TCXDVN 46-2007 Chong Set PDF

TCXDVN TIU CHUN XY DNG VIT NAM
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

CHNG ST CHO CNG TRNH XY DNG -
HNG DN THIT K, KIM TRA V BO TR H
THNG

Protection of Structures Against Lightning - Guide for design, inspection and maintenance

H Ni - 2007

Li ni u

TCXDVN 46: 2007 do B Xy dng ban hnh theo Quyt nh s : .................................
ngy......thng.......nm 2007.
Tiu chun ny thay th TCXD 46:1984 "Chng st cho cc cng trnh xy dng - Tiu
chun thit k, thi cng"

MC LC

1 Phm vi p dng ............................................................................................................... 1
2 Ti liu vin dn ................................................................................................................ 1
3 Thut ng v nh ngha ................................................................................................... 1
4 Quy nh chung ................................................................................................................. 3
5 Chc nng ca h thng thu v dn st ........................................................................... 3
6 Vt liu v kch thc ....................................................................................................... 3
7 S cn thit ca vic phng chng st ............................................................................. 7
8 Vng bo v .................................................................................................................... 13
9 Cc lu khi thit k h thng chng st ....................................................................... 18
10 Cc b phn c bn ca h thng chng st .......................................................... 19
11 B phn thu st ........................................................................................................ 19
12 Dy xung ................................................................................................................ 29
13 Mng ni t ............................................................................................................ 38
14 Cc ni t ............................................................................................................... 39
15 Kim loi trong hoc trn cng trnh. ...................................................................... 41
16 Kt cu cao trn 20 m .............................................................................................. 48
17 Cng trnh c mi che rt d chy ........................................................................... 52
18 Nh cha cc vt c kh nng gy n hoc rt d chy ......................................... 52
19 Nh ....................................................................................................................... 57
20 Hng ro .................................................................................................................. 57
21 Cy v cc kt cu gn cy ..................................................................................... 59
22 Cc cng trnh c ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh ............................. 60
23 Cc kt cu khc ...................................................................................................... 61
24 S n mn ............................................................................................................... 66
25 Lp dng kt cu ..................................................................................................... 67
26 Dy in trn cao ..................................................................................................... 67
27 Kim tra .................................................................................................................... 68
28 o c ...................................................................................................................... 68
29 Lu tr h s ........................................................................................................... 68
30 Bo tr ....................................................................................................................... 69
Ph lc A Cc kha cnh k thut ca hin tng st .......................................................... 68
Ph lc B Gii thch mt s iu khon ca tiu chun ........................................................ 71
Ph lc C Hng dn chung i vi vic chng st cho thit b in trong v trn cng trnh
.............................................................................................................................................. 77
Ph lc D Mt s v d tnh ton ......................................................................................... 111
Ph lc E S liu v mt st Vit Nam ....................................................................... 114

1
TIU CHUN XY DNG VIT NAM TCXDVN 46:2007

Chng st cho cng trnh xy dng - Hng dn thit k, kim tra
v bo tr h thng
Protection of Structures Against Lightning - Guide for design, inspection and
maintenance
1 Phm vi p dng
1.1 Tiu chun ny thay th tiu chun TCXD 46-1984.
1.2 Tiu chun ny a ra nhng ch dn thit k, kim tra v bo tr h thng chng st cho cc
cng trnh xy dng. Tiu chun ny cng a ra nhng ch dn cho vic chng st i vi cc trng
hp c bit nh kho cha cht n, nhng cng trnh tm nh cn cu, khn i bng kt cu khung
thp, v cc ch dn chng st cho cc h thng lu tr d liu in t.
1.3 Tiu chun ny khng p dng cho cc cng trnh khai thc du, kh trn bin, cc cng trnh
c bit hay p dng cc cng ngh chng st khc.
2 Ti liu vin dn
TCXD 25:1991 t ng dy dn in trong nh v cng trnh cng cng. Tiu chun thit
k.
TCXD 161:1987 Thm d in trong xy dng.
TCVN 4756:1989 Quy phm ni t v ni khng cc thit b in.
BS 7430:1998 Code of Practice for Earthing.
BS 923-2: 1980 Guide on high-voltage testing techniques.
BS 5698-1 Guide to pulse techniques and apparatus - Part 1: Pulse terms and definitions.
UL 1449:1985 Standard for Safety for Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors
ITU-T K.12 (2000) Characteristics of gas discharge tubes for the protection of telecommunications
installations.
3 Thut ng v nh ngha
3.1 H thng chng st: Ton b h thng dy dn c s dng bo v mt cng trnh khi tc
ng ca st nh.
3.2 B phn thu st: Mt b phn ca h thng chng st nhm mc ch thu ht st nh vo n.
3.3 Mng ni t: Mt b phn ca h thng chng st nhm mc ch tiu tn dng in st xung
t.
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

