1 - WCDMA RAN Fundamental

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WCDMA RAN
Fundamental
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 2
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Outline the advantage of CDMA technology
Outline the fundamentals of UTRAN
Outline the key technologies of UTRAN
Outline radio interface protocol Architecture
Describe key technology of UMTS physical
layer
Describe UMTS physical layer procedures
Page 3
Chapter 1 CDMA Fundamental
Chapter 2 WCDMA Key Technologies
Chapter 3 Physical Layer Overview

Chapter 4 WCDMA Key Technology

Chapter 5 Physical Layer Procedures

Page 4
Multiple Access Technology
power
FDMA
power
TDMA
power
CDMA
Page 5
Characteristics of CDMA System
High Spectral Efficiency
Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.
soft capacity
Quality
Coverage
Interference
Self-interference system
A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.
Page 6
Correlation
Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two arbitrary signals.
EXAMPLE:
-1 1 -1 1
1 1 1 1
-1 1 -1 1
Zero correlation
Orthogonal signals
-1 1 -1 1
-1 1 -1 1
1 1 1 1
1 correlation
Identical signals
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1
(a)
(b)
Page 7
Spreading

UE1: 1 1 1

UE2: 1 1
c1: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c2: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UE1c1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UE2c2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

UE1c1 UE2c2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
Page 8
Dispreading
UE1c1 UE2c2: 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2

UE1 Dispreading by c1: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dispreading result: 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
Integral judgment: 4 (means1) 4 (means1)

UE2 Dispreading by c2: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dispreading result: 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
Integral judgment: 4 (means1) 4 (means1)
Page 9
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
Spreading code
Spreading code
Signal
Combination
Narrowband signal
f
P(f)
Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Noise
P(f)
f
Noise+Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Recovered signal
P(f)
f
Page 10



Page 11
Page 12
WCDMA Source Coding
AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) voice coding
Multi-rate:
8 kinds of coding rates
Benefit multi-mode terminal design
Adaptation: when cell load increases, the system will decrease
speech rate of part of subscribers automatically so as to support
more subscribers.
Page 13
WCDMA Channel Coding
Purpose:
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal
when interference occurs.

Types
Speech service: Convolution code1/21/3
Data service: Turbo code
Page 14
Interleaving is used for continuous bit error correction
WCDMA Interleaving
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... ... 452 453 454
8
16
.
.
.
456
2
10
.
.
.
450
6
14
.
.
.
454
1
9
.
.
.
449
4
12
.
.
.
452
7
15
.
.
.
455
3
11
.
.
.
451
5
13
.
.
.
453
....
....
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7

{A4,B0} {A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0} {B5,C1} {B6,C2} {B7,C3}
First interleaving
Second interleaving
Page 15
Terms
Bit, Symbol, Chip
Bit : data after source coding
Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving
Chip: data after spreading

Process Gain: 10log (cps/bps); for different service, the Gain is different
Process Gain is smaller, UE need more power for this service
Process Gain is smaller, the coverage of the service is smaller
Page 16
Page 17
WCDMA Spreading Code: OVSFWalsh
OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor, generated by Walsh matrix
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
Page 18
Purpose of OVSF
For uplink, OVSF is used to separate different services of one connection
For downlink, OVSF is used to separate different connections
Typical service Data rate Downlink SF Uplink SF
AMR
12.2+3.4

128 64
Modem28.8k
28.8+3.4

64 32
12.2kAMR & 64k packet data
12.2+64+3.4
32 16
12.2+144+3.4
16 8
12.2+384+3.4
8 4
Page 19
Why we need scrambling code
Distinguishing cells or users
Downlink
Scrambling code is used for distinguishing cells
OVSF code is used for distinguishing users
Uplink
Scrambling code is used for distinguishing users
OVSF code is used for distinguishing channels of one user
Page 20
Scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Set 0
Set 1

Set 511
Primary
scrambling code 0

Secondary
scrambling code 1
Secondary
scrambling code 15
Primary
scrambling code
51116

