MAT 435

CHAPTER 1 : METHODS OF INTEGRATION

1.1 : INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Formula for integration by parts:

= dx ) x ( ' f ) x ( g ) x ( g ) x ( f dx ) x ( ' g ) x ( f
If we let
) x ( f u =
and
) x ( g v =
, then the diferentials
dx ) x ( ' f du =
and
dx ) x ( ' g dv =
. So by substitution rule:

= vdu uv udv
Example 1.1.1
a) Find

dx x sin x

b) Ealuate

dx x ln

!) Find

dt e t
t 2
d) Ealuate

dx x sin e
x
e) "al!ulate

1
0
1
dx x tan
1.2 : INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
#. I$%E&'#%I$& ()*E'S )F SI$E #$+ ")SI$E
Ealuating integrals of the form:

dx x cos x sin
n m
where m and n are
nonnegatie integers.
Example 1.,.1
Show that a)
+ = c x 2 sin x dx x sin
4
1
2
1 2

b)
c x 2 sin x dx x cos
4
1
2
1 2
+ + =

!)
c x 4 sin x 2 sin x dx x cos
32
1
4
1
8
3 4
+ + + =

d)
+ + = c x cos x cos dx x sin
3
3
1 3
e)
+ = c x sin x sin dx x cos
3
3
1 3
1
"ase (ro!edure 'eleant Identities
n odd Substitute u - sin x
x sin 1 x cos
2 2
=
m odd Substitute u - !os x
x cos 1 x sin
2 2
=
m een or n een .se identities to redu!e
the powers of sine and
!osine
) x 2 cos 1 ( x sin
2
1 2
=
,
) x 2 cos 1 ( x cos
2
1 2
+ =
Example 1.,.,
Ealuate a)

dx x cos x sin
5 4
b)

dx x cos x sin
2 3
!)

dx x cos x sin
4 4
Integrals of the form:

dx nx cos mx sin

dx nx sin mx sin

dx nx cos mx cos
!an be found by using the produ!t formulas:
[ ] ) sin( ) sin( cos sin
2
1
+ + =
[ ] ) cos( ) cos( sin sin
2
1
+ =
[ ] ) cos( ) cos( cos cos
2
1
+ + =
Example 1.,./
Ealuate

dx x 3 cos x 7 sin
0. I$%E&'#%I$& ()*E'S )F SE"#$% #$+ %#$&E$%
Ealuating integrals of the form:

dx x sec x tan
n m
where m and n are
nonnegatie integers.
Example 1.,.1
Ealuate a)

dx x tan
b)

dx x sec
!)

dx x tan
5
If m and n are positie integers, then

dx x sec x tan
n m
!an be ealuated by
these pro!edures:
,
"ase (ro!edure 'eleant Identities
n een Substitute u - tan x
1 x tan x sec
2 2
+ =
m odd Substitute u - se! x
1 x sec x tan
2 2
=
m een or n odd 'edu!e to powers of se! x
alone
1 x sec x tan
2 2
=
Example 1.,.2
Ealuate a)

dx x sec x tan
4 2
b)

dx x sec x tan
3 3
!)

dx x sec
3
d)

dx x sec
6
1./: INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS
Ealuate integrals that !ontain expression of the form:
2 2
x a


2 2
a x +
2 2
a x
, where a34
by ma5ing substitutions inoling trigonometri! fun!tions.
%he basi! idea for ealuating an integral that inoles one of the radi!als
des!ribe aboe is to ma5e a substitution that will eliminate the radi!al.
For example, substituting x - a sin ,
2 2


in
2 2
x a
yields

2 2
x a
-

2 2 2
sin a a
- ) sin 1 ( a
2 2

-

2
cos a
-
cos a
- cos a
%able of %rigonometri! Substitutions:
Example 1./.1
Ealuate a)

2 2
x 4 x
dx
b) dx
x
x 9
2
2

!)

+
2 2
a x
dx
/
Sin!e , thus !os
4
d)
dx
x
25 x
2

1.1: INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTION
#. I$%E&'#6S I$7)67I$& c bx ax
2
+ +
Integrals that inole a 8uadrati! expression c bx ax
2
+ + , where a 94 and b
94, !an often be ealuated by :rst !ompleting the s8uare, then ma5ing an
appropriate substitution.
Example 1.1.1
Ealuate a)
+
dx
8 x 4 x
x
2
b)

2
x 2 x 4 5
dx
0. (#'%I#6 F'#"%I)$S ; 6I$E#' F#"%)'S
If all of the fa!tors of <=x) are linear, then the partial fra!tion,
) x ( Q
) x (

de!omposition !an be determined by:
6I$E#' F#"%)' '.6E:
For ea!h fa!tor of the form
m
) b ax ( + , the partial fra!tion de!omposition
!ontains the following sum of m partial fra!tions:
m
m
2
2 1
) b ax (
!
"""
) b ax (
!
b ax
!
+
+ +
+
+
+
, where
m 2 1
! #""" ! # ! are !onstants to be
determined.
Example 1.1.,
Ealuate a)
+ 2 x x
dx
2
b)

+
dx
x 2 x
4 x 2
2 3
". (#'%I#6 F'#"%I)$S ; <.#+'#%I" F#"%)'S
If some of the fa!tors of <=x) are irredu!ible 8uadrati!s, then the partial
fra!tion de!omposition of
) x ( Q
) x (
!an be determined from the following rule:
<.#+'#%I" F#"%)' '.6E:
For ea!h fa!tor of the form
m 2
) c bx ax ( + + the partial fra!tion de!omposition
!ontains the following sum of m partial fra!tions:
1
m 2
m m
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
) c bx ax (
$ x !
"""
) c bx ax (
$ x !
c bx ax
$ x !
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
where
m 2 1 m 2 1
$ #""" $ # $ # ! #""" ! # !
are !onstants to be determined.
Example 1.1./
Ealuate

+
+
dx
1 x 3 x x 3
2 x x
2 3
2
+. I$%E&'#%I$& I>(')(E' '#%I)$#6 F.$"%I)$S
#lthough the method of partial fra!tion only applies to proper rational
fra!tions, an improper rational fun!tion !an be integrated by performing a
long diision and expressing the fun!tion as the 8uotient plus the remainder
oer the diisor. %he remainder oer the diisor will be a proper rational
fun!tion, whi!h !an be de!omposed into partial fra!tions.
Example 1.1.1
Ealuate

+
+ +
dx
2 x x
1 x x 5 x 3 x 3
2
2 3 4

2