2
3.4 Dy xung: Dy dn ni b phn thu st v mng ni t.
3.5 Cc ni t: B phn hoc nhm cc b phn dn in c tip xc vi t v c th truyn
dng in st xung t.
3.6 Cc ni t mch vng: Cc ni t to ra mt vng khp kn xung quanh cng trnh di
hoc trn b mt t, hoc pha di hoc ngay trong mng ca cng trnh.
3.7 Cc ni t tham chiu: Cc ni t c th tch hon ton khi mng ni t dng vo mc
ch o c kim tra.
3.8 in cm t cm: c trng ca dy dn hoc mch to ra trng in t ngc khi c dng
in thay i truyn qua chng.
in cm t cm ca mt dy dn hoc mch to ra th in ng c tnh t cng thc:
dt
di
L V =
Trong :
V l trng in t ngc tnh bng vn (V);
L l in cm t cm tnh bng Henri (H);
dt
di
l tc thay i dng tnh bng Ampe trn giy (A/s).
3.9 in cm tng h: c trng ca mch mt in p c to ra trong mt vng kn bi
mt dng in thay i trong mt dy dn c lp.
in cm tng h ca mt vng kn to ra mt in p t cm c tnh nh sau:
dt
di
M V =

Trong :
V l in p t cm trong vng kn tnh bng vn (V);
M l in cm tng h tnh bng Henri (H);
dt
di
l tc thay i dng trong mt dy dn c lp tnh bng Ampe trn giy (A/s).
3.10 in cm truyn dn: c trng ca mch mt in p c to ra trong mt vng kn bi
mt dng in thay i trong mt mch khc m mt phn ca n nm trong vng kn.
in cm truyn dn ca mt vng kn to ra mt in p t cm c tnh nh sau:
dt
di
M V
T
=

Trong :
V l in p t cm trong vng kn tnh bng vn (V);
MT l in cm truyn dn tnh bng Henri (H);
dt
di
l tc thay i dng trong mt mch khc tnh bng Ampe trn giy (A/s).
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

