I gneous Rocks

Mount St. Helens

St. Helens (USA)
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Crater
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It remained quit for about a century
As magma moved up it resulted into bulging of the mountain a dome
formed
Erupted on May 18, 1980. With a small magnitude earthquake 5.2
Hot rocks + ash flowed down with temp 600C and speed up to 1000 km/hr.
More than 620 sq.km of forest was leveled and tress were swept away.
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VOLCANO: A gap in the Earths Crust through which
the molten rocks or magma comes out to the surface
or it is a conical mountain formed around the vent
through which molten mass comes out to the surface

Historical Events
Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, Italy in AD79
Mt. Vesuvius erupted in AD
79, a kind of pyroclastic
flow

Destroyed the Roman towns
of Pompeii and Herculaneum,
killing >16,000 people

Archeologists excavated the
remains of some 2000 people
suffocated in the eruption

Plaster casts of molds of
the victims reveal adults,
children, and dogs in their
death positions.

Pompeii was buried by up to
3 m of ash and pumice, and
Herculaneum was excavated
from beneath 20 m of
volcanic debris.

Mt. Tambora, Indonesia
erupted in 1815 killed 10,000 people

Mount Pele, St. Pierre in 1902, French Caribbean
Island of Martinique
Mount ST. HELENS, 1980, US
During the eruption, much of the northern side of the composite
volcano was blown away, and the altitude of the summit was reduced
by approximately 400 m.

9,677 feet before; 8,363 feet after; 1,314 feet removed
Before After
1883 Krakatau Eruption, Indonesia
On of the deadliest event in Indonesia
26, Aug 1883 started to emit ash and then
exploded
Explosion was heard as far as 4600 km
It resulted into tsunami
Effect was felt world-wide
~20 km3 of debris was ejected during
eruption
Temp around the globe was dropped by 1C
Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines
Mt. Pinatubo eruption in 1991, ejected vast
amounts of volcanic ash and sulfur dioxide
up to about 30 km into the atmosphere.
Extremely fine particles (aerosols), from
the eruption remained in the upper
atmosphere and circled the Earth for more
than a year.
This dust cloud temporarily lowered the
average global temperature. The Mt.
Pinatubo eruption was the second largest in
the twentieth century.
Eyjafjallajkull Volcano, Iceland
Volcanic ash plume blanketed the Icelandic countryside following the
eruption of Eyjafjallajkull Volcano beneath the Icelandic icecap.

Enhanced color satellite image highlighting a volcanic ash plume moving
from Iceland towards the United Kingdom on April 15, 2010; all
flights in and out of Britians airports were grounded.

Mt. Fuji: with steep conical mound emits
tephra and lava
3,776 m high, last erupted in AD1707

FLUIDITY OF MAGMA
Fluidity or Viscosity of magma depends on content
(%) of Silica
Silica Rich
- Known as Acidic magma
- More viscous, so do not
spreads and piles up at
one place
Silica poor
- Known as Basic magma
- Less viscous, moves
faster and occupies
larger area
However, the viscosity of magma is considerably influenced by
temperature too. When temperature is low it is more viscous
and when High temperature - less viscous.
Igneous Rocks
Extrusive Intrusive
FORMS OF INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
Commonly observed forms of Plutonic
(intrusive) rocks observed in the field
are: dykes, sills, laccoliths, volcanic
necks, batholiths etc.

Based on the attitudes of the
associated country rocks the forms
are called either as Concordant or
Discordant.
All igneous rocks are formed by cooling of magma
Either by extrusion on the surface or by intrusion
These are termed as Extrusive Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Igneous Rocks
Stocks
Batholiths
LACCOLITHS
Dike
Sills
Volcanic pipe
Composite volcano
Volcanic neck
Cinder cone
Lava flow
http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_difference_between_Laccolith_and_Batholith
Extrusive and Intrusive Rocks
These rocks contains larger as well as smaller size of
minerals

The size of the mineral depends on cooling time of magma

Magma when flows on the surface cools faster, hence
allowing insufficient time for large crystals to grow
Extrusive rocks which are fine grained

