008-2012

172
5.7 Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya dan kecederaan yang dilaporkan mengikut
negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of road accidents and reported casualties by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

173

5.8 Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air, Malaysia,
2008-2012
Number of cases and incidence rate of Food and Water Borne Diseases, Malaysia,
2008-2012

175

5.9 Kadar kejadian keracunan makanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Incidence rate for food poisoning by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

175
5.10 Kadar kejadian kolera mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Incidence rate for cholera by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

176

5.11 Kadar kejadian tifoid mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Incidence rate for typhoid by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

176
5.12a Bilangan kes demam denggi mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of cases of dengue fever by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

177

xxix

SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES

Jadual
Table

Muka Surat
Page
5.12b Bilangan kes demam denggi berdarah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

177
5.13 Bilangan kes malaria mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of cases of malaria by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

178
5.14 Bilangan kematian mengikut jenis penyakit, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of deaths by type of diseases, Malaysia, 2008-2012

178
5.15 Bilangan kenderaan bermotor yang berdaftar mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Number of motor vehicles registered by type, Malaysia, 2008-2012

179
5.16 Ketibaan dan pelepasan kapal laut yang terlibat dalam perdagangan luar negeri
di pelabuhan terpilih, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Arrivals and departures of ocean-going vessel engaged in foreign trade at selected ports,
Malaysia, 2008-2012

180
5.17 Perangkaan kereta api, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Railway statistics, Malaysia, 2008-2012

181
5.18 Jumlah penumpang yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Total number of passengers handled at airports, Malaysia, 2008-2012

181
5.19 Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Total cargo handled at airports, Malaysia, 2008-2012

182
5.20 Buangan terjadual yang diuruskan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Scheduled waste managed by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

183
5.21 Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dieksport mengikut jenis buangan, Malaysia,
2008-2012
Quantity of scheduled waste exported by type of waste, Malaysia, 2008-2012

184

xxxi

SENARAI LAMPIRAN
LIST OF APPENDICES

Lampiran
Appendix

Muka Surat
Page
1 Model Rangka Kerja Tekanan-Keadaan-Tindak Balas
Pressure-State-Response Framework Model

192
2 Senarai Ahli JAAMPAS
List of IACES Members

193
3 Perbandingan nilai IPU dengan tahap pencemaran dan kawalan kesihatan
Comparison of API values with level of pollution and health measures

194
4 Punca dan kesan bahan pencemar udara kepada manusia dan tumbuhan
Sources and effects of air pollutants on human and plants

195
5 Klasifikasi kualiti air berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air
Water quality classification based on Water Quality Index

196
6 Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air dan kelas air dan kegunaan
Water Quality Index classification and water class and uses

197
7 Kriteria standard dan kualiti air marin
Marine water quality criteria and standards

198
8A Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Bersih yang diawasi, Malaysia,
2011 dan 2012
Water quality status within Clean rivers basin monitored, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

199
8B Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Sederhana Tercemar yang diawasi,
Water quality status within Slightly Polluted basin monitored, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

207
8C Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Tercemar yang diawasi, Malaysia,
2011 dan 2012
Water quality status within Polluted river basins monitored, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

212
9A Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pantai, Malaysia, 2010-2012
Marine Water Quality Index for Coastal Water Status, Malaysia, 2010-2012

213
9B Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Kuala, Malaysia, 2010-2012
Marine Water Quality Index for Estuary Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2010-2012

217
9C Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pulau, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Marine Water Quality Index for Island Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

219
10 Nota dan Simbol
Notes and Symbols

220
11 Rujukan
References

222

xxxv

PENUNJUK PENTING
KEY INDICATORS

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

1.

Udara/Atmosfera
Air/Atmosphere

a.

Purata suhu (
o
C)
a
Mean temperature (
o
C)
- Maksimum
Maximum
31.8 32.0 31.7 31.9 32.9
b

- Minimum 24.0 24.3 24.1 24.2 24.9
b

b.

Jumlah hujan (mm)
a
Total rainfall (mm)
2,099.2 2,264.8 1,632.4 2,271.4 623.1
b

c.

Purata kelembapan relatif (%)
a
Mean relative humidity (%)
81.2 83.4 83.6 82.1 78.5
b

d.

Bacaan minimum dan maksimum Indeks Pencemaran Udara (IPU) bagi stesen terpilih

Minimum and maximum Air Pollutant Index (API) readings for selected stations
Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.
- Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 4 168 26 169 11 150 4 155 - -
- Larkin, Johor Bahru 2 99 15 111 3 84 2 137 - -
- Bandaraya Melaka 4 137 22 139 12 97 3 83 - -
- Seberang Jaya 5 106 28 93 6 98 6 105 - -
- Kuching 10 114 16 54 4 100 16 93 - -
- Miri 6 179 17 89 4 96 5 97 - -
- Kota Kinabalu 1 78 10 68 2 61 1 61 - -

e.

Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut punca ('000 tan metrik)
Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by source ('000 tonnes)
Motor vehicles
1,762.8 1,829.7 1,905.6 2,024.6 -
- Punca tetap
Stationary sources
762.2 733.1 749.9 779.6 -
i. Industri
Industrial
166.3 113.9 116.4 86.4 -
ii. Stesen janakuasa
Power plant
595.9 619.2 633.5 693.2 -

a
Merujuk kepada Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur (KLIA)
Refer to Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA)

b
Januari hingga Jun
January to June

IPU/API Status IPU/API status
050 Baik/Good
51100 Sederhana/Moderate
101200 Tidak Sihat/Unhealthy
201300 Sangat Tidak Sihat/Very Unhealthy
>300 Berbahaya/Hazardous

xxxvi

PENUNJUK PENTING
KEY INDICATORS

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

2.

Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik
Water/Aquatic Environment

a.

Darat
Inland
i. Lembangan sungai Bersih yang diawasi (bil.)
Clean river basins monitored (no.)
70 65 76 74 -
ii. Lembangan sungai Sederhana Tercemar
yang diawasi (bil.)
Slighty Polluted river basins monitored (no.)
64 65 53 54 -
iii. Lembangan sungai Tercemar yang
diawasi (bil.)
Polluted river basins monitored (no.)
9 13 11 12 -
iv. Peratusan penduduk yang dibekalkan
dengan air paip
Percentage of population supplied with
piped water
93.0 94.2 94.4 94.7 -

b.

Marin
Marine
i. Pendaratan tahunan ikan marin (tan metrik)
Annual landings of marine fish (tonnes)
1,393,226 1,428,881 1,373,105 1,472,240
p
1,479,555
e

ii. Bilangan stesen pemantauan kualiti air marin
Number of marine water quality monitoring
stations
233 240 240 246 -
iii. Tumpahan minyak di laut (bil.)
Oil spills at sea (no.)
21 16 14 21 -

3.

a.

Jumlah kawasan berhutan (hektar)
Total forested area (hectares)
18,243,922 18,084,029 17,999,847 18,091,013 -
b.

Keluasan hutan paya gambut (hektar)
Area of peat swamp forest (hectares)
1,067,374 1,068,506 1,067,947 1,067,436 -

c. Keluasan hutan paya laut (hektar)
Area of mangrove forest (hectares)
536,291
r
539,142
r
538,902
r
544,032 -

xxxvii

PENUNJUK PENTING
KEY INDICATORS

Sumber: Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Jabatan Bekalan Air, Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia,
Jabatan Hutan Sarawak, Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah, Jabatan Perhutanan
Semenanjung Malaysia, Kementerian Kesihatan, Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan
Air Negara
Source: Department of Environment, Department of Water Supply, Malaysian Meteorological
Department, Forests Department Sarawak, Sabah Forestry Department,
Department of Forestry, Peninsular Malaysia, Ministry of Health, National Water
Services Commission

c
2009 : Anggaran Penduduk Pertengahan Tahun Antara Banci berasaskan data Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan Malaysia 2000 dan

2010 yang disesuaikan

Intercensal Mid-Year Population Estimates based on the adjusted Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2000 and 2010
2010-2013 : Anggaran Penduduk Pertengahan Tahun berasaskan data Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan 2010 yang disesuaikan
Mid-Year Population Estimates based on the adjusted Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2010

d
Termasuk kolera, tifoid, disenteri, viral hepatitis A dan keracunan makanan
Includes cholera, typhoid, dysentry, viral hepatitis A and food poisoning

f
Termasuk malaria, demam denggi dan denggi berdarah
Includes Malaria, dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

4. Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk
Urban Environment/Human Settlement
a.

Saiz penduduk ('000)
c

Population size (000)
28,081.5 28,588.6 29,062.0 29,517.7
p
29,947.6
e

b.

Kepadatan penduduk (kilometer persegi)
Population density (per sq. km)
85 86 88 89
p
-
c.

Nisbah doktor-penduduk
Doctor-population ratio
1:914 1:859 1:791 1:758 -
d.

Bilangan kenderaan berdaftar
Number of vehicles registered
19,016,782 20,188,565 21,401,269 22,702,221 -
e.

Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan
(tan metrik/tahun)
Quantity of scheduled waste generated
(tonnes/year)
1,705,308 1,880,929 1,622,032 1,708,708 -
f.

Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untuk
pemusnahan di insinerator klinikal (tan metrik)
Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction at
clinical incinerators (tonnes)
16,559 16,781 17,796 18,055 -
g.

Bilangan kes Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air
d
Number of cases of Food and Water Borne Diseases
11,011 13,315 17,660 14,232 -
h.

Bilangan kes penyakit bawaan vektor
f
Number of cases of vector borne diseases
48,496 52,821 25,191 26,625 -

xli

Rangka kerja

Perangkaan yang diterbitkan di dalam Kompendium
Perangkaan Alam Sekitar (KPAS) ini disusun
berdasarkan Framework For The Development of
Environment Statistics (FDES) 1984, United Nations.
Rangka kerja ini telah disesuaikan mengikut situasi
Malaysia sebagai Framework For The Development of
Environment Statistics (FDES), Malaysia 1998.
Penyusunan data mengikut empat klasifikasi media alam
sekitar dan dianalisis berdasarkan model Tekanan-
Keadaan-Tindak Balas (PSR) dari Rangka Kerja untuk
Pembangunan Perangkaan Alam Sekitar (FDES) yang
dibangunkan oleh Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD) seperti di
Lampiran 1.

Walau bagaimanapun, untuk kesesuaian di Malaysia,
format ini telah diubahsuai kepada model Keadaan-
Tekanan-Tindak Balas (SPR).

Kompendium ini menerangkan alam sekitar mengikut
klasifikasi media seperti berikut: Udara/Atmosfera,
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik (darat dan marin),
Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial dan Alam Sekitar
Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk. Susunan kompendium
ini adalah seperti berikut: setiap bab mengandungi latar
belakang alam sekitar diikuti keadaan semasa
seterusnya menggambarkan bagaimana aktiviti manusia
memberi tekanan ke atas alam sekitar. Akhirnya tindak
balas yang sesuai diambil untuk mengurangkan tekanan
atau impak.

Punca data

Perangkaan dalam KPAS ini telah diperoleh menerusi
sumber data sekunder, rekod pentadbiran dan
perangkaan yang diterbitkan. Beberapa data sosio-
ekonomi berkaitan dengan perangkaan alam sekitar yang
telah dikumpul dan disimpan oleh Jabatan Perangkaan
secara langsung atau tidak langsung juga digunakan
untuk tujuan ini.

Framework

The statistics in this Compendium of Environment
Statistics (CES) is compiled based on Framework For
The Development of Environment Statistics (FDES) 1984,
United Nations. This framework was modified according
to Malaysias situation known as Framework For The
Development of Environment Statistics (FDES), Malaysia
1998. Compilation of data according to four environmental
media classifications and the analyses are based on the
Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model of the
Framework for the Development of Environment
Statistics (FDES) developed by the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as per
Appendix 1.

However, for Malaysias compatibality, the PSR format
was modified to State-Pressure-Response (SPR) model.

This compendium describes the environment according to
the following media classifications: Air/Atmosphere,
Water/Aquatic Environment (inland and marine),
Land/Terrestrial Environment and Urban
Environment/Human Settlements. Its layout adopts the
following approach: each chapter outlines the
background of the environment, followed by a
description of the existing state. It then proceeds to show
how human activities can put pressure on the
environment leading to appropriate responses taken to
minimise these stresses or impacts.

Data source

The statistics in the CES were obtained from secondary
data, administrative records and derived statistics. Some
of the socio-economic data that has been collected and
kept in Department of Statistics are directly or indirectly
relevant to environment statistics also been used for this
purpose.

xlii

Selain itu, data yang dibekalkan oleh Jabatan Alam
Sekitar (JAS) dan agensi kerajaan yang lain, terutamanya
ahli-ahli Jawatankuasa Antara Agensi mengenai
Perangkaan Alam Sekitar (JAAMPAS). Senarai penuh
ahli-ahli JAAMPAS seperti ditunjukkan di Lampiran 2.

Kompendium ini merupakan sebahagian daripada
rancangan yang berterusan untuk mempersembahkan
perangkaan alam sekitar yang terpilih. Terdapat ruang
data yang masih perlu diliputi, terutamanya tentang flora
dan fauna, dan kepelbagaian biologi. Usaha telah
dimulakan bagi mengumpul beberapa perangkaan ini
melalui penyiasatan tetap. Beberapa seksyen dalam
kompendium ini telah ditambah baik dengan
pengumpulan data daripada penyiasatan-penyiasatan ini
dan juga lain-lain sumber. Penambahan tajuk bagi
seksyen yang sedia ada adalah berterusan.

Apart from this, data was also sourced from the
Department of Environment (DOE) and other Government
agencies, particularly, members of the Inter-Agency
Committee on Environment Statistics (IACES). The full list
of IACES members is shown in Appendix 2.

This compendium is part of an ongoing programme to
present selected areas of environment statistics. There
are still data gaps to be covered, especially in the areas
of flora and fauna, and bio-diversity. Efforts have been
initiated to collect some of these statistics through regular
surveys. Some sections of the CES have been enhanced
with data collected from these surveys and also other
sources. The inclusion of new topics within the existing
sections is expected to continue.

1

3
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

A.1 Iklim

Pengenalan

Malaysia terletak di zon khatulistiwa dan mengalami
iklim panas dan lembap. Pada amnya, ia mempunyai
suhu seragam, kelembapan tinggi dan jumlah hujan
yang banyak.

Suhu

Jadual A menunjukkan ringkasan perangkaan iklim di
stesen meteorologi terpilih pada 2012. Suhu tertinggi
direkodkan di stesen Subang (36.6C) dan bacaan
terendah di stesen Cameron Highlands (13.0C).

Taburan hujan

Pada 2012, hujan tahunan tertinggi dan terendah
masing-masing direkodkan di stesen Bintulu
(3,936.2mm) dan stesen Sitiawan (1,833.8mm).
A.1 Climate

Introduction

Malaysia is located in the equatorial zone and
experience the warm and humid climate. In general, it
has a uniform temperature, high humidity and abundant
rainfall.

Temperature

Table A shows the summary of climate statistics at
selected meteorological stations in 2012. The highest
temperature recorded at Subang station (36.6C) and
the lowest recorded at Cameron Highlands station
(13.0C).

Rainfall distribution

In 2012, the yearly highest and lowest rainfall recorded
at Bintulu station (3,936.2mm) and Sitiawan station
(1,833.8mm) respectively.

Jadual A: Ringkasan perangkaan iklim di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2012
Table A: Summary of climate statistics at selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2012

Iklim
Climate
Rekod
Record
Stesen
Station
Suhu
Temperature
Suhu tertinggi (C)
Highest temperature
36.6 Subang
Suhu terendah (C)
Lowest temperature
13.0 Cameron Highlands
Hujan
Rainfall
Hujan tahunan tertinggi (mm)
Yearly highest rainfall
3,936.2 Bintulu
Hujan tahunan terendah (mm)
Yearly lowest rainfall
1,833.8 Sitiawan
Purata kelembapan relatif
Purata kelembapan relatif tertinggi (%)
Highest mean relative humidity
90.8 Cameron Highlands
Purata kelembapan relatif terendah (%)
Lowest mean relative humidity
77.4 Petaling Jaya

Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia
Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department

4
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Jumlah hujan tahunan bagi 34 stesen meteorologi
terpilih menurun daripada 101.4 ribu mm pada 2011
kepada 91.7 ribu mm pada 2012. Bagi tempoh enam
bulan pertama 2012 dan 2013, jumlah hujan juga
menurun daripada 39.7 ribu mm kepada 37.9 ribu mm.
Total annual rainfall for 34 selected meteorological
stations decreased from 101.4 thousand mm in 2011 to
91.7 thousand mm in 2012. Similarly, during the first six
months of 2012 and 2013, total rainfall also decreased
from 39.7 thousand mm to 37.9 thousand mm.

Carta 1.1: Jumlah hujan di 34 stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2008-2013
Chart 1.1: Total rainfall at 34 selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2008-2013

1
Januari-Jun Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia
January-June Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department

0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2012a 2013b
103.4
95.9
87.3
101.4
91.7
39.7
37.9
Jumlah hujan ('000mm)
Total rainfall
Tahun
Year
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2012
1
2013
1

5
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Di Semenanjung Malaysia, bilangan hari hujan tertinggi
dicatatkan di Cameron Highlands iaitu 239 hari pada
2012. Sementara itu, Kota Bharu mencatatkan
bilangan hari hujan terendah iaitu 171 hari.

In Peninsular Malaysia, the highest number of rainy
days was recorded in Cameron Highlands with 239
days in 2012. Meanwhile, Kota Bharu recorded the
lowest number of rainy days with 171 days.

Carta 1.2a: Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Chart 1.2a: Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological stations, Peninsular Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia
Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department

Pada 2012, di Sabah, bilangan hari hujan terendah
dicatatkan di Kota Kinabalu iaitu 195 hari manakala
bilangan hari hujan tertinggi dicatatkan di Sandakan
iaitu 217 hari. [Carta 1.2b]

Di Sarawak, bilangan hari hujan terendah dicatatkan di
Miri iaitu 203 hari manakala bilangan hari hujan
tertinggi dicatatkan di Kuching iaitu 247 hari.
[Carta 1.2c].
In 2012, for Sabah, the lowest number of rainy days
was recorded in Kota Kinabalu at 195 days while the
highest number of rainy days recorded in Sandakan at
217 days. [Chart 1.2b]

In Sarawak, the lowest number of rainy days was
recorded in Miri at 203 days while the highest number
of rainy days recorded in Kuching at 247 days.
[Chart 1.2c].

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
C
a
m
e
r
o
n

H
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g
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a
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M
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B
h
a
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2
4
9
2
1
8
1
8
8
1
7
6
2
0
2
1
8
9
1
9
12
0
8
1
9
0
2
1
0
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8
9
2
1
8
2
0
5
1
8
9
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7
7
1
8
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6
51
7
8
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0
1
7
1
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7
0
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6
4
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01
8
0
2
3
9
2
0
6
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0
5
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0
1
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9
7
1
9
7
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6
1
9
4
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9
4
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3
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1
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1
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8
9
1
8
8
1
8
6
1
8
3
1
8
2
1
8
1
1
8
1
1
7
8
1
7
7
1
7
1
Jumlah hari hujan
Total rainy days
2011 2012

6
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Carta 1.2b: Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi Carta 1.2c: Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi
terpilih, Sabah, 2011 dan 2012 terpilih, Sarawak, 2011 dan 2012
Chart 1.2b: Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological Chart 1.2c: Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological
stations, Sabah, 2011 and 2012 stations, Sarawak, 2011 and 2012

Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia
Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department

Purata kelembapan relatif

Pada 2012, purata kelembapan relatif bagi
Semenanjung Malaysia berada di antara 77.4 peratus
(Petaling Jaya) dan 90.8 peratus (Cameron Highlands).
Purata kelembapan relatif di Sabah berada di antara
80.3 peratus (Tawau) dan 84.4 peratus (Sandakan)
manakala di Sarawak berada di antara 82.0 peratus
(Miri) dan 85.5 peratus (Bintulu). [Jadual 1.1]


In 2012, the mean relative humidity for Peninsular
Malaysia was between 77.4 per cent (Petaling Jaya)
and 90.8 per cent (Cameron Highlands). The mean
relative humidity in Sabah was between 80.3 per cent
(Tawau) and 84.4 per cent (Sandakan) while in
Sarawak was between 82.0 per cent (Miri) and
85.5 per cent (Bintulu). [Table 1.1]

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Kuching Sibu Sri Aman Bintulu Miri
2
4
4
2
2
4
2
3
9
2
2
9
2
0
0
2
4
7
2
3
0
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
0
3
Jumlah hari hujan
Total rainy days
2011 2012
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Sandakan Kudat Tawau Kota Kinabalu
2
3
9
2
3
3
2
0
12
1
6
2
1
7
2
1
2
1
9
9
1
9
5
Jumlah hari hujan
Total rainy days
2011 2012

7
B. KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

B.1 Status kualiti udara

Pengenalan

Udara terdiri daripada komposisi gas termasuk nitrogen
(lebih kurang 78.0 peratus), oksigen (lebih kurang
21.0 peratus) dan gas-gas lain (lebih kurang
1.0 peratus). Kesemua komponen ini memainkan
peranan penting dalam mengekalkan kehidupan.

Indeks Pencemaran Udara

Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) telah membangunkan
sistem indeks kualiti udara yang pertama dikenali
sebagai Indeks Kualiti Udara Malaysia (IKUM) pada
1993. Sistem indeks memainkan peranan penting
untuk memaklumkan status kualiti udara sekeliling,
yang terdiri daripada Baik sehingga Berbahaya. Indeks
Pencemaran Udara (IPU) telah diperkenalkan setelah
JAS mengkaji semula sistem indeks ini pada 1996.

JAS memantau kualiti udara negara melalui 52 stesen
pengawasan yang ditempatkan di seluruh negara.
Bahan pencemar udara yang diambilkira untuk mengira
IPU adalah Ozon (O3), Karbon Monoksida (CO),
Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2), Sulfur Dioksida (SO2) dan
Habuk Halus bersaiz kurang dari 10 mikron (PM10).

IPU dikategorikan sebagai Baik, Sederhana, Tidak
Sihat, Sangat Tidak Sihat dan Berbahaya [Lampiran 3]
seperti berikut:
B.1 Air quality status

Introduction

Air is a composition of gases including nitrogen
(about 78.0 per cent), oxygen (about 21.0 per cent) and
other gases (about 1.0 per cent). All these components
play an important role in sustaining lives.

Air Pollutant Index

The Department of Environment (DOE) has developed
its first air quality index system, known as the Malaysian
Air Quality Index (MAQI) in 1993. An index system
plays an important role in conveying the status of
ambient air quality, ranging from Good to Hazardous.
The Air Pollutant Index (API) was introduced when
DOE has revised its index system in 1996.

DOE monitors the countrys ambient air quality through
52 monitoring stations located throughout the country.
The air pollutants which were counted in computing the
API are Ground Level Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide
(CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
and Particulate Matter of less than 10 microns in size
(PM10).

The API is categorised as Good, Moderate, Unhealthy,
Very Unhealthy and Hazardous [Appendix 3] as
follows:

Status Indeks Pencemaran Udara (IPU)
Air Pollutant Index (API) status

IPU/API Status IPU/API status
050 Baik/Good
51100 Sederhana/Moderate
101200 Tidak Sihat/Unhealthy
201300 Sangat Tidak Sihat/Very Unhealthy
>300 Berbahaya/Hazardous

8
B. KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Carta 1.3 (a hingga m) menunjukkan keseluruhan
status kualiti udara mengikut negeri. Berdasarkan
status IPU, keseluruhan kualiti udara pada 2012
menunjukkan tahap Baik dan Sederhana pada
kebanyakan masa. Daripada 52 stesen yang dipantau,
23 stesen mencatatkan tahap Tidak Sihat. Stesen ILP,
Miri mencatatkan tahap Sangat Tidak Sihat (5 hari) dan
Berbahaya (satu hari). Stesen Sandakan mencatatkan
hari tahap Baik terbanyak (354) manakala stesen
Cheras, Kuala Lumpur mencatatkan 37 hari tahap
Tidak Sihat.
Chart 1.3 (a to m) shows the overall air quality status
by state. Based on API status, the overall air quality in
2012 was between Good and Moderate for most of the
time. Of the 52 stations monitored, 23 stations recorded
Unhealthy level. ILP, Miri station recorded Very
Unhealthy level (5 days) and Hazardous level (one
day). Sandakan station recorded the most number of
Good days (354) while Cheras, Kuala Lumpur station
recorded 37 Unhealthy days.

Carta 1.3a: Status kualiti udara
1
mengikut stesen, Johor, 2012
Chart 1.3a: Air quality status by station, Johor, 2012

Carta 1.3b: Status kualiti udara
1
mengikut stesen, Kedah dan Perlis, 2012
Chart 1.3b: Air quality status by station, Kedah and Perlis, 2012

1
Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian Sumber: Jabatan Alam Sekitar
Air quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings Source: Department of Environment

Nota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 366 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikal
Note: Stations with inadequate 366 days is due to technical problems

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Kota Tinggi Larkin Muar Pasir Gudang
160
203
172
122
205
161
194
242
1 2 2
Baik
Good
(0-50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
(101-200)
Baik
Good
(0 - 50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
(101- 200) Bilangan hari
Number of days
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Alor Setar Langkawi Sungai Petani Kangar
269
312
214
313
94
53
149
52
3 1 3 1
Baik
Good
Sederhana
Moderate
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
Baik
Good
(0 - 50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
(101-200)
Bilangan hari
Number of days

9
B. KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Carta 1.3c: Status kualiti udara
1
mengikut stesen, Kelantan, 2012
Chart 1.3c: Air quality status by station, Kelantan, 2012

Carta 1.3d: Status kualiti udara
1
mengikut stesen, Melaka, 2012
Chart 1.3d: Air quality status by station, Melaka, 2012

Carta 1.3e: Status kualiti udara
1
mengikut stesen, Negeri Sembilan, 2012
Chart 1.3e: Air quality status by station, Negeri Sembilan, 2012

1


0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Kota Bharu Tanah Merah
279
80
86
286
Baik
Good
(0-50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Baik
Good
(0 - 50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Bilangan hari
Number of days
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Bandaraya Melaka Bukit Rambai
174
18
192
348
Baik
Good
Sederhana
Moderate
Baik
Good
(0 - 50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Bilangan hari
Number of days
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Nilai Port Dickson Seremban
60
86
164
305
273
202
1 7
Baik
Good
Sederhana
Moderate
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
Baik
Good
(0 - 50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51 - 100)
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
(101 - 200) Bilangan hari
Number of days

10
B. KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.3f: Status kualiti udara
1
mengikut stesen, Pahang, 2012
Chart 1.3f: Air quality status by station, Pahang, 2012

Carta 1.3g: Status kualiti udara
1
mengikut stesen, Perak, 2012
Chart 1.3g: Air quality status by station, Perak, 2012

Carta 1.3h: Status kualiti udara
1
mengikut stesen, Pulau Pinang, 2012
Chart 1.3h: Air quality status by station, Pulau Pinang, 2012

1


0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Balok Baru Jerantut Kuantan
154
295
233
212
71
132
Baik
Good
(0-50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Baik
Good
(0 - 50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Bilangan hari
Number of days
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Pegoh, lpoh Seri Manjung Taiping Tanjung Malim Tasek, lpoh
61
275
260
231
151
303
90
105
114
215
2
21
Baik
Good
(0-50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
(101-200)
Baik
Good
(0-50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Tidak Sihat
Unhealhy
(101-200)
Bilangan hari
Number of days
0
50
100
150
200
250
Perai Seberang Jaya USM
223
176
173
143
185
192
5
1
Baik
Good
(0-50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
(101-200)
Baik
Good
(0-50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
(101-200)
Bilangan hari
Number of days

11
B. KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.3i: Status kualiti udara
1
mengikut stesen, Sabah, 2012
Chart 1.3i: Air quality status by station, Sabah, 2012

Carta 1.3j: Status kualiti udara
1
mengikut stesen, Sarawak, 2012
Chart 1.3j: Air quality status by station, Sarawak, 2012

Carta 1.3k: Status kualiti udara
1
mengikut stesen, Selangor, 2012
Chart 1.3k: Air quality status by station, Selangor, 2012

1

Baik
Good
(0-50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
(101-200)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Keningau Kota Kinabalu Sandakan Tawau
329
324
354
341
37
42
12
24
Baik
Good
(0-50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Baik
Good
(0-50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Bilangan hari
Number of days
Baik
Good
(0 - 50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
(101- 200)
Sangat Tidak Sihat
Very Unhealthy
(201- 300)
Berbahaya
Hazardous
(>300)
Bilangan hari
Number of days
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Banting Klang Kuala Selangor Petaling Jaya Shah Alam
83
75
251
127
100
278 276
109
235
255
5
13
5 4
11
Baik
Good
(0-50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
(101-200)
Baik
Good
(0-50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
(101-200) Bilangan hari
Number of days

12
B. KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Carta 1.3l: Status kualiti udara
1
mengikut stesen, Terengganu, 2012
Chart 1.3l: Air quality status by station, Terengganu, 2012

Carta 1.3m: Status kualiti udara
1
mengikut stesen, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2012
Chart 1.3m: Air quality status by station, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2012

1


Carta 1.4 menunjukkan bilangan hari yang Tidak Sihat
mengikut stesen pada 2012. Stesen Cheras, Kuala
Lumpur mencatatkan hari Tidak Sihat terbanyak (37).
Stesen Kangar, Kota Tinggi, Langkawi, Nilai dan USM,
Pulau Pinang masing-masing mencatatkan satu hari
tahap Tidak Sihat.
Chart 1.4 shows the number of Unhealthy days by
station in 2012. Cheras, Kuala Lumpur station recorded
the most number of Unhealthy days (37). Kangar, Kota
Tinggi, Langkawi, Nilai and USM, Pulau Pinang stations
recorded one day Unhealthy level respectively.

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Kemaman Kuala Terengganu Paka
98
145
335
268
221
31
Baik
Good
(0 - 50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Baik
Good
(0 - 50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51- 100)
Bilangan hari
Number of days
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Batu Muda,
Kuala Lumpur
Cheras,
Kuala Lumpur
Labuan Putrajaya
108
32
313
174
233
297
53
189
25
37
2
Baik
Good
(0-50)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
(101-200)
Sederhana
Moderate
(51-100)
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
(101-200)
Baik
Good
(0-50)
Bilangan hari
Number of days

13
B. KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Carta 1.4: Bilangan hari bagi status kualiti udara
1
Tidak Sihat mengikut stesen, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 1.4: Number of days for Unhealthy air quality status by station, Malaysia, 2012

1

B.2 Bahan pencemar udara

Bahan pencemar udara merupakan bahan kimia di
udara yang boleh membahayakan manusia dan alam
sekitar. Bahan pencemar boleh berbentuk partikel,
titisan cecair atau gas.

Terdapat enam bahan pencemar utama iaitu
Ozon (O3), Plumbum (Pb), Karbon Monoksida (CO),
Sulfur Dioksida (SO2), Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2) dan
Habuk Halus bersaiz kurang dari 10 mikron (PM10).
Pencemaran udara berlaku apabila bahan pencemar
ini hadir di atmosfera. Punca dan kesan bahan
pencemar udara ditunjukkan seperti di Lampiran 4.

B.2 Air pollutant

Air pollutant is a substance in the air that can be
harmful to human beings and the environment.
Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid
droplets or gases.

There are six main pollutants namely Ground Level
Ozone (O3), Lead (Pb), Carbon Monoxide (CO),
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and
Particulate Matter of less than 10 microns in size
(PM10). Air pollution occurs when these pollutants are
present in the atmosphere. The sources and effects of
air pollutants are shown in Appendix 4.

1
2
3
4
5
7
9
11
13
21
25
37
0 10 20 30 40
Kangar, Kota Tinggi, Langkawi, Nilai dan USM
Larkin, Pasir Gudang, Pegoh, Putrajaya dan Sri Aman
Alor Setar dan Sungai Petani
Petaling Jaya
Banting, Kuala Selangor dan Seberang Jaya
Port Dickson
ILP, Miri
Shah Alam
Klang
Tanjung Malim
Batu Muda, Kuala Lumpur
Cheras, Kuala Lumpur
Bilangan hari
Number of days

14
B. KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Ozon

Ozon (O3) merupakan gas yang mengeluarkan bau
yang tidak menyenangkan, tidak berwarna dan
bertoksik. Pada lewat tengahari atau awal petang,
lazimnya kepekatan O3 adalah tinggi dan mendominasi
bacaan IPU di sesetengah kawasan. Di bawah
pengaruh cahaya matahari, Nitrogen Oksida (NOx) dan
Sebatian Organik Meruap (VOC) yang dilepaskan dari
ekzos kenderaan bermotor dan industri bertindakbalas
bagi membentuk O3 di permukaan bumi.

Kepekatan tertinggi bagi O3 dicatatkan di kawasan
bandar iaitu sebanyak 0.044 ppm diikuti oleh kawasan
industri, 0.041 ppm dan kawasan subbandar
0.039 ppm. Kepekatan di kawasan background adalah
0.033 ppm. Purata tahunan kepekatan O3 di semua
stesen adalah di bawah Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara
Malaysia, 0.1 ppm.

Ground Level Ozone

Ground Level Ozone (O3) is a pungent, colourless and
toxic gas. By the late afternoon or early evening, O3
concentrations are typically high and dominates the API
readings in some areas. Under the influence of sunlight,
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs) emitted from motor vehicle exhaust and
industry react to form O3 in the earth's surface.

The highest concentration of O3 recorded at urban area
at 0.044 ppm followed by industrial area, 0.041 ppm
and suburban area, 0.039 ppm. Background area
recorded concentration at 0.033 ppm. The annual
average concentration of O3 for all stations is under
Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines, 0.1 ppm.

Carta 1.5: Purata tahunan kepekatan Ozon mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 1.5: Average annual concentration of Ground Level Ozone by land use, Malaysia, 2012

Sumber: Jabatan Alam Sekitar
Source: Department of Environment
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
lndustri
Industrial
Bandar
Urban
Sub bandar
Sub Urban
Background
0.041
0.044
0.039
0.033
ppm
Kawasan Industri Bandar Subbandar Background
Industrial area Urban Suburban

ppm

15
B. KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Plumbum

Plumbum (Pb) adalah bahan pencemar yang wujud
dalam bentuk wap atau partikel halus. Ia hadir secara
semula jadi di alam sekitar. Bagaimanapun,
kebanyakan kepekatan Pb yang ditemui di persekitaran
adalah hasil daripada aktiviti manusia.

Stesen Pudu mencatatkan kepekatan Pb tertinggi iaitu
0.0405 g/m
3
pada 2012. Ini diikuti oleh stesen IPD
Butterworth dan Dewan Bandaraya masing-masing
dengan 0.0192 g/m
3
dan 0.0118 g/m
3
.

Lead

Lead (Pb) is a pollutant which exists in the form of
vapour or particles. It occurs naturally in the
environment. However, most Pb concentrations that are
found in the environment are a result of human
activities.

Pudu station recorded the highest concentration of Pb
at 0.0405 g/m
3
in 2012. This was followed by IPD
Butterworth station and the City Hall station at
0.0192 g/m
3
and 0.0118 g/m
3
respectively.

Carta 1.6: Purata tahunan kepekatan Plumbum di udara, W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan Pulau Pinang, 2008-2012
Chart 1.6: Annual average concentration of Lead in the air, W.P. Kuala Lumpur and Pulau Pinang, 2008-2012

Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: Pb tidak melebihi 1.5 g/m
3
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: Pb not exceeding 1.5 g/m
3

0.0655
0.0613 0.0610
0.0583
0.0405
0.0199
0.0225
0.0263
0.0207
0.0118
0.0328
0.0218
0.0224
0.0252
0.0192
0.0000
0.0200
0.0400
0.0600
0.0800
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
g/m
3
Tahun
Year
Pudu Dewan Bandaraya
City Hall
IPD Butterworth Dewan Bandaraya
City Hall

16
B. KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Karbon Monoksida

Karbon Monoksida (CO) merupakan gas yang tidak
berwarna dan tidak berbau, tidak merengsa tetapi amat
beracun. Tahap CO yang tinggi adalah beracun dan ia
tidak dapat dikesan oleh manusia kerana ia tidak
mempunyai rasa atau bau dan tidak boleh dilihat.
Kepekatan semula jadi CO di udara adalah sekitar
0.2 ppm, dan jumlah itu adalah tidak berbahaya
kepada manusia. Pelepasan daripada ekzos
kenderaan, proses industri dan aktiviti pembakaran
terbuka merupakan sumber utama CO di kawasan
bandar.

Kawasan industri mencatatkan kepekatan CO tertinggi
iaitu 0.758 ppm. Ini diikuti oleh kawasan bandar
(0.700 ppm) dan kawasan subbandar (0.645 ppm).
Bagi kawasan background, kepekatan yang dicatatkan
adalah 0.293 ppm.
Carbon Monoxide

Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colourless and odourless,
non-irritating but very poisonous gas. High levels of CO
are poisonous and it cannot be detected by humans as
it has no taste or smell and cannot be seen. The natural
concentration of CO in air is around 0.2 ppm, and that
amount is not harmful to humans. Emissions from motor
vehicle exhausts, industrial process and open burning
activities are the main sources of CO in urban areas.

Industrial area recorded the highest level of CO
concentration at 0.758 ppm. This was followed by
urban areas (0.700 ppm) and suburban areas
(0.645 ppm). As for background area, the concentration
recorded was at 0.293 ppm.

Carta 1.7: Purata tahunan kepekatan Karbon Monoksida mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 1.7: Average annual concentration of Carbon Monoxide by land use, Malaysia, 2012


0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
Kawasan industri
Industrial area
Bandar
Urban
Subbandar
Suburban
Background
0.758
0.700
0.645
0.293
ppm
Kawasan industri Bandar Subbandar Background

ppm

17
B. KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Sulfur Dioksida

Sulfur Dioksida (SO2) adalah sejenis gas reaktif yang
tidak berwarna, mempunyai bau yang tajam, merengsa
serta mudah larut dalam air. Sumber utama SO2 di
udara ialah aktiviti industri yang memproses
bahan-bahan yang mengandungi sulfur, contohnya
penjanaan elektrik daripada arang batu, minyak atau
gas yang mengandungi sulfur.

Kepekatan tertinggi SO2 direkodkan di kawasan industri
iaitu 0.0022 ppm diikuti oleh kawasan bandar
(0.0018 ppm) dan subbandar (0.0015 ppm). Kawasan
background mencatatkan kepekatan pada 0.0009 ppm.
Sulphur Dioxide

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) is a colourless, pungent, irritating
and water-soluble reactive gas. The main source of SO2
in the air is industrial activity that processes materials
that contain sulfur, e.g the generation of electricity from
coal, oil or gas that contains sulphur.

The highest level of SO2 concentration recorded at
industrial area which accounted for 0.0022 ppm
followed by urban areas (0.0018 ppm) and suburban
areas (0.0015 ppm). Background area recorded
concentration at 0.0009 ppm.

Carta 1.8: Purata tahunan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksida mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 1.8: Average annual concentration of Sulphur Dioxide by land use, Malaysia, 2012


Nitrogen Dioksida

Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2) terbentuk di persekitaran
udara melalui pengoksidaan Nitrogen Monoksida (NO).
Gas bertoksik berwarna merah keperangan ini
mempunyai bau yang kuat dan tajam.

Nitrogen Dioxide

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is formed in the ambient air
through the oxidation of Nitrogen Monoxide (NO). This
reddish brown toxic gas has a sharp and pungent
odour.

0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
Kawasan industri
Industrial area
Bandar
Urban
Subbandar
Suburban
Background
0.0022
0.0018
0.0015
0.0009
ppm

ppm

18
B. KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Carta 1.9 menunjukkan bacaan purata tahunan
kepekatan NO2 mengikut land use pada 2012. Purata
kepekatan bagi kawasan industri merupakan yang
tertinggi iaitu 0.011 ppm. Sementara itu, kawasan
bandar dan subbandar masing-masing mencatatkan
purata kepekatan pada 0.010 ppm dan 0.008 ppm.
Purata tahunan kepekatan di kawasan background
adalah 0.002 ppm.

Chart 1.9 shows the reading of average annual
concentration of NO2 by land use in 2012. The average
concentration for industrial areas was the highest
at 0.011 ppm. Meanwhile, urban area and suburban
area recorded average concentration at 0.010 ppm and
0.008 ppm respectively. The average annual
concentration at background area was 0.002 ppm.

Carta 1.9: Purata tahunan kepekatan Nitrogen Dioksida mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 1.9: Average annual concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide by land use, Malaysia, 2012


Habuk Halus

Habuk Halus (PM10) adalah istilah yang digunakan bagi
partikel terampai berukuran kurang daripada diameter
10 mikron. PM10 boleh berbentuk pepejal atau cecair
dan ia termasuk aerosol, debu, asap dan debunga.
Partikel ini berpunca daripada stesen janakuasa, proses
industri dan aktiviti pembakaran terbuka.

Carta 1.10 menunjukkan purata tahunan kepekatan
PM10 mengikut land use di Malaysia pada 2012. Purata
kepekatan PM10 paling tinggi dicatatkan di kawasan
industri (49 g/m
3
).

Kawasan bandar mencatatkan
bacaan 46 g/m
3
manakala kawasan subbandar dan
luar bandar kedua-duanya merekodkan bacaan
39 g/m
3
. Sementara itu, kawasan background
mencatatkan kepekatan pada 34 g/m
3
.
Particulate Matter

Particulate Matter (PM10) is the term used to describe
respirable particles of less than 10 micron in diameter.
PM10 can be in solid or liquid form and it includes
aerosol, dust, smoke and pollen. These particles
originate from power plants, industrial processes and
open burning activities.

Chart 1.10 shows the average annual concentration of
PM10 by land use in Malaysia in 2012. The highest
average concentration of PM10 was recorded at industrial
areas (49 g/m
3
). Urban areas recorded 46 g/m
3
while
suburban and rural areas both registered the reading at
39 g/m
3
. Meanwhile, background areas recorded
concentration at 34 g/m
3
.

0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
Kawasan industri
Industrial area
Bandar
Urban
Subbandar
Suburban
Background
0.011
0.010
0.008
0.002
ppm

ppm

19
B. KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Carta 1.10: Purata tahunan kepekatan Habuk Halus mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 1.10: Average annual concentration of Particulate Matter by land use, Malaysia, 2012


30
35
40
45
50
55
Kawasan industri
Industrial area
Bandar
Urban
Subbandar
Suburban
Luarbandar
Rural
Background
49
46
39 39
34
g/m
3
Kawasan industri Bandar Subbandar Luar bandar Background
Industrial area Urban Suburban Rural

20
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

C.1 Punca pencemaran udara

Sumber utama bagi pencemaran udara di Malaysia
adalah pelepasan daripada punca tetap (perindustrian
termasuk stesen janakuasa), kenderaan bermotor dan
aktiviti pembakaran terbuka.

Kenderaan bermotor menyumbang 68.5 peratus
pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara. Punca tetap dan
punca-punca lain masing-masing menyumbang
26.4 peratus dan 5.1 peratus.

C.1 Sources of air pollution

The main sources of air pollution in Malaysia are
emissions from stationary sources (industries including
power plants), motor vehicles and open burning
activities.

Motor vehicles contributed 68.5 per cent of the
emission of pollutants to the atmosphere. Stationary
sources and other sources accounted for 26.4 per cent
and 5.1 per cent respectively.

Carta 1.11: Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut punca, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 1.11: Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by source, Malaysia, 2012

1
Termasuk hotel, pusat komersial, institusi dan pasar malam Sumber: Jabatan Alam Sekitar
Includes hotels, commercial centres, institutions and night markets Source: Department of Environment

Carta 1.12 menunjukkan pelepasan mengikut bahan
pencemar ke udara pada 2012. CO menyumbang
peratus tertinggi (63.4%), diikuti oleh NO2 (29.7%),
SO2 (6.7%) dan PM (0.2%).
Chart 1.12 shows the emission of pollutants to the
atmosphere in 2012. CO contributed the highest
percentage (63.4%), followed by NO2 (29.7%),
SO2 (6.7%) and PM (0.2%).

Punca tetap
Stationary sources
26.4%
Kenderaan bermotor
Motor vehicles
68.5%
Lain-lain
1
Others
5.1%

21
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Carta 1.12: Pelepasan mengikut bahan pencemar ke udara, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 1.12: Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere, Malaysia, 2012



C.2 Pelepasan bahan pencemar daripada punca
utama

Kenderaan bermotor

Pada 2012, pelepasan bagi semua bahan pencemar
menunjukkan peningkatan berbanding 2011.
Pelepasan CO meningkat sebanyak 6.5 peratus diikuti
oleh SO2 (5.1%). Sementara itu, pelepasan bagi NO2
dan PM meningkat sebanyak 4.5 peratus.
C.2 Emission of pollutants from main sources

Motor vehicles

In 2012, emission of all pollutants shows an increase as
compared to 2011. Emission of CO increased by
6.5 per cent followed by SO2 (5.1%). Meanwhile,
emission of NO2 and PM both increased by
4.5 per cent.

Carta 1.13: Jumlah pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada kenderaan bermotor, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Chart 1.13: Total emission of pollutants to the atmosphere from motor vehicles, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012


0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
CO NO2 SO2 PM
1,671.0
216.4
13.7 4.4
1,779.4
226.2
14.4
4.6
2011 2012
CO NO2 SO2 PM
CO
63.4%
NO
2
29.7%
SO
2
6.7%
PM
0.2%
Tan metrik (000)
Tonnes

22
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Punca tetap

Pelepasan bahan pencemar daripada punca tetap
terdiri daripada sektor industri dan stesen janakuasa.
Pada 2012, pelepasan bagi PM melalui stesen
janakuasa menurun sebanyak 86.2 peratus berbanding
2011. Sebaliknya, pelepasan NO2, SO2 dan CO
masing-masing menunjukkan peningkatan sebanyak
11.5 peratus, 10.8 peratus dan 2.7 peratus.
[Jadual 1.8]
Stationary sources

Emission of pollutants from stationary sources consists
of industrial sector and power plants. In 2012, the
emission of PM through power plants station decreased
by 86.2 per cent as compared to 2011. On the other
hand, the emission of NO2, SO2 and CO increased by
11.5 per cent, 10.8 per cent and 2.7 per cent
respectively. [Table 1.8]

Carta 1.14: Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada punca tetap melalui stesen janakuasa, Malaysia,
2011 dan 2012
Chart 1.14: Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere from stationary sources through power plants, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012


Carta 1.15 menunjukkan pelepasan semua bahan
pencemar ke udara daripada punca tetap melalui
industri menurun pada 2012. Pelepasan PM melalui
industri menurun sebanyak 98.2 peratus. SO2, CO dan
NO2 juga masing-masing menurun sebanyak
35.3 peratus, 21.0 peratus dan 9.0 peratus.
Chart 1.15 shows the emission of all pollutants to the
atmosphere from stationary sources through industries
decreased in 2012. The emission of PM through
industries decreased by 98.2 per cent. Similarly, SO2,
CO and NO2 decreased by 35.3 per cent, 21.0 per cent
and 9.0 per cent respectively.

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
CO NO2 SO2 PM10
70.2
470.3
86.5
6.5
72.1
524.4
95.8
0.9
Tan metrik ('000)
Tonnes
2011 2012
CO NO2 SO2 PM

23
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Carta 1.15: Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada punca tetap melalui industri, Malaysia,
2011 dan 2012
Chart 1.15: Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere from stationary sources through industries, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012


0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
CO NO2 SO2 PM
11.9
62.5
30.6
11.3
9.4
56.9
19.8
0.2
Tan metrik ('000)
Tonnes
2011 2012
CO NO2 SO2 PM

24
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

D.1 Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara berperanan sebagai
satu rangka kerja untuk menggerak dan memberikan
panduan kepada agensi kerajaan, industri, komuniti
dan juga pihak berkepentingan dalam menghadapi
cabaran perubahan iklim secara menyeluruh dan
bersepadu. Dasar ini menitikberatkan pengukuhan
keupayaan negara agar impak perubahan iklim dapat
dikurangkan di samping menggalakkan langkah
mitigasi yang boleh mempertingkatkan pembangunan
secara lestari.

Menyedari hakikat kesan dan impak negatif perubahan
iklim, Malaysia mengambil tindakan untuk
mengarusperdanakan respons nasional bagi
memantapkan matlamat pembangunan ekonomi, sosial
dan alam sekitar berdasarkan prinsip berikut:

1. Pembangunan Secara Lestari
Mengintegrasikan respons perubahan iklim ke
dalam pelan rancangan negara bagi memenuhi
aspirasi ke arah mencapai pembangunan lestari.

2. Pemuliharaan Alam Sekitar dan Sumber Asli
Memperkukuhkan pelaksanaan pelbagai tindakan
perubahan iklim yang menyumbang kepada
pemuliharaan alam sekitar dan penggunaan
sumber asli secara lestari.

3. Pelaksanaan Secara Bersepadu
Mengambil kira isu perubahan iklim ke dalam
pelaksanaan program pembangunan di semua
peringkat.

4. Penglibatan yang Berkesan
Meningkatkan penglibatan semua pihak
berkepentingan dan kumpulan utama bagi
pelaksanaan tindakan mengenai perubahan iklim
secara berkesan.

D.1 National Policy on Climate Change

The National Policy on Climate Change serves as the
framework to mobilize and guide government agencies,
industry, community as well as other stakeholders and
major groups in addressing the challenges of climate
change in a concerted and holistic manner. Emphasis is
on strengthening capacity of the nation to reduce its
vulnerability to climate change whilst promoting
mitigation responses that also enhance sustainable
development.

Malaysia recognises the adverse effects and impacts of
climate change and undertakes to mainstream national
responses that consolidate economic, social and
environmental development goals based on the
following principles:

1. Development on a Sustainable Path
Integrate climate change responses into national
development plans to fulfil the countrys aspiration
for sustainable development.

2. Conservation of Environment and Natural
Resources
Strengthen implementation of climate change
actions that contribute to environmental
conservation and sustainable use of natural
resources.

3. Coordinated Implementation
Incorporate climate change considerations into
implementation of development programmes at all
levels.

4. Effective Participation
Improve participation of stakeholders and major
groups for effective implementation of climate
change responses.

25
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

5. Tanggungjawab Sama, Beban Berbeza dan
Keupayaan Tersendiri

Penglibatan negara dalam isu perubahan iklim di
peringkat antarabangsa adalah berdasarkan
kepada prinsip tanggungjawab sama, beban
berbeza dan keupayaan tersendiri.

5. Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and
Respective Capabilities

International involvement on climate change will be
based on the principle of common but differentiated
responsibilities and respective capabilities.

2

29
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: DARAT
WATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: INLAND

A.1 Pengenalan

Air merupakan sumber asas utama yang penting kepada
kehidupan manusia, aktiviti sosio ekonomi seperti aktiviti
perindustrian, akuakultur, pengangkutan, pertanian serta
penjanaan kuasa. Malaysia memiliki taburan hujan yang
banyak serta jaringan sungai yang meluas sebagai
sumber air negara. Permintaan terhadap air telah
meningkat seiring dengan pertumbuhan penduduk dan
peningkatan taraf hidup. Masalah kekurangan air perlu
diatasi memandangkan ia boleh menjejaskan aktiviti
kemanusiaan dan ekonomi. Oleh itu, pengurusan sumber
air hendaklah diberi perhatian supaya dapat memenuhi
permintaan pengguna yang semakin meningkat.

A.2 Sumber air
Sumber air didefinisikan sebagai sumber yang boleh
diperoleh untuk kegunaan manusia dan alam sekitar
merangkumi sungai, tasik, air bawah tanah, air laut dan
sumber air lain. Di Malaysia, 97.0 peratus bekalan air
adalah daripada air permukaan manakala selebihnya
daripada air bawah tanah. Air bawah tanah berperanan
sebagai sumber air alternatif terutama di kawasan tiada
bekalan air atau bekalan air tidak mencukupi.

A.1 Introduction

Water is very essential to human beings, socio economic
activities such as industrial activities, aquaculture,
transportation, agriculture as well as generation of
energy. Malaysia has an abundant rainfall and extensive
river system as national water resource. The demand for
water has been increased as population grows and
improvement in the standard of living. Water shortage
should be overcome since it would affect human and
economic activities. As such, the management of water
resources should be addressed in order to meet the
increasing demand.

A.2 Water resources
Water resources are defined as resource acquired for
human consumption and environment comprising rivers,
lakes, groundwater, sea water and other sources. In
Malaysia, 97.0 per cent of water supply is from surface
water while the remaining is from groundwater.
Groundwater is an alternative source of water, especially
in areas where surface water supply is inadequate or
unavailable.

30
B. KEADAAN
STATE


B.1 Kualiti air sungai

Kualiti air sungai dipantau oleh Jabatan Alam Sekitar
(JAS) berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air (IKA). Sampel air
yang diambil dari stesen pengawasan dianalisis untuk
mengukur IKA. Ia bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti status
kualiti air sungai, mengesan perubahan dalam kualiti air
serta mengenal pasti sumber pencemaran. Terdapat
812 stesen manual yang terletak di 140 lembangan
sungai untuk mengumpul dan merekod data kualiti air
sungai di Malaysia. [Lampiran 8A, 8B dan 8C]. Kualiti air
sungai diklasifikasikan kepada tiga kategori iaitu Bersih,
Sederhana Tercemar dan Tercemar seperti ditunjukkan
di Lampiran 5.

Pengkelasan Air

Pengkelasan air telah diperkenalkan untuk memudahkan
pihak berkuasa mengawal dan menguatkuasa peraturan
yang diperuntukan di bawah Akta Kualiti Alam
Sekeliling 1974. Ia juga memudahkan penyeragaman
penilaian kualiti air di seluruh negara. Pengkelasan
sungai dilaksanakan setiap tahun berdasarkan IKA dan
Interim Standard Kualiti Air Kebangsaan (INWQS) iaitu
Kelas I, II, III, IV dan V. [Lampiran 6]

Indeks Kualiti Air

Sampel air diambil dari stesen pengawasan dianalisis
mengikut enam parameter untuk mengukur IKA.
Parameter tersebut terdiri daripada Keperluan Oksigen
Biokimia (BOD5), Keperluan Oksigen Kimia (COD),
Ammoniakal Nitrogen (NH3-N), Pepejal Terampai (SS),
nilai pH dan Oksigen Terlarut (DO). [Lampiran 6]
B.1 River water quality

River water quality monitored by the Department of
Environment (DOE) is based on Water Quality Index
(WQI). Water samples collected from monitoring stations
are analysed to derive the WQI. Its aim is to identify the
status of river water quality, to detect changes in water
quality and also to identify the pollution sources. A total of
812 manual stations are located within 140 river basins
for collecting and recording the river water quality data in
Malaysia. [Appendix 8A, 8B and 8C]. The river water
quality is classified into three categories i.e. Clean,
Slightly Polluted and Polluted as shown in Appendix 5.

