SOCIAL ASPECTS OF

URBAN PLANNING
DEFINITION OF SOCIAL
RELATED TO LEISURE OR
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES


OPPOSITE OF INDIVIDUAL - A
GROUP OF PEOPLE, SOCIETY AND
COMMUNITY



OPPOSITE OF ECONOMY IS
SOCIAL

QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE
IMPLICATIONS


HUMAN RIGHTS AS A MEMBER
OF SOCIETY

RIGHTS FOR FOOD, SHELTER,
CLOTHING, JUSTICE ETC.



RELATED TO HUMAN BEING AND
NOT MATERIAL


IS ABOUT COMMUNITY
SYNONYMOUS WITH
NEIGHBORHOOD OR LOCALITY

URBAN PLANNING & SOCIAL
APECTS
THE BASIC PRINCIPAL IN
PLANNING A TOWN, IT SHOULD BE
DESIGNED FOR HUMAN BEING.


THE TOWN IS AN AGGLOMERATION
OF PHYSICAL OBJECTS WHOSE
ONLY PROPER USE IS TO PROVIDE
FACILITIES FOR PEOPLE TO LIVE,
TO WORK, ETC.

PLANNING HAS SOCIAL IMPACTS
EITHER PLANNED OR UNPLANNED
IMPACT
PLANNING IS ABOUT HUMAN, SO
DESIGN, LAND USES AND THE
AESTHETICAL ASPECTS OF URBAN
PLANNING MUST HAVE SOCIAL
CONSIDERATIONS
PLANNING SHOULD STRENGHTEN
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS, DEVELOP
HUMAN POTENTIALS, ENCOURAGE
SOCIAL INTEGRATION.
SOCIALLY SUCCESSFUL PLANNING
TENDS TO MAKE PEOPLES LIVE
HAPPIER CONDUCES TO HEALTH,
CONVENIENT AND SAFETY,
FACILITATES SOCIAL
INTERACTIONS AND HAS VISUAL
ATTRACTIVENESS.
(KEEBLE, 1969)
INSTEAD OF TOWN CHAOS WE SEE
TOWN ORDER, INSTEAD OF
CONDITIONS WHICH BREED DISEASE,
UNHAPPINESS AND CRIME, WE SEE A
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT MAKING FOR
HEALTH, HAPPINESS AND A POSITIVE
SOCIAL LIFE.
(McALLISTER & McALLISTER, 1941).
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY
1. PRE-INDUSTRIAL CITY
2. THE INDUSTRIAL CITY
Pre-industrial

GEMEINSHAFT COMMUNITY -
TRADITIONAL RURAL VILLAGE
LIFE , EVERYONE KNEW
EVERYONE ELSE, CLOSE-KNIT
RELATIONS, PRACTICE
TRADITIONAL VALUES AND
DUTIES.



Industrial City

GESELLSCHAFT COMMUNITY
EVERYTHING IS BASED ON
FORMAL AND IMPERSONAL
RELATIONS, INDIVIDUALISTICS,
BUREAUCRACY, LAW AND
ORDER
1. THE CAPITALIST (BOURGEOISIE)
THE OWNERS OF PRODUCTION
AND THE FACTORIES.

2. THE WORKERS (PROLETARIAT)
Two Classes Of Society
SOCIAL CONCEPTS IN URBAN
PLANNING

1. NEIGHBORHOOD
2. ARCHITECTURAL DETERMINISM
3. DEFENSIBLE SPACE
4. PUBLIC PARTCIPATION
5. SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
NEIGHBORHOOD
A DISTINCT TERRITORIAL GROUP
DISTINCT BY VIRTUE OF THE
SPECIFIC PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN AREA
AND THE SPECIFIC SOCIAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
INHABITANTS.
PHYSICAL COMPONENTS

SOCIAL COMPONENTS
NEIGHBORHOOD AS A SOCIO-
SPATIAL SCHEMA BOTH SOCIAL
AND SPATIAL ASPECTS OF THE
CITY MAY BE VIEWED AS
INTERACTING AND
INTERDEPENDENT DIMENSIONS
PHYSICAL COMPONENTS AS AN
AREA OR A PLACE WITHIN A
LARGER ENTITY, HAS
BOUNDARIES EITHER PHYSICAL
OR SYMBOLIC AND USUALLY
BOTH - AS A DISTINCTIVE UNIT

SOCIAL COMPONENTS - IS A
SMALL GROUP OF PEOPLE IN THE
SAME GEOGRAPHY AREA WHO
RECOGNIZE COMMON SOCIAL
BONDS.