Secondary
scrambling code
5111615
8192 scrambling
codes
512 sets

Primary Scrambling Code

A primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes are
included in a set.
Page 21

Primary Scrambling Code Group
Primary
scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Group 0

Primary
scrambling code 0

Primary
scrambling code
8*63

Primary
scrambling code
63*87
512 primary
scrambling codes

Group 1
Group 63
Primary
scrambling code 1
Primary scrambling
code 15
64 primary scrambling
code groups
Each group consists of 8
primary scrambling codes
Page 22
WCDMA Modulation
Different modulation methods corresponding to different transmitting
abilities in air interface
R99/R4: adopt QPSK
DL max data rate is 2.7Mbps
HSDPA: adopt 16QAM
DL max data rate is 14.4Mbps
Page 23
Multi-path Environment
Time
Received
signal
Transmitted
signal
Page 24
Fading
Distance(m)
Received Power(dBm)
10 20 30
-20
-40
-60
Slow fading
Fast fading
Page 25
Introduction to Diversity Technique
Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for combining
Reduce the effects of fading
Improve the reliability of communication
Increase the coverage and capacity

Diversity methods
Time diversity
Frequency diversity
Space diversity
Page 26
Principle of RAKE Receiver
Receive set
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength

Combiner
The
combined
signal
t
t
s(t) s(t)
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
Page 27
WCDMA Fast Power Control Control Fast Fading
Without power control
With power control
Page 28



Page 29
UTRAN Protocol Structure
RNS
RNC
RNS
RNC
Core Network
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB NodeB
Iu Iu
Iur
Iub Iub
Iub Iub
Page 30
Radio Interface Protocol Structure
L3
c
o
n
t
r
o
l

c
o
n
t
r
o
l

c
o
n
t
r
o
l

c
o
n
t
r
o
l

Logical
Channels
Transport
Channels
C-plane signaling
U-plane information
PHY
L2/MAC
L1
RLC
DC Nt GC
L2/RLC
MAC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
Duplication avoidance
UuS boundary
BMC
L2/BMC
control
PDCP
PDCP
L2/PDCP
DC Nt GC
Radio
Bearers
RRC
Page 34



Page 35
Chapter 2 Physical Layer Key Technology
Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
Section 2 Channel Mapping
Page 36
WCDMA radio interface has three kinds of channels
In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three
channels: Physical channel, transport channel and logical channel.
Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. According to the types
of the carried services, it is divided into two types: Control channel and
service channel.
Transport channel: It is the interface of radio interface layer 2 and
physical layer, and is the service provided for MAC layer by the
physical layer. According to whether the information transported is
dedicated information for a user or common information for all users, it
is divided into dedicated channel and common channel.
Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of
information when they are transmitted on radio interfaces. Each kind of
channel which uses dedicated carrier frequency, code (spreading code
and scramble) and carrier phase (I or Q) can be regarded as a
dedicated channel.

Page 37
Control channel

Traffic channel

Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH)
Common traffic channel (CTCH)
Broadcast control channel (BCCH)
Paging control channel (PCCH)
Dedicate control channel (DCCH)
Common control channel (CCCH)
Logical Channel
Page 38
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
-DCH is an uplink or downlink channel
Broadcast channel (BCH)
Forward access channel (FACH)
Paging channel (PCH)
Random access channel (RACH)
High-speed downlink shared channel
(HS-DSCH)
Common transport
channel
Dedicated transport
channel
Transport Channel
Page 39
Physical Channel
A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code
(scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.
In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading
code) can distinguish the channels.
Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio
frame consists of 15 time slots.
Two types of physical channel:UL and DL
Physical Channel
Frequency, Code, Phase
Page 40
Downlink Physical Channel
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
(Downlink DPCH)
Downlink Common Physical Channel
Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared
Channel (HS-PDSCH)
High-Speed Shared Control Channel
(HS-SCCH)
Downlink
Physical Channel
Page 41
Uplink Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data
Channel (Uplink DPDCH)
Uplink Dedicated Physical Control
Channel (Uplink DPCCH)
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Channel
(HS-DPCCH)
Uplink Common Physical Channel
Physical Random Access Channel
(PRACH)
Uplink Physical
Channel
Page 42
Function of physical channel