Water Classification

The water classification is introduced to facilitate the
authorities in controlling and enforcing rules stipulated
under Environmental Quality Act 1974. It is also used to
facilitate the standardisation of water quality assessment
throughout country. The classification of river water is
implemented every year based on WQI and Interim
National Water Quality Standards (INWQS) which are
Class I, II, III, IV and V. [Appendix 6]

Water Quality Index

Water samples collected from monitoring stations are
analysed according to the following six parameters to
derive the WQI. The parameters comprised of
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD), Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N),
Suspended Solids (SS), pH value and Dissolved Oxygen
(DO). [Appendix 6]

31
B. KEADAAN
STATE


B.2 Status kualiti air sungai

Ammoniakal Nitrogen

Ammoniakal Nitrogen (NH3-N) adalah komponen nitrogen
yang digunakan sebagai penunjuk untuk menentukan
pencemaran oleh kumbahan. Ia terhasil daripada aktiviti
mikrobiologi dan biasanya wujud di dalam air permukaan
dan air bawah tanah. Sumber utama bagi bahan
pencemar NH3-N adalah kumbahan domestik dan ladang
ternakan.

Peratusan lembangan sungai bersih daripada NH3-N
menurun kepada 25.0 peratus pada 2012 berbanding
29.3 peratus pada 2011. Penurunan peratusan
lembangan sungai bersih secara tidak langsung
meningkatkan peratusan bagi lembangan sungai yang
sederhana tercemar (47.9%) dan lembangan sungai
yang tercemar (27.1%) pada 2012.

B.2 River water quality status

Ammoniacal Nitrogen

Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N) is a component of nitrogen
which is adopted as an indicator to determine pollution by
sewage. It is formed from microbiology activity and
usually exists inside surface water and groundwater. The
main sources of NH3-N were domestic sewage and
livestock farming.

The percentage of clean river basins water that is free
from NH3-N decreased to 25.0 per cent in 2012 as
compared to 29.3 per cent in 2011. The decreased in the
percentage of clean river basins indirectly increases the
percentage of slightly polluted river basins (47.9%) and
polluted river basins (27.1%) in 2012.

Carta 2.1: Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Ammoniakal Nitrogen,
Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 2.1: Status of river water quality based on Ammoniacal Nitrogen pollutant, Malaysia, 2008-2012


Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia

Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD5) merujuk kepada
ukuran jumlah oksigen terlarut yang diperlukan untuk
mengurai bakteria dalam sisa organik di dalam sampel
air. Pertambahan BOD5 di dalam lembangan sungai,
kebiasaannya disebabkan oleh sisa kumbahan yang
tidak dirawat atau separa rawat daripada industri asas
tani dan pembuatan.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) refers to the
amount of dissolved oxygen required for the bacterial
decomposition of organic waste in water samples. The
increase in BOD5 in river basins is due to untreated or
partially treated sewage, discharge from agro-based and
manufacturing industries.

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
50.3
39.1
24.5
29.3
25.0
26.6
32.9
46.1 45.7
47.9
23.1
28.0
29.4
25.0
27.1
Bersih
Clean
Sederhana Tercemar
Slightly Polluted
Tercemar
Polluted
Peratus
Per cent
Bersih
Clean
Sederhana Tercemar
Slightly Polluted
Tercemar
Polluted

32
B. KEADAAN
STATE


Peratusan lembangan sungai yang bersih daripada BOD5
meningkat kepada 8.6 peratus pada 2012 berbanding
2.2 peratus pada 2011. Oleh itu, ia mengurangkan
bilangan lembangan sungai sederhana tercemar
kepada 49.3 peratus manakala lembangan sungai
tercemar meningkat 1.4 peratus kepada 42.1 peratus
bagi tempoh yang sama.

The percentage of clean river basins water that is free
from BOD5 increased to 8.6 per cent in 2012 as
compared to 2.2 per cent in 2011. Therefore, the number
of slightly polluted basins decreased to 49.3 per cent
while the polluted river basins increased 1.4 per cent to
42.1 per cent during the same period.

Carta 2.2: Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia,
Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 2.2: Status of river water quality based on Biochemical Oxygen Demand pollutant, Malaysia, 2008-2012


Pepejal Terampai

Pepejal Terampai (SS) berpunca daripada hakisan tanah
dan mendapan daripada pembangunan kawasan tanah
tinggi dan pembukaan tanah untuk pembalakan dan
perlombongan. Ia akan mengakibatkan peningkatan SS
dan perubahan kepada kualiti air di dalam lembangan
sungai.

Pada 2012, peratusan lembangan sungai yang bersih
meningkat kepada 68.6 peratus berbanding 56.4 peratus
pada 2011. Peratusan lembangan sungai yang
sederhana tercemar meningkat kepada 20.0 peratus
manakala lembangan sungai tercemar menurun kepada
11.4 peratus berbanding 25.0 peratus pada 2011.
[Carta 2.3]
Suspended Solids

Suspended Solids (SS) is caused by soil erosion and
sedimentation from the development in highlands and
clearance of land for logging and mining. It is resulted in
the increase in SS and affects water quality in the river
basins.

In 2012, the percentage of clean river basins rose
to 68.6 per cent as compared to 56.4 per cent in 2011.
The percentage of slightly polluted increased up to
20.0 per cent while polluted river basins showed a
decline to 11.4 per cent as compared to 25.0 per cent in
2011. [Chart 2.3]

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
55.2
19.6
8.4
2.2
8.6
32.2
51.0
55.2
57.1
49.3
12.6
29.4
36.4
40.7
42.1
Peratus
Per cent
Bersih
Clean
Sederhana Tercemar
Slightly Polluted
Tercemar
Polluted
Bersih
Clean
Sederhana Tercemar
Slightly Polluted
Tercemar
Polluted

33
B. KEADAAN
STATE


Carta 2.3: Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Pepejal Terampai,
Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 2.3: Status of river water quality based on Suspended Solids pollutant, Malaysia, 2008-2012


Logam berat

Logam berat ialah logam yang mempunyai molekul tinggi
seperti kuprum, zink, kadmium, nikel, plumbum, arsenik
dan raksa yang biasa digunakan dalam industri untuk
menghasilkan pengeluaran. Pencemaran logam berat
biasanya terjadi apabila pembuangan sisa tidak dirawat
dengan sempurna oleh sektor industri disalurkan
ke dalam lembangan sungai. Kewujudan logam berat
melebihi piawaian akan memberi kesan yang
membahayakan kesihatan manusia dan alam sekitar.
Heavy metal

Heavy metals are metals with high molecules such as
copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel, lead, arsenic and mercury
usually used by industries in their production. Heavy
metal pollution usually occurs when inadequately treated
waste water by the industrial sector is discharged into the
river basins. The presence of heavy metals exceeding
the standard is harmful and poses risk to human health
and environment.

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
39.9
37.8
47.6
56.4
68.6
23.1 22.4
18.8 18.6
20.0
37.0
39.8
33.6
25.0
11.4
Peratus
Per cent
Bersih
Clean
Sederhana Tercemar
Slightly Polluted
Tercemar
Polluted
Bersih
Clean
Sederhana Tercemar
Slightly Polluted
Tercemar
Polluted

34
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE

C.1 Punca pencemaran air
Sungai berperanan sebagai sumber air minuman,
menjana kuasa hidroelektrik dan pengangkutan. Walau
bagaimanapun, kini sungai telah menghadapi ancaman
daripada pelbagai punca pencemaran. Secara amnya,
pencemaran air terjadi apabila berlaku perubahan dari
segi kandungan dan warna sehingga tidak sesuai
digunakan dan memberi kesan bahaya kepada kesihatan
manusia. Di Malaysia, antara punca utama pencemaran
air sungai adalah daripada loji rawatan kumbahan,
industri berasaskan pertanian, ladang ternakan, kerja
pembersihan kawasan dan kumbahan domestik.

Pencemaran sungai akan memberi kesan kepada
organisma hidup dan kesihatan manusia.
C.2 Sumber air mentah

Sumber air mentah di Malaysia kebanyakannya diperoleh
daripada sungai, empangan dan air bawah tanah. Air
mentah ini dirawat sebelum disalurkan kepada
pengguna. Permintaan air bagi kegunaan isi rumah dan
aktiviti industri meningkat setiap tahun. Ia dijangka
meningkat sebanyak 63.0 peratus dari 2000 hingga 2050
seperti dinyatakan di dalam Kajian Sumber Air Negara
(Semenanjung Malaysia). Oleh itu, sumber air mesti
dibangunkan dan dikendalikan dengan cara yang
mampan bagi memastikan pembangunan sosial,
ekonomi dan alam sekitar tidak membahayakan generasi
kini dan akan datang.

C.3 Air permukaan

Pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar

Akuakultur merupakan industri yang dikenal pasti boleh
berkembang dengan pesat dalam sektor perikanan.
Menyedari kepentingannya, pihak kerajaan memasukkan
bidang ini ke dalam program transformasi di bawah
Bidang Ekonomi Utama Negara (NKEA). Akuakultur
terbahagi kepada akuakultur air tawar dan air
payau/masin.
C.1 Sources of water pollution
Rivers have been used as a source of drinking water,
hydroelectric power and transport. However, rivers
currently being threatened by various sources of
pollution. Generally, water pollution occurs when the
composition and colour of the water has been changed to
such a state where it is unsuitable for consumption and
poses risk to human health. In Malaysia, the major
sources of pollution include improper discharge from
sewerage treatment plants, agro-based industries,
livestock farming, land clearing activities and domestic
sewage. River pollution will bring impact to living
organism and human health.

C.2 Raw water resources

The main source of raw water supply in Malaysia comes
from rivers, storage dams and groundwater. The raw
water is treated before distributed to the consumers. The
water demand for household consumption and industries
activities increases year by year. It is expected to rise by
63.0 per cent from 2000 to 2050 as stated in the National
Water Resources Study (Peninsular Malaysia). Thus,
water resources must be developed and managed in a
sustainable manner to ensure the social, economic and
environmental development of the current and future
generations are not jeopardised.

C.3 Surface water

Freshwater aquaculture production

Aquaculture is the industry that has been identified to
expand rapidly in the fisheries sector. Realising the
importance of this sector, the government includes it into
the transformation programme under National Key
Economic Area (NKEA). Aquaculture consists of
freshwater and brackishwater/marine aquaculture.

35
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar menunjukkan
peningkatan 19.7 peratus daripada 163.8 ribu tan metrik
pada 2012 kepada 196.1 ribu tan metrik pada 2013.
The total freshwater aquaculture production shows an
increase of 19.7 per cent from 163.8 thousand tonnes in
2012 to 196.1 thousand tonnes in 2013.

Carta 2.4: Jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Chart 2.4: Total freshwater aquaculture production, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Sumber: Jabatan Perikanan
Source: Department of Fisheries

Carta 2.5 menunjukkan jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur
air tawar mengikut sistem ternakan pada 2012 dan 2013.
Jumlah pengeluaran bagi semua sistem
ternakan dijangka meningkat sebanyak 19.7 peratus
pada 2013. Kolam masih mencatatkan anggaran hasil
pengeluaran tertinggi sebanyak 93.5 ribu tan metrik
berbanding sistem ternakan lain.
Chart 2.5 shows the total freshwater aquaculture
production by culture system in 2012 and 2013. The total
production for all culture system is estimated to increase
by 19.7 per cent in 2013. Ponds still recorded the highest
production estimated of 93.5 thousand tonnes as
compared to other culture systems.

Carta 2.5: Jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar mengikut sistem ternakan, Malaysia, 2012 dan 2013
Chart 2.5: Total freshwater aquaculture production by culture system, Malaysia, 2012 and 2013


0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
2009 2010 2011 2012p 2013e
135.2
155.4
122.2
163.8
196.1
0
20
40
60
80
100
78.0
67.9
12.1
4.3
0.5 0.9
93.5
81.4
14.4
5.2
0.6 1.1
2012p 2013e
Kolam
Ponds
Bekas
Lombong
Ex-mining pool
Sangkar
Cages
Tangki
simen
Cement tank
Tangki
Kanvas
Canvas tank
Kandang
Pen culture
2012
p
2013
e

Tan metrik (000)
Tonnes
2012
p
2013
e
2009 2010 2011
Tan metrik (000)
Tonnes

36
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE

C.4 Penggunaan baja

Baja

Baja ialah sebatian kimia yang diberikan kepada
tumbuhan untuk menggalakkan pertumbuhan dan
meningkatkan hasil tanaman. Baja terbahagi kepada dua
jenis:

i. Baja organik
Baja organik atau baja asli dihasilkan menggunakan
bahan organik atau daripada pereputan
tumbuhan/haiwan/organisma hidup.

ii. Bukan organik
Baja bukan organik atau baja kimia/buatan
dihasilkan melalui proses kimia mudah menggunakan
bahan kimia bukan organik atau galian.

C.4 The use of fertilisers

Fertilisers

Fertilisers are chemical compounds applied to stimulate
plant growth and increase crop yield. There are two types
of fertilisers i.e. organic and inorganic.

i. Organic fertiliser
Organic or natural fertiliser is composed mainly from
organic material or decayed plant/animal/living
organism.

ii. Inorganic fertilisers
Inorganic or chemical fertilisers/artificial fertilisers are
manufactured by a simple chemical process with
inorganic chemical materials or minerals.

37

D.1 Kempen Cintailah Sungai Kita

Kempen Cintailah Sungai Kita mensasarkan penglibatan
aktif dan proaktif sektor korporat, awam dan individu bagi
memastikan kejayaan program yang telah dirangka oleh
Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran.

D.2 Program Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran
1

i. Sungai Angkat

Program Sungai Angkat bertujuan untuk menyemai
rasa tanggungjawab melalui 'status pemilikan' atau
sungai angkat oleh sekolah-sekolah dan penduduk
tempatan. Program ini berjaya mewujudkan
penyelenggaraan, pemulihan dan pengindahan
beberapa sungai di seluruh negara secara
berterusan.

ii. Ekspedisi sungai

Objektif utama program ini adalah untuk
mendapatkan bantuan pihak media dalam
penyebaran maklumat kesedaran yang berkaitan
dengan air kepada orang awam. Ianya dilakukan
dengan menjemput pihak media mengambil bahagian
dalam ekspedisi sungai di beberapa lokasi.

iii. Pengindahan sungai

Pengindahan sungai meliputi program landskap yang
bersesuaian dengan keadaan semulajadi dan tradisi
tempatan. Ini akan menjadikan sesuatu kawasan itu
tumpuan utama, kebanggaan dan kegembiraan
penduduk tempatan, yang seterusnya merekalah
yang akan memastikan keindahan dan
kebersihannya.

D.1 Love Our River Campaign

The Love Our River Campaign targets the active and
proactive participation of the corporate sector, public and
individuals to ensure the success of programmes that
have been developed by Department of Irrigation and
Drainage.

D.2 Department of Irrigation and Drainage
programmes
1

i. River Adoption

The River Adoption Programme aimed at instilling a
sense of responsibility through an ownership status
or river adoption by schools and local residents. This
programme succeeded in creating continuous
maintenance, rehabilitation and beautification of a
number of rivers throughout the whole country.

ii. River Expeditions

The main objective of this activity was to get the
media to help in disseminating the water related
awareness messages to the general public. This
was carried out by inviting the mass media to
participate in river expeditions in various locations.

iii. River Beautification

River beautification programme includes appropriate
landscaping with nature and local traditions. This will
make area focal points, the pride and joy of the local
residents, who in turn will ensure its beauty and
cleanliness.

38

iv. Pemerhatian sungai

Aktiviti ini adalah berbentuk pendidikan dan kumpulan
sasaran adalah pelajar sekolah yang terlibat dalam
memerhati dan menganalisa kualiti air sungai,
mengenalpasti isu dan sebab kemerosotan kualiti air.
Setiap tahun, simposium sungai diadakan di
kalangan sekolah yang terlibat. Lima sekolah yang
paling aktif akan dipilih untuk membuat penyampaian
dan berkongsi pengalaman dengan sekolah lain.

iv. Observing the River

This activity was educational in nature and the target
group is students, who are involved in monitoring and
analyzing the river water quality, identify the issues and
causes of water quality degradation. Each year, the river
symposium was held among all participating schools.
The top five most active schools were selected to make
presentation and share their experiences with other
schools.

1
Laman web Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia (www.water.gov.my)
Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia official web site

3

41
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: MARIN
WATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: MARINE

A.1 Persekitaran marin

Malaysia dikurniakan dengan banyak pulau serta
kawasan pantai dan laut yang mana persekitarannya
kaya dengan sumber akuatik. Kualiti air marin
memainkan peranan yang penting dalam pemuliharaan
sumber alam semulajadi ini.

Pada 2013, jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air
payau/masin dianggarkan 73.6 peratus daripada jumlah
pengeluaran akuakultur negara manakala 26.4 peratus
daripada pengeluaran air tawar. Pengeluaran ini
meningkat sebanyak 17.0 peratus daripada 634.4 ribu
tan metrik pada 2012 kepada 743.0 ribu tan metrik pada
2013.

A.1 Marine environment

Malaysia is blessed with numerous islands, coastal and
marine areas where the environment is rich in aquatic
resources. Marine water quality plays an important role in
the conservation of this natural resources.

In 2013, total estimated production of
brackishwater/marine aquaculture contributed
73.6 per cent of the total aquaculture production while the
remaining 26.4 per cent was from freshwater production.
This production rose by 17.0 per cent from
634.4 thousand tonnes in 2012 to 743.0 thousand tonnes
in 2013.

Carta 3.1: Pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar dan air payau/masin, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Chart 3.1: Production of freshwater and brackishwater/marine aquaculture, Malaysia, 2009-2013

135.2
155.4
122.2
163.8
196.1
318.6
425.6
404.3
470.6
546.9
453.9
581.0
526.5
634.4
743.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Tahun
Year
Air tawar Air payau/masin Jumlah pengeluaran
Tan metrik ('000)
Tonnes
2009 2010 2011 2012
p
2013
e

Freshwater Brackishwater/marine Total production

42
B. KEADAAN
STATE

B.1 Kualiti air marin

Program Pengawasan Kualiti Air Marin Kebangsaan
telah dimulakan pada 1978 di Semenanjung Malaysia
dan diperluaskan ke Sabah dan Sarawak pada 1985 bagi
memelihara kualiti air marin daripada pembangunan
sekelilingnya. Stesen pemantauan air marin diwujudkan
di kuala sungai dan pantai bagi memantau perubahan
kualiti air marin.

Pada 2012, JAS telah membangunkan Indeks Kualiti Air
Marin (IKAM). IKAM merupakan bacaan yang digunakan
untuk mengukur status kualiti air marin mengikut
kategori. Indeks ini dibangunkan berdasarkan tujuh
parameter utama terdiri daripada Oksigen Terlarut (DO),
Nitrat (NO3), Fosfat (PO4), Unionized Ammonia (NH3),
Koliform Tinja, Minyak & Gris (O&G) dan Jumlah Pepejal
Terampai (TSS).

Nilai indeks dengan skala di antara 0 hingga 100
menetapkan kategori kualiti air daripada tahap Tercemar
hingga Terbaik.
B.1 Marine water quality

Marine Water Quality Monitoring Programme
commenced in 1978 for Peninsular Malaysia and was
extended to Sabah and Sarawak in 1985 to protect the
quality of marine water from surrounding development.
Monitoring stations has been established at estuaries
and coastal areas to monitor marine water quality.

In 2012, DOE has developed Marine Water Quality Index
(MWQI). The MWQI reading is used to measure the
status of marine water quality by category. The index
was developed based on seven main parameters which
are Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Nitrate (NO3), Phosphate
(PO4), Unionized Ammonia (NH3), Faecal Coliform, Oil &
Grease (O&G) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS).

The index value with scales between 0 to 100 designate
the assigned categories of water quality ranging from
Excellent to Poor.

Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air Marin
Marine Water Quality Index classification

Nilai indeks
Index value
Kategori
Category
90 -100 Terbaik/Excellent
80 - <90 Baik/Good
50 - <80 Sederhana/Moderate
0 - <50 Tercemar/Poor

Air bagi Kelas 1 dan Kelas 2 diklasifikasikan di bawah
Standard Interim Kualiti Air Marin (MWQCS) memerlukan
nilai indeks sama atau lebih daripada 80 dan
sekurang-kurangnya berada di kategori kualiti air Baik.
Air Kelas 3 dalam MWQCS berada di kategori
Sederhana IKAM [Lampiran 7].
The Class 1 and Class 2 waters classified under Marine
Water Quality Criteria and Standards (MWQCS)
generally require index values equal to or greater than
80 and are categorised at least as Good water quality.
The Class 3 waters of the MWQCS are generally within
the Moderate category of the MWQI [Appendix 7].

43
B. KEADAAN
STATE

Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai

Pada 2010 hingga 2012, sejumlah 155 stesen pantai
dianalisis bagi tujuan IKAM. Secara keseluruhannya,
kebanyakan stesen mencatatkan bacaan tahap
Sederhana bagi tempoh 2010-2012. Tiga stesen
mencatatkan tahap Terbaik pada 2011 dan 2012
berbanding 12 stesen pada 2010. [Lampiran 9A]
Marine water quality status at coastal areas

In 2010 to 2012, a total of 155 coastal stations were
analysed for the MWQI. Overall, most of the stations
recorded Moderate level readings for the period
2010-2012. Three stations recorded Excellent level in
2011 and 2012 as compared to 12 stations in 2010.
[Appendix 9A]

Carta 3.2a: Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,
Malaysia, 2010-2012
Chart 3.2a: Marine water quality status at coastal areas based on Marine Water Quality Index, Malaysia,
2010-2012


Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala

Pada 2012, daripada 69 stesen dianalisis bagi tujuan
IKAM di stesen kuala, 48 stesen (69.6%) mencatatkan
bacaan tahap Sederhana. Ini diikuti oleh tahap Tercemar
(17.4%), tahap Baik (11.6%) dan tahap Terbaik (1.4%).
[Lampiran 9B]

Marine water quality status at estuary areas

In 2012, out of 69 stations analysed for the MWQI, 48
stations (69.6%) at estuary areas recorded Moderate
level readings. This was followed by Poor level (17.4%),
Good level (11.6%) and Excellent level (1.4%).
[Appendix 9B]
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
.
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
12
39
96
8
3
39
101
10
3
32
111
9
Bilangan stesen
Number of stations
Tahun
Year
Terbaik Baik Sederhana Tercemar
Excellent Good Moderate Poor

44
B. KEADAAN
STATE

Carta 3.2b: Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,
Malaysia, 2010-2012
Chart 3.2b: Marine water quality status at estuary areas based on Marine Water Quality Index, Malaysia,
2010-2012


Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau

Bilangan stesen yang mencatatkan bacaan tahap
Terbaik menurun daripada 18 pada 2011 kepada 13
pada 2012. Sebaliknya, bilangan stesen mencatatkan
kualiti air marin tahap Baik dan Sederhana masing-
masing meningkat kepada 19 dan 53 stesen.
[Lampiran 9C]

Marine water quality status at island areas

The number of stations recorded Excellent level readings
decreased from 18 in 2011 to 13 in 2012. On the other
hand, the number of stations recorded Good and
Moderate level increased to 19 and 53 stations
respectively. [Appendix 9C]

Carta 3.2c: Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,
Chart 3.2c: Marine water quality status at island areas based on Marine Water Quality Index, Malaysia,
2011 and 2012


0 10 20 30 40 50
.
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
4
7
45
13
1
6
50
12
1
8
48
12
Bilangan stesen
Number of stations
Tahun
Year
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
.
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
18
17
50
2
13
19
53
2
Bilangan stesen
Number of stations
Tahun
Year

45
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Carta 3.3: Pengendalian kargo di pelabuhan terpilih, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Chart 3.3: Cargo throughput at selected ports, Peninsular Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

Sumber: Jabatan Laut Negeri Sembilan, Penang Port Sdn. Bhd., Johor Port Sdn. Bhd.,
Kuantan Port Consortium Sdn. Bhd. dan Lembaga Pelabuhan Klang
Source: Maritime Department of Negeri Sembilan, Penang Port Sdn. Bhd., Johor Port Sdn. Bhd.,
Kuantan Port Consortium Sdn. Bhd. and Port Klang Authority

C.1 Tumpahan minyak

Kerosakan mekanikal, pelanggaran kapal dan
letupan/kebakaran kapal adalah antara punca kes
tumpahan minyak.

Pengendalian kargo

Pada 2012, jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan di
Pelabuhan Klang adalah tertinggi iaitu 197.9 juta tan
metrik meningkat 3.0 peratus berbanding 2011. Ini diikuti
oleh Pelabuhan Pulau Pinang (29.3 juta tan metrik) dan
Pelabuhan Johor (25.9 juta tan metrik).
C.1 Oil spills

Mechanical failure, vessel collision and vessel/fire
explosion are the caused of oil spills cases.

Cargo throughput

In 2012, the highest total cargo throughput was recorded
at Port Klang at 197.9 million tonnes, an increase of
3.0 per cent as compared to 2011. This was followed by
Pulau Pinang Ports (29.3 million tonnes) and Johor Ports
(25.9 million tonnes).

2011
2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Klang
Pulau Pinang
Johor
Kuantan
Port Dickson
192.1
29.4
32.2
15.2
13.4
197.9
29.3
25.9
16.1
13.3
Tan metrik (juta)
Tonnes (million)
Pelabuhan
Port

46
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Carta 3.4: Taburan kawasan hakisan pantai di Malaysia, 2012
Chart 3.4: Distribution of coastal erosion areas in Malaysia, 2012

Sumber: Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran
Source: Department of Irrigation and Drainage

C.2 Hakisan pantai

Punca hakisan disebabkan aktiviti manusia
yang memberi kesan langsung atau kesan sampingan
terhadap kawasan pantai dan pesisirnya. Punca hakisan
terdiri daripada semula jadi dan aktiviti manusia. Hakisan
pantai diklasifikasikan kepada tiga kategori iaitu Kategori
1 (Unacceptable), Kategori 2 (Significant) dan Kategori 3
(Acceptable).

Daripada 4,809 km pantai negara, sebanyak 1,406.1 km
(29.2%) mengalami hakisan pada 2012. Pantai yang
mengalami hakisan bagi Kategori 1, 2 dan 3
masing-masing 297.6 km (21.1%), 192.0 km (13.7%) dan
916.5 km (65.2%).
C.2 Coastal erosion

The cause of the erosion is due to human activities that
have a direct impact or side effects to coastal areas and
shorelines. The causes of erosion consist of natural and
human activities. Coastal erosion are classified into three
categories consist of Category 1 (Unacceptable),
Category 2 (Significant) and Category 3 (Acceptable).

From 4,809 km coastal area, 1,406.1 km (29.2%) erosion
in 2012. Coastal erosion by Category 1, 2 and 3 were
297.6 km (21.1%), 192.0 km (13.7%) and 916.5 km
(65.2%) respectively.

Kategori/Category1
21.1%
Kategori/Category2
13.7%
Kategori/Category3
65.2%
Jumlah/Total = 1,406.1 km

47

D.1 Aktiviti Pengurusan Zon Pantai
1

Menyedari kejadian hakisan pantai yang semakin
meningkat dan mengancam penduduk pantai serta
mengakibatkan kerugian sepanjang garis pantai,
Kerajaan telah menjalankan Kajian Hakisan Pantai
Kebangsaan dari November 1984 hingga Januari 1986.

Untuk menangani masalah ini, Kerajaan telah
menubuhkan Pusat Kejuruteraan Pantai di Jabatan
Pengairan dan Saliran pada 1987 untuk melaksanakan
rancangan kawalan hakisan pantai di seluruh negara.
Rancangan ini melibatkan dua strategi, iaitu strategi
jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Strategi jangka
pendek melibatkan pembinaan projek kawalan hakisan
manakala strategi jangka panjang melibatkan
penambahbaikan pengurusan zon pantai dengan cara
yang bersepadu supaya kejadian hakisan pantai tidak
akan bertambah.

Antara langkah Tebatan Hakisan Pantai:
a) Kejuruteraan Berstruktur
i. Lapis lindung
ii. Groin
iii. Pemecah ombak
iv. Blok konkrit
v. Tembok pengawal muara

b) Kejuruteraan Tanpa Struktur
i. Penambakan pasir pantai
ii. Penanaman semula bakau
iii. Geotekstil tiub
iv. Modul Penyamaan Tekanan

D.1 Coastal Zone Management Activities
1

Realising the increasing incidences of coastal erosion
which threatens coastal population and leads to loss of
properties along the coastlines, the Government has
carried out the National Coastal Erosion Study from
November 1984 to January 1986.

In order to cope with this problem, the Government has
set up the Coastal Engineering Centre in the Department
of Irrigation and Drainage in 1987 to implement coastal
erosion control program throughout the country. The pro-
gram involves two strategies, i.e. short-term and long-
term strategies. The short-term strategy involves con-
struction of erosion control projects and the long-term
strategy involves improving coastal zone management in
an integrated manner so that incidences of coastal
erosion will not increase.

Among Coastal Erosion Mitigation measures:
a) Hard Engineering
i. Revetment
ii. Groynes
iii. Breakwater
iv. Concrete blocks
v. Training wall

b) Soft Engineering
i. Beach nourishment
ii. Mangrove replanting
iii. Sediment filled geotextile breakwaters
iv. Pressure Equalization Module

1
Laman web Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia (http://www.water.gov.my)

4

51
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
TANAH/ALAM SEKITAR TERESTRIAL
LAND/TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

A.1 Lokasi

Malaysia terletak di Asia Tenggara dengan garisan
khatulistiwa di antara latitud 1
o
dan 7
o
utara dan longitud
100
o
dan 119
o
timur. Ia terdiri daripada 13 negeri dan tiga
Wilayah Persekutuan dengan keluasan tanah sebanyak
330,290 kilometer persegi. Ia dipisahkan oleh Laut China
Selatan kepada dua kawasan, Semenanjung Malaysia
dan Malaysia Timur (Sabah, Sarawak dan W.P. Labuan).

Topografi

Topografi Semenanjung Malaysia bertunjangkan
Banjaran Titiwangsa yang mengunjur utara ke selatan.
Banjaran Titiwangsa adalah yang terpanjang di
Semenanjung Malaysia, panjangnya 480 kilometer
dengan ketinggian di antara 900 meter hingga 2,100
meter dari aras laut. Gunung tertinggi di Semenanjung
Malaysia adalah Gunung Tahan.

Topografi Sabah adalah gabungan kawasan
bergunung-ganang, berpantai dan hutan hujan tropika.
Di bahagian barat adalah bergunung-ganang dengan tiga
gunung tertinggi di Malaysia, manakala di bahagian timur
pula merupakan zon tanah rata, kawasan rendah berpaya
dan delta. Banjaran Crocker adalah banjaran terpanjang
dan tertinggi di Malaysia yang memisahkan dataran
pantai barat daripada sebahagian Sabah di selatan
Gunung Kinabalu.

Topografi Sarawak menunjukkan pesisirannya yang
mendatar, bukit bukau yang sempit dengan banjaran
bergunung-ganang yang tinggi dan mengunjur sepanjang
negeri. Dua gunung yang tertinggi di Sarawak ialah
Gunung Murud dan Gunung Mulu.
A.1 Location

Malaysia is located in South East Asia and lies between
1
o
and 7
o
latitude north of the equator and longitude 100
o
and 119
o
east. It consists of 13 states and three Federal
Territories and has a total land area of 330,290 square
kilometres. It is separated by the South China Sea into
two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia
(Sabah, Sarawak and W.P. Labuan).

Topography

The topography of Peninsular Malaysia is characterised
by the Titiwangsa Range which running from north to
south. Titiwangsa Range is the longest mountain range in
Peninsular Malaysia, extending 480 kilometre in length
and 900 metres to 2,100 metres in height above sea
level. The highest mountain in Peninsular Malaysia is
Gunung Tahan.

The topography of Sabah is a mix of mountainous region,
beaches and tropical rainforest. The western side is
mostly mountainous with three of Malaysias highest
mountains while the eastern part are flat ground, low-lying
swampy zones and delta. The Crocker Range is the
longest and also the highest mountain range in Malaysia
divides the western coastal plains from the rest of Sabah
to the south of Mount Kinabalu.

Sarawaks topography shows a flat coastal plain followed
by a narrow belt of hills with a sharp rise of mountainous
mass extending the full length of the state. The two
highest peaks in Sarawak are Mount Murud and Mount
Mulu.

52
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

A.2 Tanah bencah

Pengenalan

The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
(Ramsar) telah dirasmikan pada 1971 di Ramsar, Iran.
Ramsar merupakan perjanjian di antara kerajaan yang
menyediakan rangka kerja untuk tindakan nasional dan
kerjasama antarabangsa bagi pemuliharaan dan
penggunaan lestari tanah bencah dan
sumber. Malaysia telah memperakui Konvensyen Ramsar
pada 1994.

Definisi

Konvensyen Ramsar mendefinisikan tanah bencah
sebagai kawasan berpaya, rawa, tanah gambut atau
berair sama ada secara semula jadi atau buatan, kekal
atau sementara, dengan air yang statik, mengalir, segar,
payau atau masin termasuk kawasan air marin dengan
kedalamannya semasa air surut tidak melebihi enam
meter.

Jenis tanah bencah

Ekosistem tanah bencah memainkan peranan penting
sebagai habitat dan nurseri kepada spesies tumbuhan
dan haiwan, penghalang banjir dan mendapan, penapis
pencemaran, pembekal oksigen dan sumber makanan
utama hidupan serta sebagai kawasan rekreasi. Terdapat
dua jenis tanah bencah di Malaysia iaitu tanah bencah
semula jadi dan tanah bencah buatan. Tasik semula jadi,
sungai, kuala, paya laut, hutan paya gambut dan delta
adalah antara tanah bencah semula jadi. Empangan,
sawah padi dan tasik buatan manusia adalah antara
tanah bencah buatan.

A.2 Wetlands

Introduction

The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
(Ramsar) was launched in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran. Ramsar
is an inter-governmental treaty that provides the
framework for national action and international
cooperation for the conservation and wise use of
wetlands and their resources. Malaysia had ratified the
Ramsar Convention in 1994.

Definition

The Ramsar Convention defines wetlands as areas of
marshes, fen, peat land or water whether natural or
artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static,
flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine
water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six
metres.

Type of wetlands

Wetlands ecosystem play an important role as a habitat
and nursery for plant and animal species, protection from
flooding and erosion, filter for pollution, oxygen supplier,
major food resources for humans and animals as well as
sites for recreation. There are two types of wetlands
found in Malaysia namely natural wetlands and
man-made wetlands. Natural lakes, rivers, estuaries,
mangrove forests, peat swamp forests and deltas are
among the natural wetlands. Reservoirs, paddy fields and
man-made lakes are man-made wetlands.

53
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Hutan paya gambut

Hutan paya gambut adalah jenis hutan tanah bencah
terbesar di Malaysia. Ia merupakan ekosistem yang unik
dan sangat bernilai sebagai sumber balak, penampan
banjir, recaj air bawah tanah dan sebagai pembekal air.
Hutan paya gambut digambarkan dengan lapisan tebal
gambut yang boleh mencapai sehingga 30 meter,
kebanyakannya merupakan bahan tumbuhan separa
mereput yang terkumpul sehingga ribuan tahun.

Hutan paya gambut sangat penting kerana ia
menampung spesies tumbuh-tumbuhan endemik dan
haiwan terancam. Ia juga merupakan habitat air tawar
penting yang memerlukan perlindungan.

Keluasan hutan paya gambut terbesar dari 2008 hingga
2012 terdapat di Sarawak diikuti oleh Semenanjung
Malaysia dan Sabah. Keluasan hutan paya gambut di
Sarawak telah menurun kepada 704.5 ribu hektar pada
2012 berbanding 705.0 ribu hektar pada 2011.
Sementara itu, keluasan di Semenanjung Malaysia dan
Sabah masing-masing kekal pada 242.9 ribu hektar dan
120.0 ribu hektar.

Peat swamp forest

Peat swamp forest is the largest wetland forest type in
Malaysia. It is a unique ecosystem and important as a
timber resource, flood mitigation, groundwater recharge
and for water supply. Peat swamp forests are
characterised by a thick layer of peat which can reach up
to 30 metres and composed of mainly semi-decayed plant
material accumulated over thousands of years.

Peat swamp forest is extremely important because of the
endemic plant species and the endangered animals they
support. They are also regarded as significant freshwater
habitats which need protection.

The largest area of peat swamp forest from 2008 to 2012
is found in Sarawak, followed by Peninsular Malaysia and
Sabah. The area of peat swamp forest in Sarawak has
decreased to 704.5 thousand hectares in 2012 as
compared to 705.0 thousand hectares in 2011.
Meanwhile, the area in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah
remained the same at 242.9 thousand hectares and
120.0 thousand hectares respectively.

Carta 4.1: Keluasan hutan paya gambut mengikut kawasan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 4.1: Area of peat swamp forest by region, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Sumber: Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia, Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah dan Jabatan Hutan Sarawak
Source: Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah Forestry Department and Forests Department Sarawak

241.5 241.5 242.9 242.9 242.9
120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0
747.4
705.9 705.6 705.0 704.5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Hektar ('000)
Hectares
Tahun
Year
Semenanjung Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia
Sabah Sarawak Semenanjung Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia

54
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Hutan paya laut

Hutan paya laut merupakan ekosistem yang unik.
Kebiasaannya, ia ditemui di sepanjang kawasan pantai
terlindung dan tumbuh dengan subur di tanah masin dan
air payau. Hutan paya laut memainkan peranan penting
sebagai penampan ribut taufan. Ia juga menjadi habitat
fizikal, nurseri dan sebagai rantaian makanan kepada
organisma marin.

Sabah mencatatkan keluasan hutan paya laut terbesar
dari 2008 hingga 2012. Keluasan hutan paya laut di
Semenanjung Malaysia dan Sarawak masing-masing
kekal pada 98.8 ribu hektar dan 112.2 ribu hektar pada
2012.

Mangrove forest

Mangrove forest is a unique ecosystem. They are
generally found along sheltered coasts where they grow
abundantly in saline soil and brackishwater. Mangrove
forest plays an important role as a storm buffers. They
also provide physical habitat, nursery grounds as well as
a food chain to marine organisms.

Sabah recorded the largest area of mangrove forest from
2008 to 2012. Mangrove forest areas in Peninsular
Malaysia and Sarawak remained the same at
98.8 thousand hectares and 112.2 thousand hectares
respectively in 2012.

Carta 4.2: Keluasan hutan paya laut mengikut kawasan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 4.2: Area of mangrove forest by region, Malaysia, 2008-2012


100.8 101.8 98.8
r
98.8 98.8
321.9
r
321.9
r
327.9
r 327.9
r 333.0
117.0
112.6 112.5
112.2 112.2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Hektar ('000)
Hectares
Tahun
Year
Peninsular Malaysia
Sabah Sarawak
Peninsular Malaysia

55
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Di Semenanjung Malaysia, Perak diliputi 42.1 peratus
keluasan hutan paya laut diikuti oleh Johor dengan
27.5 peratus dan Selangor (19.2%). Sementara itu,
Melaka mencatatkan hanya 0.1 peratus daripada
keseluruhan keluasan hutan paya laut.

In Peninsular Malaysia, Perak constituted 42.1 per cent
of the mangrove forest area followed by Johor with
27.5 per cent and Selangor (19.2%). Meanwhile, Melaka
recorded only 0.1 per cent of the total mangrove forest
area.

Carta 4.3: Taburan peratus keluasan hutan paya laut, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2012
Chart 4.3: Percentage distribution of mangrove forest area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2012

Sumber: Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia
Source: Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia

A.3 Kepelbagaian biologi daratan

Megakepelbagaian

Konsep megakepelbagaian melibatkan anggaran jumlah
bilangan semua organisma hidup di dalam ekosistem
dan ini bermakna sesuatu kawasan itu mempunyai
sekurang-kurangnya 60.0 peratus daripada spesies yang
diketahui di dunia. Sebahagian besar daripada
kepelbagaian tersebut adalah endemisme dan ini
menggambarkan keunikan kawasan tersebut.

A.3 Terrestrial biodiversity

Megadiversity

The concept of megadiversity involves an estimate of the
total number of all the organisms in an ecosystem and is
represented by an area that comprises at least
60.0 per cent of the worlds known species. A major part
of diversity is endemism as this reflects the uniqueness
of an area.

Melaka
0.1%
Pulau Pinang
1.1%
Terengganu
1.3% Pahang
2.4%
Kedah
6.3%
Selangor
19.2%
Johor
27.5%
Perak
42.1%

56
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Kepelbagaian biologi

Kepelbagaian biologi bermaksud variasi di antara
organisma hidup daripada pelbagai sumber, termasuk
daratan, marin serta ekosistem akuatik lain; ia
termasuklah kepelbagaian di dalam peringkat genetik,
spesies dan ekosistem. Definisi ini diadaptasi daripada
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.

Flora dan fauna

Malaysia merupakan negara yang kaya dengan flora dan
dianggarkan terdapat 17,631 spesies tumbuhan yang
merangkumi 377 alga, 1,387 briofit, 1,600 paku pakis dan
sekutunya, 61 gimnospirm, 4,180 monokotiledon dan
10,026 dikotiledon.

Terdapat sebanyak 9,563 spesies fauna yang meliputi
480 mamalia, 742 burung, 242 amfibia, 567 reptilia, 590
ikan air tawar, 1,967 kupu-kupu dan 1,037 Kumbang
daun.
1

Flora dan fauna daratan terdapat di pelbagai habitat dan
ekosistem iaitu dari tanah rendah hingga ke puncak
gunung yang tertinggi. Kebanyakan spesies ini adalah
unik dan tidak ditemui di tempat lain di dunia.

Biological diversity

Biological diversity means the variability among living
organisms from various sources including terrestrial,
marine and other aquatic ecosystems; this includes
diversity at the genetic, species and ecosystem level.
This definition is adopted by the United Nations
Convention on Biological Diversity.

Flora and fauna

Malaysia is rich in flora and estimated to have
17,631 species of plants which consist of 377 of algae,
1,387 bryophyte, 1,600 species ferns and its families,
61 gymnosperm, 4,180 monocotyledons and
10,026 dicotyledons.

There are 9,563 species of fauna that includes
480 mammals, 742 birds, 242 amphibians, 567 reptiles,
590 freshwater fish, 1,967 butterflies and 1,037 leaves
beetles.
1

The terrestrial flora and fauna are found in a range of
habitats and ecosystems from the lowlands to the top of
the highest mountains. Many of these are unique and are
not found anywhere else in the world.

1
Ekspedisi Saintifik Kepelbagaian Biologi Hutan, Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia
Forest Biodiversity Scientific Expedition, Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia

57
B. KEADAAN
STATE

B.1 Keadaan alam sekitar daratan

Kawasan perlindungan/simpanan

Definisi kawasan perlindungan yang diadaptasi oleh The
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
ditakrifkan sebagai kawasan tanah dan/atau laut
khususnya bagi perlindungan dan pemuliharaan
kepelbagaian biologi, yang berkaitan dengan sumber
semula jadi dan diurus melalui perundangan ataupun
cara-cara lain yang berkesan.

Taman Laut

Taman Laut adalah kawasan perairan laut yang dizonkan
sejauh dua batu nautika dari tikas air surut terendah,
kecuali Pulau Kapas di Terengganu, Pulau Kuraman,
Pulau Rusukan Besar dan Pulau Rusukan Kecil di
W.P. Labuan yang dizonkan sejauh satu batu nautika
dari tikas air surut terendah. Taman Laut ditubuhkan
untuk melindungi dan memulihara pelbagai habitat dan
hidupan marin akuatik.
2

B.2 Perhutanan

Pengenalan

Hutan adalah salah satu komponen penting dalam sistem
biofizikal Malaysia. Iklim dan keadaan tanah yang sesuai
menggalakkan pertumbuhan hutan hujan tropika,
terutamanya spesies hutan tanah rendah dan hutan bukit
dipterokap. Hutan dianggap sebagai penyaman udara
yang besar, menapis hujan dan menghalang hakisan
tanah yang teruk. Ia juga berperanan sebagai span besar
yang menyerap, menyimpan dan menyalurkan kembali
air dengan perlahan ke sungai serta laluan air. Hutan
turut membekalkan produk balak dan bukan balak serta
menjadi gedung tanaman ubatan dan kawasan simpanan
pelbagai biologi.

B.1 Status of the terrestrial environment

Protected/preserved area

The International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) has adopted the definition of protected area as
an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the
protection and maintenance of biological diversity and of
natural and associated cultural resources and managed
through legal or other effective means.

Marine Park

Marine Park is a sea zoned area for a distance of two
nautical miles from the lowest sea level, except in Kapas
Island in Terengganu, Kuraman Island, Rusukan Besar
Island and Rusukan Kecil Island in W.P. Labuan. These
areas are zoned for a distance of one nautical mile from
the lowest sea level. Marine Park is established to protect
and conserve various habitat and aquatic marine life.
2

B.2 Forestry

Introduction

Forest is one of the most important components of the
Malaysian biophysical system. The favourable climate
and soil conditions enable largely evergreen tropical rain
forest to flourish, mainly species-rich lowland and hill
dipterocarp forest. Forest can be considered as huge
air-conditioners. The forests intercept rainfall and prevent
massive erosion of the topsoil. It acts as a huge sponge
that absorbs, retains and slowly releases water back to
the rivers and waterways. It also provides timber and
non-timber products and is also a depository for
medicinal plants as well as a reservoir of biological
diversities.

2
Laman web rasmi Jabatan Taman Laut Malaysia (http://www.dmpm.nre.gov.my)
Department of Marine Parks Malaysia official web site

58
B. KEADAAN
STATE

Pengelasan hutan dikategorikan mengikut perubahan
ciri-ciri altitud, komposisi flora, habitat, iklim, tanah dan
biotik. Kawasan berhutan diklasifikasikan sebagai hutan
simpanan kekal, tanah kerajaan, taman hidupan liar dan
hutan simpan lain yang terdiri daripada beberapa jenis
hutan seperti hutan darat, hutan paya gambut dan hutan
paya laut.

Kawasan berhutan

Keluasan hutan yang terbesar dicatatkan di Sarawak
(43.6%) diikuti Semenanjung Malaysia (31.9%) dan
Sabah (24.5%).

Kawasan berhutan terbesar di Semenanjung Malaysia
terletak di Pahang, 2.1 juta hektar (35.9%), diikuti oleh
Perak, 1.0 juta hektar (17.8%), Kelantan, 0.8 juta hektar
(14.1%) dan Terengganu, 0.6 juta hektar (11.3%).
Forested area classified according to changes of altitude,
flora composition, habitat, climate, land and biotic
characteristics. It can be classified into permanent
reserved forest, state land, wildlife reserve and other
reserved areas which consist of various types of forests
such as inland forest, peat swamp forest and mangrove
forest.

Forested area

The largest forested area was recorded in Sarawak
(43.6%) followed by Peninsular Malaysia (31.9%) and
Sabah (24.5%).

The largest forested area in Peninsular Malaysia located
in Pahang, 2.1 million hectares (35.9%), followed by
Perak, 1.0 million hectares (17.8%), Kelantan, 0.8 million
hectares (14.1%) and Terengganu, 0.6 million hectares
(11.3%).

Carta 4.4: Taburan peratus keluasan berhutan, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2012
Chart 4.4: Percentage distribution of forested area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2012

1
Termasuk Melaka, Perlis, Sumber: Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia
Pulau Pinang dan W.P. Kuala Lumpur Source: Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia
Others include Melaka, Perlis,
Pulau Pinang and W.P. Kuala Lumpur

Pahang
35.9%
Perak
17.8%
Kelantan
14.1%
Terengganu
11.3%
Johor
7.7%
Kedah
5.7%
Selangor
4.3%
Negeri Sembilan
2.7%
Lain-lain
1
0.5%

59
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE

C.1 Aktiviti yang memberi kesan kepada tanah di
Malaysia

Kesan pembangunan tanah hutan

Pelbagai isu berkaitan pemuliharaan sumber asli dan
alam sekitar banyak mendapat perhatian kebelakangan
ini, sama ada di peringkat tempatan dan antarabangsa.

Keberkesanan dalam penggunaan dan pengurusan
tanah hutan amat penting. Perlindungan hutan dan
pemuliharaan alam merupakan usaha untuk melindungi
sumber hutan daripada aktiviti manusia yang
mengancam alam sekitar seperti pembakaran terbuka
hutan dan pembalakan haram.

C.2 Sumber hutan

Program pembangunan sumber hutan melibatkan
kerja pemeliharaan dan pemuliharaan kawasan yang
telah diusahasil dan kawasan lapang yang terbiar
di samping meningkatkan status kandungan hutan bukan
kayu. Antara aktiviti tersebut ialah tanaman mengaya,
tanaman bakau, ladang hutan dan tanaman kawasan
lapang.

Carta 4.5 menunjukkan pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan
utama di Malaysia pada 2011 dan 2012. Pengeluaran
kayu balak kekal penyumbang terbanyak dalam
pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama dengan
63.9 peratus.

C.1 Activities that affect land in Malaysia

Effects on development of forest land

Various issues relating to the conservation of natural
resources and the environment has lately been given
much attention at the local and international levels.

Effective utilisation and management is of critical
importance. Forest protection and nature conservation
are efforts taken to protect its resources from harmful
human activities which deteriorate the environment such
as open burning of forest and illegal logging.

C.2 Forestry resources

Forest resource development programmes involves the
conservation and rehabilitation of areas that have been
harvested and abandoned spaces, as well as upgrading
the status of non-timber forest content. Among these
activities are enrichment planting, planting mangroves,
forest plantation and open space planting.

Chart 4.5 shows the production of major timber products
in Malaysia in 2011 and 2012. Logs production remained
the largest contributor to the production of major timber
products with 63.9 per cent.

Carta 4.5: Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Chart 4.5: Production of major timber products, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012


0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Kayu balak
Logs
Kayu gergaji
Sawn timber
Papan lapis
Plywood
Venir
Veneer
Papan blok
Blockboard
Kayu kumai
Moulding
16.0
4.0 3.9
1.0
0.1
0.4
15.9
4.0
3.6
0.9
0.1
0.4
2011 2012
Kayu balak
Logs
Kayu gergaji
Sawn timber
Papan lapis
Plywood
Venir
Veneer
Papan blok
Blockboard
Kayu kumai
Moulding
Meter padu (juta)
Cubic meter (million)

60
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Pengusahasilan hutan

Pengusahasilan hutan merupakan aktiviti mengambil dan
mengeluarkan hasil hutan dan seterusnya menyumbang
kepada perkembangan dan pembangunan
sosio ekonomi. Di Malaysia, aktiviti pengusahasilan
hutan adalah dikawal melalui perundangan, dasar dan
garis panduan pengoperasian.

Carta 4.6 menunjukkan keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan
untuk pengusahasilan mengikut kawasan pada 2011 dan
2012. Di Semenanjung Malaysia, keluasan hutan yang
dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan menurun sebanyak
15.7 peratus daripada 110.5 ribu hektar pada 2011
kepada 93.2 ribu hektar pada 2012. Keluasan hutan yang
dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan di Sabah dan Sarawak
juga masing-masing menurun sebanyak 12.6 peratus
dan 9.6 peratus.
Forest harvesting

Forest harvesting are activities of gathering and taking out
forest products which in turn contribute to the
socio economic growth and development. In Malaysia,
forest harvesting activities are controlled by legislation,
policies and operational guidelines.

Chart 4.6 shows forest area licensed for harvesting by
region in 2011 and 2012. In Peninsular Malaysia, forest
area licensed for harvesting decreased by 15.7 per cent
from 110.5 thousand hectares in 2011 to 93.2 thousand
hectares in 2012. Forest area licensed for harvesting in
Sabah and Sarawak also decreased by 12.6 per cent and
9.6 per cent respectively.

Carta 4.6: Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut kawasan,
Chart 4.6: Forest area licensed for harvesting by region, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012


0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Peninsular Malaysia
Sabah Sarawak
110.5
145.8
239.5
93.2
127.5
216.6
Hektar ('000)
Hectares
2011 2012
Peninsular Malaysia

61
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE

C.3 Pertanian

Pengenalan

Dalam Rancangan Malaysia Kesepuluh (RMKe-10),
sektor pertanian merupakan salah satu daripada 12
Bidang Ekonomi Utama Negara (NKEA) yang berpotensi
untuk menjana pendapatan tinggi. Seiring dengan
pertumbuhan populasi dunia, permintaan terhadap
makanan turut meningkat dan ini menyumbang kepada
perkembangan ekonomi negara.

Walau bagaimanapun, pengeluaran pertanian boleh
memberi kesan kepada perubahan cuaca, kesan
daripada pelepasan gas rumah hijau. Pembukaan
kawasan hutan bagi tujuan pertanian, penggunaan racun
perosak serta baja kimia adalah antara penyumbang
kepada kemerosotan persekitaran.

C.4 Pembuatan

Pengenalan

Ekonomi berasaskan pasaran serta polisi kerajaan yang
menyediakan perniagaan dengan peluang peningkatan
dan keuntungan telah menjadikan Malaysia sebagai
pangkalan perkilangan dan eksport yang sangat
kompetitif. Walau bagaimanapun, aktiviti perindustrian
juga boleh mengakibatkan pencemaran alam sekitar
yang menjejaskan kesihatan manusia dan
persekitarannya.

Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian

Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian (IPP) merangkumi
sektor perlombongan, pembuatan dan elektrik. Secara
keseluruhannya, pertumbuhan IPP menunjukkan
peningkatan daripada 1.2 peratus pada 2011 kepada
4.3 peratus pada 2012. Peningkatan ini disebabkan oleh
pertumbuhan indeks bagi perlombongan (2.5%),
pembuatan (5.0%) dan elektrik (5.1%). [Carta 4.7]

C.3 Agriculture

Introduction

In the Tenth Malaysia Plan (10th MP), the agriculture
sector is identified as one of the 12 National Key
Economic Areas (NKEA) which has the potential to
generate high income. Along with the growth of world
population, demand for food has increased and this
contributes to national economic growth.

