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(rwfv 27 &ufaeY) + &ef-igrjywfvdkY...oHCmtowfcH&wm 3
+ umwGef;rsm; 4-5
+ uAsmrsm; 6-14? 27-30
+ zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'ESifh ywfouforQ 17? 23-26
+ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rdefYcGef; 19
+ a&T0ga&mifawmfvSefa&; "mwfyHkrsm; 20
+ &efukefNrdKU ig;avmif;NydKifvlowfrI "mwfyHkrsm; 21-22
1 + puf&yfowif; 22
+ ydkpwmrsm; 15? 30
+ txl;owif; 31

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Force Out vk y f c J h & wmyJ jzpf w ,f / zd v pf y d k i f u
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EdkifiH&,fvdkY urÇmay:rSm wEdkifiHrS r&SdcJhzl;ygbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh
Dialogue wdYk vHNk cKH a&;aumifpw D Ykd qdw
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'DtmPm&Sifpepfqdk;udk Force Out vkyfEdkifbdkY Force
uRefawmfwdkYrSm vufxJrSm toifh&Sdaeygw,f/ tJ'D Force
u jynfolqdkwJh tiftm;yJ jzpfygw,f/ People power
qdkwJh Force xufBuD;rm;wJh Force b,frSm &SdrSmvJ.../
Ny;D cJw
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od y f B uD ; rm;vd k Y vl a wG a Mumuf a eMuNyD ? rx&J a wmh b l ; ?
r<u&Jawmhb;l ...Dialogue eJY tay;t,lvyk Nf y;D ay;orQukd
,lMupdkY...vdkY a<u;aMumfaeMuwJh tmPm&Sifudk rsufESmcsdK
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(8? rwfv? 2008)
vlxkpdef0if;
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Force = tiftm;/ People power = jynfolUtiftm; pGrf;yum;/)
a&SUrSm tMurf;zuform;awG vmNyDa[h ypf...ypf...
NyD;cJhonfh pufwifbm a&T0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;twGif; Nidrf;csrf;pGm arwÅmydkY
pDwef;vSnfhvnf vrf;avQmufcJhMuaom oHCmawmft&Sifoljrwfrsm;tm;
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tck wzef tmPmudk &moufyef qkyu f ikd v
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usif;yrnfjzpfonf/
 *rfbm&Dvnf; aMumuf&wmyJ 'Drdk*gxm 3 yk'f
i&J vm;csif
ppfxJ0if/

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ausmfoleJY wdkifyif/

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armif p G r f ; &nf

5 6

atmif y G J q D o d k Y wdkufyGJ0ifcJh&wmuGJU
tm;ustwk,lMuprf;yguGJU/
tajctaeuawmh
acG;0Jpm; etztay: ukvor*¾rSm vufwjzefYjzefY
tdrfeD;csif;aumif; yDovGef;aewJh [dkvlUqDvufjzefY 'DvlYqDvufjzefY
tmqD,HeJY w½kwfudk- ]ig}eJYyJ udkifwkwf&awmhrvdk/ vnfwqefYqefY
oGm;vkyfraeMuprf;ygeJY
tmqD,H qdkwJhtwdkif; &Sufp&maumif;vGef;vSw,fuGJU
acG;0Jpm; t½dkif;tpdkif; t,kwfwrmudk (igwdkYwawG[m olawmif;pm;rsdK;EG,fpku
]tm}awGeJY ]pD}nHNyD; 0ef;]&H} ay;cJh/ qif;oufvmMuolawG r[kwfbl;uGJU)
(0Jul;csifvdkY xifyg&JU) wdkufyGJu jynfwGif;xJrSmyJ &SdwmuGJU
awmfao;w,fuUJG jynfwGif;xJu ol&Jaumif;awGeJYyJ
tm½dk,dk u,fayvdkY csdwfquf wdkufyGJ0ifMu&r,fuGJU/
EdkYrdkYqdk- tJ'D ]ig...}awGeaYJ wmh
igwdkYwdkif;jynf befuDrGef;vnf; pdwfnpfwmuvGJ
olaX;tdraf wGMum; *rfbm&Dvnf; pdwfraumif;wmuvGJ
wJpkwfzGwfMum;b0eJYyJ yDnJ½dk;vnf; pdwfysufwmuvGJ
a&pkefarsm&vdrfhr,fuGJU/ bmrsm; wwfEdkifvdkYvJuGJU/