3
3.11 Vng bo v: Th tch m trong mt dy dn st to ra kh nng chng st nh thng bng
cch thu ht st nh vo n.
4 Quy nh chung
4.1 Cc hng dn trong tiu chun ny mang tnh tng qut, khi p dng vo mt h thng chng
st c th cn xem xt ti cc iu kin thc t lin quan n h thng . Trong nhng trng hp
c bit kh khn th cn tham kho kin ca cc chuyn gia.
4.2 Trc khi tin hnh thit k chi tit mt h thng chng st, cn phi quyt nh xem cng trnh
c cn chng st hay khng, nu cn th phi xem xt iu g c bit c lin quan n cng trnh (xem
mc 7 v 8).
4.3 Cn kim tra cng trnh hoc nu cng trnh cha xy dng th kim tra h s bn v v thuyt
minh k thut theo cc yu cu v phng chng st c quy nh tiu chun ny.
4.4 i vi nhng cng trnh khng c cc chi tit bng kim loi ph hp th cn phi c bit quan
tm ti vic b tr tt c cc b phn ca h thng chng st sao cho va p ng yu cu chng st
va khng lm nh hng n thm m ca cng trnh.
4.5 i vi cc cng trnh xy dng c a phn kt cu bng kim loi th nn s dng cc b phn
bng kim loi trong h thng chng st lm tng s lng cc b phn dn st. Nh th va tit
kim kinh ph cho h thng chng st li khng lm nh hng n thm m ca cng trnh. Tuy nhin
cn lu rng khi st nh vo phn kim loi nh vy, c bit phn kim loi c bao ph, c th
ph hu cc lp bn ngoi phn kim loi; i vi khi xy c ct thp c th gy khi xy. C th
gim thiu, m khng loi tr c hon ton, ri ro trn bng gii php s dng h thng chng st
c c nh trn b mt cng trnh.
4.6 Nhng kt cu kim loi thng c s dng nh mt b phn trong h thng chng st gm
c khung thp, ct thp trong b tng, cc chi tit kim loi ca mi, ray v sinh ca s trong nh cao
tng.
4.7 Ton b cng trnh phi c bo v bng mt h thng chng st kt ni hon chnh vi nhau,
khng c b phn no ca cng trnh c tch ra bo v ring.
5 Chc nng ca h thng chng st
Chc nng ca h thng thu v dn st l thu ht st nh vo n ri chuyn dng in do st to ra
xung t mt cch an ton, trnh st nh vo cc phn kt cu khc cn c bo v ca cng
trnh. Phm vi thu st ca mt h thng thu v dn st khng c nh nhng c th coi l mt hm ca
mc tiu tn dng in st. Bi vy phm vi thu st l mt i lng thng k.
Mt khc, phm vi thu st t b nh hng bi cch cu to h thng thu v dn st, cho nn s sp
t theo chiu ngang v chiu thng ng l tng ng nhau. Do khng nht thit phi s dng
cc u thu nhn hoc chp nhn, ngoi tr vic l cn thit v mt thc tin.
6 Vt liu v kch thc
6.1 Vt liu
Tt c vt liu ch to cc b phn khc nhau ca mt h thng chng st cn tun theo tiu chun
TCVN 4756
1
.

1
p dng phin bn hin hnh i vi cc tiu chun trch dn khng km nm ban hnh.
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

4
Khi la chn vt liu, cn xem xt nguy c b n mn bao gm n mn in ho. i vi vic bo v
dy dn, cn ch lp bo v chng li s n mn trong mi trng khc nghit, v d:
a) Ph dy dn bng ch dy t nht 2mm trn nh ng khi. Bc ch c hai u v ti cc im
ni
b) Nu c th th b phn thu st nn trn, nu khng c th dng lp PVC mng 1mm
bc trong trng hp cn chng g (c bit i vi nhm).
Cc mi ni trong c th c din tch mt ct bng khong mt na mi ni ngoi (xem 12.10.2). Cc
mi ni mm do c th c s dng nhng cn tun theo tiu chun TCXD 25:1991.
6.2 Kch thc
Kch thc ca cc b phn hp thnh trong mt h thng chng st cn m bo cc yu cu nu
trong Bng 1 v Bng 2. dy ca cc tm kim loi s dng trn mi nh v to thnh mt phn ca
h thng chng st cn m bo yu cu trong Bng 3.

Bng 1. Vt liu, cu to v din tch tit din ti thiu ca kim thu st, dy dn st, dy xung
v thanh chn di t
Vt liu Cu to
Din tch tit
din ti thiu
a

Ghi ch
ng

Dy dt c 50 mm chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm
Dy trn c
e
50 mm ng knh 8 mm
Cp 50 mm ng knh ti thiu ca mi si 1,7 mm
Dy trn c
f,g
200 mm ng knh 16 mm
ng ph thic
b

Dy trn c
e
50 mm ng knh 8 mm
Dy trn c
f,g
200 mm ng knh 16 mm
Nhm

Dy trn c 50 mm ng knh 8 mm
Hp kim nhm
Dy dt c 50 mm chiu dy ti thiu 2,5 mm
Dy trn c
f
200 mm ng knh 16 mm
Thp m km
c

Dy dt c 50 mm chiu dy ti thiu 2,5 mm
Dy trn c
f,g
200 mm ng knh 16 mm
Thp khng g
d
Dy dt c
h
50 mm chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

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Vt liu Cu to
Din tch tit
din ti thiu
a