However, agricultural production can give an impact to
climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions.
Opening of forested land for agriculture, usage of
pesticides and chemical fertiliser are among the
contributing factors to environmental degradation.

C.4 Manufacturing

Introduction

A market-oriented economy coupled with government
policies that provide businesses with the opportunity for
growth and profits have made Malaysia a highly
competitive manufacturing and export base. However,
the industrial activities will also lead to environmental
pollution which in turn adversely affect human health and
its environment.

Industrial Production Index

Industrial Production Index (IPI) comprises mining,
manufacturing and electricity sectors. The overall, IPI
growth was increased from 1.2 per cent in 2011 to
4.3 per cent in 2012. This increase was due to the growth
for mining (2.5%), manufacturing (5.0%) and electricity
(5.1%) indices. [Chart 4.7]

62
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Carta 4.7: Pertumbuhan Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian (IPP) dan indeks sektor, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 4.7: Industrial Production Index (IPI) and sector indices growth, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Pengeluaran simen

Simen adalah input asas kepada pengeluaran konkrit
yang merupakan bahan utama bagi industri pembinaan.
Walau bagaimanapun, pengeluaran simen akan memberi
kesan kepada alam sekitar dan kesihatan manusia yang
disebabkan oleh pelepasan Karbon Dioksida (CO2).

Pada 2012, pengeluaran simen meningkat 0.5 juta tan
metrik daripada 21.2 juta tan metrik pada 2011 kepada
21.7 juta tan metrik.

Production of cement

Cement is an essential input for the production of
concrete and primary building material for the
construction industry. However, cement production will
give an impact to the environment and human health due
to the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions.

In 2012, cement production increased 0.5 million tonnes
from 21.2 million tonnes in 2011 to 21.7 million tonnes.

Carta 4.8: Pengeluaran simen, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 4.8: Production of cement, Malaysia, 2008-2012

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Perlombongan
0.8 -3.6 -1.7 -7.2 2.5
Pembuatan
0.7 -10.1 11.1 4.5 5.0
Elektrik
1.2 0.8 8.8 2.0 5.1
IPP
0.8 -7.5 7.2 1.2 4.3
-12.0
-10.0
-8.0
-6.0
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Peratus
Per cent
Tahun
Year
Perlombongan Pembuatan Elektrik IPP
19.6
19.5
19.8
21.2
21.7
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Tan metrik (juta)
Tonnes (million)
Tahun
Year
Mining Manufacturing Electricity IPI

Mining

Manufacturing

Electricity

IPI

63
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE

C.5 Perlombongan

Perlombongan adalah aktiviti pengekstrakan mineral
berharga atau bahan geologi lain dari dasar bumi.
Walau bagaimanapun, aktiviti perlombongan akan
menyebabkan kemerosotan kualiti udara, air dan tanah
serta penduduk setempat, kesan daripada bunyi bising,
habuk dan penglihatan.

C.6 Tenaga

Permintaan dan penggunaan tenaga seperti minyak
mentah, gas asli dan elektrik meningkat disebabkan oleh
perkembangan di sektor perindustrian dan
pengangkutan. Ini mengakibatkan bebanan pelepasan
bahan pencemar ke ruang udara dan seterusnya boleh
mencemarkan kualiti udara.

Pada 2012, pengeluaran minyak mentah meningkat
sebanyak 3.0 peratus kepada 214.3 juta tong daripada
208.0 juta tong pada 2011. Sementara itu, pengeluaran
bersih gas asli mencatatkan peningkatan sebanyak
1.5 peratus kepada 2,198.4 juta kaki padu standard
(JKPS).

C.5 Mining

Mining is an extraction activity of valuable minerals or
other geological materials from the earths bed. However,
mining activities will lead to the deterioration of the
ambient air, water and soil qualities as well as
surrounding communities through noise, dust and visual
impact.

C.6 Energy

There is increasing in demand for energy like crude oil,
natural gas and electricity due to the expansion in
industrial and transportation sectors. This will lead to
loads of pollutant emission to the atmosphere, hence will
deteriorate air quality.

In 2012, crude oil production increase by 3.0 per cent to
214.3 million barrels from 208.0 million barrels in 2011.
Meanwhile, net production of natural gas recorded an
increase at 1.5 per cent to 2,198.4 million standard cubic
feet (MMscf).
Carta 4.9: Pengeluaran minyak mentah
1
, Malaysia, Carta 4.10: Pengeluaran bersih gas asli
2
, Malaysia,
2008-2012 2008-2012
Chart 4.9: Crude oil production, Malaysia, 2008-2012 Chart 4.10: Net production of natural gas, Malaysia, 2008-2012

1
Pengeluaran minyak mentah Sumber/Source: PETRONAS
2
Pengeluaran bersih: Sumber/Source: PETRONAS
termasuk petroleum mentah Pengeluaran kasar gas asli
dan kondensat (gas bersekutu dan gas
Crude oil production includes tidak bersekutu) tolak suntikan
crude petroleum and condensate semula dan pembakaran
Net production: Gross production
of natural gas (associated gas
and non-associated gas) less
re-injected and flared

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2
5
1
.
8

2
4
0
.
5

2
3
3
.
0

2
0
8
.
0

2
1
4
.
3

Tong (juta)
Barrels (million)
Tahun
Year 2,060,000
2,080,000
2,100,000
2,120,000
2,140,000
2,160,000
2,180,000
2,200,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2
,
1
5
4
,
8
5
3

2
,
1
1
9
,
3
5
6

2
,
1
5
9
,
5
3
3

2
,
1
6
4
,
9
8
3

2
,
1
9
8
,
4
1
4

JKPS
MMscf
Tahun
Year

64
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Penjanaan tenaga elektrik

Terdapat lima jenis stesen penjanaan tenaga elektrik di
Malaysia iaitu stesen turbin, wap, hidro, diesel dan
lain-lain (biomass, arang batu dan solar).

Penjanaan elektrik campuran

Turbin gas menyumbang 45.7 peratus daripada
keseluruhan jumlah penjanaan elektrik di Malaysia.
Sementara itu, stesen hidro dan diesel masing-masing
menyumbang 7.3 peratus dan 3.1 peratus.

There are five types of generating electricity stations in
Malaysia i.e. turbin, steam, hydro, diesel and others
(biomass, coal and solar).

Generation electricity mix

Turbine gas contributed 45.7 percent to the total
electricity generated in Malaysia. Meanwhile, hydro and
diesel stations contributed 7.3 per cent and 3.1 per cent
respectively.

Carta 4.11: Taburan peratus penjanaan tenaga elektrik campuran mengikut stesen, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 4.11: Percentage distribution of the generation of electricity mix by stations, Malaysia, 2012

1
Semenanjung Malaysia merujuk kepada biomas Sumber: Tenaga Nasional Berhad,
dan Sarawak merujuk kepada arang batu dan solar Jabatan Bekalan Elektrik & Gas,
For Peninsular Malaysia refers to biomass Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd.,
and Sarawak refers to coal and solar Sarawak Energy Berhad dan
Pengeluar Tenaga Bebas
Source: Tenaga Nasional Berhad,
Department of Electricity & Gas
Supply, Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd.,
Sarawak Energy Berhad, and
Independent Power Producer

Lain-lain
1
Others
43.6%
Turbin gas
Gas turbines
45.7%
Stesen diesel
Diesel stations
3.1%
Stesen hidro
Hydro stations
7.3%
Stesen wap
Steam stations
0.3%

65

D.1 Seminar Kebangsaan Pemuliharaan Hutan
Pesisiran Pantai Negara
1

Seminar Kebangsaan Pemuliharaan Hutan Pesisiran
Pantai Negara merupakan salah satu aktiviti
pengukuhan di bawah Program Penanaman Pokok
Bakau dan spesies yang sesuai di pesisiran pantai
negara. Seminar seperti ini yang telah diadakan secara
bersiri sejak 2006 merupakan platform untuk
membincangkan pelbagai aspek pemeliharaan dan
pemuliharaan hutan pesisiran pantai negara, isu,
cabaran dan input terkini bagi membantu kejayaan
pelaksanaan program pemuliharaan hutan pesisiran
pantai negara yang lebih berkesan. Melalui seminar ini
juga dapat memberikan peluang kepada masyarakat
setempat untuk turut mengambil bahagian secara aktif
dan mendapat manfaat hasil daripada perbincangan dan
pembentangan sepanjang seminar ini diadakan.
Objektif seminar :
menyediakan ruang untuk membincangkan isu,
masalah, cabaran serta usaha pengurusan dan
pemuliharaan hutan pesisiran pantai negara;

mendapatkan input terkini bagi memastikan
pelaksanaan program tanaman yang lebih
berkesan di masa hadapan;

meningkatkan inisiatif kesedaran awam
terhadap tujuan dan kepentingan program
pemuliharaan pesisiran pantai; dan

mengeratkan kerjasama di kalangan pelbagai
jabatan dan agensi kerajaan, institusi tempatan
dan Badan Bukan Kerajaan serta
menggalakkan penglibatan masyarakat dalam
pemuliharaan dan pemeliharaan hutan
pesisiran pantai negara.

D.1 National Seminar on the National Coastal Forest
Rehabilitation
1

National Seminar on the National Coastal Forest
Rehabilitation is one of the activities conducted under
the Tree Planting with Mangrove and other suitable
species along the national coastlines programme.
A series of such seminar had been held since 2006 as a
platform for the discussion of several aspects related to
conservation and rehabilitation of the national coastal
forest, issues, challenges and latest inputs to facilitate
the implementation of national coastal forest
rehabilitation programme. This seminar offers
opportunity for the local communities to participate
actively and benefit from the discussions and
presentations held throughout the seminar.

Objectives of seminar are:
provide a platform to discuss issues, problems,
challenges and the efforts of the management
and rehabilitation of national coastal forests;

obtain the latest inputs to ensure the effective
implementation of the planting programmes in
the future;

increase public awareness initiatives on the
purpose and importance of coastal
rehabilitation programmes; and

foster closer collaboration among various
government departments and agencies, local
institutions and non-governmental
organisations, as well as to promote community
involvement in the conservation and
rehabilitation of national coastal forest.

1
Laman web Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia (http://www.forestry.gov.my)

Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia web site

5

69
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
ALAM SEKITAR BANDAR/ PENEMPATAN PENDUDUK
URBAN ENVIRONMENT/HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

A.1 Trend kependudukan

Pengenalan

Malaysia merupakan negara yang sedang membangun
dengan bilangan penduduk yang semakin meningkat.
Peningkatan ini memberi kesan kepada semua peringkat
kehidupan dan sumber negara seperti bekalan makanan,
air, perumahan, pekerjaan, kesihatan, pelajaran dan
penggunaan tenaga.

Saiz penduduk

Purata kadar pertumbuhan penduduk tahunan
menunjukkan trend menurun bagi tempoh 2008-2013
daripada 1.9 peratus kepada 1.4 peratus. Bagaimanapun,
pada 2009 ke 2010 dan 2011 ke 2012 purata kadar
pertumbuhan masing-masing kekal pada 1.8 peratus dan
1.6 peratus.
A.1 Population trend

Introduction

Malaysia is a developing country with increasing number
of population. This growth would affect the livelihood at
all levels and the countrys resources such as food
supply, water, housing, occupation, health, education
and energy utilisation.

Population size

The average annual population growth rate showed a
downward trend during the period 2008-2013 from
1.9 per cent to 1.4 per cent. However,in 2009 to 2010
and 2011 to 2012 the average growth rate remained at
1.8 per cent and 1.6 per cent respectively.

Carta 5.1: Purata kadar pertumbuhan penduduk tahunan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 5.1: Average annual population growth rate, Malaysia, 2008-2012

2008-2009 : Anggaran Penduduk Pertengahan Tahun Antara Banci berasaskan data Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan
Malaysia 2000 dan 2010 yang disesuaikan

2010-2012 : Anggaran Penduduk Pertengahan Tahun berasaskan data Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan 2010 yang disesuaikan
Mid-Year Population Estimates based on adjusted Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2010

1.9
1.8 1.8
1.6 1.6
1.4
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2008 2009 2010 2011
Peratus
Per cent
Tahun
Year
2012
p
2013
e

70
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Kepadatan penduduk

Kepadatan penduduk pada 2012 menunjukkan corak
kepadatan yang serupa dengan Banci Penduduk dan
Perumahan 2010.
Population density

The population density in 2012 shows the similar
pattern as the 2010 Population and Housing Census.

Carta 5.2: Kepadatan penduduk mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010 dan 2012
Chart 5.2: Population density by state, Malaysia, 2010 and 2012

Nota: Anggaran Penduduk Pertengahan Tahun berasaskan data Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan 2010 yang disesuaikan
Note: Mid-Year Population Estimates based on adjusted Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2010

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
Pulau Pinang
W.P. Putrajaya
W.P. Labuan
Selangor
Melaka
Perlis
Kedah
Johor
Negeri Sembilan
Perak
Kelantan
Terengganu
Sabah
Pahang
Sarawak
7,051
1,537
1,621
1,006
697
506
292
210
179
158
115
109
84
46
43
20
6,892
1,504
1,498
969
679
495
287
205
175
154
113
105
81
44
42
20
Bilangan orang bagi setiap km
2
Number of person per km
2
2010
2012
p
2010
p

71
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Struktur umur

Struktur umur bagi penduduk amat bergantung kepada
perubahan trend dalam kesuburan, mortaliti dan migrasi.

Nisbah jantina

Nisbah jantina merujuk kepada nisbah bilangan lelaki bagi
setiap 100 perempuan. Nisbah jantina pada 2012 adalah
106.

Piramid penduduk

Piramid penduduk merujuk kepada taburan bilangan
penduduk mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina. Kadar
kesuburan penduduk merupakan faktor penting yang
boleh mempengaruhi bentuk piramid penduduk. Terdapat
empat jenis piramid iaitu bentuk progresif, mantap,
regresif dan perantaraan. Setiap bentuk piramid ini
menggambarkan ciri-ciri kependudukan tertentu. Bentuk
piramid juga mempunyai hubungan yang rapat dengan
tahap pembangunan penduduk.

Carta 5.3 menunjukkan piramid penduduk Malaysia pada
2012 diklasifikasikan sebagai piramid yang berbentuk
regresif.

Age structure

The age structure of the population largely depends on
the changing trends in fertility, mortality and migration.

Sex ratio

Sex ratio refers to the number of males for every 100
females. Sex ratio for 2012 was 106.

Population pyramid

Population pyramid refers to distribution of population
by age group and sex. Fertility rate is a major factor
which influences the shape of the population pyramid.
There are four types of pyramid namely progressive,
stable, regressive and intermediate. Each pyramid
depicts a certain population characteristic. The shape
of the pyramid is also closely related to the level of
population development.

Chart 5.3 shows the population pyramid for Malaysia
in 2012 classified as a regressive pyramid.

72
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Carta 5.3: Piramid penduduk, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 5.3: Population pyramid, Malaysia, 2012

Note: Mid-Year Population Estimates based on adjusted Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2010

Kumpulan umur
Age group
Perempuan
Female
Lelaki
Male
Peratus
Per cent

73
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

A.2 Kemudahan perubatan

Pengenalan

Perkhidmatan perubatan yang ditawarkan oleh pusat
perubatan di Malaysia adalah setaraf dengan negara
maju yang lain. Status kesihatan penduduk telah
bertambah baik dengan wujudnya kecanggihan teknologi
dalam kemudahan perubatan serta pakar dan pakar
runding di hospital/klinik kerajaan dan swasta.

Pada 2009, kadar mortaliti bayi meningkat kepada 6.9
berbanding 2008. Sebaliknya, menunjukkan trend
penurunan bagi tempoh 2009-2012 dari 6.9 kepada 6.3.
Sementara itu, kadar mortaliti kanak-kanak kekal pada
0.4 dari 2008 hingga 2012.
A.2 Medical facilities

Introduction

The medical services offered by medical facilities in
Malaysia are at par with those in fully developed nations.
The health status of the population has shown
improvement with the latest technology in medical
facilities and well-experienced specialists and consultants
in both government and private hospitals and clinics.

In 2009, the infant mortality rate has increased to 6.9
compared to 2008. On the other hand, it shows the
declining trend for the period of 2009-2012 from 6.9 to
6.3. Meanwhile, the toddler mortality rate remained at 0.4
from 2008 to 2012.

Carta 5.4: Kadar mortaliti bayi dan kanak-kanak, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 5.4: Infant and toddler mortality rate, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Carta 5.5 menunjukkan jangkaan hayat ketika lahir
mengikut jantina di Malaysia dari 2008 hingga 2012.
Dalam tempoh itu, jangkaan hayat ketika lahir bagi lelaki
terus meningkat daripada 71.6 kepada 72.4 dan
perempuan daripada 76.4 kepada 77.0.
Chart 5.5 shows the life expectancy at birth by sex in
Malaysia from 2008 to 2012. During the period, life
expectancy at birth for males increased gradually from
71.6 to 72.4 and females from 76.4 to 77.0.

6.2
6.9
6.7
6.5
6.3
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Kadar mortaliti bayi Kadar mortaliti kanak-kanak
Kadar setiap ribu
Rate per thousand
Tahun
Year
Kadar mortality bayi
Infant mortality rate
Kadar mortality kanak-kanak
Toddler mortality rate
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
p

74
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Carta 5.5: Jangkaan hayat ketika lahir mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 5.5: Life expectancy at birth by sex, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Kemudahan kesihatan

Pada 2012, terdapat 251 hospital swasta berbanding 147
hospital kerajaan. Bagaimanapun, terdapat penurunan
sebanyak 12 buah bagi hospital swasta berbanding 2011.

Health facilities

In 2012, there were 251 private hospitals compared to
147 government hospitals. However, there was a
decrease by 12 private hospitals compared to 2011.

Carta 5.6: Bilangan hospital kerajaan dan swasta
1
, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 5.6: Number of government and private hospitals, Malaysia, 2008-2012

1
Data merujuk kepada hospital, rumah perawatan dan rumah Sumber: Kementerian Kesihatan
bersalin yang telah diberi lesen dalam tahun tersebut Source: Ministry of Health
Data refers to hospitals, nursing and maternity homes
which are licensed in each particular year

Nota: Data dari 2008-2012 termasuk Institusi Perubatan Khas
Notes: Data from 2008-2012 includes Special Medical Institutions

Mulai 2011, bilangan hospital kerajaan termasuk bukan di bawah Kementerian Kesihatan
Commencing 2011, number of government hospital includes those not covered by Ministry of Health

71.6 71.6
71.9
72.2
72.4
76.4
76.5
76.6
76.8
77.0
68
70
72
74
76
78
2008 2009 2010
Lelaki Perempuan
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
136 136 137
146 147
246 245
254
263
251
Hospital kerajaan Hospital swasta
Bilangan
Number
Tahun
Year
Government hospital Private hospital
Jangkaan hayat
Life expectancy
Tahun
Year
Male Female
2010 2011
p
2012
e
2008 2009

75
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Pada 2012, bilangan katil di hospital swasta meningkat
sebanyak 92 katil. Sebanyak 75.1 peratus daripada
56,872 katil adalah hospital kerajaan manakala 24.9
peratus daripada hospital swasta.
In 2012, the number of beds in private hospitals
increased by 92 beds. There were 75.1 per cent from
56,872 beds from government hospitals while
24.9 per cent were from private hospitals.

Carta 5.7: Bilangan katil hospital kerajaan dan swasta, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 5.7: Number of government and private hospital beds, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Sumber: Kementerian Kesihatan
Source: Ministry of Health

Nota : Data dari 2008-2012 termasuk Institusi Perubatan Khas
Notes: Data from 2008-2012 includes Special Medical Institutions

Mulai 2011, bilangan katil hospital kerajaan termasuk bukan di bawah Kementerian Kesihatan
Commencing 2011, number of government hospital beds includes those not covered by Ministry of Health

Personel perubatan

Pelbagai langkah telah dilaksanakan untuk meningkatkan
bilangan personel perubatan terlatih dan juga bagi
meningkatkan kualiti kesihatan di kalangan rakyat
Malaysia.

Carta 5.8 menunjukkan bilangan doktor dan doktor gigi di
Malaysia dari 2008 hingga 2012. Pada 2012, terdapat
38,718 doktor, pertambahan sebanyak 5.8 peratus
berbanding 2011. Bilangan doktor gigi juga meningkat
sebanyak 7.2 peratus dalam tempoh yang sama.
Medical personnel

Various measures have been implemented to increase
the number of medically trained personnel as well as to
improve the quality of health among Malaysian citizens.

Chart 5.8 shows the number of doctors and dentists in
Malaysia from 2008 to 2012. In 2012, there were 38,718
doctors, an increase of 5.8 per cent as compared to
2011. Similarly, the number of dentist also increased by
7.2 per cent over the same period.

0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
3
7
,
8
3
6
3
8
,
0
5
7
3
7
,
7
9
3
4
1
,
7
1
6

4
2
,
7
0
7

1
2
,
1
6
5
1
2
,
6
1
9
1
3
,
5
7
6
1
4
,
0
7
3

1
4
,
1
6
5

Katil hospital kerajaan Katil hospital swasta
Bilangan
Number
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Government hospital beds Private hospital beds
Tahun
Year

76
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Carta 5.8: Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih
1
(doktor dan doktor gigi), Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 5.8: Number of trained medical personnel (doctor and dentist), Malaysia, 2008-2012

1
Personel perubatan terlatih kerajaan dan swasta Sumber: Kementerian Kesihatan
Government and private trained medical personnel Source: Ministry of Health

Bilangan jururawat meningkat daripada 74,788 pada
2011 kepada 84,968 pada 2012. Walaubagaimanapun,
bilangan penolong jururawat menurun daripada 3,136
pada 2011 kepada 2,350 pada 2012.

Number of nurses were increased by 74,788 in 2011 to
84,968 in 2012. However, the number of assistant
nurses was decreased from 3,136 in 2011 to 2,350 in
2012.

Carta 5.9: Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih
1
(jururawat dan penolong jururawat), Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 5.9: Number of trained medical personnel (nurse and assistant nurse), Malaysia, 2008-2012

1

0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
25,102
30,536
32,979
36,607 38,718
3,640
3,567
3,810
4,253
4,558
Doktor Doktor gigi
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
54,208
59,375
69,110
74,788
84,968
4,454
4,280
2,565
3,136
2,350
Jururawat Penolong jururawat
Bilangan
Number
Tahun
Year
Doctor Dentist
Bilangan
Number
Tahun
Year
Nurse Assistant nurse

77
B. KEADAAN
STATE

Carta 5.10: Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 5.10: Quantity of scheduled waste generated, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Nota: Tidak termasuk buangan terjadual yang dihantar ke pengurusan khas
Note: Does not include scheduled wastes sent to special management

B.1 Buangan terjadual

Buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan

Buangan terjadual merujuk kepada kategori sisa
tersenarai dalam Jadual Pertama Peraturan Kualiti Alam
Sekeliling (Buangan Terjadual) 2005. Ia juga ditakrifkan
sebagai buangan toksid dan berbahaya yang dihasilkan
oleh industri, pertanian, bengkel, kontraktor buangan
terjadual, aktiviti domestik dan buangan klinikal dari
hospital.

Pada 2012, kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan
meningkat 6.3 peratus berbanding 2011.

B.1 Scheduled waste

Scheduled waste generated

Scheduled waste refers to the waste category listed in
the First Schedule Environmental Quality Regulation
(Scheduled Waste) 2005. It is also defined as toxic waste
and hazardous generated by industries, agriculture,
workshop, scheduled waste contractors, domestic
activities and clinical wastes from hospitals.

In 2012, the quantity of scheduled waste generated
increased by 6.3 per cent as compared to 2011.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
1.3
1.7
1.9
1.6
1.7
Tan metrik (juta)
Tonnes (million)
Tahun
Year

78
B. KEADAAN
STATE

Peratusan buangan terjadual dihasilkan mengikut
kategori

Dros/sangga/klinker merupakan buangan terjadual yang
menghasilkan peratusan tertinggi dengan 21.3 peratus.
Ini diikuti oleh gypsum (19.8%) dan enapcemar galian
(18.6%).

Percentage of scheduled waste generated by
category

Dros/slag/clinker registered the highest percentage with
21.3 per cent. This was followed by gypsum (19.8%) and
mineral sludge (18.6%).

Carta 5.11: Peratus buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan mengikut kategori, 2012
Chart 5.11: Percentage of scheduled waste generated by category, 2012


0 5 10 15 20 25
21.33
19.77
18.55
9.02
7.07
4.58
3.94
2.51
1.96
1.76
1.31
1.29
1.22
1.11
0.86
0.78
0.57
0.52
0.42
0.31
0.27
0.22
0.22
0.18
0.08
0.08
0.07
Peratus
Per cent
Karbon aktif tercemar/Contaminated active carbon

Formaldehyde Waste

Tanah yang tercemar/Contaminated land/soil

Racun perosak/Pesticide

Lain-lain/Others

Expired Drug

Phenol/perekat/resin/Phenol/adhesive/resin
tercemar/Contaminated active carbon

Mangkin/Catalyst

Enapcemar dakwat cat/Inks Paints Sludge
tercemar/Contaminated active carbon

Spent Alkalis

Waste of Non-Halogenated
Solvents
Waste of Halogenated
Solvents

Waste of Inks Paints

Kertas & Plastik/Paper & Plastic

Pathogenic Waste Clinical

Sisa/Residue

Enapcemar getah/Rubber Sludge
Campuran buangan/Mixed Wastes

Spent Acids

Bateri/Batteries

Bekas-bekas terpakai/Used containers

E-Waste

Enapcemar logam berat/Heavy metal sludge

Spent Oil

Enapcemar galian/Mineral sludge

Gypsum

Dros/sangga/klinker/Dross/slag/clinker

79
B. KEADAAN
STATE

Buangan klinikal

Buangan klinikal merujuk kepada buangan yang terdiri
daripada keseluruhan atau sebahagian tisu manusia,
darah atau bendalir badan, bahan kumuh, ubat-ubatan,
produk farmaseutikal dan lain-lain. Ia diklasifikasikan
sebagai buangan terjadual di bawah Jadual Pertama
Peraturan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling (Buangan Terjadual)
2005.

Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untuk
pemusnahan di insinerator pada 2012 meningkat 1.7
peratus berbanding 2011.

Clinical waste

Clinical waste refers to any waste which consists wholly
or partly of human tissues, blood or body fluids,
excretions, drugs or pharmaceutical products and etc. It
is classified as scheduled waste under the First Schedule
Environmental Quality Regulations (Scheduled Waste),
2005.

The quantity of clinical wastes handled for destruction at
incinerators in 2012 increased by 1.7 per cent as
compared to 2011.

Carta 5.12: Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untuk pemusnahan di insinerator, Malaysia,
2008-2012
Chart 5.12: Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction at incinerator, Malaysia, 2008-2012


14.1
16.6
16.8
17.8
18.1
0 5 10 15 20
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Tan metrik ('000)
Tonnes
Tahun
Year

80
B. KEADAAN
STATE

B.2 Kemalangan

Kemalangan jalan raya

Pada 2012, sebanyak 462,423 kemalangan telah
dilaporkan dengan pertambahan sebanyak 3.0 peratus
berbanding 2011.
B.2 Accidents

Road accident

In 2012, a total of 462,423 accidents were reported with
an increase of 3.0 per cent as compared to 2011.
Carta 5.13: Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 5.13: Number of reported road accidents, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Sumber: Polis Diraja Malaysia
Source: Royal Malaysia Police

Bilangan kematian telah meningkat sebanyak
0.6 peratus dalam tempoh yang sama. Sementara itu,
bilangan kecederaan menunjukkan penurunan sebanyak
6.3 peratus.
The number of death rose by 0.6 per cent in the same
period. Meanwhile, the number of injuries showed a
decline of 6.3 per cent.

Carta 5.14: Bilangan kecederaan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 5.14: Number of reported road casualties, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Sumber: Polis Diraja Malaysia
Source: Royal Malaysia Police

0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
373,071
397,330
414,421
449,040
462,423
Bilangan
Number
Tahun
Year
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
6,527 6,745 6,872 6,877 6,917
25,747
24,672
21,397
18,693
17,522
Bilangan
Number
Tahun
Year
Kematian Kecederaan
Death Injuries

81
B. KEADAAN
STATE

B.3 Status kesihatan

i. Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air

Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air iaitu kolera, tifoid,
disentri, viral hepatitis A dan keracunan makanan adalah
disebabkan oleh pengambilan makanan dan air yang
tercemar. Ia boleh membawa kepada masalah kesihatan
kekal dan ketidakupayaan. Keracunan makanan boleh
menyebabkan kematian sekiranya tidak dirawat dengan
kadar segera.

Pada 2012, bilangan kes bagi kolera, tifoid dan viral
hepatitis A menunjukkan penurunan berbanding 2011.
Sebaliknya, disentri menunjukkan peningkatan sebanyak
42 kes berbanding 2011.
B.3 Health status

i. Food and Water Borne Diseases

Food and Water Borne Diseases namely cholera,
typhoid, dysentery, viral hepatitis A and food poisoning is
caused by contaminated food and water intake. It may
lead to permanent health problem and disability. Food
poisoning can cause death if it is not treated early.

In 2012, the number of cases for cholera, typhoid and
viral hepatitis A showed a decrease compared to 2011.
On the other hand, dysentery showed an increase of 42
cases as compared to 2011.

Carta 5.15: Bilangan kes Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air terpilih, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 5.15: Number of selected cases of Food and Water Borne Diseases, Malaysia, 2008-2012


0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
93
276
443
586
282
201
303
210
242
218
92
154
104
44
86
36
40
39
496
464
Bilangan kes
Number of cases
Tahun
Year
Kolera Tifoid Disentri Viral Hepatitis A
Cholera Typhoid Dysentery

82
B. KEADAAN
STATE

Keracunan makanan

Melaka mencatatkan kadar kejadian (KI) tertinggi bagi
setiap 100,000 penduduk iaitu 108.6 diikuti oleh Perlis
(102.3) dan Terengganu (78.2). Sementara itu, W.P.
Labuan mencatatkan KI terendah pada 2012 iaitu 1.1.
Food poisoning

Melaka registered the highest incidence rate (IR) per
100,000 population at 108.6 followed by Perlis (102.3)
and Terengganu (78.2). Meanwhile, W.P. Labuan
recorded the lowest IR in 2012 at 1.1.

Carta 5.16: Kadar kejadian keracunan makanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 5.16: Incidence rate for food poisoning by state, Malaysia, 2012

1
Termasuk W.P. Putrajaya Sumber: Kementerian Kesihatan
Includes W.P. Putrajaya Source: Ministry of Health

Tifoid

Demam tifoid atau demam kepialu merupakan penyakit
yang disebabkan oleh bakteria Salmonella typhi (S.typhi).
Jangkitan ini berlaku melalui pengambilan makanan atau
minuman yang dicemari oleh najis atau air kencing orang
yang dijangkiti. Simptom ini menunjukkan kesan selepas
1-3 minggu terdedah.

Typhoid

Typhoid fever is a bacterial disease caused by
Salmonella typhi (S.typhi). It is transmitted through the
ingestion of food or drink contaminated by the faeces or
urine of infected people. Symptoms usually develop 1-3
weeks after exposure.

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Melaka
Perlis
Terengganu
Negeri Sembilan
Perak
Kedah
Sarawak
Johor
Pahang
Sabah
Kelantan
Selangor
Pulau Pinang
108.6
102.3
78.2
63.8
57.8
51.0
49.2
43.2
42.8
41.4
37.3
36.8
22.3
12.9
1.1
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
1

W.P. Labuan
Kadar kejadian bagi setiap 100,000 penduduk
Incidence rate per 100,000 population

83
B. KEADAAN
STATE

Pada 2012, W.P. Kuala Lumpur mencatatkan KI tertinggi
iaitu 2.0, manakala W.P. Labuan, Perlis dan Melaka
masing-masing mencatatkan KI terendah iaitu 0.0 bagi
setiap 100,000 penduduk.

In 2012, W.P. Kuala Lumpur registered the highest IR at
2.0, while W.P. Labuan, Perlis dan Melaka recorded the
lowest IR at 0.0 per 100,000 population respectively.

Carta 5.17: Kadar kejadian tifoid mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 5.17: Incidence rate for typhoid by state, Malaysia, 2012

1
Termasuk W.P. Putrajaya
Includes W.P. Putrajaya

ii. Penyakit bawaan vektor

Malaria dan demam denggi merupakan dua penyakit
bawaan vektor yang merebak secara meluas di
Malaysia. Kedua-dua wabak penyakit ini disebarkan oleh
nyamuk. Malaria merebak melalui gigitan nyamuk yang
telah dijangkiti manakala denggi melalui gigitan nyamuk
Aedes.

ii. Vector borne diseases

Malaria and dengue fever are two prominent vector
borne diseases that are widely spread in Malaysia. Both
diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes. Malaria is
transmitted via infected mosquito bites while dengue by
an Aedes mosquito bites.

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Kelantan
Sarawak
Sabah
Perak
Selangor
Pahang
Terengganu
Johor
Kedah
Negeri Sembilan
Pulau Pinang
Melaka
Perlis
W.P. Labuan
2.0
1.9
1.4
1.1
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
1

S
o
u
r
c
e
:

M
i
n
i
s
t
r
y

o
f

H
e
a
l
t
h


84
B. KEADAAN
STATE

Demam denggi dan denggi berdarah

Denggi dipindahkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes yang
telah dijangkiti dengan salah satu daripada empat virus
denggi. Simptom akan kelihatan dalam tempoh tiga
hingga 14 hari selepas gigitan.

Bilangan kes bagi demam denggi menunjukkan
peningkatan sebanyak 2,715 kes pada 2012 berbanding
2011. Sebaliknya, demam denggi berdarah yang
menunjukkan penurunan sebanyak 699 kes bagi tahun
yang sama.
Dengue and haemorrhagic dengue fever

Dengue is transmitted by Aedes mosquito bites infected
with one of the four dengue viruses. Symptoms will
appear three to 14 days after the bite.

The number of cases for dengue has been increased by
2,715 cases in 2012 as compared to 2011. On the other
hand, haemorrhagic dengue fever showed a decrease
by 699 cases for the same year.

Carta 5.18a: Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian demam denggi, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 5.18a: Number of cases and incidence rate of dengue fever, Malaysia, 2008-2012


46,517 38,749
42,140
18,466 21,181
167.8
136.9
148.7
63.8
72.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Kes Kadar kejadian
Cases Incidence rate
Bilangan
Number
Kadar kejadian
Incidence rate
Kadar kejadian
Incidence rate
Kes
Cases

85
B. KEADAAN
STATE

Carta 5.18b: Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian demam denggi berdarah, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 5.18b: Number of cases and incidence rate of haemorrhagic dengue fever, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Malaria

Malaria disebabkan oleh parasit yang disebut sebagai
Plasmodium. Dalam badan manusia, parasit ini membiak
di dalam hati dan kemudian menjangkiti sel darah merah.

Carta 5.19 menunjukkan bilangan kes malaria menurun
kepada 4,725 pada 2012 berbanding 5,306 pada 2011.
Malaria

Malaria is caused by parasites called Plasmodium. In the
human body, these parasites multiply in the liver and
then infect the red blood cells.

Chart 5.19 shows the number of malaria cases declined
to 4,725 in 2012 compared to 5,306 in 2011.

2,818 2,737
4,031 1,418 719
10.2
9.7
14.2
4.9
2.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Kes Kadar kejadian
S
o
u
r
c
e
:

M
i
n
i
s
t
r
y

o
f

H
e
a
l
t
h

Bilangan
Number
Kadar kejadian
Incidence rate
Kadar kejadian
Incidence rate
Kes
Cases

86
B. KEADAAN
STATE

Carta 5.19: Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian malaria, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 5.19: Number of cases and incidence rate of malaria, Malaysia, 2008-2012


7,390 7,010 6,650
5,307
4,725
26.7
24.8
23.5
18.3
16.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Kadar kejadian
Incidence rate
Bilangan
Number
Kes Kadar kejadian

r

r

r

Kadar kejadian
Incidence rate
Kes
Cases
Kadar kejadian
Incidence rate
Bilangan
Number

87
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE

C.1 Tekanan ke atas alam sekitar bandar

Pengenalan

Malaysia mengalami peningkatan dalam mobiliti
penduduk yang disebabkan oleh perubahan ekonomi
dan urbanisasi. Walaupun kebanyakan penduduk yang
mendiami kawasan bandar menikmati pelbagai
kemudahan sosial dan peluang ekonomi, urbanisasi juga
mendatangkan kesan sampingan termasuk peningkatan
kadar kemiskinan bandar.

Tahap urbanisasi

Perkadaran penduduk bandar mengalami peningkatan
daripada 71.7 peratus pada 2011 kepada 72.4 peratus
pada 2012.
C.1 Pressure on the urban environment

Introduction

Malaysia is experiencing a rise in population mobility due
to economic changes and urbanisation. Although most of
the population living in urban areas due to better access
to a variety of social services and economic
opportunities, urbanisation has also posed adverse
effects including the increased incidence of urban
poverty.

Urbanisation level

The proportion of urban population experienced an
increase from 71.7 per cent in 2011 to 72.4 per cent in
2012.

Carta 5.20: Peratus perkadaran penduduk bandar, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 5.20: Percentage of proportion of urban population, Malaysia, 2008-2012

68.9
69.8
70.6
71.7
72.4
50 55 60 65 70 75
2008
2009
2010
2011
Peratus
Per cent
Tahun
Year
2012
p

88
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE

C.2 Migrasi

Migrasi merujuk kepada mereka yang bertukar tempat
tinggal biasa ke beberapa kawasan geografi di dalam
negara. Ia merupakan salah satu komponen yang
digunakan untuk mengukur pertambahan saiz penduduk
selain daripada kelahiran dan kematian. Pada 1980-an,
ekonomi Malaysia beralih daripada berasaskan pertanian
kepada perindustrian. Peralihan ini telah membawa
kepada perubahan dalam pembangunan negeri, daerah
dan bandar. Situasi ini mengakibatkan kenaikan taraf
hidup dengan penambahbaikan dalam perumahan,
kemudahan awam dan peluang pekerjaan serta
pendidikan.

Pada 2011-2012, migrasi dari bandar ke bandar
menunjukkan peratusan tertinggi dengan 67.9 peratus.
Migrasi dari bandar ke luar bandar menyumbang 24.7
peratus manakala migrasi luar bandar ke bandar dan luar
bandar ke luar bandar masing-masing mencatatkan
peratusan sebanyak 4.6 dan 2.8.

C.2 Migration

Migration is defined as those who moved from their
normal living quarters to various geographical area in the
country. It is one of the components used in measuring
the expansion in population size other than birth and
death. In the 1980s, Malaysias economy transformed
from agricultural to industrial based. The transformation
directly led to changes in the development of states,
districts and towns. This situation resulted to a better
standard of living with improved housing, public
amenities and job opportunities as well as education
opportunities.

In 2011-2012, migration from urban to urban showed the
highest percentage accounted for 67.9 per cent.
Migration from urban to rural contributed 24.7 per cent
while migration from rural to urban and rural to rural
registered a percentage of 4.6 and 2.8 respectively.

Carta 5.21: Taburan peratus migran antara negeri mengikut arah aliran migrasi (strata), Malaysia, 2008-2009
hingga 2011-2012
Chart 5.21: Percentage distribution of inter-state migrants by migration direction (stratum), Malaysia, 2008-2009 to 2011-2012

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
64.0
64.1
66.1
67.9
27.4
27.8
23.3
24.7
5.2
4.7
6.7
4.6
3.4
3.4
3.9
2.8
Bandar-Bandar
Bandar-Luar Bandar
Luar Bandar-Bandar
Luar Bandar-Luar Bandar
Peratus
Per cent
2008-2009
2009-2010

2010-2011

2011-2012

Urban-Urban

Urban-Rural

Rural-Urban

Rural-Rural

89
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE

C.3 Pengangkutan

Pengenalan

Sektor pengangkutan merupakan komponen penting
dalam ekonomi yang memberi kesan kepada
pembangunan dan kebajikan penduduk Malaysia.
Peningkatan yang pesat dalam sektor ini merupakan
salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan kualiti udara
semakin merosot.

Pengangkutan udara

Pada 2012, bilangan pendaratan dan berlepas menurun
sebanyak 2.6 peratus kepada 416,698 berbanding 2011.

C.3 Transportation

Introduction

The transportation sector is an important component of
the economy which gives an impact on the development
and welfare of Malaysias population. Vast increase in
this sector is one of the factors that contribute to the
worsening of the air quality.

Air transport

In 2012, the number of landings and take-offs fall by 2.6
per cent to 416,698 as compared to 2011.

Carta 5.22: Pendaratan dan berlepas di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Chart 5.22: Landings and take-offs at airport, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Sumber: Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad dan
Jabatan Penerbangan Awam Malaysia
Source: Department of Civil Aviation Malaysia

300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
550,000
600,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
558,559
379,805
403,635
427,617
416,698
Bilangan
Number
Tahun
Year

90

D.1 Program Rakan Alam Sekitar (RAS)
1

Program Rakan Alam Sekitar (RAS) adalah satu inisiatif
berterusan membangunkan kesedaran dan
menggerakkan anggota masyarakat secara hands-on
dalam aktiviti pemuliharaan alam sekitar selain menjadi
mata dan telinga untuk membantu agensi-agensi
kerajaan yang bertangungjawab dalam membanteras
kegiatan yang merosakkan atau mencemarkan alam
sekitar.

Media sosial seperti Portal, emel dan Facebook RAS
telah diwujudkan sebagai medium perkongsian informasi
di antara ahli RAS dan orang awam serta salah satu
usaha berterusan mempromosikan program RAS.
Informasi aktiviti RAS akan dikongsi bersama
masyarakat bagi memastikan tahap kesedaran dan
komitmen masyarakat dalam usaha pemuliharaan dan
pemeliharaan sentiasa meningkat.

Pelaksanaan aktiviti di bawah program RAS pada tahun
2011 seperti pembersihan pantai, penanaman pokok,
pemantauan kualiti air dan Kem Kesedaran Alam Sekitar
adalah dengan kerjasama pelbagai pihak seperti pejabat
ahli parlimen, agensi kerajaan, swasta, industri,
pertubuhan bukan kerajaan dan pemimpin masyarakat
setempat.
1

D.2 Eksport buangan terjadual

Konvensyen Basel merupakan sebuah konvensyen
antarabangsa yang diperkenalkan bagi mengurangkan
pergerakan bahan buangan terjadual di antara negara
dan secara khususnya bagi menghalang perpindahan
bahan buangan terjadual dari negara membangun ke
negara kurang membangun. Konvensyen ini telah
diperkenalkan pada 22 Mac 1989 dan berkuatkuasa
pada 5 Mei 1992.

1
Laporan Tahunan 2011, Jabatan Alam Sekitar
Annual Report 2011, Department of Environment

D D.1 Rakan Alam Sekitar (RAS) Programme
1

The Rakan Alam Sekitar (RAS) programme is an
ongoing initiative to develop environmental awareness
and mobilizing community members in hands-on
environmental activities as well as being the eyes and
ears of related government agencies for combating
environmental pollution.

Using social media namely RAS Portal, email and
Facebook as a medium of information sharing among
RAS members and the public, information on RAS
activities will be shared to ensure the level of community
awareness and commitment in preservation and
conservation of the environment are continuously
increasing.

Various RAS activities in 2011 such as beach cleaning,
tree planting, water quality monitoring and Environmental
Awareness Camps in collaboration with various parties
including members of parliament, government agencies,
private sector, industries, non-governmental
organisations and local community leaders were
implemented.
1

D.2 Export of scheduled waste

The Basel Convention is an international convention that
was introduced to reduce the movements of hazardous
waste between nations, and specifically to prevent
transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less
developed countries. The Convention was introduced in
March 22, 1989, and enforced on May 5, 1992.

91

Malaysia mula menjadi ahli penuh bagi Konvensyen ini
pada 8 Oktober 1993. Sejak 1996, Malaysia melalui JAS
telah meluluskan permohonan mengeksport buangan
terjadual mengikut keperluan kes. Walau bagaimanapun,
ia tidak digalakkan kerana kemudahan pengurusan
buangan terjadual tersebut telah wujud dalam negara.

D.3 Pengangkutan rel bandar

Kesesakan trafik merupakan permasalahan yang besar
kepada penduduk bandar khususnya. Sehubungan ini,
kerajaan kini giat menggalakkan penggunaan
pengangkutan alternatif seperti monorel, rel transit aliran
ringan dan komuter rel bagi mengatasi masalah
kesesakan trafik dan pencemaran udara.

Perkhidmatan rel bandar di Malaysia merangkumi KTM
Komuter, PUTRALINE, STARLINE, KL Monorail, KLIA
Ekspress, KLIA Transit dan Electric Train Service (ETS).
Pada 2012, purata harian penumpang perkhidmatan rel
ini meningkat 3.6 peratus kepada 529,707 berbanding
2011.

Malaysia became a full member for this Convention on
8 October 1993. Since 1996, Malaysia through DOE had
approved applications for exporting of scheduled wastes
on a case by case basis. However, this activity is not
encouraged since there are waste management facilities
in the country.

D.3 Urban rail transportation

Traffic congestion is a major problem to the urban
population. In this regard, the government is actively
encouraging the use of alternative transportation such as
monorail, light rail transit and commuter rail to overcome
traffic congestion and air pollution.

The urban rail services in Malaysia comprises of KTM
Commuter, PUTRALINE, STARLINE, KL Monorail, KLIA
Ekspress, KLIA Transit and Electric Train Service (ETS).
In 2012, the average daily passengers of these rail
services increased by 3.6 per cent to 529,707 when
compared to 2011.
Carta 5.23: Purata harian penumpang perkhidmatan rel bandar, 2008-2012
Chart 5.23: Average daily passengers of urban rail services, 2008-2012

Sumber: Kementerian Pengangkutan,
Rangkaian Pengangkutan Integrasi Deras Sdn. Bhd.,
Keretapi Tanah Melayu Bhd.
Source: Ministry of Transport

Nota: Data Electric Train Service (ETS) bermula 2011
Note: Data for Electric Train Service (ETS) commenced on 2011
435,000
445,000
455,000
465,000
475,000
485,000
495,000
505,000
515,000
525,000
535,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
468,757
450,867
468,074
511,191
529,707
Penumpang
Passengers
Tahun
Year

95
LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Jadual 1.1: Purata suhu, hujan dan purata kelembapan relatif, Malaysia, 2008-2013
Table 1.1: Mean temperature, rainfall and mean relative humidity, Malaysia, 2008-2013

Negeri/Stesen meteorologi terpilih
(ketinggian dari purata paras laut dalam
meter)
State/Selected meteorological station
(height above mean sea level in metres)
Tahun
Year
Purata suhu (
o
C)
Mean temperature
Hujan
Rainfall
Purata
kelembapan
relatif
Mean relative
humidity
Min. Max.
Jumlah
Total Bil. hari
No. of days
(mm) (%)
Johor
Batu Pahat
(6.3 m)

2008 23.6 31.4 2,070.3 191 84.6
2009 23.8 31.9 1,790.4 177 82.7
2010 23.7 31.7 2,023.7 194 84.2
2011 23.8 31.7 2,357.9 189 84.9
2012 24.0 32.1 2,463.4 189 85.0
2012
1
24.0 32.2 910.4
r
83 83.7
2013
1
24.4 32.8 692.3 89 84.2
Kluang
(88.1 m)

2008 23.1 32.3 2,782.4 198 83.2
2009 23.2 31.8 1,907.9 161 85.2
2010 23.4 32.0 1,852.7
r
198
r
85.4
2011 23.1 31.2 3,027.6 198 87.1
2012 23.5 32.1 1,890.0 183 85.9
2012
1
23.5 32.0 829.2 84 86.7
2013
1
24.2 32.5 1,033.2 76 83.6
Mersing
(43.6 m)

2008 23.4 30.4 3,132.7 183 86.4
2009 23.3 30.6 2,207.0 166 84.9
2010 23.7
r
31.4
r
1,931.8
r
168
r
82.4
r

2011 23.5 30.6 3,232.3 208 85.3
2012 23.6 31.2 2,869.2 194 86.4
2012
1
23.7 30.9
r
1,189.4
r
83
r
85.1
2013
1
24.2 31.4 1,629.4 73 83.7
Senai
(37.8 m)

2008 22.9 30.9 3,146.0 207 87.0
2009 23.2 31.6 1,919.9 173 85.7
2010 23.5 32.0 2,576.2
r
167 83.4
r

2011 23.5 31.7 2,702.6 202 85.2
2012 23.4 31.8 2,810.0 197 86.5
2012
1
23.4 31.9 1,076.2
r
87 86.3
2013
1
24.0 32.4 1,299.8 99 85.7
Kedah
Alor Setar
(3.9 m)

2008 24.1 32.5 2,274.0 178 80.5
2009 24.3 32.8 2,573.6 173 81.5
2010 24.6 33.5 - - 80.0
2011 24.3 32.5 1,968.2 165 81.4
2012 24.3 32.4 2,850.0 188 83.5
2012
1
24.4 32.8 1,158.8 91 80.6
2013
1
24.6 33.3 737.6 63 80.9

1
Januari hingga Jun

January to June

Nota: Tiada data 2010 di Stesen Alor Setar berikutan kejadian banjir pada November 2010
Note : Data 2010 is not available over the Alor Setar Station due to flood in November 2010

96
LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Jadual 1.1: Purata suhu, hujan dan purata kelembapan relatif, Malaysia, 2008-2013 (samb.)
Table 1.1: Mean temperature, rainfall and mean relative humidity, Malaysia, 2008-2013 (cont'd)

meter)
Tahun
Year
Purata suhu (
o
C)
Mean temperature
Hujan
Rainfall
Purata
kelembapan
relatif
Mean relative
humidity
Min. Max.
Jumlah
Total Bil. hari
No. of days
(mm) (%)
Pulau Langkawi
(6.4 m)

2008 24.8 31.3 2,343.3 176 79.2
2009 25.0 31.8 2,716.0 167 78.4
2010 25.4 32.2 2,398.2 180 78.8
2011 25.1 31.8 2,577.0 176 80.0
2012 25.0 31.7 2,310.4 201 80.8
2012
1
25.2 31.9 823.0 90 80.5
2013
1
25.7 32.7 1,000.2 67 75.5
Kelantan
Kota Bharu
(4.4 m)

2008 24.0 30.9 3,566.2 172 79.5
2009 23.9 31.0 3,034.6 176 80.7
2010 24.2 31.2
r
2,854.4 181 79.9
2011 24.0 30.8 3,459.8 180 80.6
2012 24.1 31.0 3,139.0 171 82.0
2012
1
24.1 31.1 978.8 70 81.2
2013
1
24.4 31.2 900.8 64 81.7
Kuala Krai
(68.0 m)

2008 22.7 31.6 3,132.3 205 86.0
2009 22.8 32.0 3,306.5 182 86.9
2010 23.0 32.8 2,356.6 166 85.4
2011 22.7 31.5 3,266.2 210 85.8
2012 23.3 32.5 2,454.8 193 84.5
2012
1
23.1 32.6 862.4 80 83.5
2013
1
23.4 32.7 1,512.0 81 85.2
Melaka
Melaka
(8.5 m)

2008 24.2 31.8 2,194.4 164 78.7
2009 24.3 31.8 1,878.0 163 78.9
2010 24.4 32.1 1,992.8 177 79.7
r

2011 24.1 31.6 1,845.2 170 82.0
2012 23.9 31.7 1,883.2 177 82.8
2012
1
24.2 31.9 847.4 79 81.9
2013
1
24.5 32.6 473.4 67 80.8
Pahang
Batu Embun, Jerantut
(59.5 m)

2008 23.1 32.2 2,606.5
r
193 85.6
2009 23.1 32.6 2,246.8
r
187 84.3
2010 23.5 33.2 2,230.3 173 82.6
2011 23.2 32.2 2,442.0 190 84.8
2012 23.2 32.6 1,971.2 194 86.0
2012
1
23.1 32.7 1,002.6 95 84.8
2013
1
23.3 32.9 907.8 84 85.5

1
Januari hingga Jun
January to June

97
LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE


meter)
Tahun
Year
Purata suhu (
o
C)
Mean temperature
Hujan
Rainfall
Purata
kelembapan
relatif
Mean relative
humidity
Min. Max.
Jumlah
Total
Bil. hari
No. of days
(mm) (%)
Cameron Highlands
2

(1,545.0 m)

2008 15.2 22.2 3,951.6 260 88.0
2009 15.3 22.1 3,051.2 242 89.1
2010 15.4
r
22.7 2,451.0 234 89.4
2011 15.2 22.0 3,310.1 249 90.5
2012 15.5 22.5 2,861.4 239 90.8
2012
1
15.4 22.7 1,299.4 111 89.8
2013
1
16.0 23.0 1,204.6 114 90.3
Kuantan
(15.2 m)

2008 23.5 32.0 3,337.5 183 85.5
2009 23.7 31.9 3,707.0 191 84.4
2010 24.0 32.3 2,319.0 182 84.5
2011 23.5 31.6 3,242.6 188 85.6
2012 23.4 31.7 3,283.8
r
205 87.1
2012
1
23.4 31.6 1,645.6
r
95 86.2
2013
1
24.1 32.2 1,135.0 82 84.7
Muadzam Shah
(33.3 m)

2008 23.1 32.3 2,384.5
r
174 82.0
2009 23.3 32.3 1,879.2
r
166 83.0
2010 23.2 32.1 1,985.0
r
165 83.1
2011 23.2 31.6 3,011.7 189 84.0
2012 23.4 32.2 2,647.6 193 85.6
2012
1
23.5 32.3 1,173.2
r
92
r
84.5
2013
1
23.7 32.5 1,183.3 77 84.5
Temerloh
(39.1 m)

2008 23.1 32.4 1,854.6 159 83.1
2009 23.2 32.9 1,751.2 167 82.1
2010 23.6 33.3 1,762.8 166 82.4
2011 23.3 32.6 2,350.6 190 83.7
2012 23.4 33.2 2,053.8 182 83.4
2012
1
23.3 33.1 916.8 89 82.2
2013
1
23.7 33.4 1,036.6 81 83.8
Perak
Ipoh
(40.1 m)