ACKNOWLEDGE A SET OF ROLE,
STATUS, SOCAL PROCESSES,
CUSTOMS, AND SOCIAL
CONTROL WHICH
DEFERENTIATE THEIR GROUPS
FROM OTHER GEOGRAPHICAL
BASED GROUPS.

THE NEIGHBORHOOD CONCEPT IS
MODELED AFTER THE RURAL
SETTLEMENT BASED ON THE
TRIBE OR EXTENDED FAMILY
NEIGHBOURHOOD CONCEPT AIMS
AT CREATING COMMUNITY SPIRIT
AND TO SOLVE A RANGE OF
SOCIAL PROBLEMS.
EXAMPLE:

DESIGNING FOOTPATHS SO THAT
THEY RAN PAST EVERYONE ELSES
FRONT DOOR.

PUTTING THE COMMUNITY
CENTRE ALONGSIDE THE SCHOOL.

PEOPLE LIVING NEAR THE
CUL -DE-SAC WERE LIKELY TO
HAVE A HIGHER LEVEL OF
CONTACT WITH THEIR
NEIGHBOURS.
ATTEMPT TO ACHIEVE A SOCIAL
MIX OF CLASSES BY MIXING
HOUSE TYPES
ARCHITECTURAL
DETERMINISM

ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM

PHYSICAL DETERMINISM
ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM
(RAPOPORT, A. 1977)

THE VIEW THAT THE PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT DETERMINE
HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
THE BELIEF THAT CHANGES IN THE
FORM OF CITIES AND BUILDINGS
CAN LEAD TO MAJOR CHANGES IN
BEHAVIOUR, INCREASED
HAPPINESS, INCREASED SOCIAL
INTERACTIONS ETC.
BUILT ENVIRONMENT CAN BE
SEEN AS A SETTING FOR HUMAN
ACTIVITIES


SUCH SETTING MAY BE
INHIBITING OR FACILITATING
HUMAN BEHAVIOUR, MOOD,
SATISFACTION, PERFORMANCE OR
INTERACTION.

SEEKING TO CONTROL PEOPLES
BEHAVIOUR THROUGH THE
NATURE OF THE LAYOUT - THE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
IS THE LAYOUT OF THE PLANS
CAN REALLY HELP SOLVE THE
PROBLEMS OF SOCIETY?
ALICE COLEMAN (1985)

MODIFICATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF
THE ENVIRONMENT CAN ALTER
THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE
RESIDENTS.

DES WILSON (1970)

POOR QUALITY ENVIRONMENT
AND SUB STANDARD HOUSING
CAN AFFECT PEOPLES LIVES AND
MISFORTUNES.


SOME TRUTH IN THE THEORY,
BUT MANY OTHER FACTORS HAVE
TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT

EXAMPLES : ECONOMIC
BACKGROUND, EDUCATIONAL
LEVEL ETC.
DEFENSIBLE SPACE

A MODEL FOR RESIDENTIAL
ENVIRONMENTS WHICH INHIBITS
CRIME BY CREATING THE
PHYSICAL EXPRESSION OF A
SOCIAL FABRIC THAT DEFENDS
ITSELF



THE POTENTIAL CRIMINAL
PERCEIVES SUCH SPACE AS
CONTROLLED BY ITS RESIDENTS,
LEAVING HIM AN INTRUDER
EASILY RECOGNIZED AND DEALT
WITH.

THE FORM AND ARRANGEMENT
OF BUILDING CAN EITHER
DISCOURAGE OR ENCOURAGE
PEOPLE TO TAKE AN ACTIVE PART
IN POLICING.

IS A LIVING RESIDENTIAL
ENVIRONMENT WHICH CAN BE
EMPLOYED BY INHABITANTS FOR
THE ENHANCEMENT OF THEIR
LIVES WHILE PROVIDING
SECURITY FOR THEIR FAMILIES,
NEIGHBORS AND FRIENDS.