Node B

UE

P-CCPCH-Primary Common Control Physical Channel
SCH- Synchronisation Channel
P-CPICH-Primary Common Pilot Channel
S-CPICH-Secondary Common Pilot Channel
Cell broadcast channels
DPDCH-Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH-Dedicated Physical Control Channel
Dedicated channels
Paging channels
PICH-Paging Indicator Channel
S-CCPCH-Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
PRACH-Physical Random Access Channel
AICH-Acquisition Indicator Channel
Random access channels
HS-DPCCH-High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
HS-SCCH-High Speed Share Control Channel
HS-PDSCH-High Speed Physical Downlink Share Channel
High speed downlink share channels
Page 43
Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH)
Used for cell search
Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH.
SCH is transmitted at the first 256 chips
of every time slot.
PSC is transmitted repeatedly in each
time slot.
SSC specifies the scrambling code
groups of the cell.
SSC is chosen from a set of 16
different codes of length 256, there
are altogether 64 primary scrambling
code groups.
Primary
SCH
Secondary
SCH
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14
ac
s
i,0
p
ac
p
ac
p
ac
ac
s
i,1
ac
s
i,14
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
Page 44
slot number Scrambling
Code Group
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
Group 0 1 1 2 8 9 10 15 8 10 16 2 7 15 7 16
Group 1 1 1 5 16 7 3 14 16 3 10 5 12 14 12 10
Group 2 1 2 1 15 5 5 12 16 6 11 2 16 11 15 12
Group 3 1 2 3 1 8 6 5 2 5 8 4 4 6 3 7
Group 4 1 2 16 6 6 11 15 5 12 1 15 12 16 11 2

Group 61 9 10 13 10 11 15 15 9 16 12 14 13 16 14 11
Group 62 9 11 12 15 12 9 13 13 11 14 10 16 15 14 16
Group 63 9 12 10 15 13 14 9 14 15 11 11 13 12 16 10

Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)
..
2560 chips
ac
p
Slot # ?
P-SCH
ac
p
Slot #?
16

6
S-SCH
ac
p
Slot #?
11
Group 2
Slot 7, 8, 9
256 chips
Page 45
Common Pilot Channel(CPICH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Carries pre-defined sequence.
Fixed rate 30Kbps SF=256
Primary CPICH
Uses the fixed channel code -- Cch,256,0

Scrambled by the primary scrambling code
Only one CPICH per cell
Broadcast over the entire cell
The P-CPICH is a phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH.
By default, it is also a phase reference for downlink DPCH.
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot # i Slot #14
T
slot
= 2560 chips , 20 bits
1 radio frame: T
r
= 10 ms
Page 46
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)
Fixed rate, fixed OVSF code30kbpsCch,256,1
Carry BCH transport channel
The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time slot.
Only data part
STTD transmit diversity may be used
PCCPCH Data
18 bits
Slot #0
1 radio frame: T
f
= 10 ms
Slot #1 Slot #i
256 chips
Slot #14
T
slot
= 2560 chips,20 bits
SCH
Page 47
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
PICH is a fixed-rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry the Paging Indicators (PI).
Frame structure of PICH: one frame of length 10ms consists of 300 bits of which 288 bits
are used to carry paging indicators and the remaining 12 bits are not defined.
N paging indicators {PI0, , PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72, or 144.
If a paging indicator in a certain frame is set to 1, it indicates that UEs associated with
this paging indicator should read the corresponding frame of the associated S-CCPCH.
One radio frame (10 ms)
b
1
b
0