Magma which intrude the underlying rocks below the
surface (Intrusive) cools slowly, provides sufficient time
to form large mineral grains/crystal Intrusive rocks are
coarse grained
DYKES: Dykes and sills are the most common forms of
the intrusive igneous bodies
They are discordant

Cut across the bedding of the
rocks in which they intrude

Vertical to steeply inclined and
sheet-like body (extensive in
lateral dimension)

Thickness vary widely from an
inch up to hundreds of feet

Injected through fractures,
joints, and weak planes
SILLS: Sills are relatively thin tabular sheet-like bodies
that penetrates parallel to the bedding planes, hence
concordant in nature.
Laterally it may extends
for 100s of km and
covers area up to 10 km
or more.

Lateral extend mainly
depends on the
temperature, degree of
fluidity or viscosity,
weight of overlying
sediment column.


LACCOLITHS: It is a concordant body, with flat bottom and
convex upward. It is dome shaped.
When viscous magma is injected rapidly along the bedding, as it
cannot spreads it pushes up the overlying layers and keep on
piling up.

It causes folding of the overlying rock layers.
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BATHOLITHS: are the largest kind of intrusive bodies,
irregular in shape and occupies large area
Their sides are sloping away from each other which makes them larger
extending downwards to a greater depth

Their occurrence is commonly associated with the mountain-building process

The Batholiths - are either granites or granodiorites in composition

Stocks: Are smaller
irregular bodies
with 10 km in
maximum dimension,
and are associated
with batholiths
BYSMALITH: It is cylindrically shaped body
It is developed when highly viscous magma (acidic magma) is
injected, because the lateral spreading along the bedding is less,
it acquires to move upwards and form cylindrical shape.

Causes breaking of overlying rock layers.
Variety of Igneous Rock
Formation
Identification criteria

BOWEN REACTION SERIES
Discontinuous Series Continuous Series
Ferro-Magnesium
Non Ferro-Magnesium
(Mafic) minerals
(Feldspar) Minerals
Olivine (isolate SiO4) (Mg, Fe)
2
SiO
4

Ca-Plagioclase (Anorthite)
CaAl
2
Si
2
O
8

Pyroxene (Single chain)
Na-Ca Plagioclase
(e.g., Augite, Hypersthene)
Ca(Mg,Fe,Al) (Si Al)2 O6
(e.g., Labradorite)
NaCaAlSi
3
O
8
Amphibole (double chain)
(Mg
7
Si
8
O
22
(OH)
2
e.g., Hornblende)
Na- Plagioclase (e.g., Albite)
Na AlSi
3
O
8

Bitotie
Potash Feldspar
(e.g., Orthoclase) KAlSi
3
O
8


Muscovite
Quartz
1400
0
C
800
0
C
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KINDS OF IGNEOUS ROCK

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Decrease in Silica % (darker)
Type of magma:
Rhyolite
Granite
Andesite
Diorite
Basalt
Gabbro
Basalt (Olivine rich)

Dunite, Peridotite
(Olivine 90%)
Aphanitic (fine grained)
Phaneritic (coarse grained)
Increase in Silica %
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TEXTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
Based on granularity or grain size:
grain size depends on physical
conditions that prevailed during the
time of Crystallization of magma
Slow cooling = larger mineral grains
Fast cooling = smaller mineral grains

PHANERITIC TEXTURE
Is characterized by LARGE SIZE MINERALS which can be easily
seen by naked eye (size at least 2mm or greater)

Commonly associated with the INTRUSIVE (PLUTONIC)
IGNEOUS ROCKS, because magma in the crust cools at slower
rate and have enough time to result into large mineral grains e.g.
Granite; Pegmatite
Decrease in Silica % (darker)
Type of magma:
Rhyolite
Granite
Andesite
Diorite
Basalt
Gabbro
Basalt (Olivine rich)

Dunite, Peridotite
(Olivine 90%)
Aphanitic (fine grained)
Phaneritic (coarse grained)
Increase in Silica %
DIORITE
Plagioclase Feldspar
Amphibole
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Decrease in Silica % (darker)
Type of magma:
Rhyolite
Granite
Andesite
Diorite
Basalt
Gabbro
Basalt (Olivine rich)