jzpfEdkif&if- tdrfeD;csif; b,f ]ig...}udkrS b,fppftmPm&Sif acG;olcdk;rqdk

tm;rudk;MuygeJY jynfoluvGJ bmudkrS aMumufwmr[kwfbl;uGJU
atmify[ JG m jynfolawGom awmfvSefa&;&JU tm;
wdkuf&JwJh igwdkYvufxJrSmyJ &Sdw,fuGJU jynfolawGom awmfvSefa&;&JU "m;
igwdkY&JU uHMur®mudk igwdkYyJ zefwD;zdkY vdkw,fuGJU/ jynfolUtiftm;udk udkifpGJ
qifh[dk'if; acG;arQmf0g'eJY- qufrcsw D ufMuygeJY vlxkwdkufyGJeJYyJ ppfacG;awGudk armif;xkwfMupdkY&JU/ /
AD,uferf vGwfajrmufa&;
a'guf w mvG P f ; aqG
AD,uferfjynfolawGyJ
(jrm;ewfarmifr*Fvmr*¾Zif;t,f'DwmcsKyfa[mif;)
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 trsd K ;om;a&;ES i f h omuD a oG ;
wpfcgu- ylvSwJh &moD omuDeJY aumvd,
toHk;cswJh jrpf a&ppfvdkYcrf;
ysdK;zsef;p&mawmif r&Sdawmhbl;wJh/
'D a wmh - vufusefa&twGuf vufeufcsif;NydKif
olEdkifudkEdkif a&ydkifzdkYta&;
"m;aoG;Muyga&mwJh...
wefzdk;rJh a&twGuf
vlYtoufeJYvJ vGJrSm;pGmawG;
EdkifiHa&;rSm paw;MuwJhtcg
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omuD0ifordkif; omoemhordkif; bdkif;bdkif;vJa&mhr,f
ppfwvif;&JUtv,f 0ifcJhbl;w,f r[kwfvm;/
0d##Ly
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EdkY&nfeJYaq;aMum &,farmavSmifcH&
&Sufa'goeJY 'dkY&JUomuDrsdK;
&eftNidK;xm; wpfrsdK;om;vHk;owf
ZmwfzsufvdkY "m;aoG; trsdK;om;a&;rSmvnf;
tbyJ azsmif;zs oHk;cgawmif em;cs
trsdK;cspfaMumif; jycJhw,f r[kwfvm;/
Armhppfordkif;- wvdkif;waumif; uyJ p rvm;
oa&acwÅ&mtoGm; ysLem;uyJ p rvm;
pcsifwJhae&mu p a&wdrfepfp wdkif;jynf
igwdkYcsnf; 0ifu,fcJhwmyJ/
9 10
Ak'¨om; igwdkYum;- jynfyusL;ausmfppf? jynfwGif;ykefuefppf
ppfyGJwdkif; ppfyGJwdkif; ordkif;wifwJhcg
igwdkYom urÁnf;xdk;rxdk;&if- ajcusdK;wJh tysdKacsm
Opömaygvsuf ÓPfrJhol? jcLqGJwJhaMumif
rdk;acgifwJhtdkif? ezm;rEdkifwJh EGm;ysdK
b,fvdkrS Munfhaumif;rSm r[kwfbl;/
tJ'Dawmh- trsdK;om;tcsif;csif; uRefjyK&if;ESdyfpuf
bkef;BuD;owf? ausmif;om;owf
tvkyform;owf? v,form;owf
EdkifiHxuf0ufa&mif;pm;? bk&m;ay:zdeyfpD;
arsmufjyNyD; qefawmif;? bk&m;wefaqmif;jyifovdkvdk
vrf;a[mif;jyifovdkvdkeJY bkef;BuD;vnfrsdKeif;
jynfolYxrif; twif;vkawmif;
aomif;usef;ol[kac:aom e.0.w(,ck e.t.z)
0d##Ly vufopf e.0.w(e.t.z) tJ'Dtpdk;&udk
usKyfwdkYu-
ausmif;0u arQmfai; &yfMunfhay;&rvm;
oif;tBudKufudka&; tm;ay;pum;qdk&rvm;/
a[h- arSmf0ifom; iEGm;
igwdkYum; bk&m;\ wynfh
ygPmwdygw tp ar&, tqHk;
ig;yg;vHk;uefxkwf tkyfcsKyfaewJh aomif;usef;ol&ef
tukefuefcszdkYta&; Ak'¨&JUaoG;
trsdK;om;a&; bmoma&;
EdkifiHa&; xdkxdkta&;tm;vHk;
'dkYESvHk;om;xJ arG;xm;w,f/ /
r[mol &