2008 23.1 32.6 3,534.6 226 81.1
2009 23.9 32.9 3,110.3 217 83.0
2010 24.0 32.9 3,189.1 217 82.1
2011 23.7 32.4 2,582.3 191 82.5
2012 24.0 32.8 2,778.6 196 79.3
2012
1
24.0 33.1 1,337.4 91 78.7
2013
1
24.2 33.2 1,604.8 91 78.7

1
Januari hingga Jun
January to June

2
Stesen bukit
Hill station

98
LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE


meter)
Tahun
Year
Purata suhu (
o
C)
Mean temperature
Hujan
Rainfall
Purata
kelembapan
relatif
Mean relative
humidity
Min. Max.
Jumlah
Total
Bil. hari
No. of days
(mm) (%)
Lubok Merbau, Kuala Kangsar
(77.5 m)

2008 23.1 32.5 2,382.7
r
210 81.5
2009 23.2 32.7 2,110.4 191 82.8
2010 23.7 33.1 2,139.6 195 84.0
2011 23.3 32.8 2,182.4 189 83.0
2012 23.4 32.9 1,841.9 191
r
83.4
2012
1
23.4 33.1 832.1
r
90 82.9
r

2013
1
23.5 33.6 674.2 82 80.9
Sitiawan
(6.8 m)

2008 23.6 31.6 2,224.5 171 83.5
2009 23.8 32.1 2,072.0 176 83.0
2010 24.2 32.7 1,517.6 181 82.1
2011 23.9 31.9 2,471.1 171 82.8
2012 24.0 32.0 1,833.8 181 83.8
2012
1
24.0 32.2 782.0
r
80 82.6
2013
1
24.4 32.6 815.8 71 82.2
Perlis
Chuping
(21.7 m)

2008 23.6 32.1 1,772.4 176 81.1
2009 23.8 32.5 2,107.1 165 80.2
2010 24.2 33.3 2,201.9 175 79.6
2011 23.8 32.5 2,162.0 164 80.3
2012 23.9 32.7 2,065.6 178 84.9
2012
1
24.0 33.2 1,002.8 81 82.2
2013
1
24.4 33.6 806.0 65 82.0
Pulau Pinang
Bayan Lepas
(2.5 m)

2008 24.6
r
31.3 2,569.8 184 80.3
2009 24.8 31.6 2,944.0 187 79.8
2010 25.2 32.1 2,092.0 177 80.2
2011 24.8 31.4 2,297.8 177 81.3
2012 24.9 31.5 2,294.6 191 80.2
2012
1
25.0 31.7 1,032.8 91 80.9
2013
1
25.6 32.4 757.6 79 78.4
Butterworth
(3.3 m)

2008 23.8 31.5 2,133.6 177 80.0
2009 24.0 31.3 2,669.8 190 79.9
2010 24.9 32.2 2,015.8 170 80.1
2011 24.6 31.8 2,525.6 170 80.2
2012 24.5 31.7 2,250.8 181 80.9
2012
1
24.6 31.9 1,056.0
r
88 79.5
r

2013
1
24.7 32.0 1,030.8 72 79.7

1
Januari hingga Jun
January to June

99
LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE


meter)
Tahun
Year
Purata suhu (
o
C)
Mean temperature
Hujan
Rainfall
Purata
kelembapan
relatif
Mean relative
humidity
Min. Max.
Jumlah
Total
Bil. hari
No. of days
(mm) (%)
Sabah
Kota Kinabalu
(2.1 m)

2008 23.9 31.8 3,291.2 221 80.8
2009 24.2 32.2 2,747.6 175 79.2
2010 24.3 32.4 3,394.6 200 81.5
2011 24.2 32.1 2,782.2 216 81.1
2012 24.1 32.4 2,543.4 195 81.5
2012
1
24.2 32.7 805.4
r
87 80.7
2013
1
24.4 32.6 986.5 81 80.0
Kudat
(3.5 m)

2008 23.9 31.3 2,962.5 209 86.1
2009 24.1 31.3 2,848.2 186 82.5
2010 24.4 31.4 1,830.6 165 82.2
2011 23.8 30.6 4,221.1 233 84.0
2012 24.0 31.1 2,666.5 212 83.3
2012
1
24.1 31.1 1,180.7 96 83.7
2013
1
24.4 31.0 776.2 80 83.3
Sandakan
(12.1 m)

2008 24.1 31.0 3,823.0 215 82.8
2009 24.4 31.5 3,964.6 209 81.4
2010 24.6 31.7 2,178.4 167 80.9
2011 24.2 31.1 5,403.4 239 84.5
2012 24.3 31.6 3,792.4 217 84.4
2012
1
24.3 31.4 2,048.2 105 84.1
2013
1
25.0 31.7 1,345.0 83 83.2
Tawau
(17.5 m)

2008 23.5 30.9 2,185.4 183 83.3
2009 23.8 31.3 1,999.4 197 81.5
2010 23.9 31.9 1,674.6 160 80.5
2011 23.7 31.3 2,239.0 201 82.3
2012 23.6 31.4 2,421.2 199 80.3
2012
1
23.6 31.3 1,019.4 90 81.0
r

2013
1
23.8 31.7 972.4 97 80.2
Sarawak
Bintulu
(24.3 m)

2008 23.3 31.3 5,414.2 252 84.0
2009 23.6 32.0 4,581.0 218 83.0
2010 23.8 31.8 4,355.6 239 84.2
2011 23.5 31.6 3,409.8 229 85.9
2012 23.5 31.9 3,936.2 221 85.5
2012
1
23.5 31.9 1,706.6 107 85.1
2013
1
24.0 32.5 1,923.8 101 85.2

1
Januari hingga Jun
January to June

100
LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE


meter)
Tahun
Year
Purata suhu (
o
C)
Mean temperature
Hujan
Rainfall
Purata
kelembapan
relatif
Mean relative
humidity
Min. Max.
Jumlah
Total
Bil. hari
No. of days
(mm) (%)
Kuching
(20.9 m)

2008 23.2 31.2 4,307.7 248 85.0
2009 23.5 31.9 4,729.6 238 84.0
2010 23.6 31.6 4,564.2 261 85.6
2011 23.3 31.7 4,616.4 244 85.5
2012 23.5 32.4 3,835.8 247 84.3
2012
1
23.5 32.3 2,113.4 117 84.8
2013
1
24.0 32.2 1,926.0 126 83.4
Miri
(17.0 m)

2008 23.4 30.4 2,980.2 212 82.7
2009 23.8 30.9 3,252.2 191 81.8
2010 23.9 30.9 3,086.9 206 82.8
2011 23.8 30.9 3,246.0 200 83.9
2012 23.8 31.2 2,696.8 203 82.0
2012
1
23.7 31.1 1,248.2 99 82.5
2013
1
24.3 31.7 1,182.0 89 85.3
Sibu
(30.9 m)

2008 23.2 31.9 4,519.4 264 82.3
2009 23.2 32.1 4,468.1 234 82.8
2010 23.3 32.1 3,330.6 243 84.2
2011 23.2 32.2 3,310.2 224 84.2
2012 23.3 32.4 3,328.6 230 84.8
2012
1
23.2
r
32.4 1,804.8 114 84.4
2013
1
23.9 32.8 1,208.0 100 85.3
Sri Aman
(9.6 m)

2008 23.2 32.3 3,986.6 249 83.7
2009 23.4 32.9 3,803.0 219 83.0
2010 23.7 32.8 4,983.4 261 82.9
2011 23.2 32.6 4,133.5 239 84.5
2012 23.1 32.8 2,763.7 222 85.1
2012
1
23.1 33.0
r
1,288.0 105 86.0
2013
1
23.6 32.9 1,210.0 111 85.4
Selangor
KLIA Sepang
(16.1 m)

2008 23.7 31.3 2,092.6 167 81.4
2009 24.0 31.8 2,099.2 168 81.2
2010 24.3 32.0 2,264.8 192 83.4
2011 24.1 31.7 1,632.4 178 83.6
2012 24.2 31.9 2,271.4 186 82.1
2012
1
24.3 32.2 777.0 81 81.5
r

2013
1
24.9 32.9 623.1 62 78.5

1
Januari hingga Jun
January to June

101
LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE


meter)
Tahun
Year
Purata suhu (
o
C)
Mean temperature
Hujan
Rainfall
Purata
kelembapan
relatif
Mean relative
humidity
Min. Max.
Jumlah
Total Bil. hari
No. of days
(mm) (%)
Petaling Jaya
(60.8 m)

2008 24.2 32.0 3,749.5 212 76.5
2009 24.6 32.7 3,043.8 207 74.9
2010 24.7 32.8 3,651.8 233 76.9
2011 25.1 32.8 3,642.6 218 79.1
2012 25.1 32.9 3,414.6 206 77.4
2012
1
25.4 33.3 1,418.8 96 76.5
2013
1
25.3 33.4 1,820.8 105 76.3
Subang
(16.6 m)

2008 23.9 32.1 3,278.6 203 77.0
2009 24.4 32.8 2,857.4 200 75.9
2010 25.1 33.8 3,105.0 215 79.6
2011 25.1 33.3 2,668.4 205 80.7
r

2012 24.9 33.4 3,100.5 191 80.9
2012
1
25.2 34.0 1,284.5 85 80.0
2013
1
24.9 33.5 1,351.2 97 80.4
Terengganu
Kuala Terengganu
(5.2 m)

2008 24.5 30.7 3,609.6 165 82.6
2009 24.0 30.9 3,593.6 178 82.5
2010 24.5 31.5 2,363.2 170
r
80.7
2011 24.4 30.9 3,645.4 189 84.3
2012 24.5 31.3 3,094.4 197 84.5
2012
1
24.7 31.4 1,029.4 81 83.1
r

2013
1
24.8 31.5 949.4 71 82.8
Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan
Labuan
(27.9 m)

2008 24.6 30.8 3,823.4 207 82.4
2009 25.0 31.2 2,927.4 190 83.8
r

2010 25.0 31.3 4,628.6 218 83.8
2011 24.7 30.9 3,410.8
r
218 82.9
2012 24.9 31.7 3,323.4 191 83.6
2012
1
24.9 31.5 1,225.6
r
78 83.7
2013
1
25.2 31.4 1,175.6 85 82.9

1
Januari hingga Jun Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia
January to June Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department

102
KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Jadual 1.2: Bacaan minimum dan maksimum bulanan IPU
1
, Malaysia, 2012
Table 1.2: Monthly minimum and maximum API, Malaysia, 2012

Negeri/Stesen
State/Station
Jan.

Feb.

Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Johor Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.
Kota Tinggi 3 54 33 53 28 68 32 99 33 96 31 82
Larkin 21 70 25 82 15 69 22 81 25 82 25 60
Muar 26 82 4 76 25 99 27 73 26 82 20 77
Pasir Gudang 8 82 7 108 20 74 31 73 12 70 35 65
Johor
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.
Kota Tinggi 4 66 40 64 43 102 31 94 31 87 6 47
Larkin 19 71 25 80 22 91 24 137 17 110 2 60
Muar 33 66 3 68 29 67 6 73 29 55 11 54
Pasir Gudang 8 74 41 77 39 94 27 113 25 85 23 56
Kedah
Jan.

Feb.

Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Alor Setar 11 58 18 67 8 70 3 54 21 107 29 101
Langkawi 3 45 23 59 4 68 21 54 4 65 30 80
Sungai Petani 9 64 7 78 31 86 25 60 24 82 31 104
Kedah
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Alor Setar 24 96 21 108 24 75 5 52 27 49 4 53
Langkawi 5 70 3 102 4 53 22 42 4 43 19 49
Sungai Petani 22 95 23 109 26 84 27 65 24 72 21 64
Kelantan
Jan.

Feb.

Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Kota Bharu 32 57 41 58 35 69 35 59 35 60 41 87
Tanah Merah 15 63 24 75 3 73 7 63 5 68 4 95
Kelantan
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Kota Bharu 2 67 32 68 36 62 35 52 38 56 34 52
Tanah Merah 20 78 15 75 18 64 15 60 18 65 1 65
Melaka
Jan.

Feb.

Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Bandaraya Melaka 24 80 24 67 24 81 18 62 25 80 25 80
Bukit Rambai 35 74 38 65 35 76 28 64 35 75 38 81
Melaka
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Bandaraya Melaka 32 74 3 75 7 82 6 83 6 60 23 64
Bukit Rambai 42 77 36 82 37 85 42 79 38 68 35 69

1
Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian
Air quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings

103
KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

1
, Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)
Table 1.2: Monthly minimum and maximum API, Malaysia, 2012 (cont'd)

Negeri/Stesen
State/Station
Jan.

Feb.

Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Negeri Sembilan Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.
Nilai 3 84 34 77 31 78 8 78 40 77 11 102
Port Dickson 36 92 38 95 31 157 30 111 29 118 33 76
Seremban 15 81 19 90 5 86 5 77 30 89 27 82
Negeri Sembilan
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Nilai 36 80 3 88 27 97 31 76 11 76 14 76
Port Dickson 5 86 29 82 7 76 35 94 32 71 2 87
Seremban 28 75 5 76 28 79 5 96 23 51 19 85
Pahang
Jan.

Feb.

Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Balok Baru 20 65 1 69 25 66 29 61 29 61 28 64
Jerantut 13 40 15 42 3 55 16 58 2 66 29 77
Kuantan 16 58 25 66 21 60 27 74 6 74 5 78
Pahang
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Balok Baru 16 61 2 62 32 67 27 63 20 54 20 59
Jerantut 20 65 27 66 27 61 1 50 3 37 15 34
Kuantan 30 87 28 78 13 62 23 72 25 80 15 58
Perak
Jan.

Feb.

Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Pegoh, Ipoh 4 73 1 84 29 85 3 75 6 78 6 103
Seri Manjung 22 48 19 62 21 64 21 51 19 57 27 99
Taiping 2 62 2 65 23 67 27 55 20 53 22 90
Tanjung Malim 16 81 5 61 2 52 1 84 2 114 4 123
Tasek, Ipoh 4 71 26 80 6 81 28 84 28 81 31 96
Perak
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Pegoh, Ipoh 7 79 5 79 34 85 4 88 11 110 6 89
Seri Manjung 24 74 17 88 16 77 19 50 19 43 21 48
Taiping 4 79 1 97 12 67 19 54 15 53 18 47
Tanjung Malim 4 124 22 123 8 116 19 84 2 58 2 64
Tasek, Ipoh 4 72 29 88 29 77 28 65 26 73 28 65
Perlis
Jan.

Feb.

Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Kangar 15 46 23 63 25 67 1 50 20 47 24 81
Perlis
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Kangar 11 76 16 104 18 60 7 45 19 46 3 52

1

104
KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

1

Negeri/Stesen
State/Station
Jan.

Feb.

Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Pulau Pinang Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.
Perai 5 76 6 75 8 74 5 66 12 68 25 91
Seberang Jaya 28 68 28 67 26 74 24 73 8 59 34 105
USM 14 102 16 98 8 78 11 85 15 80 20 95
Pulau Pinang
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Perai 8 83 15 94 9 71 19 87 17 75 15 73
Seberang Jaya 26 91 24 103 6 73 25 74 28 61 24 71
USM 13 84 13 89 14 78 15 80 11 58 25 95
Sabah
Jan.

Feb.

Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Keningau 2 47 15 46 18 40 14 39 5 47 20 63
Kota Kinabalu 2 61 27 54 19 52 4 46 17 44 16 53
Sandakan 19 45 20 46 21 52 23 52 22 46 18 56
Tawau 26 53 22 61 5 50 2 49 2 50 5 48
Sabah
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Keningau 4 52 2 54 22 59 4 62 16 42 15 51
Kota Kinabalu 1 49 3 61 4 57 25 55 4 55 3 47
Sandakan 21 46 19 50 25 54 21 52 18 41 23 43
Tawau 1 44 16 51 24 61 22 65 1 44 1 50
Sarawak
Jan.

Feb.

Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Bintulu 15 56 13 53 2 61 1 65 22 64 15 77
ILP, Miri 8 21 9 22 8 40 9 41 11 43 12 291
Kapit 16 35 10 57 13 43 24 46 26 54 24 66
Kuching 19 58 19 53 20 51 20 55 30 61 24 81
Limbang 14 34 13 48 13 47 12 35 15 49 16 55
Miri 15 47 23 48 22 52 19 50 21 57 7 71
Samarahan 25 53 35 54 33 53 27 47 31 56 36 71
Sarikei 26 51 32 48 28 51 30 52 31 57 29 72
Sibu 13 50 3 47 18 52 21 51 18 58 17 75
Sri Aman 13 39 17 37 12 50 12 51 15 51 18 106
Sarawak
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Bintulu 13 58 5 76 17 80 2 78 2 62 3 61
ILP, Miri 12 75 12 305 14 67 14 58 12 29 12 28
Kapit 24 54 25 80 27 82 29 71 30 53 22 71
Kuching 22 60 33 77 36 93 19 93 16 53 17 53
Limbang 15 43 18 53 21 58 14 61 15 36 17 45
Miri 18 54 5 97 21 69 16 57 16 47 18 42
Samarahan 28 55 27 72 33 92 30 82 28 51 26 47
Sarikei 26 55 36 72 37 94 25 78 31 51 31 54
Sibu 20 55 21 66 21 86 15 62 16 52 12 45
Sri Aman 18 80 19 75 21 88 20 77 15 33 12 27

1

105
KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

1

Negeri/Stesen
State/Station
Jan.

Feb.

Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Selangor Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.
Banting 26 91 28 91 8 113 22 86 21 80 32 120
Klang 23 98 24 102 23 75 28 91 29 67 35 158
Kuala Selangor 17 53 20 54 17 59 16 53 16 58 21 133
Petaling Jaya 7 70 23 89 22 68 29 86 17 89 29 132
Shah Alam 10 90 10 119 7 89 27 109 29 104 30 131
Selangor
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Banting 28 85 8 92 23 80 17 94 27 91 27 95
Klang 32 138 28 117 29 88 24 89 13 105 39 74
Kuala Selangor 21 90 16 102 21 77 20 56 21 52 27 51
Petaling Jaya 29 79 28 87 26 87 29 84 20 74 20 101
Shah Alam 9 91 17 96 17 94 24 109 14 94 21 109
Terengganu
Jan.

Feb.

Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Kemaman 6 64 3 65 27 75 36 83 33 88 37 85
Kuala Terengganu 28 59 38 65 26 68 5 60 28 63 35 84
Paka 1 39 21 58 7 54 18 45 18 46 22 62
Terengganu
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Kemaman 41 82 39 75 42 75 4 95 36 62 10 53
Kuala Terengganu 35 71 36 75 32 58 24 61 32 59 28 55
Paka 1 57 1 57 2 56 13 49 1 33 1 39
Wilayah Persekutuan
Jan.

Feb.

Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Batu Muda, Kuala Lumpur 15 89 7 113 18 93 22 99 20 112 18 134
Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 29 120 28 109 31 137 34 149 11 155 34 136
Labuan 24 50 23 50 23 50 3 46 19 55 21 66
Putrajaya 15 106 16 73 13 99 14 70 9 72 23 102
Wilayah Persekutuan
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Batu Muda, Kuala Lumpur 20 108 4 152 22 121 22 123 18 102 21 113
Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 4 86 31 114 36 115 37 138 33 121 16 109
Labuan 17 54 19 63 24 67 19 58 16 45 20 41
Putrajaya 23 67 9 72 22 79 23 82 14 78 13 92

1

106
KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Jadual 1.3: Purata bulanan kepekatan Ozon di udara, Malaysia, 2012
Table 1.3: Monthly average concentration of Ground Level Ozone in the air, Malaysia, 2012

Negeri/Stesen
State/Station
Jan. Feb.
Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Johor
Kota Tinggi 0.027 0.030 0.031 0.052 0.056 0.049 0.041 0.043 0.054 0.055 0.045 0.034
Larkin 0.034 0.032 0.034 0.048 0.041 0.040 0.040 0.045 0.062 0.056 0.053 0.036
Muar 0.043 0.047 0.053 0.056 0.054 0.045 0.035 0.044 0.042 0.038 0.033 0.030
Pasir Gudang 0.032 0.031 0.037 0.044 0.035 0.035 0.032 0.039 0.043 0.051 0.045 0.030
Kedah
Alor Setar 0.042 0.045 0.035 0.039 0.034 0.045 0.045 0.038 0.028 0.029 0.033 0.028
Langkawi 0.029 0.036 0.035 0.030 0.029 0.036 0.033 0.035 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.032
Sungai Petani 0.036 0.046 0.044 0.040 0.035 0.061 0.057 0.055 0.041 0.036 0.039 0.035
Kelantan
Kota Bharu 0.024 0.021 0.020 0.020 0.018 0.022 0.023 0.022 0.017 0.014 0.013 -
Melaka
Bandaraya Melaka 0.045 0.044 0.053 0.049 0.046 0.046 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.051 0.041 0.036
Bukit Rambai 0.042 0.040 0.045 0.048 0.039 0.046 0.039 0.047 0.043 0.045 0.041 0.034
Negeri Sembilan
Nilai 0.045 0.041 0.048 0.047 0.044 0.038 0.036 0.041 0.037 0.047 0.038 0.031
Port Dickson 0.059 0.064 0.075 0.064 0.058 0.048 0.044 0.052 0.055 0.059 0.049 0.056
Seremban 0.044 0.046 0.053 0.051 0.055 0.050 0.047 0.048 0.050 0.053 0.029 0.032
Pahang
Jerantut 0.024 0.025 0.030 0.033 0.035 0.047 0.040 0.047 0.041 0.028 0.020 0.022
Kuantan 0.032 0.036 0.039 0.052 0.043 0.051 0.050 0.049 0.048 0.043 0.038 0.033
Perak
Pegoh, Ipoh 0.048 0.058 0.057 0.056 0.055 0.064 0.055 0.061 0.054 0.050 0.065 0.055
Taiping 0.033 0.039 0.036 0.037 0.035 0.050 0.047 0.039 0.036 0.032 0.029 0.033
Tanjung Malim 0.042 0.043 0.036 0.047 0.055 0.077 0.066 0.074 0.063 0.045 0.038 0.038
Tasek, Ipoh 0.048 0.055 0.052 0.054 0.054 0.060 0.050 0.058 0.050 0.045 0.049 0.045
Perlis
Kangar 0.027 0.036 0.037 0.031 0.026 0.041 0.039 0.034 0.028 0.018 0.015 0.018

Nota: Tiada data di Stesen Kota Bharu pada Disember 2012 berikutan perpindahan stesen pengawasan kualiti udara.
Note: Data for December 2012 is not available at Kota Bharu Station due to the transfer of air quality monitoring station.

ppm

107
KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Jadual 1.3: Purata bulanan kepekatan Ozon di udara, Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)
Table 1.3: Monthly average concentration of Ground Level Ozone in the air, Malaysia, 2012 (cont'd)

Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: O3 tidak melebihi 0.1 ppm
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: O3 not exceeding 0.1 ppm

Negeri/Stesen
State/Station
Jan. Feb.
Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Pulau Pinang
Perai 0.043 0.045 0.045 0.042 0.038 0.051 0.048 0.053 0.037 0.038 0.041 0.043
Seberang Jaya 0.035 0.045 0.039 0.039 0.031 0.045 0.043 0.047 0.035 0.036 0.038 0.039
USM 0.048 0.061 0.053 0.050 0.048 0.063 0.055 0.054 0.044 0.046 0.042 0.052
Sabah
Keningau 0.016 0.018 0.023 0.022 0.026 0.029 0.024 0.027 0.029 0.024 0.019 0.020
Kota Kinabalu 0.024 0.023 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.032 0.026 0.036 0.029 0.027 0.026 0.028
Sandakan 0.025 0.024 0.029 0.029 0.035 0.031 0.028 0.031 0.031 0.030 0.022 0.028
Tawau 0.028 0.030 0.029 0.026 0.026 0.024 0.022 0.025 0.030 0.028 0.025 0.027
Sarawak
Bintulu 0.033 0.031 0.026 0.029 0.037 0.037 0.031 0.035 0.040 0.034 0.030 0.038
Kuching 0.019 0.025 0.024 0.027 0.026 0.023 0.015 0.026 0.032 0.025 0.023 0.020
Miri 0.028 0.027 0.030 0.030 0.033 0.022 0.030 0.033 0.034 0.028 0.026 0.030
Sibu 0.021 0.021 0.026 0.027 0.031 0.032 0.023 0.028 0.035 0.030 0.026 0.031
Selangor
Banting 0.053 0.058 0.059 0.057 0.050 0.049 0.042 0.044 0.052 0.060 0.058 0.061
Klang 0.052 0.056 0.040 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.043 0.046 0.046 0.049 0.041 0.046
Petaling Jaya 0.042 0.053 0.043 0.045 0.040 0.043 0.037 0.042 0.041 0.043 0.040 0.047
Shah Alam 0.062 0.068 0.056 0.061 0.054 0.055 0.047 0.053 0.056 0.057 0.052 0.058
Terengganu
Kemaman 0.033 0.031 0.036 0.051 0.055 0.053 0.052 0.049 0.055 0.043 0.032 0.030
Kuala Terengganu 0.026 0.026 0.027 0.036 0.041 0.043 0.042 0.041 0.036 0.028 0.022 0.025
Wilayah Persekutuan
Batu Muda, Kuala Lumpur 0.054 0.061 0.059 0.066 0.059 0.071 0.065 0.089 0.069 0.065 0.058 0.052
Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 0.062 0.064 0.071 0.077 0.072 0.074 0.051 0.060 0.071 0.075 0.068 0.062
Labuan 0.026 0.029 0.032 0.031 0.034 0.042 0.032 0.041 0.040 0.034 0.032 0.032
Putrajaya 0.053 0.052 0.051 0.047 0.043 0.043 0.041 0.045 0.047 0.051 0.049 0.050
ppm

108
KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Jadual 1.4: Purata bulanan kepekatan Karbon Monoksida di udara, Malaysia, 2012
Table 1.4: Monthly average concentration of Carbon Monoxide in the air, Malaysia, 2012

Negeri/Stesen
State/Station
Jan. Feb.
Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Johor
Kota Tinggi 0.247 0.259 0.263 0.298 0.299 0.241 0.246 0.474 0.614 0.545 0.474 0.435
Larkin 0.499 0.653 0.830 1.116 1.011 0.989 0.893 0.875 1.095 0.900 0.832 0.719
Muar 0.556 0.504 0.682 0.623 0.626 0.729 0.685 0.663 0.770 0.691 0.660 0.583
Pasir Gudang 0.546 0.598 0.883 1.047 1.097 0.657 0.775 0.767 1.035 0.942 0.993 0.816
Kedah
Alor Setar 0.440 0.395 0.446 0.396 0.419 0.606 0.412 0.583 0.512 0.609 0.662 0.339
Langkawi 0.632 0.608 0.691 0.683 0.683 0.723 0.702 0.692 0.683 0.601 0.652 0.661
Sungai Petani 0.658 0.646 0.988 0.803 0.760 1.077 0.914 1.022 0.931 0.854 0.848 0.892
Kelantan
Kota Bharu 0.598 0.641 0.658 0.536 0.472 0.568 0.458 0.588 0.480 0.511 0.574 0.499
Melaka
Bukit Rambai 0.744 0.706 0.811 0.794 0.870 0.985 0.820 0.896 0.860 0.765 0.741 0.748
Negeri Sembilan
Nilai 0.806 0.599 0.735 0.660 0.696 0.749 0.685 0.687 0.846 0.711 0.630 0.552
Port Dickson 0.552 0.557 0.662 0.634 0.571 0.414 0.505 0.613 0.666 0.507 0.380 0.834
Seremban 0.435 0.478 0.608 0.555 0.557 0.597 0.554 0.767 0.776 0.654 0.649 0.533
Pahang
Jerantut 0.295 0.217 0.250 0.256 0.274 0.345 0.330 0.417 0.401 0.248 0.235 0.245
Kuantan 0.569 0.457 0.519 0.555 0.507 0.584 0.586 0.629 0.668 0.535 0.531 0.639
Perak
Pegoh, Ipoh 0.771 0.621 0.639 0.582 0.658 0.638 0.562 0.646 0.559 0.596 0.551 0.529
Taiping 0.439 0.493 0.427 0.413 0.426 0.801 0.555 0.780 0.421 0.437 0.409 0.453
Tanjung Malim 0.937 1.104 0.985 0.513 0.505 0.529 0.467 0.624 0.885 0.615 0.499 0.514
Tasek, Ipoh 0.647 0.584 0.634 0.616 0.580 0.688 0.584 0.710 0.534 0.563 0.551 0.604
Perlis
Kangar 1.013 0.893 0.828 0.588 0.646 0.650 0.720 0.693 0.637 1.019 0.733 0.538

ppm

109
KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Jadual 1.4: Purata bulanan kepekatan Karbon Monoksida di udara, Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)
Table 1.4: Monthly average concentration of Carbon Monoxide in the air, Malaysia, 2012 (cont'd)

Negeri/Stesen
State/Station
Jan. Feb.
Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Pulau Pinang
Perai 0.966 0.876 0.747 0.732 0.679 0.902 0.801 0.837 0.712 0.743 0.867 0.839
Seberang Jaya 0.829 0.797 0.859 0.822 0.762 0.956 0.844 0.916 0.843 0.901 0.904 0.972
USM 0.667 0.593 0.612 0.587 0.557 0.717 0.557 0.563 0.744 0.797 0.833 0.857
Sabah
Keningau 0.475 0.524 0.477 0.351 0.413 0.570 0.467 0.375 0.502 0.626 0.633 0.544
Kota Kinabalu 0.686 0.649 0.660 0.589 0.463 0.589 0.552 0.508 0.595 0.586 0.487 0.559
Sandakan 0.463 0.421 0.447 0.470 0.341 0.340 0.378 0.412 0.496 0.459 0.415 0.391
Tawau 0.492 0.503 0.539 0.536 0.502 0.453 0.479 0.464 0.527 0.567 0.607 0.552
Sarawak
Bintulu 0.366 0.337 0.465 0.573 0.417 0.609 0.505 0.684 0.766 0.636 0.474 0.540
Kuching 0.683 0.457 0.423 0.330 0.448 0.410 0.404 0.572 0.604 0.548 0.418 0.421
Miri 0.480 0.451 0.475 0.438 0.504 0.552 0.453 0.690 0.574 0.519 0.433 0.440
Sibu 0.449 0.526 0.609 0.567 0.576 0.683 0.565 0.635 0.566 0.586 0.599 0.583
Selangor
Banting 0.591 0.602 0.753 0.655 0.621 0.736 0.630 0.636 0.769 0.662 0.648 0.742
Klang 1.190 1.443 1.367 1.372 1.333 2.070 1.794 1.969 1.598 1.596 1.583 1.842
Petaling Jaya 1.464 1.752 1.556 1.550 1.430 1.514 1.441 1.492 1.445 1.221 1.396 1.630
Shah Alam 1.027 0.950 0.760 1.067 1.023 1.179 1.242 0.986 0.887 0.835 0.887 1.046
Terengganu
Kemaman 0.421 0.336 0.339 0.375 0.453 0.485 0.482 0.487 0.493 0.377 0.309 0.340
Wilayah Persekutuan
Batu Muda,
Kuala Lumpur
0.940 1.054 0.898 0.825 0.864 0.914 0.896 0.996 0.990 0.933 0.957 0.949
Labuan 0.350 0.327 0.418 0.442 0.570 0.674 0.388 0.567 0.555 0.541 0.343 0.414
Putrajaya 0.805 0.624 0.710 0.718 0.752 0.828 0.675 0.667 0.762 0.759 0.757 0.786


Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: CO tidak melebihi 9 ppm
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: CO not exceeding 9 ppm

ppm

110
KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
ppm

Jadual 1.5: Purata bulanan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksida di udara, Malaysia, 2012
Table 1.5: Monthly average concentration of Sulphur Dioxide in the air, Malaysia, 2012

Negeri/Stesen
State/Station
Jan. Feb.
Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Johor
Kota Tinggi 0.0013 0.0014 0.0024 0.0031 0.0029 0.0033 0.0020 0.0017 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0012
Larkin 0.0012 0.0009 0.0007 0.0046 0.0049 0.0060 0.0049 0.0034 0.0056 0.0027 0.0018 0.0022
Muar 0.0022 0.0036 0.0078 0.0024 0.0023 0.0026 0.0020 0.0022 0.0014 0.0020 0.0015 0.0016
Pasir Gudang 0.0018 0.0019 0.0026 0.0100 0.0084 0.0090 0.0068 0.0059 0.0080 0.0061 0.0054 0.0025
Kedah
Alor Setar 0.0002 0.0001 0.0005 0.0013 0.0014 0.0004 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007 0.0001 0.0001 0.0008
Langkawi 0.0011 0.0016 0.0019 0.0020 0.0021 0.0023 0.0024 0.0001 0.0002 0.0010 0.0008 0.0008
Sungai Petani 0.0008 0.0005 0.0010 0.0008 0.0011 0.0016 0.0014 0.0016 0.0013 0.0007 0.0007 0.0018
Kelantan
Kota Bharu 0.0011 0.0004 0.0002 0.0006 0.0010 0.0011 0.0002 0.0003 0.0009 0.0001 0.0001 0.0003
Tanah Merah 0.0015 0.0013 0.0014 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 - 0.0007 0.0009 0.0012 0.0011
Melaka
Bukit Rambai 0.0017 0.0018 0.0025 0.0023 0.0028 0.0022 0.0018 0.0021 0.0028 0.0031 0.0020 0.0016
Negeri Sembilan
Nilai 0.0032 0.0041 0.0038 0.0049 0.0046 0.0036 0.0029 0.0033 0.0041 0.0038 0.0036 0.0025
Port Dickson 0.0018 0.0014 0.0027 0.0018 0.0023 0.0011 0.0016 0.0015 0.0019 0.0030 0.0035 0.0023
Seremban 0.0013 0.0011 0.0028 0.0024 0.0023 0.0025 0.0024 0.0016 0.0021 0.0021 0.0018 0.0008
Pahang
Balok Baru 0.0012 0.0011 0.0008 0.0008 0.0014 0.0015 0.0018 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015 0.0027 0.0014
Jerantut 0.0017 0.0003 0.0004 0.0001 0.0001 0.0005 0.0011 0.0022 0.0003 0.0015 0.0013 0.0007
Kuantan 0.0006 0.0025 0.0017 0.0019 0.0013 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015 0.0019 0.0018 0.0011 0.0012
Perak
Pegoh, Ipoh 0.0016 0.0013 0.0027 0.0014 0.0018 0.0022 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0013 0.0015 0.0010
Taiping 0.0008 0.0012 0.0011 0.0004 0.0005 0.0007 0.0010 0.0012 0.0025 0.0008 0.0009 0.0009
Tanjung Malim 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0010 0.0011 0.0009 0.0014 0.0013 0.0014 0.0010 0.0011
Tasek, Ipoh 0.0026 0.0010 0.0013 0.0009 0.0016 0.0019 0.0018 0.0017 0.0012 0.0016 0.0014 0.0013

ppm

111
KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Jadual 1.5: Purata bulanan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksida di udara, Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)
Table 1.5: Monthly average concentration of Sulphur Dioxide in the air, Malaysia, 2012 (contd)

Negeri/Stesen
State/Station
Jan. Feb.
Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Perlis
Kangar 0.0013 0.0009 0.0008 0.0009 0.0011 0.0016 0.0016 0.0019 0.0014 0.0007 0.0009 0.0012
Pulau Pinang
Perai 0.0023 0.0021 0.0017 0.0015 0.0023 0.0027 0.0024 0.0015 0.0019 0.0022 0.0018 0.0033
Seberang Jaya 0.0016 0.0018 0.0018 0.0018 0.0015 0.0029 0.0018 0.0017 0.0021 0.0018 0.0024 0.0024
USM 0.0014 0.0018 0.0022 0.0022 0.0023 0.0030 0.0022 0.0024 0.0020 0.0024 0.0017 0.0022
Sabah
Keningau 0.0010 0.0007 0.0013 0.0020 0.0022 0.0018 0.0006 0.0013 0.0010 0.0009 0.0012 0.0010
Kota Kinabalu 0.0014 0.0007 0.0012 0.0010 0.0007 0.0005 0.0010 0.0011 0.0008 0.0006 0.0008 0.0007
Sandakan 0.0009 0.0009 0.0012 0.0013 0.0014 0.0011 0.0012 0.0010 0.0015 0.0013 0.0009 0.0011
Tawau 0.0014 0.0015 0.0015 0.0013 0.0011 0.0007 0.0013 0.0009 0.0013 0.0009 0.0011 0.0015
Sarawak
Bintulu 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0010 0.0008 0.0007 0.0006 0.0005 0.0002 0.0004 0.0007 0.0010
Kuching 0.0009 0.0011 0.0008 0.0009 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0011 0.0013 0.0014 0.0011 0.0012
Miri 0.0009 0.0007 0.0003 0.0005 0.0010 0.0010 0.0012 0.0017 0.0013 0.0009 0.0011 0.0008
Sibu 0.0003 0.0003 0.0005 0.0007 0.0007 0.0011 0.0012 0.0004 0.0007 0.0005 0.0005 0.0010
Selangor
Banting 0.0011 0.0019 0.0029 0.0037 0.0026 0.0025 0.0030 0.0028 0.0027 0.0029 0.0020 0.0019
Klang 0.0048 0.0052 0.0051 0.0050 0.0050 0.0049 0.0045 0.0055 0.0048 0.0052 0.0057 0.0050
Petaling Jaya 0.0029 0.0025 0.0029 0.0035 0.0044 0.0040 0.0035 0.0034 0.0023 0.0031 0.0037 0.0030
Shah Alam 0.0024 0.0023 0.0021 0.0040 0.0050 0.0043 0.0023 0.0021 0.0044 0.0033 0.0038 0.0021
Terengganu
Kemaman 0.0011 0.0009 0.0016 0.0020 0.0013 0.0012 0.0015 0.0011 0.0011 0.0013 0.0013 0.0001
Paka 0.0005 0.0011 0.0030 0.0008 0.0011 0.0018 0.0017 0.0012 0.0012 0.0009 0.0015 0.0009
Wilayah Persekutuan
Batu Muda, Kuala
Lumpur
0.0016 0.0015 0.0017 0.0020 0.0018 0.0025 0.0023 0.0020 0.0021 0.0021 0.0023 0.0016
Cheras, Kuala
Lumpur
0.0013 0.0016 0.0015 0.0021 0.0021 0.0023 0.0021 0.0014 0.0021 0.0020 0.0014 0.0011
Labuan 0.0003 0.0009 0.0007 0.0001 0.0006 0.0004 0.0008 0.0008 0.0011 0.0005 0.0002 0.0006
Putrajaya 0.0028 0.0023 0.0026 0.0020 0.0022 0.0034 0.0028 0.0019 0.0031 0.0021 0.0021 0.0021


Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: SO2 tidak melebihi 0.04 ppm
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: SO2 not exceeding 0.04 ppm

ppm

112
KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
ppm

Jadual 1.6: Purata bulanan kepekatan Nitrogen Dioksida di udara, Malaysia, 2012
Table 1.6: Monthly average concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide in the air, Malaysia, 2012

Negeri/Stesen
State/Station
Jan. Feb.
Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Johor
Kota Tinggi 0.0014 0.0021 0.0024 0.0051 0.0048 0.0032 0.0032 0.0030 0.0042 0.0040 0.0046 0.0020
Larkin 0.0070 0.0085 0.0111 0.0155 0.0162 0.0168 0.0172 0.0169 0.0186 0.0156 0.0148 0.0113
Muar 0.0043 0.0058 0.0090 0.0069 0.0090 0.0108 0.0087 0.0084 0.0096 0.0099 0.0086 0.0070
Pasir Gudang 0.0085 0.0097 0.0137 0.0226 0.0194 0.0199 0.0185 0.0183 0.0226 0.0170 0.0159 0.0111
Kedah
Alor Setar 0.0052 0.0053 0.0065 0.0062 0.0064 0.0066 0.0067 0.0069 0.0068 0.0056 0.0060 0.0052
Langkawi 0.0046 0.0058 0.0060 0.0050 0.0055 0.0056 0.0053 0.0049 0.0042 0.0041 0.0035 0.0047
Sungai Petani 0.0099 0.0098 0.0110 0.0099 0.0097 0.0130 0.0122 0.0125 0.0135 0.0105 0.0107 0.0108
Kelantan
Kota Bharu 0.0024 0.0024 0.0036 0.0043 0.0047 0.0051 0.0043 0.0049 0.0041 0.0041 0.0040 0.0041
Tanah Merah 0.0064 0.0062 0.0057 0.0053 0.0045 0.0053 0.0042 0.0043 0.0041 0.0072 0.0057 0.0060
Melaka
Bukit Rambai 0.0094 0.0093 0.0106 0.0108 0.0115 0.0105 0.0104 0.0103 0.0108 0.0105 0.0093 0.0075
Negeri Sembilan
Nilai 0.0120 0.0135 0.0181 0.0176 0.0175 0.0187 0.0160 0.0164 0.0183 0.0183 0.0174 0.0163
Port Dickson 0.0076 0.0061 0.0083 0.0085 0.0080 0.0061 0.0065 0.0070 0.0085 0.0085 0.0078 0.0070
Seremban 0.0048 0.0050 0.0072 0.0071 0.0074 0.0068 0.0063 0.0076 0.0090 0.0078 0.0089 0.0079
Pahang
Balok Baru 0.0059 0.0066 0.0072 0.0069 0.0071 0.0044 0.0048 0.0051 0.0065 0.0067 0.0066 0.0075
Jerantut 0.0016 0.0013 0.0018 0.0018 0.0023 0.0030 0.0028 0.0032 0.0026 0.0025 0.0015 0.0015
Kuantan 0.0058 0.0051 0.0072 0.0085 0.0087 0.0081 0.0078 0.0071 0.0093 0.0066 0.0078 0.0076
Perak
Pegoh, Ipoh 0.0097 0.0094 0.0114 0.0129 0.0106 0.0132 0.0126 0.0127 0.0113 0.0114 0.0120 0.0091
Taiping 0.0071 0.0071 0.0070 0.0067 0.0075 0.0092 0.0086 0.0098 0.0082 0.0073 0.0067 0.0078
Tanjung Malim 0.0074 0.0069 0.0072 0.0054 0.0059 0.0075 0.0068 0.0070 0.0072 0.0061 0.0051 0.0057
Tasek, Ipoh 0.0062 0.0094 0.0094 0.0080 0.0066 0.0096 0.0104 0.0098 0.0075 0.0068 0.0078 0.0082

113
KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
ppm

Jadual 1.6: Purata bulanan kepekatan Nitrogen Dioksida di udara, Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)
Table 1.6: Monthly average concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide in the air, Malaysia, 2012 (cont'd.)

Negeri/Stesen
State/Station
Jan. Feb.
Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Perlis
Kangar 0.0089 0.0089 0.0086 0.0074 0.0054 0.0059 0.0059 0.0062 0.0059 0.0078 0.0043 0.0046
Pulau Pinang
Perai 0.0129 0.0136 0.0138 0.0135 0.0125 0.0150 0.0136 0.0135 0.0126 0.0130 0.0141 0.0143
Seberang Jaya 0.0112 0.0122 0.0121 0.0116 0.0103 0.0136 0.0116 0.0101 0.0108 0.0113 0.0140 0.0139
USM 0.0096 0.0101 0.0113 0.0102 0.0106 0.0124 0.0105 0.0127 0.0118 0.0110 0.0113 0.0126
Sabah
Keningau 0.0026 0.0026 0.0033 0.0026 0.0043 0.0037 0.0027 0.0047 0.0037 0.0024 0.0020 0.0028
Kota Kinabalu 0.0078 0.0071 0.0090 0.0081 0.0078 0.0073 0.0051 0.0052 0.0059 0.0052 0.0053 0.0055
Sandakan 0.0061 0.0052 0.0061 0.0072 0.0064 0.0065 0.0068 0.0065 0.0068 0.0075 0.0062 0.0055
Tawau 0.0053 0.0053 0.0080 0.0062 0.0060 0.0061 0.0063 0.0054 0.0064 0.0061 0.0057 0.0063
Sarawak
Bintulu 0.0058 0.0053 0.0063 0.0066 0.0082 0.0075 0.0047 0.0056 0.0074 0.0061 0.0064 0.0066
Kuching 0.0067 0.0063 0.0069 0.0070 0.0078 0.0063 0.0065 0.0075 0.0081 0.0076 0.0066 0.0059
Miri 0.0050 0.0045 0.0046 0.0050 0.0057 0.0063 0.0053 0.0060 0.0059 0.0055 0.0048 0.0056
Sibu 0.0099 0.0094 0.0060 0.0067 0.0085 0.0110 0.0147 0.0193 0.0091 0.0100 0.0079 0.0072
Selangor
Banting 0.0121 0.0118 0.0123 0.0110 0.0111 0.0100 0.0103 0.0116 0.0121 0.0113 0.0130 0.0124
Klang 0.0243 0.0246 0.0213 0.0223 0.0207 0.0224 0.0211 0.0230 0.0222 0.0247 0.0241 0.0321
Petaling Jaya 0.0282 0.0314 0.0280 0.0300 0.0280 0.0332 0.0310 0.0302 0.0300 0.0288 0.0297 0.0298
Shah Alam 0.0203 0.0199 0.0173 0.0188 0.0191 0.0217 0.0214 0.0209 0.0207 0.0184 0.0167 0.0173
Terengganu
Kemaman 0.0017 0.0032 0.0031 0.0051 0.0059 0.0062 0.0043 0.0043 0.0037 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027
Paka 0.0015 0.0015 0.0021 0.0032 0.0034 0.0045 0.0041 0.0036 0.0039 0.0026 0.0019 0.0017
Willayah Persekutuan
Batu Muda, Kuala Lumpur 0.0114 0.0148 0.0129 0.0148 0.0179 0.0211 0.0192 0.0196 0.0176 0.0118 0.0131 0.0161
Labuan 0.0014 0.0018 0.0021 0.0029 0.0027 0.0038 0.0026 0.0030 0.0022 0.0013 0.0014 0.0008
Putrajaya 0.0112 0.0123 0.0144 0.0120 0.0122 0.0107 0.0099 0.0086 0.0106 0.0092 0.0078 0.0072

Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: NO2 tidak melebihi 0.17 ppm
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: NO2 not exceeding 0.17 ppm

114
KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
g/m
3

Jadual 1.7: Purata bulanan kepekatan Habuk Halus di udara, Malaysia, 2012
Table 1.7: Monthly average concentration of Particulate Matter in the air, Malaysia, 2012

Negeri/Stesen
State/Station
Jan. Feb.
Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Johor
Kota Tinggi 41.07 40.15 45.72 58.08 51.45 47.21 50.53 53.35 65.74 56.63 45.87 29.23
Larkin 36.69 36.89 37.31 42.75 39.98 43.32 38.90 48.01 58.07 45.29 35.33 32.17
Muar 38.48 38.31 41.95 40.99 40.08 51.55 52.49 57.44 56.56 45.33 39.05 32.77
Pasir Gudang 37.55 37.02 42.83 53.00 54.86 57.06 55.98 63.33 77.51 59.19 45.66 39.08
Kedah
Alor Setar 25.46 35.10 35.63 23.32 37.33 67.19 50.69 56.19 41.93 33.03 34.09 32.29
Langkawi 30.52 39.68 46.03 30.09 32.81 51.34 41.03 41.48 32.70 30.20 29.13 30.44
Sungai Petani 37.08 42.88 51.17 36.45 38.46 75.16 55.48 64.80 43.87 38.24 35.95 37.35
Kelantan
Kota Bharu 37.39 44.19 41.50 32.92 36.46 59.62 42.17 42.73 33.85 32.25 35.83 28.08
Tanah Merah 53.57 69.55 64.43 51.98 51.88 73.35 58.34 59.01 51.15 51.57 55.86 54.12
Melaka
Bukit Rambai 53.16 59.68 65.51 50.21 61.31 70.08 66.48 75.41 73.43 65.62 56.21 54.54
Negeri Sembilan
Nilai 51.99 54.23 65.94 56.19 66.13 81.87 56.58 73.46 77.39 56.80 49.57 45.45
Port Dickson 47.00 48.30 51.52 42.72 45.34 54.69 50.54 59.31 59.09 48.85 41.88 39.37
Seremban 30.74 33.72 43.03 42.62 43.63 52.61 45.26 60.71 58.23 42.04 33.90 31.24
Pahang
Balok Baru 44.08 55.29 53.17 44.79 48.22 56.32 42.35 49.38 55.80 46.06 38.80 43.62
Jerantut 21.53 23.32 25.32 24.89 35.74 55.29 45.67 47.99 43.82 32.03 28.26 21.64
Kuantan 31.66 37.26 37.50 35.62 35.14 48.84 46.24 44.70 45.94 36.76 31.70 31.72
Perak
Pegoh, Ipoh 44.08 45.16 48.90 46.66 53.17 72.25 57.49 65.03 53.73 50.84 49.22 52.29
Seri Manjung 36.60 40.18 41.37 31.49 39.79 78.69 48.44 63.09 41.42 32.82 28.18 32.71
Taiping 32.98 47.32 41.74 36.87 37.25 71.13 50.82 69.78 38.92 30.61 26.65 29.22
Tanjung Malim 26.34 26.28 25.10 26.03 30.41 56.25 39.98 50.94 42.14 30.01 25.74 27.70
Tasek, Ipoh 35.40 40.71 42.80 39.13 44.93 73.99 50.81 61.74 46.09 39.66 36.94 39.83
Perlis
Kangar 31.23 40.68 42.92 29.51 31.64 51.46 40.04 40.42 29.66 29.54 29.18 34.88

115
KEADAAN
STATE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
g/m
3

Jadual 1.7: Purata bulanan kepekatan Habuk Halus di udara, Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)
Table 1.7: Monthly average concentration of Particulate Matter in the air, Malaysia, 2012 (cont'd)

Negeri/Stesen
State/Station
Jan. Feb.
Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
May
Jun
June
Julai
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Pulau Pinang
Perai 40.30 43.27 39.32 30.58 31.47 72.80 51.76 54.62 37.44 31.94 30.91 31.84
Seberang Jaya 48.05 51.26 50.14 37.93 40.60 86.00 63.89 70.70 49.77 40.30 41.58 44.52
USM 24.98 31.29 34.20 22.65 24.79 61.03 38.43 43.67 30.26 23.67 23.07 37.82
Sabah
Keningau 26.80 29.58 29.61 24.64 31.57 44.17 29.85 35.49 40.55 33.25 26.92 30.07
Kota Kinabalu 45.51 40.42 31.56 29.36 27.93 38.41 29.47 37.10 34.76 39.79 31.56 34.10
Sandakan 29.58 30.98 35.64 32.88 30.33 32.89 31.59 34.55 40.11 33.45 29.86 31.56
Tawau 40.24 38.77 37.16 35.55 31.39 33.23 29.77 32.16 41.51 38.29 33.15 37.70
Sarawak
Bintulu 36.07 30.62 41.39 37.10 48.62 56.00 39.24 49.48 52.32 42.06 30.65 33.04
ILP Miri 14.96 14.15 18.52 15.65 22.19 111.54 31.92 66.30 39.93 29.62 17.58 19.48
Kapit 25.98 25.80 26.37 33.87 38.08 45.91 37.60 51.87 55.33 49.48 39.16 40.43
Kuching 31.29 32.05 35.08 41.66 45.67 50.58 38.98 62.03 70.67 53.41 32.83 28.93
Limbang 24.76 23.61 25.20 20.07 27.05 36.08 25.09 33.19 37.60 34.89 23.02 30.04
Miri 28.69 29.83 34.22 29.27 33.46 47.52 31.65 49.48 46.70 35.39 24.97 28.91
Samarahan 41.78 42.60 42.37 34.45 44.63 53.31 37.63 55.96 65.66 52.62 42.59 36.15
Sarikei 38.32 37.83 38.00 39.81 45.01 43.82 39.50 55.22 67.97 51.00 41.09 41.43
Sibu 28.86 30.39 39.13 34.08 33.42 45.98 31.41 41.93 54.86 36.27 25.13 26.05
Sri Aman 23.04 26.29 28.30 26.35 27.98 46.39 35.54 45.96 56.35 43.73 22.74 18.76
Selangor
Banting 44.60 43.29 51.35 41.94 47.34 72.38 52.67 68.78 55.86 46.69 40.77 39.43
Klang 51.78 54.24 53.83 47.66 51.08 97.58 73.66 81.93 64.82 52.56 48.05 54.51
Kuala Selangor 37.01 36.65 33.70 31.03 38.46 78.08 53.99 68.01 51.43 35.87 33.56 37.02
Petaling Jaya 39.52 46.21 47.77 44.54 44.19 71.99 50.05 59.84 58.15 46.87 42.23 40.80
Shah Alam 47.11 48.84 47.34 43.78 47.61 77.92 51.14 54.97 52.72 39.61 33.92 35.78
Terengganu
Kemaman 52.09 51.11 47.06 54.56 67.19 72.24 65.58 66.40 68.33 50.86 45.18 45.20
Paka 26.57 35.41 31.63 25.24 32.33 42.67 34.44 37.66 36.39 27.79 22.68 25.45
Wilayah Persekutuan
Batu Muda, Kuala
Lumpur
30.72 36.15 41.66 37.41 38.36 65.88 47.37 58.79 55.24 40.76 33.04 34.16
Labuan 36.82 33.12 36.93 27.11 32.63 46.69 29.11 42.26 43.80 33.73 24.84 29.29
Putrajaya 30.34 31.68 36.87 39.45 35.08 57.82 39.29 49.98 50.90 38.34 27.41 27.71

Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: PM10 tidak melebihi 150 g/m
3

Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: PM10 not exceeding 150 g/m
3

116
TEKANAN
PRESSURE
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Tan metrik
Tonnes

Jadual 1.8: Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut jenis dan punca, Malaysia, 2012
Table 1.8: Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by type and source, Malaysia, 2012

1
Termasuk hotel, pusat komersial, institusi dan pasar malam Sumber: Jabatan Alam Sekitar
Include hotels, commercial centres, institutions and night markets Source: Department of Environment

2
Habuk Halus (PM) termasuk semua jenis Habuk Halus
Particulate Matter (PM) includes all types of Particulate Matters

Bahan pencemar
Pollutants
Sumber
Source
Punca tetap
Stationary sources
Kenderaan
bermotor
Motor vehicles
Lain-lain
1
Others
Jumlah
Total

Industri
Industry
Stesen janakuasa
Power plant
Jumlah
Total
Jumlah
Total
86,395 693,181 779,576 2,024,594 151,492 2,955,662
Habuk Halus (PM)
2