Dunite, Peridotite
(Olivine 90%)
Aphanitic (fine grained)
Phaneritic (coarse grained)
Increase in Silica %
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GABBRO
Plagioclase Feldspar
Amphibole
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Decrease in Silica % (darker)
Type of magma:
Rhyolite
Granite
Andesite
Diorite
Basalt
Gabbro
Basalt (Olivine rich)

Dunite, Peridotite
(Olivine 90%)
Aphanitic (fine grained)
Phaneritic (coarse grained)
Increase in Silica %
APHANITIC TEXTURE
Is characterized by
FINE GRAINED
MINERALS, which can
be seen under
microscope (size <2mm)

Commonly associated
with the VOLCANIC
(EXTRUSIVE) ROCKS,
because magma on the
surface flows cools
faster, e.g., Basalts;
Andesite, Rhyolite
Basalt
Rhyolite
Pumice
It forms during fast cooling process of magma containing gas

Comprised of vesicles that represents gas bubbles that were
trapped during the rapid cooling of magma.

Abundant vesicles and the thin layers give the rock a very low
specific gravity (about 1 g/cm
3
or less). Allowing with an ability
to float on water
Continental drift: The super-continent Pangaea began to break up about
225-200 million years ago.
Fragmented into the numerous continents
Panthalassa
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Volcanic Rocks in India (Deccan)
The occurrence of volcanic rocks
seen in India e.g., Deccan Traps
location: Maharastra; some part
of Gujarat and MP

This volcanic area occupies about
200,000 square miles of area of
India

Were formed near the end of the
Cretaceous period (65 Ma) due to
volcanic activity when the Indian
continent started drifting from
the Main Gondwana land

These traps gave good building
stone and also yielded very fertile
clayey loam, particularly suited to
cotton cultivation
Events of
Extinction

This happens when slow cooling is followed by rapid cooling.
Phenocrysts = larger crystals, matrix or groundmass = smaller
crystals
PORPHYRITIC TEXTURE
Is a distinctive mixture of large and fine grained mineral grains
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Decrease in Silica % (darker)
Type of magma:
Rhyolite
Granite
Andesite
Diorite
Basalt
Gabbro
Basalt (Olivine rich)

Dunite, Peridotite
(Olivine 90%)
Aphanitic (fine grained)
Phaneritic (coarse grained)
Increase in Silica %
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ANDESITE (PORPHYERITIC TEXTURE)
Phenocrysts of Amphibole
Groundmass (Plagioclase
feldspar (Na/Ca))
If contains more than 50% large size
mineral are termed as PORPHYRY
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Obsidian
Volcanic rock Glass: Rapid cooling of lava causes
minerals to form tiny crystals or glass
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Pyroclasts
The rock fragments thrown out during volcanic eruption are called
Pyroclasts

Based on shape and size they are categorized as:

The smallest are called ash (<4mm clay size), slightly larger are lapilli
(4-32mm), and the biggest are called blocks or bombs (>32mm).

lapilli
ash
A large pyroclasts are known as volcanic bombs.
Typical shape with head and a tail. Bombs can result
into severe damage if they strike
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We are fortunate
for not having such
volcanos in India
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Few famous monuments made up of
Igneous Rocks
Carving of the faces of four US presidents: Mount Rushmore is among the
world's most recognizable GRANITE monuments.
Mt. Rushmore was selected because it is the highest peak in the region and
comprise the hardest Granite (Batholith).
The George Washington sculpture was dedicated in 1934, with Thomas Jefferson
following in 1936, Abraham Lincoln in 1937 and Theodore Roosevelt in 1939
Moai statues carved from
Basalt, Chile, South America

Machu Picchu - a city in Andes Mountains,
Peru (built between AD 1460 and 1470)
Most of the structures are built of granite
Granite
The great pyramid of Giza :
Some stones are of Granite
Tanjore Big temple : worlds
first Granite temple
Mahabalipuram, Granite