arwÅmvrf;jzifh wdkufyGJ0ifrnf Murf;csifMurf; &rf;csif&rf;

igwdkY pdwf"mwf crf;roGm;bl;
vlYabmifudk OD;aqmifum aMumufpdwfudk c0gcs oHCmu OD;aqmifrnf
&orQ tjrwfxkwf &GdUpdwfudk ajymif;umxm; ausmif;om;u OD;aqmifrnf
vuf0g;BuD; tkyfaeMuwJh &D(&,f)oludk tjyifxkwf jynfolt[kwf OD;aqmifrnf
oif;wdkY etz trsdK;awGudk t½dk;aMuaMu ta&crf;crf;
t½dk;aMuaMu ta&crf;crf; omoemhtvH a'gif;tvH
arwÅmvrf;jzifh wdkufyGJ0ifrnf/ wdkYEdkifiHrSm ajAmif;qefatmif pdkufvdkY
arwÅmjzifh ckwfxGif
vlUabmifudk OD;pD; etz udk okwfoifMuygpdkY/ /
t"r®bDvl;pD;ovdk
awGU&mvl tukefowf oH C mwyg;(yk * H )
BuHK&mvl tukefzrf;
,Hkwrf;rJh rkom;awGeJY
[dkvdkajym 'Dvdkajym
[dkyk'fr 'Dyk'freJY
jynfolvkyforQ rkcsusOf
vkyf&&if bk&m;awmif owfcsifwJh 'if;wdkY etz udk
oHCmawG aoG;ajrusvnf;
ausmif;om;awG aoG;ajrusvnf;
t½dk;aMuaMu ta&crf;crf;
arwÅmvrf;jzifh wdkufyGJ0ifrnf/

owfcsifowf zrf;csifzrf;
11 12
 pdk;wxdwfxdwf 'kwd, vGwfvyfa&; wdkufyGJ
om;a&
wHcg;ydwv
f nf;
vGwfvyfrIqdkwm
pdwfurvHk? &ifwkefwkef/
vdktyfrIudk oabmayguf em;vnfjcif;yJ/
vrf;BuKd vrf;Mum;? avQmufíoGm;vnf;
'DaeY
aemufem;uyfvm? t&dyfyrmodkY
azazwdkY bmvdktyfaeovJ/
xdwfp&mBuHK? vdyfjymrvHk/
1948
warS;tdyv
f nf;
yxr ppD;cJhwJhjrpf
vlajcomwdwf? ajcoHrwdwf
1962 rSm a&wdrfepfcJh&w,f.../
wdwfwdwf apmifhMunfhaeovdk/
1988
vufzuf&nfqdkif? xdkifcHkwpfvHk;
om;wdaYk cwf&UJ
wdww f w
d yf ek ;f í
'kwd, aoG;jrpfwpfpif;
pum;vH;k rsm;? zrf;íxm;um
2007 udk csif;eif;
em;pdkufaxmifae ava&mhxifh/
qufvufp;D qif;cJNh y.D ../
b,foGm;b,fvm? b,frSmb,fcsdef
vGwvf yfa&;opf[m
b,ftrd af &mufa&muf
azazwdkY 'DaeYvdktyfaewJh
wHcg;racguf? udk,f½kyfazsmufí
uAsmyJaygh om;.../
ola&mufaeNrJ? apmifhaeNrJ/
2008 onf
axmufvSrf;a&;ESifh ppfa&;ESifhBuHK
a&pD;oefaom jrpfwpfjrpf
'ku©bHk/ /
jzpfygapownf;.../ /
wif r d k ;
atmif a 0;
13 14

15 16
 etz\ zG J U pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'rl M urf ; rS m + umuG , f a &;OD ; pD ; csKyf u om umuG , f a &;0ef B uD ; ?
'gawGygw,f (rZödsr owif;Xme) jynf x J a &;0ef B uD ; ? e,f p yf a &;&m umuG , f a &;ES i f h
vHkNcHKa&;0efBuD;wdkYudk a&G;cs,fEdkifonf/