Particulate Matter
240 910 1,150 4,585 314 6,049
Karbon Monoksida (CO)
Carbon Monoxide
9,443 72,058 81,501 1,779,409 12,820 1,873,730
Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2)
Nitrogen Dioxide
56,936 524,379 581,315 226,209 69,841 877,365
Sulfur Dioksida (SO2)
Sulphur Dioxide
19,776 95,834 115,610 14,391 68,517 198,518

117
TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Jadual 1.9: Peratusan pematuhan dalam penguatkuasaan pelepasan asap hitam mengikut jenis kenderaan,
Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 1.9: Percentage of compliance on enforcement of black smoke emission by type of vehicles, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Jenis kenderaan
Type of vehicles
Peratus pematuhan
Percentage of compliance
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Bas
Buses
98 98 99 99 99
Bas mini
Mini buses
99 96 98 99 98
Kereta
Cars
99 99 99 100 99
Lori
Lorries
98 98 99 99 99
Lori kecil
Small lorries
98 96 98 98 98
Teksi
Taxis
99 100 99 99 99
Trak ringan
Light trucks
98 97 99 99 99
Van
Vans
99 98 99 99 99


Jadual 1.10: Bilangan saman yang dikeluarkan bagi pelepasan asap hitam mengikut jenis kenderaan, Malaysia,
2008-2012
Table 1.10: Number of summonses issued for black smoke emission by type of vehicles, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Jenis kenderaan
Type of vehicles
Bilangan saman
Number of summons
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Jumlah
Total
4,342 3,346 2,983 2,917 2,890
Bas
Buses
323 247 214 139 288
Bas mini
Mini buses
9 20 12 1 105
Kereta
Cars
8 1 2 - 8
Lori
Lorries
1,549 1,255 1,063 979 859
Lori kecil
Small lorries
1,796 1,453 1,366 1,533 1,265
Teksi
Taxis
14 - 5 1 4
Trak ringan
Light trucks
477 262 231 178 298
Van
Vans
166 108 90 86 63

118
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE

Jadual 1.11: Status pematuhan oleh industri terhadap Peraturan-Peraturan Kualiti Alam Sekitar (Udara Bersih)
1978, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 1.11: Compliance status by industries of Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Jenis industri
Type of industries
Peratusan pematuhan
Percentage of compliance
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Asas logam
Basic metal
90 98 95 99 97
Berasaskan getah
Rubber-based
87 94 90 98 98
Berasaskan kayu
Wood-based
88 86 90 99 95
Berasaskan kimia
Chemical-based
89 93 93 99 97
Berasaskan pengangkutan
Transport-based
87 94 95 99 99
Elektrik & elektronik
Electrical & electronics
92 97 94 99 98
Fabrikasi logam
Metal fabrication
95 98 88 99 97
Galian bukan logam
Non-metallic mineral
71 79 87 99 98
Getah asli mentah
Raw natural rubber
89 95 100 100 99
Jentera
Machinery
83 97 100 100 99
Kertas
Paper
91 95 91 99 97
Kilang minyak kelapa sawit mentah
Crude palm oil mill
85 88 96 99 96
Kilang padi
Rice mill
92 90 91 98 97
Kuari
Quarry
85 94 85 98 95
Makanan & minuman
Food & beverage
90 90 92 99 97
Makanan ternakan
Animal feed
81 71 92 98 95
Penapisan minyak masak
Edible oil refinery
90 81 89 99 96
Penapisan petroleum
Petroleum refinery
100 93 94 99 99
Penyudahan logam & sadur elektrik
Metal finishing & electroplating
88 92 95 99 97
Plastik
Plastic
92 93 92 99 97
Simen
Cement
90 86 90 98 94
Tekstil
Textile
92 97 92 99 97
Lain-lain
Others
94 94 97 99 100


119

LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Jadual 2.1: Rekabentuk kapasiti loji rawatan air mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 2.1: Water treatment plants design capacity by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 15,891 16,403 16,779 17,421 17,901
Johor 1,604 1,612 1,620 1,787 1,787
Kedah 1,185 1,185 1,226 1,251 1,293
Kelantan 356 360 401 405 411
Melaka 489 489 506 506 550
Negeri Sembilan 748 747 793 790 790
Pahang 1,195 1,197 1,184 1,203 1,300
Perak 1,413 1,726 1,726 1,740 1,789
Perlis 110 110 233 289 289
Pulau Pinang 1,273 1,273 1,273 1,387 1,387
Sabah 869 1,076 1,107 1,107 1,230
Sarawak
1
1,201 1,202 1,279 1,459 1,459
Selangor
2
4,483 4,476 4,477 4,477 4,606
Terengganu 905 889 895 923 906
W.P. Labuan 60 60 60 98 104

2
Termasuk W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan W.P. Putrajaya
Includes W.P. Kuala Lumpur and W.P. Putrajaya

Juta liter sehari (JLH)
Million litres per day (MLD)

1
Termasuk Lembaga Air Kawasan Utara (LAKU),
Lembaga Air Sibu, Lembaga Air Kuching dan
Jabatan Kerja Raya Sarawak
Includes The Northern Sarawak Water Board (LAKU),
Sibu Water Board, Kuching Water Board and
Public Works Department Sarawak
Sumber: Jabatan Bekalan Air (Sabah & Sarawak) dan
Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara
(Semenanjung Malaysia & W.P. Labuan)
Source: Department of Water Supply (Sabah & Sarawak) and
National Water Services Commission
(Peninsular Malaysia & W.P. Labuan)

Nota: Peningkatan rekabentuk kapasiti loji rawatan air adalah kerana terdapat penambahan loji baru dan pembesaran rekabentuk
loji yang sedia ada. Pengurangan rekabentuk kapasiti loji rawatan air pula disebabkan oleh penutupan loji secara terus dan
penutupan sementara loji rawatan air (akan dibuka semula apabila diperlukan)
Note: The increase of water treatment plants design capacity is because of the addition of new plant and expansion of present plant design. The
decrease of water treatment plants design capacity is due to the closing of plants and temporary closure of water treatment plant (will be
reopened when needed)

120

LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Jadual 2.2: Jumlah pengeluaran air yang dibekalkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 2.2: Total production of water supplied by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 13,213 13,495 14,110 14,564 15,145
Johor 1,430 1,466 1,476 1,528 1,583
Kedah 1,157 1,173 1,194 1,237 1,292
Kelantan 341 343 377 403 406
Melaka 428 443 443 455 478
Pahang 915 915 966 1,079 1,089
Perak 1,014 1,039 1,080 1,109 1,155
Perlis 108 109 147 191 211
Pulau Pinang 896 913 957 951 964
Sabah 820 877 931 989 1,057
Sarawak
1
956 1,015 1,090 1,083 1,107
Selangor
2
3,889 3,926 4,063 4,143 4,323
Terengganu 547 567 612 599 623
W.P. Labuan 47 48 49 54 59

2

1

121

LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Jadual 2.3: Peratusan penduduk yang dibekalkan dengan air paip mengikut negeri dan kawasan, Malaysia, 2009-2012
Table 2.3: Percentage of population supplied with piped water by state and areas, Malaysia, 2009-2012

Negeri
State
2009 2010 2011 2012
Bandar
Urban
Luar
bandar
Rural
Purata
negeri
State
average
Bandar
Urban
Luar
bandar
Rural
Purata
negeri
State
average
Bandar
Urban
Luar
bandar
Rural
Purata
negeri
State
average
Bandar
Urban
Luar
bandar
Rural
Purata
negeri
State
average
Malaysia 96.8 88.4 93.0 96.7 89.7 94.2 96.8 90.1 94.4 96.9 90.7 94.7
Johor 100.0 99.5 99.8 100.0 99.5 99.8 100.0 99.5 99.8 100.0 99.5 99.8
Kedah 100.0 96.3 98.0 100.0 96.3 98.2 100.0 96.3 98.2 100.0 96.3 98.2
Kelantan
1
57.7 54.7 55.7 56.2 55.2 55.5 56.9 57.4 57.3 57.9 60.8 59.9
Melaka 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Negeri
Sembilan
100.0 99.5 99.8 100.0 99.5 99.8 100.0 99.8 99.9 100.0 99.8 99.9
Pahang 100.0 96.0 97.8 100.0 96.0 98.0 100.0 96.0 98.0 100.0 96.0 98.0
Perak 100.0 98.0 99.2 100.0 98.0 99.2 100.0 99.2 99.6 100.0 99.2 99.6
Perlis 100.0 99.0 99.4 100.0 99.0 99.4 100.0 99.0 99.5 100.0 99.0 99.5
Pulau
Pinang
100.0 99.6 99.9 100.0 99.7 99.9 100.0 99.7 99.8 100.0 99.7 99.9
Sabah 99.2 52.3 76.3 99.5 58.6 79.7 99.5 59.0 80.0 99.8 64.2 82.0
Sarawak
2
99.5 61.5 86.2 99.5 61.7 93.7 99.5 63.0 93.7 99.6 63.5 93.8
Selangor
3
100.0 99.0 99.9 100.0 99.0 99.5 100.0 99.5 99.8 100.0 99.5 99.8
Terengganu 98.6 82.5 90.7 98.6 92.7 95.7 98.8 92.8 95.8 99.1 92.9 96.0
W.P.
Labuan
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Sumber: Jabatan Bekalan Air (Sabah & Sarawak) dan Suruhanjaya
Perkhidmatan Air Negara (Semenanjung Malaysia & W.P. Labuan)
Source: Department of Water Supply (Sabah & Sarawak) and National Water
Services Commission (Peninsular Malaysia & W.P. Labuan)

1
Peratusan populasi yang mendapat liputan bekalan air bagi negeri Kelantan merujuk kepada peratusan populasi yang memiliki
sambungan terhadap sistem bekalan air. Peratusan premis yang memiliki penyambungan adalah rendah walaupun terdapat akses
terhadap sistem bekalan air kerana masih ramai isi rumah yang memilih untuk menggunakan sumber air alternatif contohnya air
bawah tanah. Bagi negeri-negeri lain, liputan bekalan air adalah berdasarkan peratusan populasi yang mempunyai akses terhadap
sistem bekalan air awam
Kelantans percentage of population served refers to percentage of population with connected water supply. The percentage of premises with connected
services is low although there is accessibility; many households still using alternative sources i.e. ground water. For other states, population served based
on percentage of population that have access to the public water supply system

2
Termasuk Lembaga Air Kawasan Utara (LAKU), Lembaga Air Sibu, Lembaga Air Kuching dan Jabatan Kerja Raya Sarawak. Angka
bagi kawasan luar bandar Sarawak tidak termasuk bekalan air separa terawat yang dibekalkan oleh agensi lain seperti Kementerian
Kemajuan Luar Bandar dan Wilayah, Kementerian Kesihatan dan bekalan air persendirian
Includes The Northern Sarawak Water Board (LAKU), Sibu Water Board, Kuching Water Board and Public Works Department Sarawak. Figures for the
rural areas of Sarawak exclude partly treated portable water supplied by the other agencies such as Ministry of Rural and Regional Development, Ministry
of Health and private water supply

3

Nota: Mulai 2010, data berkaitan penduduk adalah berdasarkan Laporan Taburan Penduduk dan Ciri-Ciri Asas Demografi 2010 yang
dikeluarkan oleh Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia
Note: Commencing 2010, population related data was based on Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics 2010 Report issued by
the Department of Statistics, Malaysia

122

KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 2.4: Bilangan dan peratusan lembangan sungai yang diawasi mengikut kategori, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 2.4: Number and percentage of river basins monitored by category, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Kategori
Category
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Bil.
No.
%
Bil.
No.
%
Bil.
No.
%
Bil.
No.
%
Bil.
No.
%
Jumlah stesen pengawasan
Total monitoring stations
1,063 1,063 1,055 812 832
Jumlah lembangan sungai yang
diawasi
Total river basins monitored
143 100.0 143 100.0 143 100.0 140 100.0 140 100.0
Bersih
Clean
76 53.1 70 48.9 65 45.4 76 54.3 74 52.8
Sederhana Tercemar
Slighty Polluted
60 42.0 64 44.8 65 45.4 53 37.9 54 38.6
Tercemar
Polluted
7 4.9 9 6.3 13 9.2 11 7.8 12 8.6


Jadual 2.5: Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar utama, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 2.5: Status of river water quality based on main pollutants, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Tahun
Year
Jumlah
lembangan sungai
yang diawasi
Total river basins
monitored
NH3-N BOD5 SS
B
C
ST
SP
T
P
B
C
ST
SP
T
P
B
C
ST
SP
T
P
2008 143 72 38 33 79 46 18 57 33 53
2009 143 56 47 40 28 73 42 54 32 57
2010 143 35 66 42 12 79 52 68 27 48
2011 140 41 64 35 3 80 57 79 26 35
2012 140 35 67 38 12 69 59 96 28 16


B-Bersih ST-Sederhana Tercemar T-Tercemar
C-Clean SP-Slightly Polluted P-Polluted

123

KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 2.6: Purata tahunan kepekatan logam berat di sungai, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 2.6: Annual average concentration of heavy metals in river, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Logam berat
Heavy metal
Nilai boleh diterima
1

Acceptable value
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Arsenik
Arsenic
0.0500 0.0030 0.0040 0.0038 0.0040 0.0070
Kadmium
Cadmium
0.0050 0.0010 0.0020 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010
Plumbum
Lead
0.1000 0.0100 0.0150 0.0100 0.0100 0.0100
Raksa
Mercury
0.0010 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002
Zink
Zinc
1.5000 0.0180 0.0410 0.0360 0.0700 0.0640

mg/l
1
Garis Panduan Kebangsaan untuk Kualiti Air
Minuman oleh Kementerian Kesihatan
National Guideline for Drinking Water Quality by the
Ministry of Health


124

TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Jadual 2.7a: Bekalan air mentah yang diambil terus dari sungai mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 2.7a: Supply of raw water extracted directly from rivers by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 12,418 12,398 12,516 12,746 13,168
Johor 1,039 1,029 979 977 1,001
Kedah 1,226 1,246 1,277 1,328 1,371
Kelantan 207 200 226 239 241
Melaka 342 289 298 312 377
Pahang 971 1,090 1,035 1,051 1,058
Perak 1,134 1,021 884 878 791
Perlis 47 50 106 143 172
Pulau Pinang 860 895 1,011 1,002 1,029
Sabah 596 649 707 710 751
Sarawak
1
858 892 1,006 1,003 1,152
Selangor
2
3,843 3,914 4,014 4,058 4,150
Terengganu 551 571 467 442 440
W.P. Labuan 41 40 39 60 59

2



1
Sibu Water Board, Kuching Water Board and Public
Works Department Sarawak

125

TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Jadual 2.7b: Bekalan air mentah yang diambil dari empangan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 2.7b: Supply of raw water from storage dams by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 1,682 2,088 2,451 2,540 2,623
Johor 398 446 566 624 679
Kedah 17 16 15 13 15
Melaka 145 216 214 216 225
Perak 127 319 447 476 508
Perlis 53 53 44 41 37
Pulau Pinang 78 96 78 75 83
Sabah 241 258 272 275 283
Sarawak
1
100 100 109 116 129
Selangor
2
145 153 144 163 228
Terengganu n.a. n.a. 177 188 187
W.P. Labuan 10 11 12 10 1

2

Nota: Tiada bekalan air mentah yang diambil terus dari empangan bagi Kelantan dan Pahang
Note: No direct extraction of raw water from storage dams in Kelantan and Pahang



1

126

TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Jadual 2.7c: Bekalan air mentah bawah tanah mengikut negeri
1
, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 2.7c: Supply of raw groundwater by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 195 185 204

223

228
Kelantan 135 148 150 164 166
Pahang 6 4 28 29 31
Perlis 9 8 5 7 7
Sabah 45 24 19 22 24
Sarawak
2
0.0 0.0 0.4
0.3

0.3
W.P. Labuan n.a. 1 0.3 1 0.1

Sumber: Jabatan Bekalan Air (Sabah & Sarawak) dan Suruhanjaya
Perkhidmatan Air Negara (Semenanjung Malaysia & W.P. Labuan)
Source: Department of Water Supply (Sabah & Sarawak) and National Water
Services Commission (Peninsular Malaysia & W.P. Labuan)

1
Sumber bekalan air bawah tanah masih belum diterokai di Johor, Kedah, Melaka, Perak, Pulau Pinang dan Selangor. Isipadu air bawah
tanah hanya sebagai panduan memandangkan tidak semua loji rawatan dilengkapi dengan meter bagi mengukur kuantiti pengambilan
sebenar
Groundwater resources have yet to be explored in Johor, Kedah, Melaka, Perak, Pulau Pinang and Selangor. Volume of groundwater is only for guidance
since not all treatment plants is equipped with metre to quantify the actual intake volume

2
Sumber air bawah tanah tidak diterokai di kawasan yang air dibekalkan oleh Jabatan Kerja Raya Sarawak, Lembaga Air Kuching dan
Lembaga Air Sibu. Kos mengepam air bawah tanah adalah tinggi. Air bawah tanah kini disimpan untuk musim kemarau
Groundwater resources not explored in areas water supplied by Public Works Department Sarawak, Kuching Water Board and Sibu Water Board. Pumping
groundwater is costly. The groundwater resource is presently stored as a reserve for the drought season


127

TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Jadual 2.8: Penggunaan air bermeter mengikut sektor dan negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 2.8: Metered water consumption by sector and state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
Sektor
Sector
Domestik
Domestic
Bukan domestik
Non-domestic
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 5,466 5,531 5,602 5,695 5,881 2,868 3,020 3,370 3,469 3,651
Johor 682 713 730 738 769 300 285 306 323 341
Kedah 470 474 444 459 474 167 171 213 181 165
Kelantan 122 124 124 123 130 51 53 55 56 58
Melaka 202 173 177 180 187 98 138 150 161 175
Negeri Sembilan 237 213 229 239 247 92 122 180 172 192
Pahang 320 271 264 286 287 111 96 168 186 209
Perak 508 526 552 556 592 190 194 210 216 217
Perlis 54 49 63 62 57 9 11 9 11 10
Pulau Pinang 439 451 468 459 475 305 288 315 317 321
Sabah 252 259 222 279 305 112 185 175 206 225
Sarawak
1
409 441 449 431 432 266 274 324 321 336
Selangor
2
1,562 1,621 1,655 1,653 1,686 1,006 1,029 1,090 1,135 1,207
Terengganu 190 198 206 208 216 149 155 157 163 173
W.P. Labuan 19 18 19 21 24 12 18 18 20 22

2



1
Sibu Water Board, Kuching Water Board and Public
Works Department Sarawak

128

TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Jadual 2.9: Bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 2.9: Number, area and production of freshwater aquaculture, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Sistem ternakan
Culture system
Perkara
Items
2009 2010 2011 2012
p
2013
e

Jumlah pengeluaran (tan metrik)
Total productions (tonnes)
135,238.8 155,398.6 122,218.8 163,756.9 196,123.4
Bekas lombong
Ex-mining pool
Bilangan
Number
679 365 381 393 393
Luas (hektar)
Area (hectare)
2,104.2 1,311.1 1,466.9 1,794.3 1,794.3
Pengeluaran (tan metrik)
Production (tonnes)
18,083.7 20,758.2 30,590.3 67,937.4 81,365.2
Kandang
Pen culture
Bilangan
Number
493 396 381 399 399
Luas (hektar)
Area (hectare)
55.9 53.7 52.1 28.4 28.4
Production (tonnes)
9,009.1 27,371.7 320.9 913.7 1,094.2
Kolam
Ponds
Bilangan
Number
38,936 38,322 45,840 48,402 48,402
Luas (hektar)
Area (hectare)
5,029.9 5,025.3 5,355.1 5,462.3 5,462.3
Production (tonnes)
96,398.8 92,833.4 75,721.4 78,034.9 93,458.5
Sangkar
Cages
Bilangan
Number
21,194 23,677
r
23,105 21,522 21,522
Luas (m
2
)
Area
377,123.7 472,446.5 480,710.4 404,078.3 404,078.3
Production (tonnes)
7,902.6 9,828.6 11,080.5 12,061.2 14,445.1
Tangki kanvas
Canvas tank
Bilangan
Number
4,039 2,504 2,923 2,588 2,588
Luas (m
2
)
Area
31,725.5 21,236.8 33,963.1 23,649.3 23,649.3
Production (tonnes)
515.6 410.1 400.8 462.8 554.3
Tangki simen
Cement tank
Bilangan
Number
6,597 8,906 10,616 9,282 9,282
Luas (m
2
)
Area
190,288.5 398,186.9 508,170.5 406,843.4 406,843.4
Production (tonnes)
3,329.0 4,196.6 4,104.9 4,346.9 5,206.1

Nota: Tidak termasuk sistem ternakan akuakultur air tawar yang tidak beroperasi.
Note: Excludes culture freshwater aquaculture which do not operate.

129

TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Jadual 2.10: Pengeluaran dan import baja, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 2.10: Production and imports of fertilisers, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Tahun
Year
Pengeluaran
1
Production
Import baja
Imports of fertilisers
2009 2,007,298 2,513,985
r

2010 2,218,514 3,618,120
2011 2,477,242 4,176,252
2012 2,509,814 3,524,046

2012 (Jan.-Jun)
(Jan.-June)
1,357,984 1,780,078
2013 (Jan.-Jun)
(Jan.-June)
1,365,192 1,968,615

1
Termasuk urea
Includes urea

Jadual 2.11: Pengeluaran racun herba, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 2.11: Production of herbicides, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Tahun
Year
Racun herba (bukan cecair)
Herbicides (non-liquid)
(Tan metrik/tonnes)
Racun herba (cecair)
Herbicides (liquid)
(000 liter/litres)
2009 7,733 42,715
2010 9,167 63,400
2011 13,184 72,410
2012 11,597 92,064
2012 (Jan.-Jun)
(Jan.-June)
6,653 49,407
2013 (Jan.-Jun)
(Jan.-June)
3,496 54,700

Tan metrik
Tonnes

130

TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Jadual 2.12: Bilangan kejadian banjir yang dilaporkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 2.12 : Number of flood incident reported by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
Bilangan kejadian banjir yang dilaporkan
Number of flood incident reported
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 155 129 224 245 323
Johor 16 6 4 18 7
Kedah 7 14 3 12 17
Kelantan 12 15 16 19 16
Melaka 8 3 2 6 12
Pahang 10 9 6 8 12
Perak 10 20 61 40 47
Perlis - 3 2 5 -
Sabah 15 6 15 13 2
Sarawak 12 8 16 12 9
Selangor 34 13 44 70 122
Terengganu 6 8 17 4 45
W.P. Kuala Lumpur 12 3 10 7 6
W.P. Labuan 1 - - - -


131


Jadual 2.13: Pendakwaan kesalahan bagi pencemaran air, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 2.13: Offences prosecuted for water pollution, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Akta
Act
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Jumlah
Total
121 175 215 106 146
Seksyen 25 AKAS 1974
Section 25 EQA 1974
120 173 206 95 74
PKAS (EP) 2009
EQR (IE) 2009
1 2 9 11 72
Seksyen 10 (ZEE)
Section 10 (EEZ)
- - - - -


AKAS-Akta Kualiti Alam Sekeliling PKAS-Peraturan-Peraturan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling
EQA- Environmental Quality Act EQR- Environmental Quality Regulations

ZEE-Zon Ekonomi Eksklusif EP-Effluen Perindustrian
EEZ-Exclusive Economic Zone IE- Industrial Effluents

132

LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Jadual 3.1: Bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran daripada akuakultur air payau/masin, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 3.1: Number, area and production from brackishwater/marine aquaculture, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Sistem
ternakan
Culture system
Perkara
Item
2009 2010 2011 2012
p
2013
e

Jumlah pengeluaran (tan metrik)
Total production (tonnes)
318,621.3 425,649.8 404,288.7 470,619.6

546,907.1

Kandang
1

Pen culture
Bilangan
Number
n.a. n.a. n.a. 850 850
Luas (hektar)
Area (hectare)
n.a. n.a. n.a. 30.3 30.3
Production (tonnes)
n.a. n.a. n.a. 182.7 212.3
Kerang
Cockles
Bilangan
Number
352 368 353 361 361
Luas (hektar)
Area (hectare)
9,941.8 10,383.0 10,688.5 10,740.2 10,740.2
Production (tonnes)
64,938.5 78,024.7 57,544.4 42,132.0 48,961.6
Kolam
Ponds
Bilangan
Number
11,714 13,497 13,183 12,760 12,760
Luas (hektar)
Area (hectare)
7,344.2 7,722.8 7,576.7 7,525.4 7,525.4
Production (tonnes)
80,583.0 103,943.2 78,411.8 68,923.7 80,096.2
Rumpai laut
Seaweeds
Bilangan (tali)
Number (longline)
305,842 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Luas (hektar)
Area (hectare)
7,538.5 7,940.5 9,208.2 12,896.8 12,896.8
Production (tonnes)
138,855.9 207,892.4 239,450.0 331,490.1 385,224.6
Sangkar
Cages
Bilangan
Number
100,845 104,146 99,749 97,783 97,783
Luas (m
2
)
Area
1,741,333.9 1,988,744.3 1,936,493.8 2,374,837.3 2,374,837.3
Production (tonnes)
22,519.0 24,326.3 25,373.9 24,670.1 28,669.2
Siput sudu
Mussels
Bilangan
Number
967 943 794 1,198 1,198
Luas (m
2
)
Area
180,851.2 285,540.2 292,938.9 297,385.9 297,385.9
Production (tonnes)
10,596.1 10,529.1 2,625.2 2,306.0 2,679.8
Tangki air
masin
Brackishwater
tanks
Bilangan
Number
211 142 428 1,351 1,351
Luas (m
2
)
Area
5,691.0 182,097.8 11,200.6 14,183.7 14,183.7
Production (tonnes)
53.6 121.3 257.6 219.8 255.5
Tiram
Oysters
Bilangan
Number
783 819 564 684 684
Luas (m
2
)
Area
337,461.7 364,908.1 127,718.0 356,700.5 356,700.5
Production (tonnes)
1,075.1 812.8 625.9 695.2 807.9

1
Data bagi sistem ternakan kandang bermula 2012 Sumber: Jabatan Perikanan
Data for pen culture system commencing from 2012 Source: Department of Fisheries

Nota: Tidak termasuk sistem ternakan akuakultur air payau/masin yang tidak beroperasi.
Note: Excludes brackishwater/marine aquaculture culture systems which do not operate.

133

KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 3.2a: Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin, Malaysia, 2010-2012
Table 3.2a: Marine water quality status at coastal areas based on Marine Water Quality Index, Malaysia, 2010-2012

Negeri
State
Bil. stesen
pantai
No. of
coastal
station
Kategori
Category
2010 2011 2012
E G M P E G M P E G M P
Jumlah
Total
155 12 39 96 8 3 39 101 11 3 32 111 9
Johor 25 8 3 14 - 2 11 11 - - 16 9 -
Kedah 7 - - 7 - - - 7 - - - 7 -
Kelantan 5 - - 5 - - - 5 - - - 5 -
Melaka 8 - - 6 2 - - 4 4 - - 5 3
Negeri Sembilan 11 - 5 6 - - 4 7 - - 4 7 -
Pahang 20 - - 19 1 - - 19 1 - - 19 1
Perak 5 - 2 2 1 - 2 2 1 - - 3 2
Pulau Pinang 15 - 6 9 - - 3 12 - - 1 14 -
Sabah 24 1 15 8 - 1 10 13 - 1 10 13 -
Sarawak 15 1 2 9 3 - 2 10 3 - - 12 3
Selangor 4 - - 4 - - - 4 - 2 1 1 -
Terengganu 11 2 6 3 - - 7 4 - - - 11 -
W.P. Labuan 5 - - 4 1 - - 3 2 - - 5 -


Nota: Tiada stesen kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai bagi Perlis, W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan W.P. Putrajaya
Note: No marine water quality stations in the coastal areas of Perlis, W.P. Kuala Lumpur and W.P. Putrajaya

Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air Marin:
Marine Water Quality Index Classification:

Kategori
Category
Nilai indeks
Index value
E Terbaik/Excellent (90 -100)
G Baik/Good (80 - <90)
M Sederhana/Moderate (50 - <80)
P Tercemar/Poor (0 - <50)

134

KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 3.2b: Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin, Malaysia, 2010-2012
Table 3.2b: Marine water quality status at estuary areas based on Marine Water Quality Index, Malaysia, 2010-2012

Negeri
State
Bil. stesen
kuala
No. of
estuary
station
Kategori
Category
2010 2011 2012
E G M P E G M P E G M P
Jumlah
Total
69 4 7 45 13 1 6 50 12 1 8 48 12
Johor 9 1 1 7 - 1 1 7 - - 3 6 -
Kedah 2 - - 2 - - - 2 - - - 2 -
Kelantan 5 - - 3 2 - - 3 2 - - 3 2
Melaka 5 - - 4 1 - - 3 2 - - 4 1
Negeri Sembilan 2 - - 2 - - - 2 - - - 2 -
Perak 6 - 1 1 4 - 1 1 4 - - - 6
Perlis 2 - - 2 - - - 2 - - - 2 -
Pulau Pinang 7 - - 4 3 - - 5 2 - 1 5 1
Sabah 2 - - 1 1 - - 2 - - - 2 -
Sarawak 10 3 1 5 1 1 8 1 - 9 1
Selangor 10 - 1 9 - - 1 9 1 4 5 -
Terengganu 9 - 3 5 1 - 2 6 1 - - 8 1


Nota: Tiada stesen kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala bagi Pahang, W.P. Kuala Lumpur, W.P. Labuan dan W.P. Putrajaya
Note: No marine water quality stations in the estuary areas of Pahang, W.P. Kuala Lumpur, W.P. Labuan and W.P. Putrajaya


Kategori
Category
Nilai indeks
Index value

135

KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 3.2c: Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Table 3.2c: Marine water quality status at island areas based on Marine Water Quality Index, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

Negeri
State
Bil. stesen
pulau
No. of
island
station
Kategori
Category
2011 2012
E G M P E G M P
Jumlah
Total
87 18 17 50 2 13 19 53 2
Johor 8 6 1 1 - 8 - - -
Kedah 8 - 2 6 - 1 3 3 1
Kelantan 2 - 1 1 - - - 2 -
Melaka 6 - - 6 - - 1 4 1
Negeri Sembilan 1 - 1 - - - 1 - -
Pahang 9 8 - 1 - - - 9 -
Perak 5 1 2 2 - - 1 4 -
Pulau Pinang 7 2 2 3 - - 2 5 -
Sabah 17 - 3 14 - - 3 14 -
Sarawak 3 - - 3 - 3 - - -
Selangor 3 1 1 - 1 - 3 - -
Terengganu 11 - 4 6 1 - - 11 -
W.P. Labuan 7 - - 7 - 1 5 1 -


Nota: Tiada stesen kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau bagi Perlis, W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan W.P. Putrajaya
Note: No marine water quality stations in the island areas of Perlis, W.P. Kuala Lumpur and W.P. Putrajaya


Kategori
Category
Nilai indeks
Index value

136

TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Jadual 3.3: Insiden tumpahan minyak di laut, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 3.3: Oil spill incidents at sea, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Bilangan
Number
Laut
Sea
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Jumlah
Total
12 21 16 14 21
Selat Melaka
Straits of Malacca
1 2 6 7 3
Laut China Selatan
South China Sea
7 6 6 5 6
Selat Johor
Straits of Johore
3 12 4 2 10
Laut Sulu dan Sulawesi
Sulu and Sulawesi Sea
1 1 - - 2


Jadual 3.4: Bilangan kes tumpahan minyak mengikut punca dan sebab, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 3.4: Number of oil spill incidents by source and cause, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Bilangan
Number
Punca
Source
Sebab
Cause
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Jumlah
Total
12 21 16 14 21
Kapal
Vessels

Desludging - - - - -
Letupan dan/atau kebakaran
Explosion and/or fire
1 1 - - 1
Pelanggaran
Collision
- 1 1 2 -
Pelepasan haram
Illegal discharging
2 - 3 2 2
Terkandas
Grounding
2 1 1 - 1
Pelantar minyak
Oil platform
Kerosakan mekanikal
Mechanical failure
- - - 1 1
Pengkalan dan gudang
Terminal and depot

Kebocoran injap dan phlanges
Leaking valves and phlanges
- - - - -
Pembersihan tangki dan
deballasting
Tank washing and deballasting
- - - - -
Pengisian berlebihan
Overfilling
1 - - - -
Saluran paip
Pipeline
Pecah
Rupture
2 6 2 - 1
Lain-lain
Others
Tiada maklumat lengkap
Insufficient information
4 12 9 9 15


137

TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Jadual 3.5: Pendaratan tahunan ikan marin mengikut kumpulan peralatan menangkap ikan, Malaysia,
2009-2013
Table 3.5: Annual landings of marine fish by fishing gear group, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Kumpulan peralatan menangkap ikan
Fishing gear group
2009 2010 2011 2012
p
2013
e

Jumlah
Total
1,393,226 1,428,881 1,373,105 1,472,240 1,479,555
Belat
Stationary traps
2,453 2,027 2,218 1,790 1,799
Bubu
Portable traps
12,071 11,683 10,725 11,669 11,727
Memungut siput
Shellfish collection
23,469 1,813 1,750 3,703 3,722
Pancing
Hooks & lines
48,953 48,136 46,698 57,791 57,972
Pukat bakul
Bag nets
16,762 26,318 21,835 29,455 29,602
Pukat hanyut
Drift/gill nets
165,363 187,007 228,701 229,098 230,244
Pukat jerut bilis
Anchovy purse seines
11,707 12,879 11,347 11,061 11,116
Pukat jerut ikan
Fish purse seines
349,766 360,494 323,136 349,615 351,363
Pukat rentang
Barrier nets
4,171 7,498 4,696 10,614 10,667
Pukat surung
Push/scoop nets
5,444 6,176 5,227 5,904 5,934
Pukat tangguk
Lift nets
15,933 13,693 15,966 19,961 20,120
Pukat tunda
Trawl nets
703,815 718,168 661,751 706,080 709,610
Pukat tarik lain
Other seines
27,654 28,471 34,658 28,687 28,830
Rampaian
Miscellaneous
5,665 4,519 4,399 6,813 6,847


Tan metrik
Tonnes

138

TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Jadual 3.6: Pengendalian kargo di pelabuhan terpilih, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 3.6: Cargo throughput at selected ports, Peninsular Malaysia, 2008-2012

Pelabuhan
Port
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Jumlah
Total
Jumlah
Total
229,554 212,692 252,014 282,226 282,490
Import
Imports
125,885 114,848 138,185 155,580 153,526
Eksport
Exports
103,669 97,844 113,829 126,646 128,964
Johor
Jumlah
Total
29,770 25,232 28,129 32,226 25,905
Import
Imports
16,960 13,632 16,544 20,464 15,415
Eksport
Exports
12,810 11,600 11,585 11,762 10,490
Klang
Jumlah
Total
152,349 138,865 170,363 192,054 197,907
Import
Imports
82,007 73,526 91,635 103,679 107,356
Eksport
Exports
70,342 65,339 78,728 88,375 90,551
Kuantan
Jumlah
Total
9,405 10,272 12,079 15,206 16,064
Import
Imports
3,831 3,437 4,029 4,133 4,043
Eksport
Exports
5,574 6,835 8,050 11,073 12,021
Port Dickson
Jumlah
Total
12,373 14,071 12,517 13,351 13,287
Import
Imports
9,076 11,009 10,182 11,255 10,794
Eksport
Exports
3,297 3,062 2,335 2,096 2,493
Pulau Pinang
Jumlah
Total
25,657 24,252 28,926 29,389 29,327
Import
Imports
14,011 13,244 15,795 16,049 15,918
Eksport
Exports
11,646 11,008 13,131 13,340 13,409

Sumber: Jabatan Laut Negeri Sembilan, Penang Port Sdn. Bhd.,
Johor Port Sdn. Bhd., Kuantan Port Consortium Sdn. Bhd.
dan Lembaga Pelabuhan Klang
Source: Maritime Department of Negeri Sembilan, Penang Port Sdn. Bhd.,
Johor Port Sdn. Bhd., Kuantan Port Consortium Sdn. Bhd.
and Port Klang Authority

Tan metrik (freightweight) 000
Tonnes

139

TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Jadual 3.7: Taburan kawasan hakisan pantai di Malaysia, 2012
Table 3.7: Distribution of coastal erosion areas in Malaysia, 2012

Negeri
State
Jumlah
Total

Pantai yang mengalami hakisan mengikut
kategori
Coastal erode by category

Jumlah hakisan
Total erosion

%
Kategori 1
Category
Kategori 2
Category
Kategori 3
Category
Malaysia 4,809 297.6 192.0 916.5 1,406.1 29.2
Johor 492 28.9 50.3 155.6 234.8 47.7
Kedah 148 31.4 2.2 9.9 43.5 29.4
Kelantan 71 5.0 9.5 37.6 52.1 73.4
Melaka 73 15.6 15.1 6.0 36.7 50.3
Negeri Sembilan 58 3.9 7.7 12.9 24.5 42.2
Pahang 271 14.6 5.2 107.8 127.6 47.1
Perak 230 28.3 18.8 93.1 140.2 61.0
Perlis 20 8.1 2.4 4.0 14.5 72.5
Pulau Pinang 152 42.4 19.7 1.1 63.2 41.6
Sabah 1,743 12.8 3.5 265.3 281.6 16.2
Sarawak 1,035 20.6 22.3 9.6 52.5 5.1
Selangor 213 63.5 22.3 66.1 151.9 71.3
Terengganu 244 20.0 10.0 122.4 152.4 62.5
W.P. Labuan 59 2.5 3.0 25.1 30.6 51.9


Nota/Notes:

Kategori 1: Kawasan hakisan kritikal di mana kegiatan ekonomi dan harta telah diancam dan impak hakisan kepada sosial dan
ekonomi telah sampai ke tahap yang tidak dapat diterima (unacceptable)
Category 1: The critical erosion area where economic activities and properties are threatened and the erosion impact towards social and economy
has reached to an unacceptable level

Kategori 2: Kawasan hakisan ketara (significant) di mana kawasan sedang mengalami hakisan tetapi ancaman terhadap infrastruktur
atau aktiviti ekonomi akan jadi nyata dalam dalam masa 5 hingga 10 tahun melainkan tindakan pemulihan diambil
Category 2: Significant erosion area where an area is facing erosion experience but the threat towards the infrastructure or economic activities will
be obvious within 5 to 10 years unless remedial action is taken

Kategori 3: Kawasan hakisan yang belum serius (acceptable) di mana kawasan yang berkenaan sedang mengalami hakisan tetapi
impaknya kepada ekonomi atau harta benda adalah amat kecil; ini adalah kerana kawasan-kawasan tersebut tidak
didiami atau belum dimajukan lagi
Category 3: Acceptable erosion area where an area concerned is experiencing erosion but the impact towards the economy or properties is rather
low; this is because the affected areas are unoccupied or not being develop yet

Panjang (km)
Length

140


Jadual 3.8: Bilangan stesen pemantauan kualiti air marin, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 3.8: Number of marine water quality monitoring stations, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Kawasan
Area
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Jumlah
Total
229 233 240 240 246
Kawasan pantai
Coastal areas
154 158 162 162 168
Kuala
Estuaries
75 75 78 78 78


141

LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Jadual 4.1: Jumlah keluasan tanah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012
Table 4.1: Total land area by state, Malaysia, 2012

Negeri
State
Keluasan (km
2
)
Area (sq.km.)
Peratus
Per cent
Malaysia 330,290 100.0
Johor 19,016 5.8
Kedah 9,425 2.9
Kelantan 15,105 4.6
Melaka 1,652 0.5
Negeri Sembilan 6,657 2.0
Pahang 35,965 10.9
Perak 21,022 6.3
Perlis 795 0.2
Pulau Pinang 1,031 0.3
Sabah 73,902 22.4
Sarawak 124,450 37.7
Selangor 7,930 2.4
Terengganu 12,956 3.9
W.P. Kuala Lumpur 243 0.1
W.P. Putrajaya 49 0.0
W.P. Labuan 92 0.0

Sumber: Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia,
Jabatan Tanah dan Ukur Sabah dan
Jabatan Tanah & Survei, Sarawak
Source: Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia,
Sabah Lands and Surveys Department and
Land & Survey Department, Sarawak

142

LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Jadual 4.2: Keluasan hutan paya gambut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 4.2: Area of peat swamp forest by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 1,108,874 1,067,374 1,068,506 1,067,947 1,067,436
Peninsular Malaysia
241,474 241,474 242,906 242,906 242,906
Johor 5,429 5,429 5,429 5,429 5,429
Kedah - - - - -
Kelantan - - - - -
Melaka - - - - -
Negeri Sembilan - - - - -
Pahang 140,830 140,830 140,830 140,830 140,830
Perak - - - - -
Perlis - - - - -
Pulau Pinang - - - - -
Selangor 81,458 81,458 82,890 82,890 82,890
Terengganu 13,757 13,757 13,757 13,757 13,757
Wilayah
Persekutuan
1

- - - - -
Sabah 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000
Sarawak 747,400 705,900 705,600 705,041 704,530

Nota: Merujuk kepada hutan simpanan kekal. Tidak termasuk hutan di bawah tanah kerajaan negeri dan berimilik
Note: Refers to permanent reserved forest. Excludes state land forest and alienated land

Hektar
Hectares

1
Wilayah Persekutuan termasuk W.P. Putrajaya,
W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan W.P. Labuan
Wilayah Persekutuan includes W.P. Putrajaya,
W.P. Kuala Lumpur and W.P. Labuan
Sumber: Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia,
Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah dan Jabatan Hutan Sarawak
Source: Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia,
Sabah Forestry Department and Forests Department Sarawak

143

LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Jadual 4.3: Keluasan hutan paya laut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 4.3: Area of mangrove forest by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 539,745
r
536,291
r
539,142
r
538,902
r
544,032
Peninsular Malaysia
100,824 101,800 98,786
r
98,846 98,848
Johor 31,153 32,129 27,343 27,187 27,187
Kedah 6,201 6,201 6,201 6,201 6,201
Kelantan - - - - -
Melaka 92 92 80
r
92
r
92
Negeri Sembilan - - - - 2
Pahang 2,416 2,416 2,416 2,416 2,416
Perak 40,538 40,538 41,617 41,617 41,617
Perlis - - - - -
Pulau Pinang 1,040 1,040 1,040 1,040 1,040
Selangor 18,089 18,089 18,794 18,998 18,998
Terengganu 1,295 1,295 1,295 1,295 1,295
Wilayah
Persekutuan
1

- - - - -
Sabah 321,921
r
321,921
r
327,886
r
327,886
r
333,019
Sarawak 117,000 112,570 112,470 112,170 112,165

Nota: Merujuk kepada hutan simpanan kekal. Tidak termasuk hutan di bawah tanah kerajaan negeri dan berimilik
Note: Refers to permanent reserved forest. Excludes state land forest and alienated land

Hektar
Hectares

1
Wilayah Persekutuan termasuk W.P. Putrajaya,
W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan W.P. Labuan
Wilayah Persekutuan includes W.P. Putrajaya,
W.P. Kuala Lumpur and W.P. Labuan
Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah dan Jabatan Hutan Sarawak
Sabah Forestry Department and Forests Department Sarawak

144

KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 4.4a: Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2012
Table 4.4a: Gazetted protected area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2012

Negeri
State
Kawasan perlindungan
Protected area
Keluasan
(Hektar)
Area
(Hectares)
Bilangan spesies
Number of species
Fauna Flora
Mamalia
Mammals
Burung
Birds
Spesies
vertebrat
yang
lain
1
Other
vertebrate
species
Invertebrat
Invertebrate
Serangga
Insect
Tumbuhan
Plants

Johor

Taman Negara Endau
Rompin (Peta)
19,562 8 257 103 21 181 200
Taman Negara Johor
Endau Rompin (Selai)
29,343 - 62 76 - - 567
Taman Negara Johor
Gunung Ledang
8,612 35 212 31 - - 70
Taman Negara Johor
Kepulauan Mersing
4,040 - - - - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Endau Kluang
52,493 2 - 23 - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Endau Kota Tinggi
(Timur)
8,660 - - - - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Endau Kota Tinggi
(Barat)
45,581 - - - - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Four Islands
1 - - - - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Segamat
12,216 25 137 - - - -
Pusat Pemuliharaan
Hidupan Liar Jemaluang
20 - - - - - -
Tapak Ramsar Negeri
Johor (Tanjung Piai,
Pulau Kukup/ Sungai
Pulai)
16,404 28 59 15 - - -
Santuari Burung
Gunung Panti
1,800 - 742 - - - -

Kedah
Pusat Pemuliharaan
Hidupan Liar Tuntung
Bukit Pinang
1 - - - - - 84
Pusat Pemuliharaan
Sidam
1 - - - - - -
Taman Pulau Singa
Besar Langkawi
636 - - - - - -

Kelantan
Taman Negara
Kelantan
80,250 - 479 - - - -
Pusat Pemulihan
Hidupan Liar Gua
Musang
127 - - - - - -
Taman Negeri Gunung
Stong
21,950 31 57 67 70 44 1,795

Melaka

Rezab Hidupan Liar
Tanjung Tuan
61 - - - - - -
Rezab Zoo Melaka 21 - - - - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Pulau Sembilan (Nine
Islands)
1 - - - - - -
Negeri
Sembilan
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Port Dickson Islands
0.5 - - - - - -

145

KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 4.4a: Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)
Table 4.4a: Gazetted protected area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2012 (contd)

Negeri
State
Kawasan
perlindungan
Protected area
Keluasan
(Hektar)
Area
(Hectares)
Bilangan spesies
Number of species
Fauna Flora
Mamalia
Mammals
Burung
Birds
Spesies
vertebrat
yang lain
1
Other
vertebrate
species
Invertebrat
Invertebrate
Serangga
Insect
Tumbuhan
Plants

Pahang

Taman Negara
Pahang
248,121 - 479 - - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Bukit Fraser Pahang
2,000 - - - - - -
Tapak Ramsar Tasek
Bera
31,255 37 43 27 - - -
Tasik Chini 5,085 - - - - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Pulau Tioman
9,455 - - - - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Krau
62,395 26 28 18 - 12 -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Pahang Tua
1,335 - - - - - -

Perak
Taman Diraja Royal
Belum
117,500 1 - - - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Chior
689 - - - - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Sungkai
2,468 30 92 17 - - -
Pusat Pemuliharaan
Bota Kanan
6 - - - - - -
Santuari Burung Batu
Gajah
5 - - - - - -
Santuari Burung
Kuala Gula
0.4 - 192 - - - -

Perlis
Hutan Taman Negeri
Perlis
4,380 39 127 77 24 46 307
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Wang Pinang
68 - - - - - -
Pusat Konservasi
Hidupan Liar Napoh
Sg. Batu Pahat
27 - - - - - -

Pulau
Pinang
Taman Negara Pulau
Pinang
2

2,563 36 170 67 - - 90
Taman Botani 242 - - - - - -

146

KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 4.4a: Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)
Table 4.4a: Gazetted protected area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2012 (contd)

Negeri
State
Protected area
Keluasan
(Hektar)
Area
(Hectares)
Bilangan spesies
Number of species
Fauna Flora
Mamalia
Mammals
Burung
Birds
Spesies
vertebrat
yang
lain
1
Other
vertebrate
species
Invertebrat
Invertebrate
Serangga
Insect
Tumbuhan
Plants

Selangor

Rezab Hidupan Liar
Bukit Kutu
1,943 - - - - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Bukit Fraser
2,979 - - - - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Klang Gate
130 - - - - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Kuala Selangor Hill
44 - - - - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Bukit Sungai Puteh
36 - - - - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Sungai Dusun
4,330 18 273 33 - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Templer Park
966 - - - - - -
Paya Indah Wetlands 450 - 198 - - - -
Taman Negeri
Selangor
91,145 - 355 - 1,357 460 -

Terengganu

Taman Negara
Terengganu
103,082 - - - - - -
Rezab Tuntung Bukit
Paloh
1 - - - - - -
Pusat Santuari Penyu
Rantau Abang
- - - 5 - - -
Pusat Santuari Penyu
Ma'daerah
70 - - 1 - - -

Kuala
Lumpur

Rezab Hidupan Liar
Kelab Golf Diraja
Selangor
403 - - - - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Bukit Nanas
16 - - - - - -
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Bukit Sungai Puteh
4 - - - - - -

1
Lain-lain vertebrat seperti reptilia, amfibia dan ikan Sumber: Banci Kawasan Perlindungan dan Kepelbagaian Biologi 2010
Other vertebrates like reptiles, amphibians and fishes Source: Census on Protected Area and Biodiversity 2010
2
Termasuk Taman Negara Pantai Acheh dan

Pusat Konservasi Penyu Pantai Keranchut
Includes Taman Negara Pantai Acheh and
Pusat Konservasi Penyu Pantai Keranchut

Nota: Meliputi maklumat daripada Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara, Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia,
Jabatan Perikanan, Perbadanan Negeri Perak, Taman Negara Johor dan Taman Botani Pulau Pinang
Note: Includes information obtained from Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia, Department of Fisheries,
Perbadanan Negeri Perak, Johor Parks and Taman Botani Pulau Pinang

147

KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 4.4b: Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Sabah, 2012
Table 4.4b: Gazetted protected area, Sabah, 2012

Bil.
No.
Protected area
Keluasan
(Hektar)
Area
(Hectares)
Bilangan spesies
Number of species
Fauna Flora
Mamalia
Mammals
Burung
Birds
Spesies
vertebrat
yang lain
1
Other
vertebrate
species
Invertebrat
Invertebrate
Serangga
Insect
Tumbuhan
Plants

a. Taman
Parks

1 Taman Banjaran Crocker 139,919 52 147 206 28 514 1,499
2 Taman Bukit Tawau 27,972 74 130 227 - 370 479
3 Taman Kinabalu 75,370 138 238 433 - 1,070 6,955
4 Taman Pulau Penyu 1,722 4 30 169 145 - 32
5 Taman Pulau Sipadan 14 1 55 569 196 - 53
6 Taman Pulau Tiga 15,864 15 - 325 142 - -
7 Taman Marin Tun Sakaran 35,000 10 19 586 187 22 112
8 Taman Tunku Abdul Rahman 4,929 13 69 1,514 81 - 113

b. Rizab Hidupan Liar
Wildlife Reserve
1 Kulamba, Sandakan 20,682 - - - - - -
2
Hutan Simpanan Hidupan Liar
Tabin
121 - - - - - -
3
Hidupan Liar Pulau Lankayan,
Tegaipil, Billean Sugud Island
Marine Conservation Area
(SIMCA)
46,317 - - - - - -
4
Simpanan Semula Jadi
Mesilau
75,370 - - - - - -
5
Hutan Simpan Gua
Gomantong
3,297 - - - - - -

c. Santuari Hidupan Liar
Wildlife Sanctuaries
1 Hilir Kinabatangan 26,098 94 254 128 - - -
2
Santuari Burung Pulau
Sipadan
12 - - - - - -
3
Hutan Simpan Wetland Likas
Lagoon
24 - 5 10 - 3 -
4 Santuari Burung Mantanani 61 3 36 3 - - -
5 Santuari Burung Kota Belud 12,200 - - - - - -
6
Santuari Burung Kota
Kinabalu
24 - 5 5 - 3 10
7
Santuari Burung Padang
Teratak
3,333 18 26 8 - - -
8
Stesen Hidupan Liar Gua
Madai
3,436 - - - - - -
9
Pusat Pemulihan Orang Utan
Sepilok
4,300 - - - - - -
10 Taman Hidupan Liar Lok Kawi 112 40 70 13 - - -

1

Nota: Meliputi maklumat daripada Jabatan Hidupan Liar Sabah, Sabah Wetland Conservation Society dan Taman-Taman Sabah
Note: Includes data obtained from Department of Wildlife Sabah, Sabah Wetland Conservation Society and Sabah Parks

148

KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 4.4c: Kawasan perlindungan sepenuhnya, Sarawak, 2012
Table 4.4c: Totally protected area, Sarawak, 2012

Bil.
No.
Protected area
Keluasan
(Hektar)
Area
(Hectares)
Bilangan spesies
Number of species
Fauna Flora
Mamalia
Mammals
Burung
Birds
Spesies
vertebrat
yang lain
1
Other
vertebrate
species
Invertebrat
Invertebrate
Serangga
Insect
Tumbuhan
Plants

a. Taman Negara
National Parks

1 Bako 3,587 30 197 31 - - 4
2 Batang Ai 24,040 5 2 4 - 1 -
3 Bukit Lambir 6,949 80 250 319 22 11 -
4 Bukit Tiban 8,000 - - - - - -
5 Gunung Buda 6,235 - - - - - -
6 Gunung Gading 4,196 23 51 - 146 - 11
7 Gunung Lesung 2,143 - - - - - -
8 Gunung Mulu 52,865 - - - - - -
9 Kubah 2,230 57 128 167 - 114 -
10 Kuching Wetland 6,610 - - - - - -
11 Loagan Bunut 10,736 55 187 315 231 - -
12 Maludam 43,147 12 4 17 - - -
13 Miri-Sibuti Coral Reefs 186,930
2
- - - - - -
14 Niah 3,138 77 244 348 - - -
15 Pulong Tau 59,817 - - - - - -
16 Rajang Mangrove 9,373 - - 76 - - -
17 Santubong 1,410 - - - - - -
18 Similajau 8,996 39 258 300 - - -
19 Sedilu 63,114 - - - - - -
20 Talang Satang 19,414
2
11 4 - - - -
21 Tanjung Datu 1,379 - - - - - -
22 The Bungo Range 8,096 - - - - - -
23 Ulu Sebuyau 18,287 - - - - - -
24 Usun Apau 49,355 - - - - - -

149

KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 4.4c: Kawasan perlindungan sepenuhnya, Sarawak, 2012 (samb.)
Table 4.4c: Totally protected area, Sarawak, 2012 (contd)