SUBDIVISION THAT ALLOWS
RESIDENTS TO DISTINGUISH
NEIGHBORS FROM INTRUDERS.


CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH
ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
ATTEMPTS TO PREVENT CRIME BY
CHANGING THE SITUATIONS IN
WHICH CRIME OCCURS.
Hierarchy Of Defensible Space

PUBLIC SPACES

SEMI PUBLIC SPACES

PRIVATE SPACES

CHARACTERISTICS OF
DEFENSIBLE SPACE
TERRITORIALITY

NATURAL SURVEILLANCE

IMAGE AND MILIEU
Territoriality
THE CAPACITY OF PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT TO CREATE
PERCEIVED ZONES OF
TERRITORIAL INFLUENCE

FEELING OF SHARED OWNERSHIP
AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR
PHYSICALLY DEFINED AREAS.
Natural Surveillance
THE CAPACITY OF PHYSICAL
DESIGN TO PROVIDE
SURVEILLANCE OPPORTUNITIES
FOR RESIDENTS AND THEIR
AGENTS
Image And Milieu
THE CAPACITY OF DESIGN TO
INFLUENCE THE PERCEPTION OF A
PROJECTS UNIQUENESS,
ISOLATION AND STIGMA.
SURVEILLANCE
MOVEMENT CONTROL
ACTIVITY SUPPORT
MOTIVATIONAL REINFORCEMENT
Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design
THE PURPOSE IS TO INCREASE THE
RISK OF A POTENTIAL OFFENDER
BEING OBSERVED, IDENTIFIED
AND APPREHENDED.










Surveillance

Movement Control
ANY MEASURES THAT CAN LIMIT
THE MOVEMENT OF A POTENTIAL
OFFENDER THROUGH A SITE.

EXAMPLES :
STREET CLOSURE, USE OF REAL
AND SYMBOLIC BARRIERS AND
BUILDING ENTRANCE
Activity Support

INCREASING HUMAN USE OF
AREAS BY MAKING THEM MORE
ATTRACTIVE OR BY
REARRANGING FACILITIES
ENHANCES SURVEILLANCE.
Motivational Reinforcement
TO ENHANCE THE DESIRE OF
PEOPLE TO ENGAGE IN CRIME
PREVENTION ACTIVITY
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
FORMAL SOCIAL PARTICIPATIONS
- THOSE WHICH HAVE AN
ORGANIZED STRUCTURE WITH
LEADERS, RULES, MEMBERSHIP
REQUIREMENT ETC.

EXAMPLE CLUBS, POLITICAL
ORGANIZATIONS AND UNIONS.


INFORMAL SOCIAL PARTICIPATON
INVOLVES PARTICIPATION IN
LESS ORGANIZED GROUPS
STREET CORNER GANGS, COFFEE
CLATCHES
LADDER OF PARTICIPATIONS
(ARNSTEIN, S.R. )

MEANINGFUL CITIZEN
INVOLVEMENT CITIZEN POWER



CAN INDUCE SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL
REFORM WHICH ENABLE THEM TO
SHARE IN THE BENEFITS OF THE
AFFLUENT SOCIETY
Ladder of Participation
8 CITIZEN CONTROL
DEGREE OF
CITIZEN POWER
7 DELEGATED POWER
6 PARTNERSHIP
5 PLACATION DEGREE OF
TOKENISM
4 CONSULTATION
3 INFORMING
2 THERAPY NON
PARTICIPATION
1 MANIPULATION
EACH RUNG CORRESPOND TO THE
EXTENT OF CITIZENS POWER IN
DETERMINING THE END PRODUCT
Non Participation


HAVE NO LEGITIMATE FUNCTION
OR POWER NO DISCUSSION WITH
THE PEOPLE


Degree of Tokenism

ONE WAY FLOW OF INFORMATION
FROM OFFICIALS TO CITIZENS

NO CHANNELS PROVIDED FOR
FEEDBACK AND NO POWER FOR
NEGOTIATION




Degree of Citizen Power
POWER IS REDISTRIBUTED
THROUGH NEGOTIATION BETWEEN
CITIZEN AND POWER HOLDERS.