288 bits for paging indication
12 bits (undefined)
b
287
b
288
b
299
Page 48
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)
Carry FACH and PCH.
Two kinds of SCCPCH: with or without
TFCI. UTRAN decides if a TFCI should
be transmitted, UE must support TFCI.
Possible rates are the same as that of
downlink DPCH
SF =256 - 4.
FACH and PCH can be mapped to the
same or separate SCCPCHs. If
mapped to the same S-CCPCH, they
can be mapped to the same fame.
Data
N bits
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
1 radio frame: T
f
= 10 ms
T
slot
= 2560 chips,
Data
Pilot
N bits
Pilot
N bits
TFCI
TFCI
20*2
k
bits (k=0..6)
Page 49
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
The random-access transmission data consists of two parts:
One or several preambleseach preamble is of length 4096chips and consists
of 256 repetitions of a signature whose length is 16 chips16 available
signatures totally
10 or 20ms message part
Which signature is available and the length of message part are determined by
higher layer
Message part
Preamble

4096 chips
10 ms (one radio frame)
Preamble Preamble
Message part
Preamble

4096 chips
20 ms (two radio frames)
Preamble Preamble
Page 50
PRACH Access Timeslot Structure
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
5120 chips
radio frame: 10 ms radio frame: 10 ms
Access slot #0
Random Access Transmission
Access slot #1
Access slot #7
Access slot #14
Access slot #8
Page 51
PRACH Message Structure
Pilot
N bits
Slot # 0
Slot # 1 Slot # i
Slot # 14
Message part radio frame T
RACH
= 10 ms
T
slot
= 2560 chips, 10*2
Pilot
TFCI
N bits
TFCI
Data
N
data
bits
Data
Control
k
bits (k=0..3)
Page 52
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Frame structure of AICHtwo frames, 20 ms consists of a repeated
sequence of 15 consecutive AS, each of length 20 symbols(5120 chips).
Each time slot consists of two partsan Acquisition-Indicator(AI) and a
part of duration 1024chips with no transmission.
Acquisition-Indicator AI have 16 kinds of Signature.
CPICH is the phase reference of AICH.
AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0
a 1 a 2 a 0 a 31 a 32 a 30 a 33 a 38 a 39
AI part Unused part
20 ms
Page 53
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH&DPCCH)
DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed within each radio frame
DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer
DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1
Each frame is 10ms and consists of 15 time slots, each time slot
consists of 2560 chips
The spreading factor of DPDCH is from 4 to 256
The spreading factor of DPDCH and DPCCH can be different in the
same Layer 1 connection
Each DPCCH time slot consists of Pilot, TFCIFBITPC
Page 54
Frame Structure of Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
Pilot
N pilot bits
TPC
N TPC bits
Data
N data bits
T
slot
= 2560 chips, 10 *2
k
bits (k=0..6)
1 radio frame: T = 10 ms
f
DPDCH
DPCCH
FBI
N FBI bits
TFCI
N TFCI bits
Page 55
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH+DPCCH)
DCH consists of dedicated data and control information.
Control information includesPilotTPCTFCI(optional).
The spreading factor of DCH can be from 512 to 4,and can be
changed during connection
DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed.
Page 56
Frame Structure of Downlink DPCH
One radio frame, T
f
= 10 ms
T
slot
= 2560 chips, 10*2
k
bits (k=0..7)
Data2
N
data2
bits
DPDCH
TFCI
N
TFCI
bits
Pilot
N
pilot
bits
Data1
N
data1
bits
DPDCH DPCCH DPCCH
TPC
N
TPC
bits
Page 57
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)
Bear service data and layer2 overhead bits mapped from the transport
channel
SF=16, can be configured several channels to increase data service
Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2
T
slot
= 2560 chips, M*10*2
k
bits (k=4)
Data
N
Data 1 bits
1 subframe: T
f
= 2 ms
Page 58
High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
Carries physical layer signalling to a single UE ,such as modulation
scheme (1 bit) ,channelization code set (7 bit), transport Block size
(6bit),HARQ process number (3bit), redundancy version (3bit), new
data indicator (1bit), Ue identity (16bit)
HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 kbps, SF=128) downlink physical channel
used to carry downlink signalling related to HS-DSCH transmission
Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2
T
slot
= 2560 chips, 40 bits
Data
N Data 1 bits
1 subframe: T
f
= 2 ms
Page 59
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH )
HS-DPCCH carries information to acknowledge downlink transport
blocks and feedback information to the system for scheduling and link
adaptation of transport block
CQI and ACK/NACK
Physical Channel ,Uplink, SF=256,power control