Bil.
No.
Protected area
Keluasan
(Hektar)
Area
(Hectares)
Bilangan spesies
Number of species
Fauna Flora
Mamalia
Mammals
Burung
Birds
Spesies
vertebrat
yang lain
1
Other
vertebrate
species
Invertebrat
Invertebrate
Serangga
Insect
Tumbuhan
Plants

b. Santuari Hidupan Liar
Wildlife Sanctuaries

1 Samunsam 22,798 1 - 1 - - -
2
Pulau Tukong Ara -
Banun
1.4 - 3 4 - - 3
3 Lanjak Entimau 168,758 27 32 37 - 1 11
4 Sibuti 678 - - - - - -
5 Matang 179 - - - - - 427

c. Rizab semulajadi
Nature Reserve
1 Wind Cave 6 - - - - - -
2 Samajaya (Stutong) 38 - - - - - -
3 Semenggoh 653 11 4 3 - - 207
4 Bukit Hitam 147 - - - - - -
5 Bukit Sembiling 101 - - - - - -
6 Bukit Lima 693 - - - - - -

1

2
Keluasan water bodies
Water bodies hectarage

Nota: Meliputi maklumat daripada Sarawak Forestry Corporation
Note: Includes information obtained from Sarawak Forestry Corporation

150

KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 4.4d: Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet di bawah taman laut, Malaysia, 2012
Table 4.4d: Gazetted protected area of marine park, Malaysia, 2012

Negeri
State
Taman laut
Marine parks
Keluasan
(Hektar)
Area
(Hectares)
Bilangan spesies
Number of species
Fauna Flora
Cnidarians
1

Ikan
Fish
Rumpai laut
Seaweeds
Rumput
laut
Sea grass

Johor
Pulau Aur 9,745 - - - -
Pulau Besar 8,414 155 218 - -
Pulau Gaol 4,570 - - - -
Pulau Harimau 4,900 - - - -
Pulau Hujung 5,235 - - - -
Pulau Mensirip 4,660 - - - -
Pulau Mentinggi 4,399 - - - -
Pulau Pemanggil 8,790 - - - -
Pulau Rawa 5,080 - - - -
Pulau Sibu 4,260 - - - -
Pulau Sibu Hujung 1,183 - - - -
Pulau Tengah 5,149 - - - -
Pulau Tinggi 10,180 - - - -

Kedah
Pulau Kacha 4,290 34 107 - -
Pulau Lembu 4,613 101 216 - -
Pulau Payar 5,491 - 115 - -
Pulau Segantang 4,419 - - - -

Pahang
Pulau Chebeh 4,492 75 142 - -
Pulau Gut (Pulau Jahat) 4,520 - - - -
Pulau Labas 4,478 - - - -
Pulau Sembilang 6,060 68 111 - -
Pulau Sepoi 4,457 84 152 - -
Pulau Seri Buat 7,720 - - - -
Pulau Tioman 25,115 - - - -
Pulau Tokong Bahara 4,513 - - - -
Pulau Tulai 6,306 - - - -

151

KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 4.4d: Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet di bawah taman laut, Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)
Table 4.4d: Gazetted protected area of marine park, Malaysia, 2012 (contd)

Negeri
State
Taman laut
Marine parks
Keluasan
(Hektar)
Area
(Hectares)
Bilangan spesies
Number of species
Fauna Flora
Cnidarians
1

Ikan
Fish
Rumpai laut
Seaweeds
Rumput
laut
Sea grass

Terengganu

Pulau Perhentian Besar 9,121 86 117 - -
Pulau Perhentian Kecil 8,107 - - - -
Pulau Ekor Tebu 4,060 - - - -
Pulau Kapas 2,133 - - - -
Pulau Lang Tengah 6,150 149 209 - -
Pulau Lima 4,390 - - - -
Pulau Nyireh 1,440 - - - -
Pulau Pinang 4,890 - - - -
Pulau Redang 12,750 96 132 52 3
Pulau Susu Dara 1,428 - - - -
Pulau Tenggol 2,400 183 233 - -
Pulau Yu Besar n.a. - - - -
Pulau Yu Kecil n.a. - - - -

W.P. Labuan
Pulau Kuraman 6,695 - - - -
Pulau Rusukan Besar 4,470 - - - -
Pulau Rusukan Kecil 4,650 - - - -

1
Termasuk batu karang, anemone, obor-obor, Sumber: Banci Kawasan Perlindungan dan Kepelbagaian Biologi 2010
sea fans, sea whips dan zooplankton Source: Census on Protected Area and Biodiversity 2010

Includes corals, anemones, jellyfish, sea fans,

sea whips and zooplankton

Nota: Meliputi maklumat daripada Jabatan Taman Laut
Note: Includes information obtained from Department of Marine Park

152

KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 4.5: Kawasan berhutan dan tidak berhutan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 4.5: Forested and non-forested areas, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
Tahun
Year
Berhutan
Forested
Tidak Berhutan
Non-Forested
Hektar
Hectares
(%)
Hektar
Hectares
(%)
Malaysia
2008 18,208,883 55.2
r
14,775,009
r
44.8
r

2009 18,243,922 55.3 14,741,508 44.7
2010 18,084,029 54.8 14,912,968 45.2
2011 17,999,847 54.6 14,987,950
r
45.4
2012 18,091,013 55.1 14,751,216 44.9
Peninsular Malaysia
2008 5,844,240 44.3
r
7,336,488
r
55.7
r

2009 5,873,764 44.6 7,308,502 55.4
2010 5,864,256 44.5 7,320,377 55.5
2011 5,807,005 44.0 7,377,628
r
56.0
2012 5,788,523 43.8 7,396,106 56.2
Johor
2008 441,777
r
23.3 1,456,852 76.7
2009 468,451 24.7 1,430,178 75.3
2010 467,262 24.6 1,434,338 75.4
2011 466,792 24.5 1,434,808 75.5
2012 466,792 23.7 1,434,808 76.3
Kedah
2008 345,382 36.6 597,218 63.4
2009 345,382 36.6 597,218 63.4
2010 344,871 36.6 597,629 63.4
2011 344,871 36.6 597,629 63.4
2012 327,721 34.8 614,779 65.2
Kelantan
2008 867,866 57.8 634,334 42.2
2009 864,017 57.5 638,183 42.5
2010 862,196 57.1 648,304 42.9
2011 812,196 53.8 698,304 46.2
2012 812,196 53.8 698,304 46.2
Melaka
2008 5,328 3.2 160,240 96.8
2009 5,328 3.2 160,240 96.8
2010 5,327 3.2 159,873 96.8
2011 5,066 3.1 160,134 96.9
2012 5,399 3.3 159,801 96.7
Negeri Sembilan
2008 159,724 24.0 504,867 76.0
2009 160,873 24.2 503,718 75.8
2010 157,676 23.7 508,033 76.3
2011 157,298 23.6
r
508,411
r
76.4
r

2012 158,417 23.8 507,292 76.2
Pahang
2008 2,068,199 57.5 1,528,386 42.5
2009 2,068,605 57.5 1,527,980 42.5
2010 2,068,605 57.5 1,527,895 42.5
2011 2,068,605 57.5 1,527,895 42.5
2012 2,068,605 57.5 1,527,895 42.5

153

KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 4.5: Kawasan berhutan dan tidak berhutan, Malaysia, 2008-2012 (samb.)
Table 4.5: Forested and non-forested areas, Malaysia, 2008-2012 (contd)

Negeri
State
Tahun
Year
Berhutan
Forested
Tidak Berhutan
Non-Forested
Hektar
Hectares
(%)
Hektar
Hectares
(%)
Perak
2008 1,035,704 49.3 1,066,418 50.7
2009 1,035,704 49.3 1,066,418 50.7
2010 1,031,779 49.1 1,070,421 50.9
2011 1,030,530 49.0 1,071,670 51.0
2012 1,027,404 48.9 1,074,796 51.1
Perlis
2008 10,972 13.7 69,330 86.3
2009 11,479 14.0 70,361 86.0
2010 11,479 14.4 68,021 85.6
2011 11,470 14.4 68,030 85.6
2012 11,532 14.5 67,968 85.5
Pulau Pinang
2008 7,809 7.6 95,341 92.4
2009 7,809 7.6 95,341 92.4
2010 7,809 7.6 95,295 92.4
2011 7,809 7.6 95,295 92.4
2012 7,809 7.6 95,291 92.4
Selangor
2008 243,176 30.7 547,908 69.3
2009 247,793 31.3 543,291 68.7
2010 250,860 31.6 542,160 68.4
2011 250,860 31.6 542,160 68.4
2012 250,860 31.6 542,160 68.4
Terengganu
2008 654,625 50.5 640,941 49.5
2009 654,625 50.5 640,941 49.5
2010 654,625 50.5 640,975 49.5
2011 649,741 50.1 645,859 49.9
2012 649,739 50.1 645,861 49.9
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
1
2008 3,678 9.6 34,653 90.4
2009 3,698 9.6 34,633 90.4
2010 1,767 6.1 27,433 93.9
2011 1,767 6.1 27,433 93.9
2012 2,049 7.0 27,151 93.0
Sabah
2008 4,300,000 57.4 3,187,564 42.6
2009 4,305,512 57.5 3,182,052 42.5
2010 4,305,512 57.5 3,182,052 42.5
2011 4,305,512 57.5 3,182,052 42.5
2012 4,435,990 60.3 2,926,010 39.7

154

KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 4.5: Kawasan berhutan dan tidak berhutan, Malaysia, 2008-2012 (samb.)
Table 4.5: Forested and non-forested areas, Malaysia, 2008-2012 (contd)

Negeri
State
Tahun
Year
Berhutan
Forested
Tidak Berhutan
Non-Forested
Hektar
Hectares
(%)
Hektar
Hectares
(%)
Sarawak
2008 8,064,643 65.5 4,250,957 34.5
2009 8,064,646 65.5 4,250,954 34.5
2010 7,912,330 64.2 4,403,270 35.8
2011 7,887,330 64.0 4,428,270 36.0
2012 7,886,500 64.0 4,429,100 36.0
W.P. Labuan
2

2008 - - - -
2009 - - - -
2010 1,931 21.0 7,269 79.0
2011 .. .. .. ..
2012 .. .. .. ..

1
Bagi 2008 dan 2009, W.P. Kuala Lumpur termasuk Sumber: Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia,
W.P. Putrajaya dan W.P. Labuan. Bagi 2010-2012, Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah dan Jabatan Hutan Sarawak
W.P. Kuala Lumpur termasuk W.P. Putrajaya sahaja Source: Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia,
For 2008 and 2009, W.P. Kuala Lumpur includes Sabah Forestry Department and Forests Department Sarawak
W.P. Putrajaya and W.P. Labuan. For 2010-2012,
W.P. Kuala Lumpur includes only W.P. Putrajaya

2
Data 2011 dan 2012 bagi

W.P. Labuan belum diperoleh
Data 2011 and 2012 for W.P. Labuan is not available

155

KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 4.6: Keluasan hutan simpanan kekal, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 4.6: Area of permanent reserved forest, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 13,093,975
r
13,119,072 13,085,343 13,078,092 13,048,958
1

Peninsular Malaysia
4,807,565
r
4,930,569 4,919,685 4,912,434 4,893,613
Johor 441,251 438,751 432,678 432,208 432,208
Kedah 342,613 342,613 342,613 342,613 325,463
Kelantan 623,849 623,849 623,849 623,849 623,849
Melaka 5,080 5,080 5,079 4,818 5,151
Negeri Sembilan 155,909 157,058 153,837 153,459 154,578
Pahang 1,562,496 1,562,902 1,562,902 1,562,902 1,562,902
Perak 873,936
r
991,436 987,511 986,262 983,136
Perlis 10,586 10,808 10,808 10,799 10,799
Pulau Pinang 6,098 6,098 6,098 6,098 6,098
Selangor 241,568 247,793 250,129 250,129 250,129
Terengganu 544,118 544,118 544,118 539,234 539,232
W.P. Kuala Lumpur 61 63 63 63 68
Sabah
2
3,604,867 3,604,894 3,606,647 3,606,647 3,609,249
Sarawak
3
4,681,543 4,583,609 4,559,011 4,559,011 4,546,096

1
Hutan simpanan kekal di Semenanjung Malaysia Sumber: Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia,
terdiri daripada hutan darat, paya gambut, Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah dan Jabatan Hutan Sarawak
paya laut dan ladang hutan Source: Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia,
Permanent reserved forest in Peninsular Malaysia Sabah Forestry Department and Forests Department Sarawak
consists of inland forest, peat swamp forest,
mangrove forest and forest plantation

2
Hutan simpanan kekal di Sabah terdiri daripada
hutan darat, paya gambut, paya laut dan bukit
Permanent reserved forest in Sabah consists of
inland forest, peat swamp forest, mangrove forest and hill

3
Hutan simpanan kekal di Sarawak terdiri daripada
paya gambut, paya laut dan bukit
Permanent reserved forest in Sarawak consists of
peat swamp forest, mangrove forest and hill

Hektar
Hectares

156

TEKANAN
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Jadual 4.7: Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 4.7: Production of major timber products by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri/Kawasan
State/Region
Tahun
Year
Kayu
balak
Logs
Kayu
gergaji
Sawn timber
Papan
lapis
Plywood
Venir
Veneer
Papan
blok
Blockboard
Kayu
kumai
Moulding
Malaysia

2008 20,082,668 4,465,834 4,837,306 1,004,262 98,287 352,778
2009 18,309,807 3,888,305 4,155,312 845,672 72,142 301,786
2010 17,797,313 4,301,467 4,279,783 796,891 69,849 342,719
2011 15,994,871
r
3,994,762 3,887,414 1,026,241 66,839 368,345
2012 15,891,901 3,965,742 3,629,065 928,465 61,222 352,000
Peninsular Malaysia

2008 4,028,724 2,386,598 467,153 13,739 - 170,846
2009 3,686,717 2,080,706 357,490 7,685 - 141,973
2010 4,161,568 2,659,253 382,884 34,632 - 160,928
2011 4,171,971
r
2,675,384 403,262 54,991 - 235,500
2012 4,467,667 2,790,071 415,466 61,778 - 243,968
Johor

2008 105,428 282,569 12,781 2,977 - 1,530
2009 70,740 231,574 1,397 2,776 - 1,185
2010 72,777 422,361 - 3,529 - 1,424
2011 70,790
r
409,120 - 2,231 - 1,132
2012 50,951 418,005 - 5,138 - 1,058
Kedah

2008 233,046 59,524 195,755 - - 27,291
2009 209,330 54,884 125,096 - - 10,660
2010 202,477 72,791 144,728 - - 13,307
2011 367,822 71,057 133,746 - - 14,297
2012 304,078 67,340 113,454 - - 972
Kelantan

2008 1,408,715 489,189 14,970 5,313 - 874
2009 1,265,291 438,156 23,364 1,438 - 3,616
2010 1,269,968 575,005 96 26,220 - 6,236
2011 1,128,921 543,392 19,581 50,308 - 6,545
2012 1,111,040 542,982 24,040 48,040 - 8,483
Melaka

2008 692 22,501 75 - - -
2009 679 33,815 - - - -
2010 778 34,991 - 1,237 - -
2011 1,163 39,553 - - - -
2012 - 31,987 - - - -
Negeri Sembilan

2008 65,844 188,423 4,413 - - 951
2009 87,843 177,158 6,030 - - 1,235
2010 67,377 199,074 9,600 - - 1,889
2011 112,162 227,677 9,037 - - 1,327
2012 112,661 265,066 9,100 8,600 - 869
Pahang

2008 1,121,226 559,823 164,652 4,617 - 22,904
2009 1,174,658 464,607 153,305 2,755 - 14,484
2010 1,374,041 613,380 143,640 3,206 - 12,531
2011 1,407,351 587,975 144,053 2,452 - 32,980
2012 1,661,572 585,078 157,439 - - 21,356

Meter padu
Cubic metres

157

TEKANAN
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Jadual 4.7: Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012 (samb.)
Table 4.7: Production of major timber products by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012 (contd)

Negeri/Kawasan
State/Region
Tahun
Year
Kayu balak
Logs
Kayu
gergaji
Sawn timber
Papan
lapis
Plywood
Venir
Veneer
Papan blok
Blockboard
Kayu
kumai
Moulding
Perak

2008 681,722 286,851 34,144 259 - 2,411
2009 567,594 234,323 29,412 - - 1,604
2010 609,461 216,754 37,518 - - 2,095
2011 656,264 255,324 57,654 - - 2,317
2012 660,289 374,138 71,187 - - 2,054
Perlis

2008 - - - - - -
2009 - - - - - -
2010 218 - - - - -
2011 461 - - - - -
2012 424 - - - - -
Pulau Pinang

2008 - 50,623 9,575 - - 13,732
2009 - 47,240 3,849 - - 16,884
2010 - 94,605 24,738 - - 15,777
2011 946 101,024 34,353 - - 37,021
2012 2,736 58,106 39,156 - - 75,573
Selangor

2008 23,789 87,538 20,315 573 - 75,654
2009 6,193 101,510 12,306 716 - 68,298
2010 4,333 90,744 17,520 440 - 83,710
2011 2,596 119,220 2,167 - - 115,417
2012 2,064 110,707 1,090 - - 106,140
Terengganu

2008 388,262 358,308 10,473 - - 25,499
2009 304,389 295,529 2,731 - - 24,007
2010 560,138 339,548 5,044 - - 23,959
2011 423,495 321,042 2,671 - - 24,464
2012 561,852 336,662 - - - 27,463
W.P. Kuala Lumpur

2008 - 1,249 - - - -
2009 - 1,910 - - - -
2010 - - - - - -
2011 - - - - - -
2012 - - - - - -
Sabah

2008 4,718,368 855,779 1,245,958 190,554 65,684 164,558
2009 4,251,951 741,251 1,033,508 163,604 43,172 145,355
2010 3,483,928 515,023 1,020,924 130,728 33,491 166,036
2011 2,212,466 355,649 776,461 138,481 34,420 123,372
2012 1,965,671 325,671 713,599 106,687 33,222 99,532
Sarawak

2008 11,335,576 1,223,457 3,124,195 799,969 32,603 17,374
2009 10,371,139 1,066,348 2,764,314 674,383 28,970 14,458
2010 10,151,817 1,127,191 2,875,975 631,531 36,358 15,755
2011 9,610,434 963,729 2,707,691 832,769 32,419 9,473
2012 9,458,563 850,000 2,500,000 760,000 28,000 8,500

Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah, Jabatan Hutan Sarawak dan
Perbadanan Kemajuan Perusahaan Kayu Sarawak
Sabah Forestry Department, Forests Department Sarawak and
Sarawak Timber Industry Development Corporation

Nota: Data merujuk kepada data syarikat yang berdaftar dengan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia,
Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah, Jabatan Hutan Sarawak dan
Perbadanan Kemajuan Perusahaan Kayu Sarawak sahaja
Note: Data refers to data of establishment registered with Forest
Department Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah Forestry Department,
Forests Department Sarawak and Sarawak Timber Industry
Development Corporation only

Meter padu
Cubic metres

158

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Jadual 4.8: Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 4.8: Forest area licensed for harvesting by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 485,569 409,307 393,840 495,845 437,255
Peninsular Malaysia
103,210 86,344 98,635 110,520 93,164
Johor 8,968 4,317 5,473 4,058 6,284
Kedah 5,447 4,031 5,602 6,308 3,265
Kelantan 30,464 24,831 23,750 24,555 20,212
Melaka 85 57 - 38 356
Negeri Sembilan 3,861 4,196 2,640 6,706 2,810
Pahang 29,214 30,211 30,881 39,458 35,912
Perak 15,742 11,678 17,617 19,292 12,045
Perlis - - 15 2 21
Pulau Pinang - 24 - 65 179
Selangor 1,188 205 737 180 128
Terengganu 8,241 6,794 11,920 9,858 11,952
Wilayah Persekutuan
1
- - - - -
Sabah 172,441 130,962 143,934 145,788 127,541
Sarawak 209,918 192,001 151,271 239,537 216,550

1
Wilayah Persekutuan termasuk W.P. Putrajaya, Sumber: Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia,
W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan W.P. Labuan Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah dan Jabatan Hutan Sarawak
Wilayah Persekutuan includes W.P. Putrajaya, Source: Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia,
W.P. Kuala Lumpur and W.P. Labuan Sabah Forestry Department and Forests Department Sarawak

Hektar
Hectares

159

TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Jadual 4.9: Keluasan bertanam bagi tanaman utama, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 4.9: Planted area of major crops, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Tanaman
Crops
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Getah
Rubber
986.2
r
1,015.1
r
1,015.2 1,012.8 1,059.7
p

Kelapa sawit
Oil palm
4,487.9 4,691.1 4,853.8 5,000.1 5,076.9
Koko
Cocoa
20.9 19.3 20.8 21.2 21.7
p

Lada
Pepper
13.4 13.6 14.2
r
14.7
r
14.8
Padi
Paddy
656.6 674.9 677.9
r
687.5 692.3
p

Teh
Tea
2.0 1.5 2.4 2.5 2.6
p

Tembakau
Tobacco
6.7 7.6 3.7 4.2 2.5
p

Sumber: Kementerian Pertanian dan Industri Asas Tani,
Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia,
Lembaga Kenaf dan Tembakau Negara,
Lembaga Koko Malaysia, Lembaga Lada Malaysia,
Lembaga Getah Malaysia, dan Pihak Berkuasa
Kemajuan Pekebun Kecil Perusahaan Getah
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry,
Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB),
National Kenaf and Tobacco Board,
Malaysia Cocoa Board, Malaysian Pepper Board,
Malaysian Rubber Board and Rubber Industry Smallholders
Development Authority

Hektar (000)
Hectares

160

TEKANAN
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Jadual 4.10: Pengeluaran tanaman utama, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 4.10: Production of major crops, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Komoditi
Commodity
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2012
(Jan.- Jun)
2013
p

(Jan.- Jun)
Beras
Rice
1,516.4 1,620.2
r
1,588.4
r
1,661.2 1,774.0 .. ..
Biji koko (mentah/disalai)
Cocoa beans (raw/roasted)
28.0 18.2 15.7 4.6 3.6
p
2.5
p
1.5
Getah
Rubber
1,072.4 857.6
r
939.2 996.2 922.8 457.8 394.4
Minyak kelapa (mentah dan
bertapis)
Coconut Oil (crude and
refined)
42.3 41.9 45.6 37.6 60.6 29.3 35.7
Minyak sawit mentah
Crude palm oil
17,734.4 17,564.9 16,993.7 18,911.5
r
18,784.7 7,814.7 8,392.0
Teh (daun hijau)
1
Tea (green leaves)
12.2
r
15.6 19.9 17.0 16.8 8.1 7.7
Tembakau
Tobacco
6.3 2.4 3.1 2.9 2.0 1.3 -

1
Merujuk kepada pengeluaran dari estet Sumber: Kementerian Pertanian dan Industri Asas Tani,
di Semenanjung Malaysia sahaja Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia, Lembaga Kenaf
Refers to production from estates in dan Tembakau Negara, Lembaga Koko Malaysia,
Peninsular Malaysia only Kemajuan Pekebun Kecil Perusahaan Getah,
Lembaga Getah Malaysia dan Pihak Berkuasa
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry,
Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), National Kenaf and
Tobacco Board, Malaysia Cocoa Board, Malaysian
Rubber Board and Rubber Industry Smallholders
Development Authority (RISDA)

Jadual 4.11: Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 4.11: Index of Industrial Production, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Wajaran
Weights
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Indeks keseluruhan
Overall index
100.0 108.1
r
99.9 107.1 108.4 113.1
Perlombongan
Mining
30.61 99.1 95.5 93.9 87.1 89.3
Pembuatan
Manufacturing
63.51 112.2
r
100.9 112.1 117.2
r
123.1
Elektrik
Electricity
5.88 110.5 111.4 121.2 123.6 129.9

Tahun asas (2005=100)
Base year

Tan metrik (000)
Tonnes

161

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Jadual 4.12: Pengeluaran galian mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 4.12: Production of minerals by type, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Galian
Minerals
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Mineral berlogam
Metallic minerals
Timah dalam konsentrat
1
Tin-in-concentrates
2,606 2,412 2,668 3,340
r
3,725
Bijih besi
Iron ore
981,932 1,470,186 3,557,813 8,077,879
r
10,295,886
Bauksit
Bauxite
275,069 263,432 124,274 182,831
r
121,873
Ilmenit
Ilmenite
36,779 15,983 19,039 28,782 22,275
Emas mentah ('000 gram)
Raw gold ('000 grams)
2,490.0 2,794.2 3,765.9 4,219.3
r
4,624.9
Mineral bukan berlogam
Non-metallic mineral
Barit
Barytes
4,372 6,380 1,000 .. ..
Tanah liat & bahan tanah
Clay & earth materials
25,065,217 22,966,036 27,543,322 28,374,020 ..
Feldspar Natrium
Sodium Feldspar
430,497 356,620 363,006 322,029
r
237,945
Kaolin 419,157 463,736 473,273 405,717
r
424,662
Batu kapur (untuk simen)
Limestone (for cement)
23,852,825 22,165,099 22,431,147 21,832,159 ..
Mika
Mica
5,593 4,323 4,515 4,245
r
3,967
Pasir dan kerikil
Sand and gravel
24,472,000 17,382,050 30,698,267 37,339,082 ..
Silika
Silica
345,447 161,115 855,868 1,097,275
r
800,692
Agregat
Aggregates
75,883,364 86,497,394 101,809,657 118,509,699 ..
Mineral tenaga
Energy mineral
Arang batu
Coal
1,166,524 2,138,390 2,397,340 2,915,788
r
2,951,034

1
Timah merujuk kepada timah dalam konsentrat Sumber: Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains
yang mana ia adalah kandungan timah dalam Source: Minerals and Geoscience Department
konsentrat timah. Konsentrat timah merujuk kepada
bahan-bahan mentah mengandungi timah yang
digunakan oleh pelebur-pelebur timah.
Tin refers to tin-in-Concentrate which is the tin content in
tin concentrate. Tin concentrate refers to tin bearing materials
which are used by tin smelters.

Tan metrik
Tonnes

162

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Jadual 4.13: Penjanaan tenaga elektrik mengikut kawasan dan stesen, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 4.13: Electricity generated by region and station, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Kawasan
Region
Tahun
Year
Stesen
wap
Steam
stations
Stesen
diesel
Diesel
stations
Stesen
hidro
Hydro
stations
Turbin
gas
Gas
turbines
Lain-lain
1
Others
Jumlah
Total
Malaysia
2008 25,637.5 1,968.9 7,190.2 70,565.3 1,564.9 106,926.9
2009 32,382.5 1,958.1 6,625.1 63,231.2 2,918.9 107,115.8
2010 259.4 2,043.9 6,251.3 61,449.9 46,803.1 116,807.6
r

2011 261.4 5,056.6
r
7,647.7
r
52,201.6
r
53,621.2
r
118,788.4
r

2012 365.9 3,873.3 9,069.2 57,067.1 54,541.7 124,917.2
1
Peninsular Malaysia
2008 25,350.1 315.7 6,194.6 63,738.2 165.8 95,764.4
2009 32,149.9 308.7 5,795.0 56,927.1 165.8 95,346.6
2010

0.0 348.1 5,231.6 54,227.5 43,463.9 103,271.1
2011 0.0 3,632.6
r
5,926.4
r
44,336.2 50,404.0 104,299.3
2012 0.0 2,612.9 5,519.8 49,107.3 51,663.1 108,903.2
Sabah
2008 287.4 1,303.8 489.1 2,569.5 66.0 4,715.9
2009 232.5 1,354.9 369.0 2,678.6 105.0 4,740.0
2010

259.4 1,433.1 478.0 2,776.9 158.0 5,105.4
2011 261.4 1,180.1 467.0 3,432.5 173.0 5,514.0
2012 365.9 1,080.1 425.3 3,812.4 162.0 5,845.7
Sarawak
1
2008 0.0 349.4 506.5 4,257.6 1,333.1 6,446.6
2009 0.0 294.5 461.0 3,625.6 2,648.1 7,029.2
2010

0.0 262.7 541.7 4,445.5 3,181.3 8,431.1
2011 0.0 243.9
r
1,254.3
r
4,432.8
r
3,044.1
r
8,975.2
r

2012 0.0 180.4 3,124.1 4,147.3 2,716.6 10,168.4

1
Semenanjung Malaysia merujuk kepada biomas dan Sumber: Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Bekalan Elektrik

Sarawak merujuk kepada arang batu dan solar Sabah Sdn. Bhd., Sarawak Energy Berhad,
For Peninsular Malaysia refers to biomass and Jabatan Bekalan Elektrik & Gas dan
Sarawak refers to coal and solar Pengeluar Tenaga Bebas
Source: Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd.,
Sarawak Energy Berhad, Department of Electricity &
Gas Supply and Independent Power Producer

Juta KWH
Million KWH

163

TEKANAN
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Jadual 4.14: Tenaga elektrik yang dibekalkan dan digunakan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 4.14: Electricity supplied and consumed, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Transaksi
Transaction
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Unit
Juta KWH
Million KWH
Malaysia
Tenaga elektrik yang dijana
106,926.9 107,115.8 116,807.6 118,788.4
r
124,917.2
Tenaga elektrik yang diimport
Electricity imported
0.1 - 0.1 324.1 1.1
Jumlah bekalan
Total supply
106,927.0 107,115.8 116,807.7 119,112.5
r
124,918.3
Kegunaan tenaga elektrik:-
Consumption of electricity:-

Kegunaan sendiri oleh
pemasangan swasta
Own consumption by private
installations
2,003.6 1,913.9 1,891.9 2,026.0 2,381.6
Edaran oleh pemasangan awam
mengikut jenis pengguna:-
Distribution by public installations
by type of consumers:-

(i) Kediaman
Domestic
18,238.7 19,533.0 21,296.5 21,671.8 23,321.5
(ii) Perniagaan
Commercial
29,287.7 31,338.8 33,769.3 35,343.6 37,167.1
(iii) Perindustrian
Industrial
43,796.1 39,738.0 43,402.1 46,276.6
r
47,438.8
(iv) Lampu awam
Public lighting
1,067.2 1,190.0 1,190.3 1,260.6 1,366.7
Jumlah edaran
Total distribution
92,389.6 91,799.8 99,658.2 104,552.6
r
109,294.0
Tenaga elektrik yang dieksport
Electricity exported
469.4 91.8 147.6 10.2 12.6
Kehilangan dalam pancaran dan
perbezaan perangkaan
Losses in transmissions and
statistical discrepancies
12,064.5 13,310.4 15,110.0 12,523.7
r
13,230.1
Jumlah
Total
106,927.0 107,115.8 116,807.7 119,112.5
r
124,918.3

Sumber: Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Bekalan Elektrik Sabah Sdn. Bhd., Sarawak Energy Berhad,
Jabatan Bekalan Elektrik & Gas dan Pengeluar Tenaga Bebas
Source: Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd., Sarawak Energy Berhad,
Department of Electricity & Gas Supply and Independent Power Producer

164

TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Jadual 4.15: Jalan raya mengikut jenis dan bidang kuasa
1
, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 4.15: Roads by surface type and jurisdiction, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Bidang kuasa
Jurisdiction
Jenis
Type
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Jumlah
Total
122,668 135,226 144,403 155,426 182,699

Persekutuan
Federal
Jumlah
Total
16,612 16,946 17,254 17,475 19,428
Berturap
Paved
16,602 16,936 17,254 17,475 19,428
Kelikir
Gravel
10 10 - - -
Tanah
Earth
- - - - -

Negeri
State
Jumlah
Total
106,056 118,280 127,149 137,952 163,272
Berturap
Paved
81,413 92,438 98,915 108,301 123,585
Kelikir
Gravel
16,363 16,796 18,480 19,424 25,803
Tanah
Earth
8,280 9,046 9,754 10,227 13,884

1
Tidak termasuk jalan di bawah tanggungjawab Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan Sumber: Jabatan Kerja Raya
Excludes roads maintain by Local Authorities Source: Public Works Department

Kilometer
Kilometre

165

TINDAK BALAS KEPADA ALAM SEKITAR

Jadual 4.16: Peruntukan dan perbelanjaan pembangunan hutan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 4.16: Forest development allocation and expenditure, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
Bidang
Kuasa
Jurisdiction
Perkara
Items
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia

Jumlah
Total

Peruntukan
Allocation
185.1
r
149.1
r
152.8
r
88.9
r
131.3
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
160.7
r
139.2
r
147.8
r
83.5
r
119.1
Negeri
State

Peruntukan
Allocation
125.0
r
71.7
r
72.8
r
66.7
r
98.3
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
102.6
r
65.7
r
69.1
r
61.5
r
87.0
Persekutuan
Federal

Peruntukan
Allocation
60.1 77.4
r
80.0
r
22.2
r
33.0
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
58.1 73.5
r
78.7
r
22.0
r
32.1
Peninsular Malaysia

Jumlah
Total

Peruntukan
Allocation
116.8 63.1 59.7 52.2
r
85.4
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
95.8 59.8 57.6 47.4
r
75.8
Negeri
State

Peruntukan
Allocation
96.5 42.0 37.1 41.3 67.5
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
75.9 39.0 35.2 36.5 57.9
Persekutuan
Federal

Peruntukan
Allocation
20.3 21.1 22.6 10.9 17.9
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
19.9 20.8 22.4 10.9 17.9
Sabah

Jumlah
Total

Peruntukan
Allocation
42.5 43.3 45.0 26.6
r
35.0
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
41.4 40.7 44.4 26.4
r
34.4
Negeri
State

Peruntukan
Allocation
20.2 22.5 29.0 18.4
r
23.6
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
20.1 20.9 28.6 18.3
r
23.0
Persekutuan
Federal

Peruntukan
Allocation
22.3 20.8 16.0 8.2 11.4
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
21.3 19.8 15.8 8.1 11.4
Sarawak

Jumlah
Total

Peruntukan
Allocation
25.8
r
42.7
r
48.1
r
10.1
r
10.9
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
23.5
r
38.7
r
45.8
r
9.7
r
8.9
Negeri
State

Peruntukan
Allocation
8.3
r
7.2
r
6.7
r
7.0
r
7.2
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
6.6
r
5.8
r
5.3
r
6.7
r
6.1
Persekutuan
Federal

Peruntukan
Allocation
17.5 35.5
r
41.4
r
3.1
r
3.7
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
16.9 32.9
r
40.5
r
3.0
r
2.8

RM juta
RM million

166


Jadual 4.17: Pembangunan sumber hutan dan pemeliharaan/pemuliharaan alam sekitar, Semenanjung
Malaysia
1
, 2008-2012
Table 4.17: Forest resource development and environmental conservation/rehabilitation, Peninsular Malaysia, 2008-2012

Peninsular Malaysia
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Silvikultur dan pemuliharaan hutan
Silviculture and forest rehabilitation
Inventori selepas tebangan
Post felling inventory
15,586 14,360 12,297 13,295 14,806
Rawatan CL
CL treatment
6,745 7,136 7,986 5,797 4,396
Tanaman rotan
Rattan planting
42 - - 125 50
Tanaman mengaya
2

Enrichment planting
1,628 715 2,781 1,039 1,852
Penyelenggaraan tapak semaian (bil.)
Nursery area maintenance (no.)
19 34 39 32 43
Tanaman buloh
Bamboo planting
10 - - - 10
Perhutanan masyarakat
Community forestry
Hutan lipur dan hutan taman negeri (bil.)
Amenity forest and state park forest (no.)
129 129 130 130 131
Hutan bandar (pokok)
Urban forest
30,011 396,248 19,863 7,721 63,693
Hutan pelajaran (bil.)
Education forest (no.)
2 1 15 3 6
Tanaman ubatan
Planting of medical plant
42 34 156 7 2
Pemeliharaan dan pemuliharaan alam sekitar
Environmental conservation and rehabilitation
Tanaman kawasan pantai
3
(pokok)
Coastal planting
1,130,317 941,228 929,504 3,689,377 2,688,261

1
Sumber hutan merujuk kepada data tahun semasa Sumber: Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia
Forest resource development refers to the data of current year Source: Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia

2
Termasuk bekas matau, lorong menarik dan tanaman kawasan lapang/terosot
Includes skid trails, former log landing areas and open area/degraded land planting

3
Tanaman pokok bakau dan spesies-spesies yang sesuai di persisiran pantai negara
Planting of mangroves and other suitable tree species along the national coastline

Hektar
Hectares

167


Jadual 4.18: Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sabah, 2008-2012
Table 4.18: Forest resource development, Sabah, 2008-2012

Sumber
Source
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Tanaman mengaya
Enrichment planting
21,203 24,965 29,092 32,936 40,203
Ladang hutan
Forest plantation
201,661 211,399 217,215
r
225,682 239,112
Tanaman bakau
Mangroves
168 542 738 738 752
Rawatan silvikultur
Silviculture treatment
104,114 126,857 151,932 174,207 194,329

Sumber: Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah
Source: Sabah Forestry Department

Jadual 4.19: Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sarawak
1
, 2008-2012
Table 4.19: Forest resource development, Sarawak, 2008-2012

Sumber
Source
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Ladang hutan
Forest plantation
19,063 30,568 22,028 12,955
r
15,208
Tanaman bakau

Mangroves
64 88 97 - -
Tanaman kawasan pantai
(bilangan pokok)

Coastal plantation
(number of trees)
153,600 177,775 195,957 - -

1
Sumber hutan merujuk kepada data tahun semasa Sumber: Jabatan Hutan Sarawak
Forest resource development refers to the data of current year Source: Forests Department Sarawak

Hektar
Hectares
Hektar
Hectares

168
LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Jadual 5.1: Anggaran penduduk pertengahan tahun, Malaysia, 2008-2013
Table 5.1: Mid-year population estimates, Malaysia, 2008-2013

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
p
2013
e

Kadar
pertumbuhan
penduduk
tahunan
Annual
population
growth rate (%)
Kadar
pertumbuhan
penduduk
tahunan
Annual
population
growth rate (%)
('000) 2011/2012 2012/2013
Malaysia 27,567.6 28,081.5 28,588.6 29,062.0 29,517.7 29,947.6 1.6 1.4
Johor 3,252.3 3,309.4 3,362.9 3,410.5 3,456.7 3,496.6 1.3 1.1
Kedah 1,900.2 1,925.3 1,949.3 1,971.8 1,994.6 2,012.5 1.1 0.9
Kelantan 1,549.8 1,570.0 1,589.9 1,618.8 1,648.4 1,675.1 1.8 1.6
Melaka 790.5 807.8 823.6 833.2 842.7 849.4 1.1 0.8
Negeri
Sembilan
999.6 1,014.9 1,029.5 1,047.4 1,064.6 1,079.8 1.6 1.4
Pahang 1,461.6 1,481.7 1,501.9 1,526.8 1,550.7 1,571.7 1.6 1.3
Perak 2,355.7 2,355.7 2,379.0 2,402.7 2,426.6 2,446.6 1.0 0.8
Perlis 230.1 233.0 235.8 237.3 239.0 240.2 0.7 0.5
Pulau
Pinang
1,531.3 1,554.3 1,575.9 1,601.0 1,625.8 1,647.7 1.5 1.3
Sabah 3,105.1 3,181.1 3,260.0 3,345.5 3,417.0 3,496.6 2.1 2.3
Sarawak 2,408.4 2,450.8 2,487.1 2,527.9 2,567.4 2,619.3 1.6 2.0
Selangor
1
5,268.5 5,417.8 5,502.1 5,600.3 5,698.5 5,785.2 1.7 1.5
Terengganu 1,025.2 1,040.7 1,055.4 1,079.0 1,103.4 1,125.0 2.2 1.9
W.P. Kuala
Lumpur
1,628.9 1,652.8 1,674.8 1,693.0 1,710.1 1,724.5 1.0 0.8
W.P.
Labuan
84.6 86.3 88.2 89.4 90.5 91.3 1.2 0.9
W.P.
Putrajaya
n.a. n.a. 73.4 77.5 81.8 86.0 5.4 5.0

1
Termasuk W.P. Putrajaya pada 2008 dan 2009
Includes W.P. Putrajaya in 2008 and 2009

2008-2009 : Anggaran Penduduk Pertengahan Tahun Antara Banci berasaskan data Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan

2010- 2013 : Anggaran Penduduk Pertengahan Tahun berasaskan data Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan 2010 yang disesuaikan

169
LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Jadual 5.2: Kepadatan penduduk mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2000, 2009-2012
Table 5.2: Population density by state, Malaysia, 2000, 2009-2012

Negeri
State
2000 2009 2010 2011 2012
p

Malaysia 71 85 86 88 89
Johor 144 172 175 177 179
Kedah 176 202 205 208 210
Kelantan 90 104 105 107 109
Melaka 389 486 495 501 506
Pahang 36 41 42 42 43
Perak 99 112 113 114 115
Perlis 253 285 287 289 292
Pulau Pinang 1,272 1,484 1,504 1,521 1,537
Sabah 35 44 44 45 46
Sarawak 17 20 20 20 20
Selangor
1
514 660 679 688 697
W.P. Kuala Lumpur 5,827 6,808 6,892 6,973 7,051
W.P. Labuan 836 950 969 987 1,006
W.P. Putrajaya n.a. n.a. 1,498 1,559 1,621

1
Termasuk W.P. Putrajaya pada 2008 dan 2009
Includes W.P. Putrajaya in 2008 and 2009

2000 : Anggaran Penduduk Pertengahan Tahun berasaskan data Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan 2000 yang disesuaikan

2009 : Anggaran Penduduk Pertengahan Tahun Antara Banci berasaskan data Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan

2010- 2012 : Anggaran Penduduk Pertengahan Tahun berasaskan data Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan 2010 yang disesuaikan

Bilangan orang bagi setiap km
2

Number of persons per km
2

170
LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

Jadual 5.3: Bilangan penduduk mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 5.3: The number of population by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2012

Kumpulan umur
Age group
Lelaki
Male
Perempuan
Female
Jumlah
Total
Bilangan
Number
('000)
%
Bilangan
Number
('000)
%
Bilangan
Number
('000)
%
Jumlah
Total
15,215.1 100.0 14,302.5 100.0 29,517.7 100.0
0 4 1,308.7 8.6 1,234.4 8.6 2,543.2 8.6
5 9 1,326.4 8.8 1,256.8 8.7 2,583.2 8.8
10 14 1,369.1 9.0 1,301.9 9.0 2,670.9 9.1
15 19 1,467.4 9.7 1,384.7 9.6 2,852.1 9.7
20 24 1,565.0 10.3 1,447.9 10.3 3,012.9 10.1
25 29 1,546.3 9.9 1,376.6 10.2 2,922.9 9.6
30 34 1,256.4 8.0 1,110.9 8.3 2,367.3 7.8
35 39 1,040.6 6.8 953.0 6.8 1,993.6 6.7
40 44 925.7 6.2 901.9 6.1 1,827.7 6.3
45 49 855.6 5.6 811.3 5.6 1,666.8 5.7
50 54 751.7 4.9 704.2 4.9 1,456.0 4.9
55 59 592.4 3.9 567.0 3.9 1,159.5 4.0
60 64 453.3 3.0 443.5 3.0 896.8 3.1
65 69 305.6 2.1 307.3 2.0 612.9 2.1
70 74 208.8 1.4 217.4 1.4 426.2 1.5
75+ 242.1 1.8 283.7 1.6 525.7 2.0

Note: Mid-Year Population Estimates based on the adjusted Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2010

Jadual 5.4: Nisbah personel perubatan terlatih
1
-penduduk, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 5.4: Trained medical personnel-population ratio, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Personel perubatan
Medical personnel
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Doktor
Doctor
1:1,097 1:914 1:859 1:791 1:758
Doktor gigi
Dentist
1:7,566 1:7,820 1:7,437 1:6,810 1:6,436
Jururawat
Nurses
1:508 1:470 1:410 1:387 1:345

1

171
KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 5.5: Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan mengikut industri, 2008-2012
Table 5.5: Quantity of scheduled wastes generated by industry, 2008-2012

Industri
1

Industry
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Jumlah
Total
1,304,898.8 1,705,308.1 1,880,928.5 1,622,031.5 1,708,708.8
Asbestos 143.0 98.5 259.2 n.a. n.a.
Asas kertas
Paper based
36,983.4 15,848.0 32,899.8 66,418.3 58,161.3
Asas tani
Agro based
n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2,343.3
Bateri
Batteries
7,640.8 3,760.5 3,594.0 3,704.1 3,978.8
Bengkel
Workshop
86,672.8 104,656.8 107,020.7 124,245.5 98,754.8
Berasaskan kayu
Wood based
2,327.9 6,057.8 1,066.0 1,080.4 2,186.9
Cat
Paint
n.a. 9,500.3 11,625.6 11,804.5 12,221.5
Elektronik/Elektrikal
Electronic/Electrical
190,868.3 196,808.6 274,582.8 181,754.5 162,237.7
Farmasi
Pharmaceutical
12,367.7 80,324.6 45,075.5 20,316.6 31,320.9
Fotografik
Photographic
n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2,125.8
Gas industri
Industrial gas
20,212.1 5,321.5 6,523.6 2,218.9 3,386.2
Getah & plastik
Rubber & plastic
18,029.8
2
36,548.7
3
42,208.0 27,069.3 37,534.8
Gentian Kaca
Fibre glass
n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 3,820.0
Janakuasa
Power station
77,344.3 235,812.6 31,003.0 254,777.9 47,241.7
Kilang Minyak Sawit
Palm Oil Mill
n.a. n.a. n.a. 36,058.5 52,723.4
Kimia
Chemical
527,925.6 524,750.2 768,411.4 445,915.8 473,985.4
Kristal
Glass
2,067.5 1,976.2 6,385.2 3,071.1 3,064.5
Logam
Metal
168,758.1 126,763.7 166,938.1 127,349.6 177,185.4
Makanan
Food
3,947.4 5,748.3 7,249.6 7,646.7 12,116.9
Mineral/Seramik/Jubin/Plaster
Mineral/Ceramic/Tiles/Plaster
2,488.3 2,342.4 4,221.8 3,816.7 7,548.4
Pencetak & pembungkusan
Printing & packaging
31,095.5 30,057.5 27,329.0 32,602.7 28,350.0
Perkapalan
Shipping
31,464.0 102,586.5 32,248.9 33,437.0 33,465.2
Petroleum & Oleokimia
4

Petroleum & Oleochemical
24,150.7 42,595.9 44,275.5 38,719.0 31,874.0
Premis yang ditetapkan
Prescribed premises
51,970.3 168,107.0 260,636.8 164,510.9 412,800.0
Resin & perekat
Resin & adhesive
1,062.7 991.6 475.7 n.a. n.a.
Tekstil
Textile
3,704.3 1,559.0 1,198.0 1,624.6 2,962.1
Lain-lain
Others
3,674.4
5
3,091.8 5,700.8 33,888.8 8,138.0

1
Merujuk kepada Malaysia Industrial Classification (MIC) 1972 Sumber: Jabatan Alam Sekitar

Refers to Malaysia Industrial Classification (MIC) 1972 Source: Department of Environment
2
Merujuk kepada data asas getah
Refers to rubber based data
3
Merujuk kepada data asas getah+plastik
Refers to rubber based + plastic data
4
Data petroleum + oleokimia bermula 2010

Data petroleum + oleochemical is commencing 2010
5
Merujuk kepada data lain-lain + plastik
Refers to others + plastic data

Nota: Tidak termasuk buangan terjadual yang dihantar untuk pengurusan khas
Note: Does not include scheduled wastes sent to special management

Tan metrik
Tonnes

172
KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 5.6: Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untuk pemusnahan di insinerator mengikut negeri,
Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 5.6: Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction at incinerators by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 14,140.1 16,559.0 16,781.1 17,795.5 18,055.0
Johor 1,515.5 1,639.9 1,795.2 1,850.1 2,015.5
Kedah 700.2 847.9 880.4 970.7 1,030.8
Kelantan 763.9 845.4 857.9 650.3 970.8
Melaka 616.2 683.5 734.0 776.4 848.4
Negeri Sembilan 593.3 651.7 729.8 783.5 757.7
Pahang 654.2 768.1 790.4 846.2 946.8
Perak 1,506.2 1,390.1 1,328.5 1,412.9 1,554.3
Perlis 133.1 146.3 153.2 161.6 186.8
Pulau Pinang 1,081.7 1,111.1 1,150.4 1,281.4 1,341.4
Sabah 777.2 889.3 956.6 1,041.0 1,814.6
Sarawak 213.9 924.3 969.5 1,076.9 638.0
Selangor 3,128.9 3,699.9 3,477.5 3,707.5 3,205.9
Terengganu 420.3 453.1 460.0 711.7 561.9
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
1
2,010.1 2,479.1 2,469.2 2,494.4 2,147.6
W.P. Labuan 25.5 29.5 28.5 31.1 34.5

1
Termasuk W.P. Putrajaya Sumber: Jabatan Alam Sekitar
Includes W.P. Putrajaya Source: Department of Environment

Tan metrik
Tonnes

173
KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 5.7: Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya dan kecederaan yang dilaporkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia,
2008-2012
Table 5.7: Number of road accidents and reported casualties by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
Tahun
Year
Road accidents
Kecederaan
Casualties
Kecederaan
1
Injury
Kematian
Death
Jumlah
Total
Malaysia
2008 373,071 25,747 6,527 32,274
2009 397,330 24,672 6,745 31,417
2010 414,421 21,397 6,872 28,269
2011 449,040 18,693 6,877 25,570
2012 462,423 17,522 6,917 24,439
Johor
2008 48,667 2,054 1,065 3,119
2009 51,747 2,497 1,060 3,557
2010 55,381 2,220 1,076 3,296
2011 59,501 1,746 1,073 2,819
2012 62,316 1,842 1,073 2,915
Kedah
2008 16,520 2,547 496 3,043
2009 17,701 2,564 550 3,114
2010 17,966 2,266 532 2,798
2011 19,699 1,937 515 2,452
2012 19,935 1,560 548 2,108
Kelantan
2008 8,814 2,764 380 3,144
2009 10,118 3,076 453 3,529
2010 9,707 3,008 380 3,388
2011 9,603 2,619 392 3,011
2012 9,968 2,486 392 2,878
Melaka
2008 12,105 1,074 243 1,317
2009 13,275 1,157 248 1,405
2010 14,110 851 235 1,086
2011 14,720 704 240 944
2012 15,195 677 243 920
Negeri
Sembilan
2008 17,362 2,214 389 2,603
2009 18,369 2,230 377 2,607
2010 19,407 1,962 399 2,361
2011 21,157 1,789 374 2,163
2012 22,146 1,615 352 1,967
Pahang
2008 15,629 1,294 446 1,740
2009 17,068 1,472 512 1,984
2010 17,315 1,232 574 1,806
2011 19,001 1,108 563 1,671
2012 20,554 961 540 1,501
Perak
2008 30,539 4,582 829 5,411
2009 32,327 3,768 829 4,597
2010 32,072 2,856 820 3,676
2011 33,506 2,529 811 3,340
2012 34,714 2,318 753 3,071

174
KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 5.7: Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya dan kecederaan yang dilaporkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia,
2008-2012 (samb.)
Table 5.7: Number of road accidents and reported casualties by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012 (contd)

Negeri
State
Tahun
Year
Road accidents
Kecederaan
Casualties
Kecederaan
1
Injury
Kematian
Death
Jumlah
Total
Perlis
2008 1,417 492 69 561
2009 1,633 585 90 675
2010 1,548 553 66 619
2011 1,791 547 79 626
2012 1,881 600 71 671
Pulau Pinang
2008 34,049 1,374 354 1,728
2009 33,719 967 395 1,362
2010 34,306 643 370 1,013
2011 37,158 577 392 969
2012 37,851 401 400 801
Sabah
2008 15,488 1,486 325 1,811
2009 16,655 1,440 345 1,785
2010 17,253 1,477 447 1,924
2011 16,585 1,385 398 1,783
2012 17,446 1,476 450 1,926
Sarawak
2008 14,588 1,187 318 1,505
2009 15,798 1,145 332 1,477
2010 16,192 1,015 365 1,380
2011 17,964 972 442 1,414
2012 18,578 1,040 443 1,483
Selangor
2008 100,380 3,111 1,083 4,194
2009 107,429 2,159 976 3,135
2010 115,565 1,493 1,061 2,554
2011 128,876 1,373 1,070 2,443
2012 129,106 1,202 1,102 2,304
Terengganu
2008 8,842 1,419 293 1,712
2009 9,549 1,149 348 1,497
2010 10,106 1,082 314 1,396
2011 10,684 826 292 1,118
2012 10,861 906 301 1,207
W.P. Kuala
Lumpur
2008 48,671 149 237 386
2009 51,942 463 230 693
2010 53,493 739 233 972
2011 58,795 581 236 817
2012 61,872 438 249 687

1
Kecederaan merujuk kepada kecederaan ringan dan parah Sumber: Polis Diraja Malaysia
Injuries refer to minor and serious injuries Source: Royal Malaysia Police

175
KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 5.8: Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 5.8: Number of cases and incidence rate of Food and Water Borne Diseases, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Tahun
Year
Disentri
Dysentery
Keracunan
makanan
Food poisoning
Kolera
Cholera
Tifoid
Typhoid
Viral Hepatitis A
Kes
Cases
(KI)
(IR)
Kes
Cases
(KI)
(IR)
Kes
Cases
(KI)
(IR)
Kes
Cases
(KI)
(IR)
Kes
Cases
(KI)
(IR)
2008 92 0.3 17,322 62.5 93 0.3 201 0.7 36 0.1
2009 154 0.5 10,238 36.2 276 1.0 303 1.1 40 0.1
2010 104 0.4 12,519 44.2 443 1.6 210 0.7 39 0.1
2011 44 0.2 16,292 56.3 586 2.0 242 0.8 496 1.7
2012 86 0.3 13,182 44.9 282 1.0 218 0.8 464 1.6

Nota: KI - Kadar kejadian bagi setiap 100,000 penduduk Sumber: Kementerian Kesihatan
Note: IR - Incidence rate per 100,000 populations Source: Ministry of Health

Jadual 5.9: Kadar kejadian keracunan makanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 5.9: Incidence rate for food poisoning by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 62.5 36.2 44.2 56.3 44.9
Johor 96.9 26.6 29.1 97.6 43.2
Kedah 61.6 36.3 32.7 43.5 51.0
Kelantan 121.5 85.1 142.4 104.0 37.3
Melaka 108.2 55.5 64.2 88.7 108.6
Negeri Sembilan 39.4 13.7 18.4 64.1 63.8
Pahang 119.1 56.6 47.3 44.5 42.8
Perak 64.1 52.9 60.0 57.8 57.8
Perlis 91.9 7.5 13.4 72.4 102.3
Pulau Pinang 51.1 38.7 26.2 34.5 22.3
Sabah
1
54.4 15.3 39.4 42.5 41.4
Sarawak 35.7 8.0 52.6 55.2 49.2
Selangor 24.2 19.7 27.5 29.9 36.8
Terengganu 125.9 83.4 107.5 91.3 78.2
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
2
13.2 72.1 12.9 11.9 12.9
W.P. Labuan n.a. n.a. n.a. - 1.1