+ trsd K ;om;umuG , f a &;ES i f h vH k N cH K a&;aumif p D w G i f

ppfzufyk*¾dKvfrsm; vTrf;rdk;xm;onf/
+ ppf w yf t BuD ; tuJ (od k Y r [k w f ) wyf r awmf
+ rnfonfv h w
T af wmf\ oabmwlncD suu f rkd S &,l&efrvdb
k J
umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyu f vTwaf wmf ud,k pf m;vS,f 166 a,muf
trsd K ;om;umuG , f a &;ES i f h vH k N cH K a&;aumif p D \
ydkifqdkifxm;NyD; rdrdpdwfBudKuf ñTefMum;EdkifcGifh&Sdonf/
tBujH yKcsujf zifo
h m Edik if aH wmfor®wu umuG,af &; OD;pD;csKyu f kd
+ umuG , f a &;OD ; pD ; csKyf [ m ppf w yf t if t m; wd k ; csJ U rI ? cefYxm;&jcif;? vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhay;jcif;udk jyKvkyf&onf/
&mxl;tajymif;tvJ? ppfwyfae&mcsxm;rI? ppfwyftwGuf
+ jynfe,f^wdkif; 0efBuD;csKyf (Chief Ministers) rsm;udk
ES p f p Of u k e f u sp&d w f ? ppf v uf e uf 0 ,f , l r I ? ppf w yf y d k i f
EdkifiHawmf or®wu trnfpm&if;wifoGif; (Nominate)
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pdwfBudKuf pDrHcGifh&Sd/
NyD; oufqdkif&mvTwfawmf toD;oD;\ oabmwlnDcsufudk
+ or® w eJ Y 'k o r® w jzpf z d k Y t wG u f owf r S w f x m;wJ h &,lum EdkifiHawmfor®wu cefYtyfay;&ef rlcsrSwfxm;onf/
t&nftcsif;rsm;wGif
+ jynfe,f^wdkif; 0efBuD;Xmersm;udk wnfaxmifcGifhESifh
(u) vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f jzpf&efrvdk
0ef B uD ; rsm; cef Y t yf y d k i f c G i f h u d k v nf ; or® w ud k y if
(c) EdkifiHa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ppfa&;qdkif&m
tmPmtyfEiS ;f xm;ygonf/
&if;ESD;uRrf;usifol jzpf&rnf/
(*) tenf;qH;k touf 45 ESpf &S&d rnf/ Edik if t
H wGi;f tenf;qH;k + vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 133 OD; vufrSwfa&;xdk;tqdkjyK
tESpf 20 wpfqufwnf; aexdkifol jzpf&rnf/ wif j yrS o m zG J U pnf ; yH k u d k jyif q if c G i f h t wG u f
jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfu vufcHaqG;aEG;Edkifrnf/
+ vT w f a wmf toD ; oD ; wG i f umuG , f a &;OD ; pD ; csKyf u
a&G;cs,af y;aom wyfrawmfom; vTwaf wmfu,kd pf m;vS,f 25%
yg0if&rnf/
17 18

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; aemufqHk;rdefYcGef;
ArmawG pdwfxufoav; bmav;eJY
wvGJqHyifaumif;aeMuw,f/
Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;&atmif vkyf&wJh wdkufyGJrsdK;rSm
toHk;rcsbl;/
Armjynf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;rSm toHk;rcsbl;/
Arm Armcsif; cszdkYrSm vkyfcsifw,f/
'grsdK;awG vkyfcsifvdkY b,fawmhrS tusdK;r&Sdbl;/

Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ;

(1947 ckESpf? Zlvdkif 13 &ufaeY? NrdKUawmfcef;ra&SU

aemufqHk;rdefYcGef;rS)

pufwifbm a&T0ga&mifawmfvSefa&; "mwfyHkrsm;

19 20
 &efukef ig;avmifNydKif vlowfrI
(tif w meuf v d y f p m http://koniknayman.blogspot.com/
2008/03/blog-post_7292.html rS owif ; &,l o nf )
21
ppftkyfcsKyfa&; ESpf(20)twGif;rSm
+ rdom;pk0iftm;vHk; 0ifaiG&Smwmawmif
pm;ravmufwJhb0 a&mufoGm;w,f/
+ vlaygif;oef;csDNyD; olwpfyg;EdkifiHawGrSm
w&m;r0if tvkyfvkyfaeMu&w,f/
+ trsdK;aumif;om;ysdK? orD;ysdKawG cE¨mudk,f&if;NyD;
pD;yGm;&SmaeMu&w,f/
+ vli,fawGrSm EkdifiHwumESifh &ifabmifwef;zdkYqdkwJh
tem*wfarQmfvifhcsuf aysmufqHk;aew,f/
+ EdkifiHrSm&SdwJh todynm&Sif? twwfynm&SifawGvnf;
EdkifiH&yfjcm;? wjcm;wdkif;jynfawGudkxGufajy;aeMu&w,f/
+ bGJU&ynmwwfawGawmif qdkufum;eif;ae&NyD/
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23
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31