THERE IS AN ORGANIZED POWER
BASE IN THE COMMUNITY TO WHICH
THE CITIZENS ARE ACCOUNTABLE.

SOCIAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENTS

THE PROCESS OF ASSESSING OR
ESTIMATING IN ADVANCE, THE
SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES THAT
ARE LIKELY TO FOLLOW FROM
SPECIFIC POLICY ACTIONS OR
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT...

(BURGE AND VANCLAY, 1995).


TO ENSURE THAT THE
DEVELOPMENTS ( OR PLANNED
INTERVENTIONS) THAT DO OCCUR
MAXIMIZE THE BENEFITS AND
MINIMIZE THE COSTS OF THOSE
DEVELOPMENTS, ESPECIALLY THOSE
COSTS BORNE BY THE COMMUNITY.



THESE COSTS (EXTERNALITIES)
ARE NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
BY DECISION MAKERS ETC. NOT
EASILY IDENTIFIABLE,
QUANTIFIABLE AND
MEASURABLES.

BY IDENTIFYING IMPACTS IN
ADVANCE , BETTER DECISIONS
CAN BE MADE ABOUT WHICH
INTERVENTIONS SHOULD
PROCEED AND HOW THEY
SHOULD PROCEED.

MITIGATION MEASURES CAN BE
IMPLEMENTED AND REDESIGN
CAN OCCUR, TO MINIMIZE THE
HARM AND MAXIMISE THE
BENEFITS.

MANAGING THE INTENDED AND
UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES
ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
OF PLANNED INTERVENTIONS
(POLICIES, PROGRAM, PLANS,
PROJECTS)

MAXIMIZING SOCIAL UTILITY AND
DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL,
ENSURING THAT SUCH
DEVELOPMENT IS GENERALLY
ACCEPTABLE TO THE COMMUNITY,
EUITABLE AND SUSTAINABLE.
FOCUS ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF
LIVELIHOODS THE
IMPROVEMENT OF SOCIAL WELL
BEING



SIA INCLUDE THE ELEMENTS
BELOW:
1. PEOPLES WAY OF LIFE

HOW THEY LIVE, WORK, PLAY
AND INTERACT WITH ONE
ANOTHER ON A DAY TO DAY
BASIS
2. CULTURE

THEIR SHARED BELIEF, CUSTOMS,
VALUES AND LANGUAGE OR
DIALECT
3. COMMUNITY

ITS COHESION, STABILITY,
CHARACTER, SERVICES AND
FACILITIES.
4. POLITICAL SYSTEMS

THE EXTENT TO WHICH PEOPLE ARE
ABLE TO PARTICIPATE IN DECISIONS
THAT AFFECT THEIR LIVE, THE LEVEL
OF DEMOCRATIZATION THAT IS
TAKING PLACE, THE RESOURCES
PROVIDED FOR THIS PURPOSE
4. ENVIRONMENT

THE QUALITY OF AIR AND WATER
PEOPLE USE;

THE AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY
OF THE FOOD THEY EAT,


THE LEVEL OF HAZARDS OR RISK,
DUST AND NOISE THEY ARE EXPOSED TO,

THE ADEQUACY OF SANITATION,

THEIR PHYSICAL SAFETY AND THEIR
ACCESS TO AND CONTROL OVER
RESOURCES.

5. HEALTH AND WELL BEING

A STATE OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL,
MENTAL AND SOCIAL WELL BEING
AND NOT MERELY THE ABSENCE
OF DISEASE OR INFIRMITY.
6. PERSONAL AND PROPERTY RIGHTS

WHETHER PEOPLE ARE
ECONOMICALLY AFFECTED, OR
EXPERIENCE PERSONAL
DISANVANTAGE WHICH MAY INCLUDE
A VIOLATION OF THEIR CIVIL
LIBERTIES.
7. FEARS AND ASPIRATION

THEIR PERCEPTIONS ABOUT THEIR
SAFETY,

THEIR FEARS ABOUT THE FUTURE
OF THEIR COMMUNITY,
THEIR ASPIRATIONS FOR THEIR
FUTURE AND THE FUTURE OF
THEIR CHILDREN