1
Bagi 2008 hingga 2010 termasuk W.P. Labuan Sumber: Kementerian Kesihatan

For 2008 to 2010 includes W.P. Labuan Source: Ministry of Health

2


Bagi setiap 100,000 penduduk
Per 100,000 population

176
KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 5.10: Kadar kejadian kolera mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 5.10: Incidence rate for cholera by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 0.3 1.0 1.6 2.0 1.0
Johor - - - - -
Kedah - - 0.1 - -
Kelantan - 1.2 0.4 - -
Melaka - - - - -
Negeri Sembilan - - 0.2 - -
Pahang - - - - -
Perak - - 0.0 0.0 -
Perlis - - - - -
Pulau Pinang - - - - -
Sabah
1
2.9 1.6 13.1 13.0 5.0
Sarawak - - - 6.1 4.4
Selangor - 0.4 0.0 0.0 -
Terengganu - 16.6 - - -
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
2
- - - - -
W.P. Labuan n.a. n.a. n.a. 1.1 -

1


2


Jadual 5.11: Kadar kejadian tifoid mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 5.11: Incidence rate for typhoid by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 0.7 1.1 0.7 0.8 0.8
Johor 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2
Kedah 0.3 0.9 0.1 0.4 0.2
Kelantan 4.5 5.2 3.0 5.2 1.9
Melaka 0.1 0.4 - - -
Negeri Sembilan 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2
Pahang 0.5 0.3 0.2 2.0 0.4
Perak 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.7
Perlis 0.4 - 0.9 - -
Pulau Pinang 0.2 - 0.1 0.0 0.1
Sabah
1
1.8 1.6 2.5 1.5 1.1
Sarawak 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 1.4
Selangor 0.4 1.7 0.6 0.7 0.6
Terengganu 0.2 0.5 0.4 - 0.3
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
2
0.4 0.4 0.7 0.4 2.0
W.P. Labuan n.a. n.a. n.a. - -

1


2



177
KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 5.12a: Bilangan kes demam denggi mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 5.12a: Number of cases of dengue fever by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 46,517 38,749 42,140 18,466 21,181
Johor 3,528 2,324 3,776 1,397 1,599
Kedah 1,678 749 779 493 801
Kelantan 1,792 824 3,299 705 1,227
Melaka 791 646 1,177 432 436
Negeri Sembilan 1,355 956 1,373 691 547
Pahang 1,300 882 1,572 854 627
Perak 4,133 2,651 2,256 1,377 1,683
Perlis 182 187 215 110 171
Pulau Pinang 2,316 2,432 1,813 1,538 770
Sabah
1
1,095 1,186 2,093 374 573
Sarawak 1,511 4,476 4,078 941 1,370
Selangor 20,098 17,023 14,412 7,091 8,742
Terengganu 1,666 915 1,389 569 692
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
2
5,072 3,498 3,908 1,878 1,740
W.P. Labuan n.a. n.a. n.a. 16 203


Jadual 5.12b: Bilangan kes demam denggi berdarah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 5.12b: Number of cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 2,818 2,737 4,031 1,418 719
Johor 380 204 630 186 51
Kedah - 1 3 21 16
Kelantan 607 207 279 38 18
Melaka 39 123 308 18 13
Pahang 27 25 116 40 14
Perak 86 83 32 34 33
Perlis 2 4 - - 1
Sabah
1
20 9 17 28 15
Sarawak 6 14 162 33 39
Selangor 1,164 1,653 1,955 667 371
Terengganu 55 53 83 106 47
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
2
374 248 297 160 74
W.P. Labuan n.a. n.a. n.a. - 1

1


2


178
KEADAAN
STATE

Jadual 5.13: Bilangan kes malaria mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 5.13: Number of cases of malaria by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 7,390 7,010 6,650 5,307 4,725
Johor 90 108 145 91 87
Kedah 128 69 122 62 33
Kelantan 272 276 176 240 174
Melaka 13 10 13 15 18
Pahang 154 176 196 292 216
Perak 97 70 81 164 104
Perlis 4 2 1 1 -
Pulau Pinang 194 86 111 88 37
Sabah
1
4,139 4,012 2,644 2,033 2,057
Sarawak 1,909 1,823 2,802 1,761 1,571
Selangor 223 209 196 286 270
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
2
27 49 58 54 23
W.P. Labuan n.a. n.a. n.a. 1 3

1


2


Jadual 5.14: Bilangan kematian mengikut jenis penyakit, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 5.14: Number of deaths by type of diseases, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Tahun
Year
Demam denggi
Dengue fever
Demam denggi
berdarah
Dengue haemorrhagic
fever
Kolera
Cholera
Malaria
Tifoid
Typhoid
2008 6 106 2 30 3
2009 6 82 2 26 1
2010 16 118 6 33 -
2011 - 36 11 18 1
2012 - 35 1 16 1


179
TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Jadual 5.15: Bilangan kenderaan bermotor yang berdaftar mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 5.15: Number of motor vehicles registered by type, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Jenis kenderaan
Vehicles type
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Jumlah berdaftar
Total registered
17,971,901 19,016,782 20,188,565 21,401,269 22,702,221
Bas
Buses
64,050 66,581 69,149 71,784 73,536
Kenderaan barang
Goods vehicles
909,243 936,222 966,177 997,649 1,032,004
Motokar
Motorcars
7,966,525 8,506,080 9,114,920 9,721,447 10,354,678
Motosikal
Motorcycles
8,487,451 8,940,230 9,441,907 9,985,308 10,589,818
Teksi dan kereta sewa
Taxis and hired cars
90,474 95,728 102,961 109,214 112,336
Lain-lain kenderaan
1
Other vehicles
454,158 471,941 493,451 515,867 539,849

1
Merangkumi kenderaan seperti karavan, kenderaan bomba Sumber: Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan
kerajaan & swasta, kenderaan sekolah memandu, kenderaan Source: Road Transport Department
mayat, kenderaan orang cacat, kenderaan kerajaan, kenderaan
pihak berkuasa tempatan, ambulan dan kenderaan kedutaan
Includes vehicles such as caravans, government & private fire vehicles,
driving school vehicles, hearse, vehicle for disabled, government vehicles,
local authority vehicles, ambulance and embassy vehicles

180
TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Jadual 5.16: Bilangan ketibaan dan pelepasan kapal laut yang terlibat dalam perdagangan luar negeri di
pelabuhan terpilih, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 5.16: Number of arrivals and departures of ocean-going vessel engaged in foreign trade at selected ports, Malaysia,
2008-2012

Pelabuhan
Port
Ketibaan
Arrivals
Berlepas
Departures
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Jumlah
Total
43,219
r
40,574
r
43,691
r
43,303
r
41,653 43,170
r
40,947
r
43,839
r
43,477
r
41,138
Bintulu 2,407 2,563 2,524 2,172 2,155 2,581 2,741 2,886 2,386 2,290
Kerteh 872 749 788 730 847 872 749 788 730 847
Klang 15,191 13,820 14,592 14,912 15,151 15,191 13,820 14,592 14,912 15,151
Kota
Kinabalu
292
r
319
r
306
r
325
r
413 292
r
319
r
306
r
325
r
413
Kuantan 1,968 2,049 2,078 2,108 2,059 1,968 2,049 2,078 2,108 2,059
Kuching 1,319 1,292 1,488 1,423 1,435 1,161 1,108 1,143 1,143 1,019
Melaka
1
1,196 .. 1,237 763 763 962 .. 1,207 875 875
Miri 665 556 664 807 728 777 614 729 872 770
Pasir
Gudang
9,597 8,946 8,515 8,452 6,205 9,338 8,814 8,517 8,237 6,023
Port Dickson 843 634 606 558 563 774 593 580 585 542
Pulau
Pinang
2,538 2,798 3,296 3,099 3,333 3,075 3,374 3,597 3,512 3,317
Rajang
2
1,118 948 1,035 878 889 978 878 881 768 754
Sandakan 1,147
r
1,618
r
1,844
r
1,729
r
1,561 1,147
r
1,618
r
1,844
r
1,729
r
1,561
Tanjung
Pelepas
2,332 2,218 2,496 3,296 3,019 2,320 2,206 2,469 3,244 2,985
Tawau 597
r
719
r
900
r
683
r
977 597
r
719
r
900
r
683
r
977
W.P.
Labuan
1,137 1,345 1,322 1,368 1,555 1,137 1,345 1,322 1,368 1,555

1
Merujuk kepada Pelabuhan Melaka, Sungai Udang Sumber: Jabatan Laut Negeri Sembilan, Jabatan Laut
dan Tanjung Bruas W.P. Labuan, Lembaga Pelabuhan Klang,
Refers to Port of Melaka, Sungai Udang and Tanjung Bruas Lembaga Pelabuhan Johor, Lembaga Pelabuhan
Sabah, Suruhanjaya Pelabuhan Pulau Pinang,
2
Termasuk pelabuhan di Sibu, Bintagor Sarikei dan Tanjung Manis
Johor Port Berhad, Penang Port Sdn. Bhd, Kuantan Port Consortium Sdn. Bhd.
Includes port at Sibu, Bintangor, Sarikei and Tanjung Manis Source: Marine Department Negeri Sembilan, Marine Department
W.P. Labuan, Port Klang Authority, Johor Port Authority,
Sabah Port Authority, Penang Port Commission, Johor
Port Berhad, Penang Port Sdn Bhd., Kuantan Port
Consortium Sdn. Bhd.

181
TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Jadual 5.17: Perangkaan kereta api, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 5.17: Railway statistics, Malaysia, 2008-2012

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Hitungan rel kereta api (km)
Length of railroad track
1,792 1,792 1,792 1,792 1,792
Bilangan perjalanan penumpang (000)
Number of passenger journeys
3,894 4,451 4,386 4,279

3,655

Hitungan kilometer penumpang (000)
Passenger kilometers
1,385,576 1,525,568 1,532,185 1,428,004 1,564,609
Berat barang-barang berbayar (000 tan metrik)
Tonnage of paying goods traffic (000 tonnes)
4,963 5,388 5,531 6,096 6,142
Hitungan tan kilometer barang (000)
Total tonnes kilometres good traffic
1,350,629 1,384,380 1,482,799 1,535,662 1,218,194

Sumber/Source: Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad dan Keretapi Negeri Sabah

Jadual 5.18: Jumlah penumpang yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 5.18: Total number of passengers handled at airports, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Penumpang yang dikendalikan
Passengers handled
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Jumlah
Total
48,490,641 52,293,198 58,529,853 64,871,770 68,173,856
Berlepas
Embarked
24,235,025 26,281,399 29,264,637 32,493,848 34,140,494
Mendarat
Disembarked
24,255,616 26,011,799 29,265,216 32,377,922 34,033,362


Bilangan penumpang
Number of passengers

182
TEKANAN
PRESSURE

Jadual 5.19: Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 5.19: Total cargo handled at airports, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Kargo yang dikendalikan
Cargo handled
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Jumlah
Total
5,419,346 6,111,912 7,768,591 6,716,093 4,314,600
Turun
Discharged
2,740,757 2,801,360 3,417,067 3,369,965 2,100,715
Dihantar
Loaded
2,678,589 3,310,552 4,351,524 3,346,128 2,213,885


Tan metrik
Tonnes

183

Jadual 5.20: Buangan terjadual yang diuruskan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 5.20: Scheduled waste managed by state, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Negeri
State
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 1,304,899 1,705,308 1,880,929 1,622,032 1,708,708
Johor 313,235 338,101 295,207 345,342 344,157
Kedah 45,992 53,496 147,349 117,057 103,266
Kelantan 1,617 1,846 2,064 1,877 2,013
Melaka 18,175 16,800 21,243 21,298 25,579
Negeri Sembilan 44,948 236,345 55,573 198,711 27,889
Pahang 13,308 7,334 69,407 106,248 84,535
Perak 189,188 182,332 224,786 49,392 243,174
Perlis 825 873 2,116 1,932 2,503
Pulau Pinang 60,559 257,089 273,370 194,279 146,637
Sabah 4,474 4,563 5,297 7,054 5,380
Sarawak 36,355 32,486 54,932 42,775 140,392
Selangor 245,471 197,923 211,411 212,247 219,981
Terengganu 322,432 367,701 506,227 302,641 357,094
W.P. Kuala Lumpur 4,994 7,359 9,537 18,662 3,861
W.P. Labuan 3,327 1,060 2,410 2,518 2,247


Tan metrik
Tonnes

184

Jadual 5.21: Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dieksport mengikut jenis buangan, Malaysia, 2008-2012
Table 5.21: Quantity of scheduled waste exported by type of waste, Malaysia, 2008-2012

Jenis buangan
Type of waste
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Malaysia 5,720 2,920 1,517 1,993 4,145
Bahan blasting terpakai
Used blasting material
120 - 25 - -
Buangan bateri nikel-kadmium
Waste of nickel cadmium battery
- 123 57 32
r
115
Buangan elektrik & elektronik
Electrical & electronic wastes
2,089 976
r
794 1,240 1,473
Buangan mengandungi formaldehid
Wastes containing formaldehyde
- 88 - - -
Buangan mengandungi merkuri
Solid waste containing mercury compound
- - - 32 -
Dross zink
Zinc dross
200 - - - 1,300
Enapcemar hidroksida logam
Metal hydroxide sludge
2,816 1,186 267 158 90
Mangkin terpakai
Spent catalyst
364 199 13 187 688
Pelarut organik
Waste organic solvent
- 150 155 55 66
Resin fenolik
Phenolic resin
81 88 90 - -
Toner terpakai
Used toner
50 110 116 260 413
Unrefined Semiconductor Material
1
n.a. n.a. n.a. 29 -

1
Data bermula pada 2011 Sumber: Jabatan Alam Sekitar
Data commences on 2011 Source: Department of Environment

Tan metrik
Tonnes

187
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191

LAMPIRAN 1
APPENDIX 1

MODEL RANGKA KERJA TEKANAN-KEADAAN-TINDAK BALAS
PRESSURE-STATE-RESPONSE FRAMEWORK MODEL

Aktiviti manusia memberi tekanan pada alam sekitar dan menukar keadaannya. Masyarakat respon kepada perubahan
keadaan ini dengan membangunkan dan melaksanakan dasar
Human activities exert pressure on the environment and change its state or condition.
Society responds to this changed state by developing and implementing policies
Sumber: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) Environmental Indicators
Source:

192

LAMPIRAN 2
APPENDIX 2

Senarai Ahli JAAMPAS
List of IACES Members

1. Unit Perancang Ekonomi (UPE)
Economic Planning Unit (EPU)

- Pengerusi
- Chairman
2. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia
Department of Statistics, Malaysia

- Urusetia
- Secretariat
3. Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS)
Department of Environment (DOE)

4. Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara (PERHILITAN)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP)

5. Jabatan Bekalan Air, Malaysia
Department of Water Supply, Malaysia

6. Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia
Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia

7. Jabatan Perikanan, Malaysia
Department of Fisheries, Malaysia

8. Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains
Minerals and Geoscience Department

9. Jabatan Kerajaan Tempatan
Local Government Department

193

LAMPIRAN 3
APPENDIX 3

Perbandingan nilai IPU dengan tahap pencemaran dan kawalan kesihatan
Comparison of API values with level of pollution and health measures

Indeks
Pencemaran
Udara (IPU)
Air Pollutant
Index (API)
Status

Tahap pencemaran
Level of pollution
Kawalan kesihatan
Health measures

0 50

Baik

Good

Pencemaran rendah yang tidak
ada kesan buruk terhadap
kesihatan

Low pollution and has no ill-effects on
health

Tidak ada sekatan aktiviti bagi semua lapisan orang.
Amalkan gaya hidup yang sihat seperti tidak merokok,
kerap bersenam dan mengamalkan pemakanan yang
sesuai.

No restriction of activities for all groups of people. To practice
healthy lifestyle e.g. not to smoke, exercise regularly and to
observe proper nutrition.

51 100

Sederhana

Moderate

Pencemaran sederhana dan tidak
ada kesan buruk terhadap
kesihatan

Moderate pollution and has no ill-
effects on health

Tidak ada sekatan aktiviti bagi semua lapisan orang.
Amalkan gaya hidup yang sihat seperti tidak merokok,
kerap bersenam dan mengamalkan pemakanan yang
sesuai.

No restricition of activities for all groups of people. To
practice healthy lifestyle e.g. not to smoke, exercise regularly
and to observe proper nutrition.

101 200

Tidak Sihat

Unhealthy

Tanda-tanda sederhana yang
menyebabkan bertambah teruk di
kalangan orang berisiko tinggi,
iaitu mereka yang menghidap
sakit jantung dan paru-paru

Mild aggravation of symptoms among
high risk persons, i.e those with heart
or lung disease

Sekatan aktiviti kegiatan luar terhadap bagi orang
yang berisiko tinggi. Penduduk amnya perlu
mengurangkan aktiviti yang lasak.

Restriction of outdoor activities for high risk persons.
Population should reduce vigorous outdoor activity.

201 300

Sangat
Tidak Sihat

Very
Unhealthy

Tanda-tanda ketara yang
menyebabkan bertambah teruk
dan toleransi senaman rendah di
kalangan orang yang mengidap
sakit jantung atau paru-paru

Significant aggravation of symptoms
and decreased exercise tolerance in
person with heart or lung disease

Warga tua dan orang yang mengidap penyakit jantung
atau paru-paru dilarang keluar dan kurangkan aktiviti
fizikal. Penduduk amnya mesti mengelakkan dari
aktiviti luar yang lasak. Sesiapa yang menghadapi
masalah kesihatan perlu rujuk doktor.

Elderly and persons with known heart or lung disease should
stay indoors and reduce physical activity. Population should
avoid vigorous outdoor activity. Those with any health
problems to consult doctor.

301 500

Berbahaya

Hazardous

Tanda-tanda yang menyebabkan
bertambah teruk dan
membahayakan kesihatan

Severe aggravation of symptoms and
endangers health

Warga tua dan orang yang mengidap penyakit jantung
atau paru-paru dilarang keluar dan kurangkan aktiviti
lasak. Penduduk amnya mestilah mengelak daripada
aktiviti luar yang lasak.

Elderly and persons with existing heart or lung disease
should stay indoors and reduce physical activity. General
population should avoid vigorous outdoor activity.

Melebihi 500

Above 500

Kecemasan

Emergency

Tanda-tanda yang menyebabkan
bertambah teruk dan
membahayakan kesihatan

Severe aggravation of symptoms and
endangers health

Penduduk amnya dinasihatkan mengikut peraturan
oleh Majlis Keselamatan Negara dan sentiasa
mengikut pengumuman melalui media massa.

General population are advised to follow the orders of the
National Security Council and follow the announcements
through the mass media.


194

LAMPIRAN 4
APPENDIX 4

Punca dan kesan bahan pencemar udara kepada manusia dan tumbuhan
Sources and effects of air pollutants on human and plants

Bahan
Pollutant

Punca
Source

Kesan kepada kesihatan manusia dan ekologi
Human health and ecological effects

Ozon (O3)
Ozone

Motosikal dua lejang,
kenderaan bermotor
dan punca-punca
industri.
Two stroke motor cycles,
motor vehicles and
industrial sources.

Manusia/Human
Menjejaskan fungsi pernafasan dan penurunan prestasi atlit
yang melakukan senaman lasak dan bahaya penyakit barah
kulit
Impairment of respiratory function and decreasing performance by
some athletes exercising heavily and skin cancer risks

Tumbuhan/Plants
Memusnahkan tumbuhan dan mengurangkan pengeluaran
tanaman
Damage vegetation and reduces crop production

Plumbum (Pb)
Lead

Sektor pengangkutan
Transport sector

Manusia/Human
Pendedahan yang berlarutan boleh mengakibatkan gangguan
sistem saraf
Long-term exposure can lead to nervous disorders

Karbon Monoksida (CO)
Carbon Monoxide

Sektor pengangkutan
Transport sector

Manusia/Human
Menjejaskan mereka yang merokok dan yang mengidap
masalah peredaran darah dan anemia
Affects smokers and people with circulatory and anaemic problems

Sulfur Dioksida (SO2)
Sulphur Dioxide

Industri minyak dan
gas, pengeluaran
tenaga, pembakaran
arang, proses industri
dan industri
berasaskan
pembakaran
Oil and gas industry,
energy production, coal
burning, industrial
combustion and industrial
process

Manusia/Human
Menambahkan derita pesakit yang mengidap asma dan
bronkitis
Aggravates asthmatic and bronchitis patients

Tumbuhan/Plants
Memusnahkan tumbuhan
Damages vegetation

Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2)
Nitrogen Dioxide

Pengangkutan,
penjanaan kuasa dan
industri berasaskan
pembakaran
Transport, power
generation and industrial
combustion

Manusia/Human
Menjejaskan fungsi pernafasan
Affects respiratory function

Tumbuhan/Plants
Menyekat pertumbuhan tanaman
Suppresses vegetation growth

Habuk Halus (PM10)
Particulate Matter

Pembakaran terbuka
Open burning

Manusia/Human
Melemahkan fungsi pernafasan
Impairs respiratory function

Tumbuhan/Plants
Memusnahkan tumbuhan
Damages vegetation


195

LAMPIRAN 5
APPENDIX 5

Klasifikasi kualiti air berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air
Water quality classification based on Water Quality Index

Parameter
Indeks
Index
Bersih (B)
Clean (C)
Sederhana Tercemar (ST)
Slightly Polluted (SP)
Tercemar (T)
Polluted (P)
Indeks Kualiti Air (IKA)
Water Quality Index (WQI)
81 100 60 80 0 59
Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD5)
91 100 80 90 0 79
Ammoniakal Nitrogen (NH3-N)
Ammoniacal Nitrogen
92 100 71 91 0 70
Pepejal Terampai (SS)
Suspended Solids
76 100 70 75 0 69

196

LAMPIRAN 6
APPENDIX 6

Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air
Water Quality Index classification

Parameter Unit
Kelas
Class
I II III IV V
Ammoniakal Nitrogen (NH3-N)
Ammoniacal Nitrogen
mg/l < 0.1 0.1 - 0.3 0.3 - 0.9 0.9 - 2.7 > 2.7
Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD5)
mg/l < 1 1 - 3 3 - 6 6 - 12 > 12
Keperluan Oksigen Kimia (COD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand
mg/l < 10 10 - 25 25 - 50 50 - 100 > 100
Oksigen Terlarut
Dissolved Oxygen
mg/l > 7 5 - 7 3 - 5 1 - 3 < 1
pH - > 7.0 6.0 - 7.0 5.0 - 6.0 < 5.0 < 5.0
Jumlah Pepejal Terampai (SS)
Total Suspended Solid
mg/l < 25 25 - 50 50 - 150 150 - 300 > 300
Indeks Kualiti Air (IKA)
Water Quality Index (WQI)
> 92.7 76.5 - 92.7 51.9 - 76.5 31.0 - 51.9 < 31.0

Kelas air dan kegunaan
Water classes and uses

Kelas
Class
Kegunaan
Uses
Kelas I
Class I

Pemuliharaan alam semula jadi
Conservation of natural environment
Bekalan Air I Hampir tiada rawatan diperlukan
Water Supply I Practically no treatment necessary
Perikanan I Spesis akuatik yang sangat sensitif
Fishery I Very sensitive aquatic species
Kelas IIA
Class IIA

Bekalan Air II Memerlukan rawatan secara konvensional sahaja
Water Supply II Conventional treatment required
Perikanan II Spesis akuatik yang sensitif
Fishery II Sensitive aquatic species
Kelas IIB
Class IIB
Kegunaan rekreasi yang melibatkan persentuhan badan dengan air
Recreational use with body contact
Kelas III
Class III

Bekalan Air III Memerlukan rawatan yang ekstensif
Water Supply III Extensive treatment required
Perikanan III Spesis tertentu yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi biasa
Bekalan air minum haiwan ternakan
Fishery III Common, of economic value and tolerant species
Livestock drinking
Kelas IV
Class IV
Pengairan
Irrigation
Kelas V
Class V
Tiada seperti di atas.
None of the above

197

LAMPIRAN 7
APPENDIX 7

Kriteria standard dan kualiti air marin
Marine water quality criteria and standards

Parameter CLASS 1 CLASS 2 CLASS 3 CLASS E
Beneficial uses
Preservation, marine
protected areas,
Marine Parks
Marine Life, Fisheries,
Coral Reefs,
Recreational and
Maricullture
Ports, Oil & Gas Fields
Mangroves,
Estuarine &
River-mouth Water
1 Temperature (C)
<2 C increase over
maximum ambient
<2 C increase over
maximum ambient
<2 C increase over
maximum ambient
<2C increase over
maximum ambient
2
Dissolved Oxygen
(mg/L)
>80% saturation 5.0 3.0 4.0
3
Total Suspended Solid
(mg/L)
25 mg/L or < 10%
increase in seasonal
average, whichever is
lower
50mg/L (25 mg/L)
or < 10% increase
in seasonal average,
whichever is lower
100 mg/L or <10%
increase in seasonal
average, whichever is
lower
100 mg/L or < 30%
increase in
seasonal average,
whichever is lower
4 Oil and Grease (mg/L) 0.01 0.14 5 0.14
5 Mercury* (g/L) 0.04 0.16 (0.04) 50 0.5
6 Cadmium (g/L) 0.5 2 (3) 10 2
7 Chromium (Il)(g/L) 5 10 48 10
8 Copper (g/L) 1.3 2.9 10 2.9
9 Arsenic (III)* (g/L) 3 20(3) 50 20(3)
10 Lead (g/L) 4.4 8.5 50 8.5
11 Zinc (g/L) 15 50 100 50
12 Cyanide (g/L) 2.0 7.0 20 7.0
13
Ammonia (unionized)
(g/L)
35 70 320 70
14 Nitrite (NO2) (g/L) 10 55 1,000 55
15 Nitrate (NO3) (g/L) 10 60 1,000 60
16 Phosphate (g/L) 5 75 670 75
17 Phenol (g/L) 1 10 100 10
18 Tributyltin (TBT) (g/L) 0.001 0.01 0.05 0.01
19
Faecal Coliform
(Human health
protection
for seafood
consumption)
- (MPN)
70 faecal
coliform/100ml
70 E.coli/l00 ml
100 faecal coliform
/100ml
(70 faecal coliform
/100ml)
100 E.coli/100ml
(70 E.coli/l00ml)
200 faecal coliform
/100ml
200 E.coli/100ml
100 faecal coliform
/100ml
(70 faecal coliform
/100ml)
100 E.coli/100ml
(70 E.coli/100ml)
20
Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbon (PAHs)
ng/g
100 200 1,000 1,000

( ) Piawaian dan Kriteria Air Marin (MWQCS) bagi kawasan pantai dan air marin di mana makanan laut diterima untuk penggunaan manusia.
Marine Water Quality Criteria and Standard (MWQCS) in parentheses are for coastal and marine water areas where seafood for human consumption
is applicable.

198
LAMPIRAN 8A
APPENDIX 8A

Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Bersih yang diawasi, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Water quality status within Clean rivers basin monitored, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
IKA
WQI
SUNGAI (2012)
RIVER
2011 2012
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
PERLIS PERLIS
PELARIT 1 91 93 I B/C
WANG KELIAN 1 91 94 I B/C
JERNIH 1 90 87 II B/C
JARUM 1 83 83 II B/C
KEDAH
ULU MELAKA
PETANG 1 95 94 I B/C
ULU MELAKA 1 82 84 II B/C
MERBOK
TUPAH 1 95 88 II B/C
TOK PAWANG 1 90 88 II B/C
KEDAH
JANING 1 94 93 I B/C
PEDU 1 87 88 II B/C
KISAP KISAP 1 92 91 II B/C
KEDAH/
P. PINANG

KETIL 2 94 86 I B/C
CHEPIR 1 92 86 I B/C
MUDA 4 92 89 II B/C
KARANGAN 1 90 87 II B/C
SEDIM 1 90 84 II B/C
P. PINANG
JAWI JUNJONG 1 91 90 II B/C
PINANG AIR TERJUN 1 87 92 II B/C
KLUANG ARA 2 87 86 II B/C
PERAI KULIM 2 82 85 II B/C
P. PINANG/
PERAK
KERIAN KECHIL 1 90 90 II B/C
PERAK PERAK
CHEPOR 1 95 96 I B/C
KINJANG 1 91 91 II B/C
PELUS 2 91 90 II B/C
KLAH 1 90 89 II B/C
CHENDERIANG 1 88 85 II B/C
SUNGKAI 2 88 88 II B/C
PERAK 8 87 88 II B/C
KAMPAR 2 86 89 II B/C
KANGSAR 1 86 86 II B/C
KERDAH 1 68 83 II B/C
KINTA 6 77 81 II B/C
RAIA 2 86 87 II B/C
BIDOR 3 85 87 II B/C
BATANG PADANG 3 84 88 II B/C
KUANG 1 84 88 II B/C

199
LAMPIRAN 8A
APPENDIX 8A

Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Bersih yang diawasi, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012 (samb.)
Water quality status within Clean rivers basin monitored, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012 (contd.)

NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
IKA
WQI
SUNGAI (2012)
RIVER
2011 2012
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
PERAK
SEPETANG
JANA 1 93 93 I B/C
TRONG 1 92 91 II B/C
LIMAU 1 88 88 II B/C
BATU TEGOH 3 87 86 II B/C
TEMERLOH 2 87 89 II B/C
KURAU ARA 2 91 93 I B/C
RAJA HITAM NYIOR 1 91 90 II B/C
BRUAS
ROTAN 1 90 89 II B/C
DANDANG 1 89 85 II B/C
BRUAS 3 83 82 II B/C
PERAK/
SELANGOR
BERNAM
INKI 1 95 90 II B/C
TROLAK 1 92 90 II B/C
BERNAM 4 88 87 II B/C
SLIM 2 88 86 II B/C
SELANGOR
SELANGOR
KERLING 1 94 93 I B/C
BATANG KALI 1 91 90 II B/C
KANCHING 1 90 92 II B/C
SERENDAH 1 90 90 II B/C
SELANGOR 4 83 84 II B/C
LANGAT
LUI 1 90 90 II B/C
SEMENYIH 1 88 88 II B/C
CHUAU 2 87 87 II B/C
JUAN 1 87 84 II B/C
SELANGOR/
WPKL
KLANG
PENCHALA 1 NA 86 II B/C
SEMELAH 1 90 85 II B/C
N. SEMBILAN LINGGI
BATANG PENAR 1 93 94 I B/C
PEDAS 1 88 89 II B/C
REMBAU 2 88 84 II B/C
CHEMBONG 1 87 83 II B/C
SIPUT 1 85 82 II B/C
MELAKA
MELAKA
TAMPIN 1 95 92 II B/C
KEMUNTING 1 89 89 II B/C
DUSUN/KERU 1 89 90 II B/C
BTG. MELAKA 2 87 87 II B/C
DURIAN TUNGGAL 1 81 82 II B/C
KESANG CHOHONG 2 90 87 II B/C
DUYONG GAPAM 1 87 91 II B/C

200
LAMPIRAN 8A
APPENDIX 8A


NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
IKA
WQI
SUNGAI (2012)
RIVER
2011 2012
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
JOHOR/
N. SEMBILAN
MUAR
AIR PANAS 1 91 94 I B/C
JUASSEH 1 89 92 II B/C
MUAR 8 80 82 II B/C
SEGAMAT 1 78 85 II B/C
GEMENCHEH 1 85 89 II B/C
MEDA 1 83 82 II B/C
LABIS 1 81 83 II B/C
JOHOR
BATU PAHAT
BANTANG 1 92 93 I B/C
BEKOK 5 80 82 II B/C
CHAAH 1 90 84 II B/C
MEREK 1 90 87 II B/C
LENIK 1 88 84 II B/C
ENDAU
JASIN 1 92 92 II B/C
SELAI 1 92 90 II B/C
TAMOK 1 88 89 II B/C
ENDAU 3 87 86 II B/C
KAHANG 1 87 88 II B/C
SEMBERONG 5 80 81 II B/C
LENGGOR 1 77 81 II B/C
MAMAI 1 87 82 II B/C
PALOH 1 81 88 II B/C
JOHOR
LAYANG 1 92 92 II B/C
PELEPAH 2 91 89 II B/C
PENGGELI 2 91 85 II B/C
PANTI 1 90 90 II B/C
LAYAU KIRI 1 88 86 II B/C
TELOR 1 88 87 II B/C
LINGGIU 1 87 84 II B/C
REMIS 1 87 82 II B/C
SEMANGAR 1 87 86 II B/C
TEMOH 1 87 85 II B/C
ANAK SG.
SAYONG
1 86 81 II B/C
SAYONG 4 86 82 II B/C
BUKIT BESAR 1 85 88 II B/C
BELITONG 1 84 86 II B/C

201
LAMPIRAN 8A
APPENDIX 8A


NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
IKA
WQI
SUNGAI (2012)
RIVER
2011 2012
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
JOHOR

JOHOR 4 84 82 II B/C
PAPAN 1 84 83 II B/C
SELUYUT 1 84 86 II B/C
SANTI 1 81 83 II B/C
TIRAM 4 81 81 II B/C
BENUT PARIT HJ. YASSIN 1 90 83 II B/C
SEDILI BESAR
AMBAT 1 79 84 II B/C
DOHOL 1 80 87 II B/C
PASIR PANJANG 1 77 81 II B/C
JEMALUANG JEMALUANG 2 78 85 II B/C
PULAI PULAI 2 74 82 II B/C
PALOI PALOI 1 87 87 II B/C
MERSING MERSING 2 81 85 II B/C
PAHANG PAHANG
BURUNG 1 96 87 II B/C
TERANUM 1 95 95 I B/C
TERLA 1 94 86 II B/C
HABU 1 92 91 II B/C
KELAU 1 91 89 II B/C
RINGLET 1 91 90 II B/C
BENUS 2 90 93 II B/C
TASIK BERA 1 76 83 II B/C
TELANG 1 80 85 II B/C
BERKAPOR 1 90 89 II B/C
LENGGOK 1 90 90 II B/C
T. PAYA BUNGOR 1 90 86 II B/C
TEMBELING 1 90 87 II B/C
TERAS 1 90 94 I B/C
LIPIS 3 89 88 II B/C
MARAN 1 89 88 II B/C
PERTING 1 89 91 II B/C
TAHAN 1 89 89 II B/C
TERIS 3 89 82 II B/C
KERTAM 1 88 85 II B/C
LEPAR 3 88 86 II B/C
TANGLIR 1 88 89 II B/C
BENTONG 1 87 91 II B/C

202
LAMPIRAN 8A
APPENDIX 8A

NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
IKA
WQI
SUNGAI (2012)
RIVER
2011 2012
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
PAHANG
PAHANG
TASIK CHINI 1 87 85 II B/C
JEMPOL 2 86 85 II B/C
LUIT 1 86 86 II B/C
TEKAL 1 86 81 II B/C
JELAI 2 85 84 II B/C
PAHANG 8 85 84 II B/C
TEKAM 2 85 85 II B/C
TRIANG 2 83 85 II B/C
KOYAN 1 82 88 II B/C
SEMANTAN 3 81 85 II B/C
KUANTAN
KENAU 1 90 88 II B/C
KUANTAN 5 88 86 II B/C
RIAU 1 80 82 II B/C
PANDAN 1 88 88 II B/C
CHARU 1 84 84 II B/C
MERCHONG MERCHONG 1 90 91 II B/C
ROMPIN
KERATONG 2 88 85 II B/C
PUKIN 1 93 92 II B/C
ROMPIN 4 80 85 II B/C
PONTIAN 1 85 89 II B/C
AUR 1 84 87 II B/C
ANAKENDAU ANAKENDAU 2 84 86 II B/C
BEBAR MERBA 1 84 81 II B/C
TERENGGANU
TERENGGANU
BERANG 1 92 86 II B/C
PUEH 1 89 88 II B/C
NERUS 1 77 82 II B/C
TERENGGANU 3 85 84 II B/C
TELEMONG 1 81 87 II B/C
KERTIH KERTIH 1 92 85 II B/C
MERANG MERANG 1 69 82 II B/C
BESUT BESUT 2 91 90 II B/C
CHUKAI IBOK 1 91 83 II B/C
DUNGUN DUNGUN 4 90 91 II B/C
PAKA
RASAU 1 88 82 II B/C
PAKA 1 87 83 II B/C
SETIU
CHALOK 2 80 83 II B/C
SETIU 2 88 88 II B/C
KEMAMAN
CHERUL 1 87 87 II B/C
KEMAMAN 2 86 85 II B/C
MARANG MARANG 1 81 84 II B/C

203
LAMPIRAN 8A
APPENDIX 8A


NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
IKA
WQI
SUNGAI (2012)
RIVER
2011 2012
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
KELANTAN
KELANTAN
KERILLA 1 94 92 II B/C
TUANG 1 94 95 I B/C
PERGAU 6 93 92 II B/C
BER 1 91 91 II B/C
BETIS 1 90 92 II B/C
GALAS 5 89 88 II B/C
NAL 2 89 91 II B/C
BEROK 3 88 86 II B/C
LEBIR 3 86 87 II B/C
NENGGIRI 3 86 86 II B/C
KELANTAN 3 85 85 II B/C
SOKOR 1 85 86 II B/C
RELAI 1 83 87 II B/C
GOLOK
LANAS 1 86 89 II B/C
GOLOK 5 85 87 II B/C
KEMASIN
KEMASIN 2 72 81 II B/C
SEMERAK 2 85 87 II B/C
PENGKALAN
CHEPA
KELADI 1 83 83 II B/C
SARAWAK
MIRI PADANG LIKU 1 91 86 II B/C
LUPAR
AI 2 90 83 II B/C
SEKERANG 1 88 87 II B/C
LIMBANG LIMBANG 5 89 88 II B/C
RAJANG
KANOWIT 1 87 86 II B/C
BINATANG 1 86 82 II B/C
SARIKEI 2 74 81 II B/C
BALOI 1 81 84 II B/C
JULAU 1 85 83 II B/C
TRUSAN TRUSAN 1 86 90 II B/C
LAWAS LAWAS 3 84 90 II B/C
BARAM TUTUH 1 77 82 II B/C
SIBUTI KEJAPIL 2 76 85 II B/C
TATAU TATAU 1 80 86 II B/C
SIMILAJAU SIMILAJAU 2 82 84 II B/C
SARAWAK SARAWAK KIRI 1 77 81 II B/C
SABAH SUGUT
BONGKUD 1 95 94 I B/C
LOHAN 1 95 94 I B/C
SUGUT 3 90 91 II B/C
MERALI 1 93 92 II B/C

204
LAMPIRAN 8A
APPENDIX 8A


NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
IKA
WQI
SUNGAI (2012)
RIVER
2011 2012
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
SABAH
PADAS
BUNSIT 1 95 93 I B/C
LIAWAN 1 94 92 II B/C
TANDULU 1 94 92 II B/C
PANGATAN 1 90 88 II B/C
PEGALAN 3 88 90 II B/C
PADAS 3 85 85 II B/C
BINGKONGAN
BANDAU 1 94 92 II B/C
BINGKONGAN 2 94 90 II B/C
MENGGARIS 2 93 90 II B/C
TANDEK 1 90 89 II B/C
KEDAMAIAN
TEMPASUK 2 94 92 II B/C
WARIU 1 94 91 II B/C
KEDAMAIAN 1 93 91 II B/C
APAS APAS 1 92 85 II B/C
LABOK
KINIPIR 2 92 92 II B/C
MALIAU 1 92 93 I B/C
LIWAGU 2 90 93 II B/C
TUNGUD 1 87 88 II B/C
LABOK 1 84 90 II B/C
LAKUTAN LAKUTAN 1 92 91 II B/C
MOYOG MOYOG 4 92 90 II B/C
SAPI
SUALONG 1 92 89 II B/C
SAPI 3 89 87 II B/C
PAPAR PAPAR 3 91 89 II B/C
TAWAU TAWAU 4 91 88 II B/C
KALUMPANG KALUMPANG 3 90 87 II B/C
MENGGALONG MENGGALONG 2 90 90 II B/C
LIKAS
MENGGATAL 2 90 86 II B/C
INANAM 3 85 84 II B/C
SlLABUKAN SlLABUKAN 2 90 90 II B/C
TUARAN
TUARAN 2 90 93 I B/C
SONG SAl 1 88 90 II B/C
DAMIT 2 85 89 II B/C

205
LAMPIRAN 8A
APPENDIX 8A


NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
IKA
WQI
SUNGAI (2012)
RIVER
2011 2012
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
SABAH
UMAS-UMAS UMAS-UMAS 1 90 91 II B/C
KINABATANGAN
MENANGGUL 1 89 89 II B/C
KARAMUAK 1 88 90 II B/C
KINABATANGAN 3 87 88 II B/C
KOYAH 1 87 89 II B/C
MEROTAI MEROTAI 3 89 89 II B/C
BALUNG BALUNG 1 88 91 II B/C
BRANTIAN BRANTIAN 1 88 92 II B/C
LINGKUNGAN
BUKAU 1 88 89 II B/C
LINGKUNGAN 1 87 92 II B/C
SEGAMA SEGAMA 3 88 89 II B/C
TINGKAYU TINGKAYU 2 88 91 II B/C
KIMANIS KIMANIS 1 87 87 II B/C
SEGALIUD SEGALIUD 2 87 87 II B/C
TENGHILAN TENGHILAN 1 87 90 II B/C
TUNGKU TUNGKU 2 87 88 II B/C
BENGKOKA BENGKOKA 2 86 86 II B/C
KALABAKAN KALABAKAN 3 86 88 II B/C
MEMBAKUT MEMBAKUT 1 86 85 II B/C
MOUNAD MOUNAD 2 86 91 II B/C
BONGAWAN BONGAWAN 1 85 87 II B/C
PAITAN PAITAN 1 85 84 II B/C

206
LAMPIRAN 8B
APPENDIX 8B
Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Sederhana Tercemar yang diawasi, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Water quality status within Slightly Polluted basin monitored, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
IKA
WQI
SUNGAI (2012)
RIVER
2011 2012
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
PERLIS PERLIS
NGULANG 1 85 77 II ST/SP
PERLIS 1 66 64 III ST/SP
KEDAH
KEDAH
PENDANG 1 80 76 II ST/SP
KEDAH 1 59 63 III ST/SP
PDG TERAP 3 82 78 II ST/SP
TEKAI 1 86 79 II ST/SP
MERBOK
MERBOK 1 74 64 III ST/SP
BONGKOK 1 71 62 III ST/SP
KEDAH/
P. PINANG
MUDA JERUNG 1 72 72 III ST/SP
P. PINANG
JAWI MACHANG BUBOK 1 77 79 II ST/SP
PERAI
KELADI 1 75 79 II ST/SP
PERAI 2 55 62 III ST/SP
JARAK 3 65 72 III ST/SP
BAYAN LEPAS
TIRAM 2 75 74 III ST/SP
BAYAN LEPAS 1 62 67 III ST/SP
JURU
KILANG UBI 4 71 69 III ST/SP
PASIR 1 63 61 III ST/SP
KLUANG RELAU 1 68 74 III ST/SP
PINANG DONDANG 1 42 61 III ST/SP
P. PINANG/
PERAK
KERIAN
SELAMA 2 72 72 III ST/SP
KERIAN 4 82 77 II ST/SP
PERAK
KURAU KURAU 4 79 78 II ST/SP
PERAK
NYAMOK 1 74 76 III ST/SP
KEPAYANG 2 71 75 III ST/SP
SELUANG 1 69 62 III ST/SP
PARI 1 68 79 II ST/SP
SEROKAI 1 66 64 III ST/SP
PINJI 2 64 68 III ST/SP
TUMBOH 1 64 64 III ST/SP
SEPETANG SEPETANG 2 72 76 III ST/SP
RAJA HITAM MANJONG 2 70 76 III ST/SP
WANGI
DERALIK 1 68 72 III ST/SP
WANGI 1 63 77 II ST/SP
SELANGOR
TENGI TENGI 3 77 76 III ST/SP
LANGAT
LANGAT 7 75 73 III ST/SP
PAJAM 1 74 75 III ST/SP
ANAK CHUAU 1 72 75 III ST/SP
BATANG NILAI 1 65 71 III ST/SP
SEPANG SEPANG 2 73 71 III ST/SP
SELANGOR SEMBAH 1 72 67 III ST/SP

207
LAMPIRAN 8B
APPENDIX 8B

Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Sederhana Tercemar yang diawasi, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012 (samb.)
Water quality status within Slightly Polluted basin monitored, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012 (contd)

NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
IKA
WQI
SUNGAI (2012)
RIVER
2011 2012
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
SELANGOR/
WPKL
KLANG
BATU 3 77 75 II ST/SP
AMPANG 2 NA 74 III ST/SP
ANAK AIR BA TU 1 NA 76 III ST/SP
BUNOS 3 NA 65 III ST/SP
DAMANSARA 2 NA 69 III ST/SP
GOMBAK 3 84 78 II ST/SP
JINJANG 1 53 65 III ST/SP
KEROH 2 NA 76 III ST/SP
RASAU 1 NA 77 II ST/SP
TOBA 1 NA 61 III ST/SP
UNTUT 1 NA 63 III ST/SP
KLANG 9 61 64 III ST/SP
N. SEMBILAN LINGGI
LINGGI 5 76 74 III ST/SP
KUNDUR BESAR 1 84 74 III ST/SP
KEPAYONG 1 84 80 II ST/SP
SIMIN 1 75 69 III ST/SP
MELAKA
KESANG KESANG 3 80 71 III ST/SP
MELAKA
MELAKA 5 78 76 III ST/SP
REMBIA 1 67 61 III ST/SP
DUYONG DUYONG 3 72 68 III ST/SP
JOHOR
BATU PAHAT
AMRAN 1 59 77 II ST/SP
BERLIAN 1 75 78 II ST/SP
MERPO 1 70 75 III ST/SP
SEMBERONG 2 68 68 III ST/SP
SIMPANG KIRI 3 67 69 III ST/SP
SIMPANG KANAN 2 64 66 III ST/SP
BATU PAHAT 1 60 68 III ST/SP
TEMUBOR KANAN 1 77 80 II ST/SP
SEDILI BESAR 5 78 79 II ST/SP
SEDILI KECIL
SEDILI KECIL 2 80 79 II ST/SP
ANAK SEDILI
KECIL
1 78 76 III ST/SP
BAHAN 2 74 79 II ST/SP
ENDAU

MENGKIBOL 3 75 74 III ST/SP
PAMOL 1 73 73 III ST/SP
SINGOL 1 84 76 III ST/SP
JEBONG 1 65 72 III ST/SP
MELATAI 1 65 61 III ST/SP

208
LAMPIRAN 8B
APPENDIX 8B

NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
IKA
WQI
SUNGAI (2012)
RIVER
2011 2012
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
JOHOR
JOHOR
CHEMANGAR 1 77 74 II ST/SP
SEBOL 1 84 79 II ST/SP
LEBAM 1 70 73 III ST/SP
SEMENCHU 1 64 65 III ST/SP
PULAI ULU CHOH 1 54 66 III ST/SP
BENUT
ULU BENUT 1 74 67 III ST/SP
BENUT 4 69 71 III ST/SP
PINGGAN 1 47 61 III ST/SP
PONTIAN KECIL PONTIAN KECIL 2 70 75 III ST/SP
SKUDAI
SKUDAI 9 68 69 III ST/SP
MELANA 2 66 66 III ST/SP
PONTIAN BESAR
AIR HITAM 1 67 69 III ST/SP
PONTIAN BESAR 5 61 70 III ST/SP
TEBRAU
PLENTONG 4 56 60 III ST/SP
TEBRAU 4 56 66 III ST/SP
KIM-KIM KIM-KIM 2 64 64 III ST/SP
PAHANG
PAHANG
JENGKA 2 80 79 II ST/SP
KUNDANG 1 77 76 III ST/SP
BERTAM 1 92 69 III ST/SP
CHINI 1 81 78 II ST/SP
TELOM 2 90 80 II ST/SP
TRINGKAP 1 91 80 II ST/SP
BERA 2 75 78 III ST/SP
MENTIGA 1 74 77 II ST/SP
SERTING 2 73 75 III ST/SP
KUANTAN
BELAT 1 85 79 II ST/SP
TALAM 1 85 77 II ST/SP
CHERATING CHERATING 1 76 76 III ST/SP
BALOK
PANJANG 1 75 77 II ST/SP
BALOK 2 66 69 III ST/SP
BEBAR
SERAI 2 71 71 III ST/SP
BEBAR 1 65 61 III ST/SP
TONGGOK TONGGOK 1 69 70 III ST/SP
TERENGGANU
CHUKAI
CHUKAI 1 79 77 II ST/SP
BUNGKUS 1 81 76 III ST/SP
RUANG 1 71 76 III ST/SP
IBAI IBAI 3 77 78 II ST/SP
KLUANG KLUANG 1 81 80 II ST/SP
MERCHANG MERCHANG 1 69 65 III ST/SP

209
LAMPIRAN 8B
APPENDIX 8B


NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
IKA
WQI
SUNGAI (2012)
RIVER
2011 2012
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
KELANTAN
PENGKALAN
DATU
PENGKALAN
DATU
3 79 75 III ST/SP
PENGKALAN
CHEPA
PENGKALAN
CHEPA
2 71 76 III ST/SP
RAJA GAll 1 68 80 II ST/SP
KELANTAN BELATOP 2 85 77 II ST/SP
SARAWAK
LUPAR
LUPAR 3 80 72 II ST/SP
SETERAP 1 81 72 II ST/SP
UNDUP 1 84 78 III ST/SP
NIAH
SEKALOH 1 81 79 II ST/SP
NIAH 2 80 80 II ST/SP
SARAWAK
BALINGIAN
SARAWAK
KANAN
1 80 78 II ST/SP
SARAWAK 6 79 77 II ST/SP
SAMARAHAN 2 77 69 III ST/SP
SEMADANG 1 77 80 II ST/SP
KUAP 1 75 70 III ST/SP
TABUAN 1 75 69 III ST/SP
MAONG KIRI 1 69 69 III ST/SP
SEMENGGOH 1 68 65 III ST/SP
BALINGIAN 2 79 76 III ST/SP
SUAI SUAI 1 79 76 III ST/SP
SIBUTI
SATAP 1 59 72 III ST/SP
SIBUTI 2 76 79 II ST/SP
KABULOH 2 62 71 III ST/SP
BARAM BARAM 4 73 73 III ST/SP
KAYAN KAYAN 3 76 71 III ST/SP
SARIBAS
LAYAR 2 76 74 III ST/SP
SARIBAS 1 65 72 III ST/SP
RAJANG
RAJANG 11 76 79 II ST/SP
MERADONG 1 71 74 III ST/SP
SALIM 1 71 79 II ST/SP
KERIAN
SEBLAK 1 76 65 III ST/SP
KERIAN 2 74 65 III ST/SP
KEMENA
SIBIU 1 76 80 II ST/SP
KEMENA 3 75 79 II ST/SP
MUKAH MUKAH 4 73 75 III ST/SP
SA DONG
SADONG 4 73 76 III ST/SP
KARANGAN 2 72 79 II ST/SP
SEMUNSAM SEMUNSAM 1 81 70 III ST/SP
OYA OYA 3 72 75 III ST/SP

210
LAMPIRAN 8B
APPENDIX 8B


NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
IKA
WQI
SUNGAI (2012)
RIVER
2011 2012
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
SARAWAK MIRI
MIRI 2 65 64 III ST/SP
ADONG 1 59 63 III ST/SP
DALAM 1 64 69 III ST/SP
LUTONG 1 64 72 III ST/SP
SABAH
LIKAS LIKAS 2 75 79 II ST/SP
TELIPOK TELIPOK 2 85 79 II ST/SP
SEMBULAN SEMBULAN 2 62 67 III ST/SP

211
LAMPIRAN 8C
APPENDIX 8C

Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Tercemar yang diawasi, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Water quality status within Polluted river basins monitored, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
IKA
WQI
SUNGAI (2012)
RIVER
2011 2012
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
KEDAH MERBOK PETANI 1 59 58 III T/P
P.PINANG
PINANG
AIR ITAM 5 57 59 III T/P
PINANG 1 44 56 III T/P
JELUTONG 1 43 36 IV T/P
PERAI
PERTAMA 1 50 47 IV T/P
KEREH 2 45 50 IV T/P
JURU
JURU 2 54 47 IV T/P
RAMBAI 1 52 53 III T/P
JAWI JAWI 1 42 44 IV T/P
PERAK RAJA HITAM RAJA HITAM 2 53 57 III T/P
SELANGOR BULOH BULOH 4 58 56 III T/P
MELAKA
MERLIMAU MERLIMAU 2 53 52 IV T/P
SERI MELAKA SERI MELAKA 1 62 55 III T/P
JOHOR/
N.SEMBILAN
MUAR
SARANG
BUAYA
1 59 58 III T/P
JOHOR
RAMBAH RAMBAH 2 59 59 III T/P
KAW. PASIR
GUDANG
LATOH 1 58 54 III T/P
MASAI 1 52 51 IV T/P
PEREMBI 1 48 56 III T/P
BULUH 1 33 48 IV T/P
TUKANG BATU 1 26 35 IV T/P
TEBRAU
PANDAN 1 57 59 III T/P
TAMPOI 1 57 50 IV T/P
SEBULUNG 1 65 44 IV T/P
BALA 1 51 57 III T/P
SENGKUANG 1 42 36 IV T/P
SEGGET SEGGET 5 53 58 III T/P
KEMPAS KEMPAS 2 51 55 III T/P
DANGA DANGA 2 49 55 III T/P
PONTIAN BESAR AYER MERAH 1 47 29 V T/P
SANGLANG SANGLANG 1 47 52 III T/P
AIR BALOI AIR BALOI 3 41 50 IV T/P
KELANTAN
PENGKALAN
CHEPA
ALOR B 1 61 59 III T/P
ALOR LINTAH 1 53 48 IV T/P
TERENGGANU KEMAMAN RANSAN 1 60 50 IV T/P

212
LAMPIRAN 9A
APPENDIX 9A

Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pantai, Malaysia, 2010-2012
Marine Water Quality Index for Coastal Water Status, Malaysia, 2010-2012