Subframe #0 Subframe # i Subframe #4
HARQ-ACK CQI
One radio frame T f = 10 ms
One HS-DPCCH subframe (2 ms)
2 T slot = 5120 chips T slot = 2560 chips
Page 60
Chapter 2 Physical Layer Key Technology
Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
Section 2 Channel Mapping
Page 61
Mapping Between Channels
Logical channels Transport channels Physical channels
BCCH BCH P-CCPCH
FACH S-CCPCH
PCCH PCH S-CCPCH
CCCH RACH PRACH
FACH S-CCPCH
CTCH FACH S-CCPCH
DCCH, DTCH DCH DPDCH
HS-DSCH HS-PDSCH
RACH, FACH
PRACH, S-CCPCH
Page 62



Page 63
Synchronization ProcedureCell Search
Frame synchronization and
code-group identification
Scrambling-code
identification
UE uses SSC to find frame
synchronization and identify the
code group of the cell found in
the first step
UE determines the primary scrambling
code through correlation over the
CPICH with all codes within the
identified group, and then detects the
P-CCPCH and reads BCH information
Slot synchronization
UE uses PSC to acquire slot
synchronization to a cell
Page 64
Synchronization Procedure Channel Timing Relationship

AICH access
slo ts
Secondary
SCH
Primary
SCH
t
S -
CCPCH,k

10 ms

t
PICH

#0 #1 #2 #3 #14 #13 #12 #11 #10 #9 #8 #7 #6 #5 #4
P - CCPCH, (SFN modulo 2) = 0 P - CCPCH, (SFN modulo 2) = 1
Any CPICH
k:th S - CCPCH
PICH for k:th S - CCPCH
n:th DPCH
t
DPCH,n

Page 65
Random access procedure
START
Choose a RACH sub channel from
available ones
Get available signatures
Set Preamble Retrans Max
Set Preamble_Initial_Power
Send a preamble
Check the corresponding AI
Increase message part power by p
-m based on preamble power
Set physical status to be RACH
message transmitted
Set physical status to be Nack
on AICH received
Choose a access slot again
Counter> 0 & Preamble power-
maximum allowed power<6 dB
Choose a signature and
increase preamble transmit power
Set physical status to be Nack
on AICH received
Get negative AI
No AI
Report the physical status to MAC
END
Get positive AI
The counter of preamble retransmit
Subtract-1, Commanded preamble power
increased by Power Ramp Step
N
Y
Send the corresponding message part
Page 66
Random Access ProcedureRACH
Physical random access procedure
1. Derive the available uplink access slots, in the next full access
slot set, for the set of available RACH sub-channels within the
given ASC. Randomly select one access slot among the ones
previously determined. If there is no access slot available in the
selected set, randomly select one uplink access slot corresponding
to the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC
from the next access slot set. The random function shall be such
that each of the allowed selections is chosen with equal probability
2. Randomly select a signature from the set of available signatures
within the given ASC.
3. Set the Preamble Retransmission Counter to Preamble_
Retrans_ Max
Page 67
4. Set the parameter Commanded Preamble Power to
Preamble_Initial_Power
5. Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and
preamble transmission power.
6. If no positive or negative acquisition indicator (AI +1 nor 1)
corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the downlink access
slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot:
A: Select the next available access slot in the set of available RACH
sub-channels within the given ASC;
B: select a signature;
C: Increase the Commanded Preamble Power;
D: Decrease the Preamble Retransmission Counter by one. If the
Preamble Retransmission Counter > 0 then repeat from step 6.
Otherwise exit the physical random access procedure.
Page 68
7. If a negative acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected
signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to
the selected uplink access slot, exit the physical random access
procedure Signature
8. If a positive acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected
signature is detected , Transmit the random access message three
or four uplink access slots after the uplink access slot of the last
transmitted preamble
9. exit the physical random access procedure
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