NEGERI
STATE
KLASIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
KAWASAN
AREA
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2012)
2010 2011 2012
Kedah Coastal Pantai Merdeka
Langkawi Island Resort
Pantai Kok
Pantai Kuah
Pantai Pasir Tengkorak
Pantai Teluk Burau
Pantai Teluk Nibong
71.62
73.60
60.45
74.13
72.87
56.11
54.93
71.62
73.60
60.45
74.13
72.87
56.11
54.93
71.62
73.60
60.45
74.13
72.87
56.11
54.93
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Pulau
Pinang
Coastal Gertak Sanggul
Kawasan Perindustrian
Bayan Lepas I
Bayan Lepas II
Bayan Lepas III
Pantai Bersih
Pantai Miami
Pantai Pasir Panjang
Batu Feringgi (Casuarina)
Luar Pantai Teluk Bahang
Persiaran Gurney
Rumah Pam Baru Perai
Rumah Pam Lama Perai
Selat PP Selatan (Jelutong)
Tanjung Bungah
Teluk Tempoyak
83.24
66.12

65.57

66.95

64.04
86.81
87.70
86.49
83.16
81.15
64.57
66.63
65.34
73.34
64.42
82.18
62.54

63.09

58.78

72.19
83.37
74.15
61.16
84.28
61.85
64.92
66.63
61.49
61.61
74.03
58.29
61.00

62.33

55.65

52.38
65.52
63.02
81.13
68.52
68.05
50.48
61.60
58.13
51.98
77.99
Moderate
Moderate

Moderate

Moderate

Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Good
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Perak Coastal Pantai Pasir Bogak
Pantai Teluk Dalam
Pantai Teluk Batik
Pantai Tanjung Batu
Pantai Pasir Panjang
62.23
87.90
88.55
40.32
63.16
62.23
87.90
88.55
40.32
63.16
55.69
39.94
60.35
40.32
63.16
Moderate
Poor
Moderate
Poor
Moderate
Selangor Coastal Pantai Bagan Lalang
Pantai Morib
Selat Pulau Babi
Selat Klang Utara
63.51
52.18
63.47
65.82
63.51
52.18
63.47
65.82
90.57
75.03
90.98
89.14
Excellent
Moderate
Excellent
Good
Negeri
Sembilan
Coastal Bagan Pinang
Telok Sinting
Port Dickson Bandar
Port Dickson Batu 5
Port Dickson Batu 6
Port Dickson Batu 7
Port Dickson Batu 8
Port Dickson Batu 10
Port Dickson Janakuasa TNB
Telok Pelanduk
Pantai Cermin
64.85
81.61
57.57
62.55
63.11
52.26
80.65
81.43
52.87
86.81
89.19
72.47
65.90
66.45
81.60
89.61
64.49
75.72
66.34
66.19
80.93
89.19
72.47
65.90
66.45
81.60
89.61
64.49
75.72
66.34
66.19
80.93
89.19
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Good
Good
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Good
Good

213
LAMPIRAN 9A
APPENDIX 9A

Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pantai, Malaysia, 2010-2012 (samb.)
Marine Water Quality Index for Coastal Water Status, Malaysia, 2010-2012 (contd)

NEGERI
STATE
KLASIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
KAWASAN
AREA
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2012)
2010 2011 2012
Melaka Coastal Pantai Rombang
Pantai Kundur
Pantai Tanjung Bidara
Teluk Gong
Pulau Melaka Point A(i)
Pulau Melaka Point A(ii)
Pulau Melaka Point B(i)
Pulau Melaka Point B(ii)
64.83
62.97
62.14
65.15
54.96
49.15
54.85
49.61
67.61
52.39
61.21
55.02
43.76
49.15
48.08
49.61
66.36
79.71
76.56
79.24
50.24
49.15
48.31
49.61
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Poor
Poor
Poor
Johor Coastal/ Straits
Coastal
Tanjung Bin
PelabuhanTanjung Pelepas
Hadapan Jabatan Laut
Pantai Stulang Laut
Jeti Teluk Jawa
Pelabuhan Pasir Gudang
Hadapan HSAJB
Pantai Lido
Pantai Teluk Mahkota
Pantai Tanjung Leman
Pantai Sri Pantai
Tanjung Merak
Tanjung Pengelih
Pantai Tanjong Stapa
Pantai Teluk Gorek
Pantai Air Papan
Jeti Kukup
Jeti Tanjong Belungkor
Pasir Gogok
Tanjung Buai
Pantai Desaru
Tanjung Sepang
Tanjung Penyusup
Pantai Sungai Lurus
Punggur
87.65
88.09
54.77
70.74
64.70
66.24
66.66
67.01
72.06
85.49
72.72
76.72
94.33
68.61
91.59
91.63
52.90
93.30
92.98
93.44
90.39
74.58
73.94
92.73
55.44
87.65
88.09
54.77
70.74
64.70
66.24
66.66
67.01
80.46
82.79
80.26
81.54
82.93
78.24
-
87.02
62.69
80.14
69.26
86.44
92.51
90.82
89.52
52.07
52.45
88.98
86.35
66.86
61.36
62.37
61.48
54.37
55.94
78.57
78.72
80.02
82.82
83.31
81.10
84.07
82.50
86.43
84.21
83.94
84.61
85.33
84.86
82.21
81.76
68.18
Good
Good
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Moderate
Pahang Coastal Pantai Cherating ( Club Med )
Pantai Cherating ( Club Med )
Pantai Cherating ( Legend )
Pantai Cherating ( Legend )
Pantai Muhibbah Balok
Pantai Muhibbah Balok
Pantai Batu Hitam
Pantai Batu Hitam
Pantai Berserah
Pantai Berserah
Pantai Teluk Cempedak
Pantai Teluk Cempedak
Pantai Teluk Gelora
Pantai Teluk Gelora

79.44
70.48
75.73
70.87
52.06
51.04
71.20
71.08
67.48
55.11
67.99
46.56
52.24
50.49

79.44
70.48
75.73
70.87
52.06
51.04
71.20
71.08
67.48
55.11
67.99
46.56
52.24
50.49

70.48
70.48
70.02
70.87
51.16
51.04
69.36
71.08
70.90
55.11
64.29
46.56
50.21
50.49

Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Poor
Moderate
Moderate

214
LAMPIRAN 9A
APPENDIX 9A


NEGERI
STATE
KLASIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
KAWASAN
AREA
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2012)
2010 2011 2012
Pahang Coastal Pantai Sepat
Pantai Sepat (B)
Pantai Legenda (A)
Pantai Legenda (B)
Pantai Kuala Api-Api
Pantai Tanjung Batu
75.78
73.78
64.74
70.44
86.19
58.64
75.78
73.78
64.74
70.44
68.19
58.64
70.11
73.64
70.92
70.97
70.71
70.50
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Terengganu Coastal Tioxide Utara
(Kg. Bukit Kuang, Kijal)
Tioxide Tengah
(Pupuk Semangat, Kijal)
Tioxide Selatan (KSB, T.
Kalong)
Pantai Batu Buruk
Pantai Bukit Keluang
Pantai Chendering
Pantai Rantau Abang
KIPC Utara
KIPC Tengah
KIPC Selatan
Pulau Duyung
82.06

88.85

88.10

64.50
83.37
90.36
77.98
88.10
89.14
90.06
65.29
86.37

88.57

88.02

53.47
76.96
57.99
85.50
83.71
86.08
83.63
65.29
70.52

70.32

69.60

57.66
70.00
51.76
70.11
50.19
63.65
51.70
50.15
Moderate

Moderate

Moderate

Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Kelantan Coastal Pantai Seri Tujuh
Pantai Cahaya Bulan
Pantai Sabak
Pantai Irama Bachok
Pantai Bisikan Bayu
65.76
61.83
63.46
70.50
62.00
65.76
61.83
63.46
70.50
62.00
65.76
61.83
63.46
70.50
62.00
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Sarawak Coastal Pantai Sematan
Pantai Pandan
Pantai Pasir Putih
Pantai Bako
Pantai Damai
Pantai Tanjung Kembang
Pantai Harmoni Mukah
Pantai Tanjung Batu
Pantai Likau
Pantai Emas
Pantai Piasau
Pantai Brighton
Pantai Esplaned
Pantai Beraya
Pantai Bungai
82.78
69.36
89.97
90.22
74.26
69.44
50.30
34.98
48.22
34.98
66.78
57.31
53.47
72.00
72.35
82.78
85.21
70.33
78.38
73.06
69.44
50.30
34.98
48.22
34.98
66.78
57.31
53.47
72.00
72.35
67.79
60.43
69.60
73.63
70.20
70.40
69.90
34.98
48.22
34.98
66.78
52.45
53.47
72.00
72.35
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Poor
Poor
Poor
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate

215
LAMPIRAN 9A
APPENDIX 9A


NEGERI
STATE
KLASIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
KAWASAN
AREA
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2012)
2010 2011 2012
Sabah Coastal Pantai Teluk Brunei 1
Pantai Teluk Brunei 2
Borneo Golf Seawater
Pantai Manis Papar
Pantai Melinsung
Pantai Tanjung Aru (Rest
Lido)
Pantai Tanjung Aru (Roll
Skating)
Pantai Tanjung Aru (No.3)
Pantai Lok Kawi
Pantai Dalit Tuaran
Mangrove Paradise
Pantai Sabandar
Pantai Bak-Bak Kudat
Pasir Putih Sandakan
Pantai TLDM
Pantai Batu Sapi
Pantai Ulu Tungku
Pantai Sarina Kunak
Pantai Kg. Lamak
Pantai Tinagat
71.54
88.52
88.14
87.68
84.53
86.71
73.39
85.29
84.09
78.28

74.49

69.93
64.61
86.22
68.82
80.54
89.28
85.12
56.26
89.99
88.17
89.32
89.01
91.28
72.36
64.45
72.96
73.71
75.38
66.58
73.39
85.29
84.09
78.28

74.49

69.93
64.61
86.22
68.82
80.54
89.28
85.12
56.26
89.99
88.17
89.32
89.01
91.28
72.36
64.45
72.95
73.71
75.38
66.58
73.39
85.29
84.09
78.28

74.49

69.93
64.61
86.22
68.82
80.54
89.28
85.12
56.26
89.99
88.17
89.32
89.01
91.28
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Good
Good
Moderate

Moderate

Moderate
Moderate
Good
Moderate
Good
Good
Good
Moderate
Good
Good
Good
Good
Excellent
Labuan Coastal Pulau Papan
Kiamsam
Sungai Pagar
Layang-Layangan
Tanjung Aru
56.00
55.05
55.81
49.03
56.31
49.12
62.67
48.21
55.39
61.99
65.11
66.37
66.10
68.15
65.93
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate

216
LAMPIRAN 9B
APPENDIX 9B
Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Kuala, Malaysia, 2010-2012
Marine Water Quality Index for Estuary Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2010-2012

NEGERI
STATE
KLASIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
KAWASAN
AREA
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2012)
2010
2011 2012
Perlis Estuary Kuala Sungai Baru
Kuala Sungai Perlis
52.61
54.66
52.61
54.66
52.61
54.66
Moderate
Moderate
Kedah Estuary Kuala Kedah
Kuala Jerlun
65.38
65.38
65.38
65.38
65.38
65.38
Moderate
Moderate
Pulau
Pinang
Estuary Kuala Sungai Jawi
Kuala Sungai Juru
Kuala Sungai Kerian
Kuala Sungai Pinang
Kuala Sungai Perai
Kuala Sungai Tengah
Kuala Sungai Pinang (Balik
Pulau)
62.60
66.31
62.24
10.85
10.38
13.56
50.43
57.37
49.58
64.38
62.90
49.39
61.08
50.43
61.04
60.11
60.42
60.49
55.11
81.36
48.51
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Good
Poor
Perak Estuary Kuala Sungai Manjung
Kuala Sungai Gula
Kuala Sungai Kurau
Kuala Sungai Tanjung
Piandang
Kuala Sungai Sepetang
Kuala Sungai Perak
89.28
22.92
41.58
40.24

23.35
66.49
89.28
22.92
41.58
38.67

23.35
66.49
33.36
35.12
41.58
38.67

23.55
46.34
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor

Poor
Poor
Selangor Estuary Kuala Sungai Sepang
Kuala Sungai Sepang (Kecil)
Kuala Sungai Sepang
(Kawalan)
Kuala Sungai Langat (Jugra)
Kuala Sungai Klang
Kuala Sungai Langat (Lumut)
Kuala Sungai Buloh
Kuala Sungai Selangor
Kuala Sungai Tengi
Kuala Sungai Bernam
81.79
63.92
61.62

53.02
55.23
63.87
66.52
66.51
52.21
66.32
81.79
63.92
61.62

53.02
55.23
63.87
66.52
66.51
52.21
66.32
87.09
90.46
89.35

73.81
75.12
75.03
74.69
87.24
74.03
88.52
Good
Excellent
Good

Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Good
Moderate
Good
Negeri
Sembilan
Estuary Kuala Sungai Linggi
Kuala Sungai Lukut
66.91
60.01
64.27
67.94
64.27
67.94
Moderate
Moderate
Melaka Estuary Kuala Sungai Melaka
Kuala Sungai Sri Melaka
Kuala Sungai Merlimau
Kuala Sungai Kesang
Kuala Sungai Sebatu
54.52
48.65
55.11
62.24
55.32
49.89
48.65
64.06
67.08
62.82
56.78
56.51
47.57
61.71
54.16
Moderate
Moderate
Poor
Moderate
Moderate
Johor Estuary/ Straits
Estuary
Kuala Sungai Segget
Kuala Sungai Skudai
Kuala Sungai Melayu
Kuala Sungai Tebrau
Kuala Sungai Kim-Kim
Kuala Sungai Johor
Kuala Sungai Batu Pahat
Kuala Sungai Muar
Kuala Sungai Mersing
67.50
68.16
67.84
67.64
83.54
91.60
62.99
62.63
67.41
67.50
68.16
67.84
67.64
83.54
91.60
62.99
62.63
67.41
57.21
61.32
63.94
61.54
60.34
59.45
82.33
82.37
82.88
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Good
Good
Good

217
LAMPIRAN 9B
APPENDIX 9B
Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Kuala, Malaysia, 2010-2012 (samb.)
Marine Water Quality Index for Estuary Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2010-2012 (contd)

NEGERI
STATE
KLASIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
KAWASAN
AREA
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2012)
2010
2011 2012
Terengganu Estuary Kuala Sungai Besut
Kuala Sungai Dungun
Kuala Sungai Ibai
Kuala Sungai Kerteh
Kuala Sungai Marang
Kuala Sungai Paka
Kuala Sungai Setiu
Kuala Sungai Terengganu
Kuala Sungai
Kemaman/Chukai
80.37
84.47
66.18
68.95
68.95
64.52
87.63
76.48
29.02
61.13
53.15
53.31
74.31
71.49
80.99
49.83
58.42
82.32
61.22
51.70
52.08
57.50
57.59
62.71
56.41
51.06
49.76
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Poor
Kelantan Estuary Kuala Sungai Golok
Kuala Sungai Kelantan
Kuala Sungai Pengkalan
Chepa
Kuala Sungai Pengkalan
Datu
Kuala Sungai Kemasin
56.01
45.08
48.16

59.05

59.36
56.01
45.08
48.16

59.05

59.36
56.01
45.08
48.16

59.05

59.36
Moderate
Poor
Poor

Moderate

Moderate
Sarawak Estuary Kuala Sungai Semantan
Kuala Sungai Sarawak
Kuala Sungai Bako
Kuala Sungai Santubong
Kuala Batang Krian (Kabong)
Kuala Batang Rejang
Kuala Pantai Belawai
Kuala Mukah
Kuala Batang Kemena
Kuala Tanjung Similajau
92.92
88.03
94.26
94.03
70.39
70.81
54.17
59.31
56.56
41.75
79.45
61.59
59.67
86.81
70.39
70.81
54.17
59.31
56.56
41.75
72.01
67.11
55.69
70.00
70.39
70.81
52.44
59.31
56.56
41.75
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Poor
Sabah Estuary Kuala Penyu
Muara Sungai Inanam
31.60
58.76
55.42
58.76
55.42
58.76
Moderate
Moderate

218
LAMPIRAN 9C
APPENDIX 9C

Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pulau, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012
Marine Water Quality Index for Island Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012

NEGERI
STATE
KLASIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
KAWASAN
AREA
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2012)
2011 2012
Perlis Estuary Kuala Sungai Baru
Kuala Sungai Perlis
52.61
54.66
52.61
54.66
Moderate
Moderate
Kedah Estuary Kuala Kedah
Kuala Jerlun
65.38
65.38
65.38
65.38
Moderate
Moderate
Kedah Island Singa Besar
Dayang Bunting
Payar
Kaca
Pantai Kuah
Pantai Chenang
Tanjung Rhu
Teluk Ewa
72.54
68.99
81.67
81.67
63.95
74.63
78.74
74.88
79.56
27.51
81.67
81.67
73.88
87.61
94.68
73.36
Moderate
Poor
Good
Good
Moderate
Good
Excellent
Moderate
Pulau Pinang Island Batu Maung
Padang Kota
Aman
Jerejak
Kendi
Rimau
Gedong
95.58
96.00
63.01
64.88
86.35
89.88
67.21
76.78
54.29
63.01
64.88
86.35
89.88
67.21
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Good
Good
Moderate
Perak Island Pantai Teluk Gedong
Pantai Puteri Dewi
Pangkor Laut
Sembilan
Tukun Perak
87.21
78.34
85.62
54.44
94.18
73.35
83.00
68.44
69.63
68.69
Moderate
Good
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Selangor Island Ketam
Angsa
Lumut
80.16
91.18
39.93
88.92
84.89
84.89
Good
Good
Good
Negeri
Sembilan
Island Arang 81.24 81.24 Good
Melaka Island Upeh (Point A)
Upeh (Point B)
Besar (Point A)
Besar (Point B)
Undan (Point A)
Undan (Point B)
51.52
61.00
75.70
65.99
76.02
51.22
38.05
54.88
72.07
66.67
80.44
68.95
Poor
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Good
Moderate
Johor Island Setindan
Babi Tengah
Dayang
Nanga Besar
Sibu Tengah
Pemanggil
Kukup
Pisang
94.57
97.00
96.37
96.56
96.96
96.90
75.78
80.64
96.10
96.20
95.98
95.80
94.85
96.63
90.43
93.45
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent

219
LAMPIRAN 9C
APPENDIX 9C

Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pulau, Malaysia, 2011 dan 2012 (samb.)
Marine Water Quality Index for Island Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2011 and 2012 (contd)

NEGERI
STATE
KLASIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
KAWASAN
AREA
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2012)
2011 2012
Pahang Island Tioman (Teluk Salang)
Tioman (Kg. Nipah)
Tulai
Labas
Cebeh
Sepui
Sembilang
Seri Buat
Tokong Bahara
97.75
97.85
97.91
97.91
97.86
97.86
97.87
97.97
50.12
61.15
61.35
61.52
61.64
53.38
58.86
55.26
56.05
50.12
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Terengganu Island Gemia
Perhentian Besar (South)
Perhentian Besar (West)
Perhentian Kecil
Redang
Lang Tengah
Pinang
EkorTebu
Lima
Kapas
Redang (South)
81.96
32.69
55.87
59.55
71.77
87.63
88.56
73.82
68.38
88.14
65.48
77.43
68.70
71.08
71.68
66.91
70.44
62.99
62.83
69.85
68.50
65.48
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Kelantan Island Panjang
Kundur
76.01
82.47
62.79
61.16
Moderate
Moderate
Sarawak Island Satang
Talang-Talang Kecil
Talang-Talang Besar
61.21
58.71
78.87
92.00
92.17
92.58
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Sabah Island Gaya
Mabul
Sipadan(N)
Sipadan(W)
Sapi
Manukan
Tiga
Kalampunian Besar
Kapalai
Ligitan
Molleangan Besar
Banggi
Banggi
Balambangan
Selingan
Gulisan
Bakungan Kecil
80.56
70.17
66.01
70.55
81.51
76.35
69.73
64.74
69.74
70.60
54.93
60.59
55.57
80.08
64.77
67.76
64.19
80.56
70.17
66.01
70.55
81.51
76.35
69.73
64.74
69.74
70.60
54.93
60.59
55.57
80.08
64.77
67.76
64.19
Good
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Good
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Good
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Labuan Island Kuraman
Rusukan Besar
Rusukan Kecil
Pohon Batu
Water Front
Lubuk Temiang
Ranca-Ranca
60.23
62.15
63.35
66.08
56.90
63.45
63.15
83.10
85.26
86.21
90.71
71.80
86.23
86.19
Good
Good
Good
Excellent
Moderate
Good
Good

220

LAMPIRAN 10
APPENDIX 10

NOTA DAN SIMBOL
NOTES AND SYMBOLS

-
- tiada / kosong / tiada kes
nil / blank / no cases

.. tidak diperoleh
not available

n.a. tidak berkenaan
not applicable

0.0 kurang daripada setengah unit terkecil yang ditunjukkan
less than half the smallest unit shown

r pindaan
revised

e anggaran
estimate

p permulaan
preliminary

f unjuran
projection

i.e. iaitu
that is

PM10 Habuk Halus
Particulate Matter

CO Karbon Monoksida
Carbon Monoxide

NO2 Nitrogen Dioksida
Nitrogen Dioxide

O3 Ozon
Ground Level Ozone

SO2 Sulfur Dioksida
Sulphur Dioxide

g/m
3
mikrogram setiap meter padu
microgram per cubic metre

ppm bahagian setiap juta
parts per million

ppb bahagian setiap billion
parts per billion

km
2
kilometer persegi
square kilometres

mg/l miligram setiap liter
milligram per litres

JKPS juta kaki padu standard
MMscf million standard cubic feet

221

LAMPIRAN 10
APPENDIX 10

bil. bilangan
no. number

max. maksimum
maximum

min. minimum
RM Ringgit Malaysia
GHG gas rumah hijau
greenhouse gas

MPN Angka Jangkaan Tertinggi
Most Probably Number

ADB Bank Pembangunan Asia
Asian Development Bank

FDES Rangka Kerja untuk Pembangunan Perangkaan Alam Sekitar
Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics

ILP Institut Latihan Perindustrian
Industrial Training Institute

IPD Ibu Pejabat Polis Daerah

JAAMPAS Jawatankuasa Antara Agensi mengenai Perangkaan Alam Sekitar
IACES Inter-agency Committee on Environment Statistics

MPOB Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia
Malaysian Palm Oil Board

PERHILITAN Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara
DWNP Department of Wildlife and National Parks

UPE Unit Perancang Ekonomi
EPU Economic Planning Unit

UNEP Program Alam Sekitar Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu
United Nations Environment Programme

USM Universiti Sains Malaysia

W.P. Wilayah Persekutuan

NOTA
NOTE

Pembundaran: Jumlah bagi komponen mungkin berbeza dengan jumlah besar dalam
jadual penerbitan disebabkan oleh pembundaran angka.
Rounding: The sum of components may not add up to the totals in the tables presented in this
publication due to rounding.

222

LAMPIRAN 11
APPENDIX 11

RUJUKAN
REFERENCES

Buletin Perangkaan Bulanan
Monthly Statistical Bulletin

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change

Ekspedisi Saintifik Kepelbagaian Biologi Hutan, Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia
Forest Biodiversity Scientific Expedition, Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia

Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES) 1984, United Nations

Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES), Malaysia 1998

Kompendium Data dan Maklumat Asas Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia 2010

Laporan Tahunan Jabatan Alam Sekitar 2011
Annual Report Department of Environment 2011

Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2012

Malaysia Water Industry Guide 2013

Organisations for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Environmental Indicators

Perangkaan Perdagangan Luar Negeri Bulanan, Malaysia 2013
Monthly External Trade Statistics, Malaysia 2013

Perangkaan Perikanan Tahunan 2012-Awalan
Annual Fisheries Statistics 2012-Prefix

Laman web rasmi Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (http://www.water.gov.my)

Laman web rasmi Jabatan Taman Laut Malaysia (http://www.dmpm.nre.gov.my)
Department of Marine Parks Malaysia official web site

Laman web rasmi Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia (http://www.forestry.gov.my)

Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia official web site

225
GLOSARI
GLOSSARY

Air payau: air yang mengandungi garam yang mana kepekatan garamnya kurang daripada
kepekatan garam dalam air laut. Kepekatan jumlah garam yang terlarut
biasanya dalam lingkungan 1,000-10,000 miligram se liter (mg/l).
Brackishwater: water containing salts at a concentration significantly lower than that of sea water. The
concentration of total dissolved salts is usually in the range of 1,000-10,000 milligrams per
litre (mg/l).

Air sisa: air sisa/kumbahan adalah air sisa dari rumah, premis perniagaan atau industri
yang mengandungi bahan organik dan tak organik dalam bentuk terlarut dan
partikel terampai.
Waste water: wastewater/sewage is waste water from homes, business premise or industry that
contains organic and inorganic materials in the form of dissolved and suspended particles.

Air tawar: air bersih semula jadi yang mengandungi kurang kepekatan garam. Pada
amnya ia sesuai untuk pengeluaran dan dirawat supaya menjadi air bersih yang
sesuai untuk minum.
Freshwater: naturally occurring water having a low concentration of salts. It is generally accepted as
suitable for abstraction and treatment to produce portable water.

Akuakultur: akuakultur adalah pembiakan benih ikan atau pemeliharaan biak ikan melalui
perusahaan ternak keseluruhan atau sebahagian daripada peredaran hidupnya.
Aquaculture: aquaculture is the propagation of fish seed or the raising of fish through
husbandry during the whole or part of its life cycle.

Background:
stesen kualiti udara yang dijadikan sebagai rujukan (berdasarkan keadaan
kualiti udara) kepada stesen pengawasan kualiti udara yang lain.
air quality monitoring stations are used as a reference (based on air quality) to other air
quality monitoring stations.

Bahan pencemar udara: bahan yang terkandung di dalam udara yang pada kepekatan yang cukup tinggi
boleh memudaratkan kesihatan manusia, haiwan, tanaman dan harta benda.
Pencemar udara adalah termasuk bahan yang hampir kepada bentuk asal atau
kandungan tiruan yang wujud terapung di udara. Ia mengandungi partikel
pepejal, titisan cecair atau gas atau gabungan kesemuanya.
Air pollutants: substances in air that could, at high enough concentrations, harm human beings,
animals, vegetation or material. Air pollutants may thus include forms of matter of almost
any natural or artificial composition capable of being airborne. They consist of solid
particles, liquid droplets or gases or combination of these forms.

Bahan pencemar: sebarang bahan fizikal, kimia, biologi atau bahan radiologi atau bahan yang
mempunyai kesan buruk ke atas udara, air, darat/tanah atau biota.
Pollutants: any physical, chemical, biological or radiologic substance or matter that has an adverse
effect on air, water, land/soil or biota.

Bakteria Koliform (E.coli):

bakteria basiliform (berbentuk rod) yang hidup di dalam saluran usus manusia
dan haiwan yang berdarah panas. Kehadirannya di dalam air dijadikan sebagai
penunjuk kualiti pencemaran tinja. Terdapat had maksimum bilangan koliform di
dalam air yang tidak sesuai diminum/mandian.
Escherichia coli (E. coli):

Banjir:

Flood:

bacilliform (rod shaped) bacterium living in the intestinal tracts of humans and other
warm-blooded animals. Its presence in water indicates faecal pollution. There is a
maximum number of coliforms (coli number) above which water is no longer suitable for
drinking or bathing.

kuantiti air yang melimpah keluar dari tebing sungai, tasik atau sistem
perparitan sedia ada yang disebabkan oleh curahan hujan yang lebat, air laut
pasang dan halangan pada sistem saliran.
a body of water, rising, swelling and overflowing land not usually thus covered. Also,
overflowing of the bank of a stream, lake or drainage system of water onto adjacent land
as a result of storm tidal action and channel obstruction.

226
GLOSARI
GLOSSARY

Banjir kilat:

Flash flooding:

banjir secara tiba-tiba dan tidak dijangka yang disebabkan oleh hujan lebat
setempat atau hujan dari kawasan lain.
sudden and unexpected flooding caused by local heavy rainfall or rainfall in another area.

Buangan terjadual: kategori sisa tersenarai dalam Jadual Pertama Peraturan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling
(Buangan Terjadual) 2005. Ia juga ditakrifkan sebagai buangan toksid dan
berbahaya yang dihasilkan oleh industri, pertanian, bengkel, kontraktor
buangan terjadual, aktiviti domestik dan buangan klinikal dari hospital.
Scheduled wastes:

the waste category listed in the First Schedule Environmental Quality
Regulation (Scheduled Waste) 2005. It is also defined as toxic waste and hazardous
generated by industries, agriculture, workshop, scheduled waste contractors, domestic
activities and clinical wastes from hospitals.
Disentri: disentri adalah cirit-birit akut yang mengandungi darah di dalam najis. Disentri
kebanyakannya disebabkan oleh spesies Shigella (disentri bacillary) atau
Entamoeba histolytica (disentri amoebic).
Dysentery: dysentery is acute diarrhea with visible blood in the stool. Dysentery is most often caused
by Shigella species (bacillary dysentery) or Entamoeba histolytica (amoebic dysentery)
Ekosistem:

satu kompleks dinamik dari komuniti tumbuhan, haiwan dan mikro-organisma
serta persekitaran bukan hidup yang saling berinteraksi sebagai satu unit yang
berfungsi.
Ecosystem: a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living
environment interacting as a functional unit.

Endemik: spesies yang asli di sesuatu tempat atau kawasan dan bukan dibawa
dari tempat lain.
Endemic: native species in a particular place or area and not taken from elsewhere.

Fauna: semua kehidupan haiwan.
Fauna: all animal life.

Flora: semua kehidupan tumbuhan.
Flora: all plant life.

Habitat: tempat di mana organisma atau penduduk (manusia, haiwan, tumbuhan,
mikro-organisma) hidup.
Habitat:

Habuk Halus (PM):

Particulate Matter (PM):

place where an organism or population (human, animal, plant, micro-organism) lives.

partikel pepejal atau titisan cecair dalam udara atau pelepasan yang saiznya
0.01-100m, contohnya habuk, asap, wasap, semburan dan kabut.
solid particles or liquid droplets in the air or emission 0.01-100m size, eg. dust, smoke,
fume, spray and mist.
Habuk Halus (PM10): partikel terampai berukuran kurang daripada diameter 10 mikron. PM10 boleh
berbentuk pepejal atau cecair dan ia termasuk aerosol, debu, asap dan
debunga. Partikel ini berpunca daripada stesen janakuasa, proses industri dan
aktiviti pembakaran terbuka.
Particulate Matter (PM10): respirable particles of less than 10 micron in diameter. PM10 can be in solid or liquid form
and it includes aerosol, dust, smoke and pollen. These particles originate from power
plants, industrial processes and open burning activities.

Hakisan: proses penghausan permukaan fizikal. Biasanya dikaitkan dengan kehilangan
tanah disebabkan air, angin atau salji. Hakisan berlaku secara semula jadi dan
menyebabkan bertambah buruk akibat pembersihan tanah yang berkaitan
dengan aktiviti manusia seperti pertanian, perumahan atau perindustrian.
Erosion: wearing away and transport of the soil by wind or running water, waves or glaciers.
Erosion occurs naturally but is often intensified by human land-clearing activities related to
farming, residential or industrial development.

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Hutan bandar:

menanam, memelihara dan mengurus pokok di kawasan awam seperti
taman rekreasi, taman permainan dan kawasan lapang termasuk sepanjang
lebuhraya.
Urban forest:

planting, protecting and managing trees in public areas such as recreational parks,
playgrounds and open spaces includes the route along the highway.

Hutan simpanan kekal (HSK) : mana-mana tanah (tanah berhutan dan tidak berhutan) yang diwartakan atau
disifatkan sebagai HSK untuk tujuan perhutanan di bawah seksyen 7, 8 dan 9,
Akta Perhutanan Negara.
Permanent reserved forest (PRF): any land (forested and non-forested land) that have been enacted or deemed PRF for
forestry purposes under sections 7, 8 and 9, the National Forestry Act.

Indeks Kualiti Air: purata pemberat bagi kepekatan ambien bahan pencemar terpilih biasanya
berkait kepada pengkelasan kualiti air.
Water Quality Index: weighted average of selected ambient concentrations of pollutants usually linked to water
quality classes.

Indeks Pencemaran Udara
(IPU):
satu indikator yang dicipta berdasarkan kepada penilaian saintifik bagi
memaklumkan dengan cara yang mudah difahami kehadiran pencemaran
udara dan impaknya terhadap kesihatan manusia. Nilai IPU dikira berdasarkan
kepekatan purata setiap pencemar udara iaitu SO2, NO2, CO, O3 dan PM10.
Pencemar udara yang dominan dengan kepekatan tertinggi diambilkira sebagai
pencemar yang akan menentukan nilai IPU. Pada lazimnya, kepekatan (PM10)
adalah yang tertinggi berbanding dengan pencemar yang lain dan ini
menentukan bacaan IPU.
Air Pollutant Index (API): an indicator which is created based on scientific assessment to provide user friendly
information about the presence of air pollution and its impact on human health. API value
is calculated based on the average concentration of each air pollutant SO2, NO2, CO, O3
and PM10. Dominant of air pollutant with the highest concentrations of pollutants are
accounted for as that will determine the value of the API. In general, concentrations of
PM10 are the highest compared to other concentrations and this determines the API
readings.

Insinerator: mesin yang digunakan untuk memproses bahan buangan melalui proses
pembakaran.
Incinerator: machine used to process wastes through incineration process.

Kadar mortaliti bayi: nisbah bilangan kematian bayi di bawah umur 1 tahun dalam sesuatu tahun
kepada jumlah bilangan kelahiran hidup dalam tahun itu (bagi setiap seribu
kelahiran hidup).
Infant mortality rate: the ratio number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age in a given year to the total
number of live births in that year (per thousand live births).

Kapasiti pengeluaran: keupayaan pengeluaran air bagi loji yang beroperasi sepenuhnya dalam tahun
berkenaan. Kapasiti pengeluaran berbeza setiap tahun tertakluk kepada
rekabentuk loji.
Production capacity: the ability to produce water by fully operated plants in the respective year. The production
capacity varies every year according to the design of the plants.

Karbon Monoksida: gas yang tidak berwarna dan tidak berbau, tidak merengsa tetapi amat beracun.
Ia merupakan hasil daripada pembakaran bahan api yang tidak lengkap seperti
gas asli, arang atau hutan.
Carbon Monoxide: a colourless and odourless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is produced by
incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood.

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GLOSARI
GLOSSARY

Kawasan bandar:

kawasan yang diwartakan serta kawasan tepubina yang bersempadan
dengannya dan gabungan kedua-dua kawasan ini mempunyai penduduk
seramai 10,000 atau lebih. Kawasan tepubina didefinisikan sebagai kawasan
yang terletak bersebelahan kawasan yang diwartakan dan mempunyai
sekurang-kurangnya 60 peratus (berumur 15 tahun dan lebih) yang terlibat
dalam aktiviti bukan pertanian.
Urban area: gazetted areas with their adjoining built-up areas which had a combined
population of 10,000 or more. Built-up areas were defined as more. Built-up areas were
defined as areas contiguous to a gazetted area and had at least 60 per cent of their
population (aged 15 years and over) engaged in non-agricultural activities

Kepadatan penduduk: jumlah bilangan penduduk setiap unit per segi di kawasan muka bumi.
Population density: total number of inhabitants per square unit of surface area.

Kepelbagaian biologi: kepelbagaian genetik, spesies dan ekosistem di sesuatu kawasan.
Biodiversity:

Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia
(BOD5):
the range of genetic differences, species differences and ecosystem differences in a given
area.

ukuran jumlah oksigen terlarut yang diperlukan oleh organisma untuk mengurai
bahan organik yang terdapat di dalam air. Biasanya bacaan diambil dalam
tempoh 5 hari.
(BOD5):

Keperluan Oksigen Kimia
(COD):
dissolved oxygen required by organisms for the aerobic decomposition of organic matter
present in water. This measurement is usually taken within 5 days.

indeks pencemaran air yang digunakan sebagai ukuran kepekatan jisim
oksigen yang diperlukan untuk mengurai bahan organik dan bukan organik
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): index of water pollution measuring the mass concentration of oxygen consumed by the
chemical breakdown of organic and inorganic matter.

Kesan rumah hijau: kesan pemanasan disebabkan oleh sinaran suria yang terperangkap dalam
atmosfera bumi. Kesan ini dikaitkan dengan pertambahan kepekatan karbon
dioksida dalam atmosfera bumi.
Greenhouse effect: warming of the earth`s atmosphere caused by the concentration of carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse or trace gases that act like a pane of glass in a greenhouse, allowing
sunlight to pass through and heat the earth but preventing a counterbalancing loss of heat
radiation.

Kolera: penyakit usus pada umumnya disebabkan oleh pencemaran najis daripada air
dan makanan
Cholera: Intestinal disease generally caused by faecal contamination of water and food.

Ladang hutan: kawasan yang ditanam dengan pokok atau tumbuh-tumbuhan hutan, sama ada
daripada spesies tempatan atau dagang, dengan kaedah tanaman secara
terbuka yang luasnya tidak kurang daripada 50ha. Ladang hutan boleh
merangkumi kawasan yang terletak di dalam atau di luar HSK.
Forest plantation: area planted with trees or forest plants, whether from local or foreign species, the method
of cultivation as wide open no less than 50 ha. Forest plantations can include areas that
are located within or outside the PRF.

Logam Berat: logam bertoksik yang digunakan dalam proses industri, sebagai contoh,
arsenik, kadmium, kromium, tembaga, plumbum, raksa, nikel dan zink. Ia boleh
merosakkan kehidupan tumbuhan dan haiwan pada kepekatan yang rendah
dan cenderung untuk berkumpul dalam rantaian makanan.
Heavy Metals: potentially toxic metals used in industrial processes, for example, arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc. They may damage plant and animal life
at low concentrations and tend to accumulate in the food chain.

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Nilai pH: ukuran kepada asidik untuk nilai alkaline dalam cecair. Nilai pH di antara
lingkungan 0 ke 7 menunjukkan asidik, nilai pH di antara lingkungan 7 ke 14
menunjukkan alkaline, dan nilai pH 7 menandakan neutral.
pH Value: measure of the acidity for alkalinity of a liquid. A pH value in the range of 0 to 7 indicates
acidity, a pH value in the range of 7 to 14 indicates alkalinity, and a pH value of 7 signifies
neutrality.

Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2) nitrogen dioksida terbentuk di persekitaran udara melalui pengoksidaan
Nitrogen Monoksida (NO). Gas bertoksik berwarna merah keperangan ini
mempunyai bau yang kuat dan tajam.
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) nitrogen dioxide is formed in the ambient air through the oxidation of Nitrogen Monoxide
(NO). This reddish brown toxic gas has a sharp and pungent odour.

Oksigen Terlarut (DO): jumlah gas oksigen (O2) yang berada dalam air, dikira mengikut kandungannya
dalam isipadu air (miligram O2 se liter) atau jumlah peratusnya dalam air tepu.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO): amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) actually present in water expressed in terms either of its
presence in the volume of water (milligrams of O2 per litre) or of its share in saturated
water (percentage).

Ozon (O3): gas yang mengeluarkan bau yang tidak menyenangkan, tidak berwarna dan
bertoksik yang menyumbang kepada fotokimia asbut (campuran asap dan
kabut). O3 terbentuk hasil daripada reaksi kimia antara Sebatian Organik
Meruap (VOC) dan Nitrogen Oksida (NOx). Pada lewat tengahari atau awal
petang, lazimnya kepekatan ozon adalah tinggi dan mendominasi bacaan IPU
di sesetengah kawasan. Di bawah pengaruh cahaya matahari,
NOx dan VOC yang dilepaskan dari ekzos kenderaan bermotor dan industri ia
bertindakbalas bagi membentuk ozon di permukaan bumi.
Ground Level Ozone (O3): a pungent, colourless and toxic gas that contributes to photochemical smog. O3 is formed
as a result of chemical reaction in the air between Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx). By the late afternoon or early evening, usually O3
concentration is high and dominating API readings in some areas. Under the sunlight
influence, and reaction between NO
x
and VOC that released from motor vehicles exhaust
and industrial which form the O3 in the earths surface. Under the influence of sunlight,
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted from motor
vehicle exhaust and industry react to form O3 in the earth's surface.

Paya: jenis tanah bencah yang sentiasa mengandungi air atau untuk satu tempoh
masa dan diliputi oleh tumbuhan semula jadi. Paya terdiri daripada air tawar
atau air masin, dan mengalami atau tidak air pasang surut.
Swamp: type of wetland with water standing permanently or for a considerable period of time and
with a dense cover of native vegetation. Swamps may be freshwater or saltwater, and
tidal or non-tidal.

Pelepasan:

Emission:
pembuangan bahan pencemar ke atmosfera dari punca tetap seperti cerobong
asap dan lain-lain, kawasan komersial atau perindustrian dan juga berpunca
daripada punca bergerak seperti kenderaan bermotor, lokomotif dan pesawat.
discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources such as smokestacks,
other vents, surface areas of commercial or industrial facilities and mobile sources, for
example, motor vehicles, locomotives and aircraft.

Pemanasan sejagat: fenomena dipercayai terjadi daripada kesan pertambahan karbon dioksida dan
gas rumah kaca yang lain. Ini telah dikenalpasti oleh ramai saintis sebagai
ancaman utama alam sekitar sejagat.
Global warming: phenomenon believed to occur as a result of the build-up of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases. It has been identified by many scientists as a major global
environmental threat.

Pemantauan kualiti udara: bacaan standard dan pemerhatian terhadap udara yang diambil secara
berterusan atau kerap yang digunakan sebagai peringatan dan kawalan.
Air quality monitoring: continuous or frequent standardised measurement and observation of the air, often used
for warning and control.

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GLOSARI
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Pemuliharaan ex-situ mengekalkan spesies di luar habitat asal mereka dalam kemudahan seperti
zoo, arboreta, taman botani dan taman herba.
Ex-situ conservation to maintain species outside their original habitats in facilities such as zoological gardens,
arboreta, botanical and herbs parks.

Pemuliharaan in-situ: mengekalkan tumbuhan dan hidupan liar di habitat asalnya seperti taman
negara, hutan simpanan kekal, taman-taman laut dan pusat pemuliharaan
hidupan liar.
In-situ conservation: to maintain plants and animal in their original habitats such as parks, permanent reserved
forest, marine parks and wildlife conservation center.

Pencemaran marin: pengenalan langsung atau tidak langsung oleh manusia atau tenaga ke dalam
alam sekitar marin (termasuk muara), menghasilkan kemusnahan kepada
sumber kehidupan, berbahaya kepada kesihatan hidupan, halangan kepada
kegiatan marin termasuk memancing, merosakkan kualiti air laut dan
mengurangkan keselesaan.
Marine pollution: direct or indirect introduction by humans of substances or energy into the
marine environment (including estuaries), resulting in harm to living resources, hazards to
human health, hindrances to marine activities including fishing, impairment of the quality
of sea water and reduction of amenities.

Pencemaran udara: kandungan sesuatu gas, cecair atau zarah yang terampai di udara ambien yang
boleh menjejaskan kehidupan atau memberi kesan negatif kepada manusia,
tumbuh-tumbuhan dan haiwan.
Air pollution: Content of a gas, liquid or particles suspended in the ambient air that could
affect life or a negative impact on humans, plants and animals.

Penempatan penduduk: konsep penyatuan yang terdiri daripada (a) komponen fizikal tempat berteduh
dan infrastruktur dan (b) perkhidmatan yang mana menyokong penyediaan
elemen fizikal. Ini boleh dikatakan seperti perkhidmatan komuniti seperti
pendidikan, kesihatan, kebudayaan, kebajikan, rekreasi dan pemakanan.
Human settlements: integrative concept that comprises (a) physical components of shelter and
infrastructure and (b) services to which the physical elements provide support, that is to
say, community services such as education, health, culture, welfare, recreation and
nutrition.

Pengawasan kualiti air: bacaan standard dan pemerhatian terhadap air yang diambil secara berterusan
atau kerap yang digunakan sebagai peringatan dan kawalan.
Water quality monitoring: continuous or frequent standardised measurement and observation of the water often
used for warning and control.

Penyiasatan migrasi: memungut maklumat tempat tinggal biasa penduduk pada dua titik masa
(tarikh tertentu), di mana tempoh antaranya genap satu tahun. Pertukaran
lokaliti tempat tinggal biasa pada dua titik masa ini dianggap sebagai migrasi.
Penduduk yang bertukar lokaliti tempat tinggal biasa merentasi sempadan
negeri adalah migran antara negeri.
Migration survey: collects information on respondents' usual place of residence at two specific points of time
which are exactly one year apart. Changes in the usual place of residence locality at
these two points in time constitute migration. Population that changes its usual place of
residence across state boundary is known as inter-state migrant.

Perangkaan alam sekitar: statistik yang menerangkan keadaan dan arah aliran alam sekitar, meliputi
media alam sekitar semula jadi (udara/iklim, air, tanah), biota dalam media dan
penempatan penduduk. Perangkaan alam sekitar mengukur aktiviti manusia
dan kejadian semula jadi yang membawa kesan kepada alam sekitar, kesan
daripada aktiviti-aktiviti dan kejadian ini, reaksi masyarakat kepada kesan alam
sekitar dan kualiti kesediaan aset semula jadi. Definisi lengkap termasuk
petunjuk alam sekitar, indeks dan perakaunan.

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GLOSARI
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Environment statistics:

statistics that describe the state and trends of the environment, covering the media of the
natural environment (air/climate, water, land/soil), the biota within the media, and human
settlements. Environment statistics are integrative in nature, measuring human activities
and natural events that affect the environment, the impacts of these activities and events,
social responses to environmental impacts, and the quality and availability of natural
assets. Broad definitions include environmental indicators, indices and accounting.

Perubahan iklim: istilah yang kerap digunakan merujuk kepada kepanasan sejagat berkaitan
pelepasan gas rumah kaca hasil kegiatan manusia.
Climate change:

term frequently used in reference to global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions
from human activities.

Rangka Kerja Pembangunan
Perangkaan Alam Sekitar:
konsep rangka kerja bagi membantu membangunkan, menyelaras dan
menguruskan perangkaan alam sekitar dan perangkaan berkaitan dengan
sosial ekonomi dan demografi. Ia dibangunkan oleh United Nations Statistics
Division dalam tahun 1984, dan ianya berdasarkan kepada prinsip
tekanan-tindak balas impak alam sekitar.
Framework for the Development of
Environment Statistics (FDES):

conceptual framework that assists in development, coordination and organisation of
environment statistics and related social-economic and demographic statistics. It was
developed by the United Nations Statistics Division in 1984, and is based on stress-
response principles of environmental impacts.

Sisa industri: sisa cecair, pepejal dan gas yang dihasilkan daripada pengeluaran produk
tertentu.
Industrial wastes: liquid, solid and gaseous wastes originating from the manufacture of specific products.

Sisa pertanian: sisa yang terhasil daripada pelbagai aktiviti pertanian. Ini termasuk kerja
membaja dan lain-lain sisa dari ladang, kandang ternak dan tempat
penyembelihan; sisa tuaian; baja yang mengalir dari ladang; racun serangga
yang masuk ke dalam air, udara atau tanah; dan garam dan lumpur mengalir
dari padang.
Agricultural waste: Waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations. It includes manure and
other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses; harvest waste; fertiliser
run-off from fields; pesticides that enter into water, air or soil; and salt and silt drained
from fields.

Sistem bekas lombong: sistem untuk menternak ikan di mana-mana tanah yang pernah (tetapi tidak
lagi) diberi atau dikeluarkan pajakan lombong atau sijil lombong di bawah
mana-mana undang-undang bertulis mengenai perlombongan.
Ex-mining culture system: system of fish culture on any land in respect of which a mining lease or certificate were
once but no longer granted or issued under any written law relating to mining.

Sistem kandang: sistem yang merupakan suatu kepungan yang dibuat daripada bahan
pengadang yang dilekatkan pada tiang yang ditanam ke dasar laut.
Pen culture system: system of fish culture in an enclosure made of any screening material attached to poles
staked to the seabed.

Sistem kolam: sistem ternakan ikan di dalam kolam.
Culture system: system of fish culture in ponds.

Sistem sangkar: sistem untuk menternak ikan di dalam suatu kepungan yang dibuat daripada
apa-apa bahan saringan yang diikat pada struktur yang dilabuhkan pada dasar
perairan sungai atau mana-mana tempat di darat.
Cage culture system: system of fish culture in an enclosure on whatever shape or size made of any screening
material and attached to floating structures which are anchored to the sea-bed.

Sistem tangki: sistem ternakan ikan di dalam tangki di atas tanah.
Tank culture system: system of fish culture in tanks on land.

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Standard kualiti udara: kepekatan sesuatu bahan cemar yang dibenarkan dalam atmosfera oleh
undang-undang untuk meminimumkan kesan mudarat.
Air quality standards: levels of air pollutants prescribed by regulations that may not be exceeded during a
specified time in a defined area.

Subbandar: stesen pengawasan kualiti udara yang terletak di kawasan Subbandar
Suburban: air quality monitoring stations located in the Suburban
Sulfur Dioksida (SO2): sejenis gas reaktif yang tidak berwarna, mempunyai bau yang tajam dan
merengsa serta mudah larut dalam air. Ia biasanya dikeluarkan oleh stesen
janakuasa dan sektor industri, daripada pembakaran arang batu dan minyak,
pemanasan atau pembakaran dalaman enjin.
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2): colourless, pungent, irritating and water-soluble reactive gas. It is usually emitted by
power plants and industrial sector, from the burning of coal and oil, heating or from
internal combustion engines.

Tanah Bencah-Ramsar: kawasan yang berpaya, fen, tanah gambut atau berair samada semula jadi atau
buatan manusia, kekal atau sementara, mengandungi air yang tidak mengalir,
mengalir, air bersih, air tawar atau masin termasuk kawasan perairan laut, di
mana dalamannya tidak melebihi enam meter.
Wetland-Ramsar: areas of marshes, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or
temporary, with water that is static, flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of
marine water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres.

Tanah bencah: kawasan dari lapisan tanah rendah yang mana aras air bumi yang berada atau
berhampiran dengan permukaan tanah pada kebanyakan masa. Tanah bencah
termasuk semua tanah berpaya, tanah berlumpur, fen dan muara.
Wetland: area of low-lying land where the water table is at or near the surface most of the time.
Wetlands include swamps, bogs, fens, marshes and estuaries.

Tanah berhutan: tanah yang merangkumi lebih daripada 0.5 hektar dengan pokok-pokok yang
lebih tinggi daripada 5 meter dan litupan kanopi melebihi 10%, atau pokok yang
mampu untuk mencapai tahap in situ- (FAO 1998; FRA 2000). Ia tidak termasuk
tanah di bawah penggunaan tanah pertanian atau bandar (dirian pokok di
kawasan pertanian, taman dan sebagainya). Keluasan kawasan berhutan ini
dibahagikan kepada Hutan Simpanan Kekal (HSK), Hutan Tanah Kerajaan
(HTK), Hutan Hidupan Liar di luar kawasan HSK, lain-lain Rizab Berhutan dan
Tanah Berimilik.
Forested land: a land area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5
metre with a tree canopy cover of more than 10 percent. It does not include land under
agricultural or urban land use (stand of trees in agricultural areas, parks, etc.). Forested
land is divided into Permanent Forest Reserve (PRF), Forest Land Government (FLG),
Forest Wildlife outside the PRF, others Forested Reserve and Alienated Land.
Tanaman buluh: Buluh digunakan secara meluas dalam industri pembuatan perabot, kraftangan,
bekas barangan, tikar, pulpa, kertas, bahan bakar, pembinaan dan peralatan
rumah.
Bamboo plantation: Bamboo is a widely used in the furniture manufacturing industry, handicrafts, container
products, matting, pulp, paper, fuel, construction as well as home appliances.

Tanaman mengaya:

Enrichment planting:
merupakan suatu rawatan pemulihan hutan ke atas kawasan hutan miskin dan
kawasan lapang yang dilaksanakan ke atas kawasan di dalam HSK yang telah
diusahasil bagi membantu meningkatkan isi kandungan hutan tersebut supaya
mencapai tahap yang dikehendaki.
a forest restoration treatments on poor forest areas and open spaces that are performed
on the areas in PRF which has been harvested to help improve the content of the forest to
reach the desired level.

Tanaman rotan:

salah satu hasil hutan bukan kayu utama. Bertujuan untuk meningkatkan stok
tumbuhan dalam kawasan HSK yang sesuai bagi memastikan pengeluaran
sumber ini secara berkekalan untuk menampung keperluan industri perabot
rotan tempatan.

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GLOSARI
GLOSSARY
Rattan plantation: one of the main non-timber forest products. The plantation is to increase the stock of this
plant in the PRF appropriate to ensure sustainable production of these resources to meet
the needs of the local rattan furniture industry.

Tapak pelupusan: pemindahan terakhir bahan sisa di dalam atau di atas tanah yang dikawal atau
tidak dikawal mengikut cara kebersihan yang berbeza, perlindungan alam
sekitar dan keperluan keselamatan yang lain.
Landfill: final replacement of waste in or on the land in a controlled or uncontrolled way according
to different sanitary, environmental protection and other safety requirements.

Tapak semaian: menghasilkan anak benih dan anak pokok untuk digunakan bagi projek-projek
penghutanan semula, penyelidikan, perhutanan bandar dan aktiviti landskap.
Nursery: produce seedlings and saplings to be used for reforestation projects, research, urban
forestry and landscape activities.

Topografi: bentuk fizikal kawasan permukaan, termasuk muka bumi atau ketinggian relatif
dan kedudukan bentuk muka bumi buatan manusia dan semula jadi.
Topography: physical feature of a surface area, including its relief or relative elevations, and the
position of human-made and natural features.
Viral Hepatitis A:

Viral Hepatitis A:
penyakit akut biasanya termasuk demam, dedar, keletihan melampau,
anoreksia, loya, jaundis akut dan kuadran atas kanan abdomen dengan
pertambahan lebihan alanine aminotransferase melebihi 2.5 kali kadar biasa.
acute illness typically including fever, malaise, extreme fatigue, anorexia, nausea, acute
jaundice and right upper quadrant of abdomen tenderness with raised alanine
aminotransferase more than 2.5 times normal rate.

Compendium of Environment Statistics Malaysia 2013

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