Ghi ch
Dy trn c
h
50 mm ng knh 8 mm
Dy trn c
f,g
200 mm ng knh 16 mm
a
Sai s cho php: - 3 %.
b
Nhng nng hoc ph in, chiu dy lp ph ti thiu l 1 micron.
c
Lp ph phi nhn, lin tc v khng c vt sn vi chiu dy danh nh l 50 microns.
d
Chromium 16 %; Nickel 8 %; Carbon 0,07 %.
e
50 mm (ng knh 8 mm) c th gim xung 28 mm (ng knh 6 mm) trong mt s trng hp khng
yu cu sc bn c hc cao. Trong trng hp cn lu gim khong cch gia cc im c nh.
f
Ch p dng cho kim thu st. Trng hp ng sut pht sinh do ti trng nh gi gy ra khng ln th c th
s dng kim thu st di ti a ti 1m ng knh 10mm
g
Ch p dng cho thanh cm xung t.
h
Nu phi quan tm c bit ti vn c v nhit th cc gi tr trn cn tng ln 78 mm (ng knh 10
mm) i vi dy trn c v 75 mm (dy ti thiu 3 mm) i vi thanh dt c.

Bng 2. Vt liu, cu to v kch thc ti thiu ca cc ni t
Vt liu Cu to
Kch thc ti thiu
a

Ghi ch
Cc ni t Dy ni t Tm ni t
ng
Cp
b
50 mm
2

ng knh ti thiu ca
mi si 1,7 mm
Dy trn c
b
50 mm
2
ng knh 8 mm
Dy dt c
b
50 mm
2
chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm
Dy trn c
ng knh
15 mm

ng
ng knh
20 mm

chiu dy thnh ng ti
thiu 2 mm
Tm c
500 mm x 500
mm
Tm mt co
600 mm x 600
mm
tit din 25 mm x 2 mm
Thp
Dy trn c
m km
c

ng knh
16 mm
d

ng knh
10 mm

ng m km
c

ng knh
25 mm
d

chiu dy thnh ng ti
thiu 2 mm
Dy dt c
m km
c

90 mm
2
Tm c m
km
c

500 mm x 500
mm
Tm mt co
m km
c

600 mm x 600
mm
tit din 30 mm x 3 mm
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

6
Vt liu Cu to
Kch thc ti thiu
a

Ghi ch
Cc ni t Dy ni t Tm ni t
Dy trn c
m ng
ce

ng knh
14 mm

m ng 99,9 % ng, dy
ti thiu 250 microns
Dy trn c
khng m
f

ng knh
10 mm

Dy dt c
trn hoc m
km
f,g

75 mm
2
Cp m
km
f,g

70 mm
2

ng knh ti thiu ca
mi si 1,7 mm
Thp ng m
km
c

50 mm x50
mm x 3 mm

Thp
khng g
Dy trn c
ng knh
16 mm
ng knh
10 mm

a
Sai s cho php: - 3 %.
b
C th ph bng thic.
c
Lp ph phi nhn, lin tc v khng c vt sn vi chiu dy danh nh l 50 microns i vi vt liu trn v
70 microns i vi vt liu dt.
d
Chn ng cn c tin trc khi m km.
e
ng cn c lin kt vi li thp.
f
Ch cho php khi hon ton chn trong b tng.
g
Ch cho php khi c lin kt tt ti cc im cch nhau khng qu 5m vi ct thp nhng b phn mng
c tip xc vi t

Bng 3. dy ti thiu ca tm kim loi s dng lp mi nh v to thnh mt phn ca h
thng chng st.
Vt liu dy ti thiu (mm)
Thp m 0,5
Thp khng g 0,4
ng 0,3
Nhm v Km 0,7
Ch 2,0
GHI CH: Cc s liu trong bng ny l hp l khi mi nh l mt phn ca h thng chng st. Tuy nhin vn
c nguy c tm kim loi b nh thng i vi cc c st nh thng.

TCXDVN 46 : 2007

7
7 S cn thit ca vic phng chng st
7.1 Nguyn tc chung
Cc cng trnh c nguy c chy n cao nh nh my sn xut thuc n, kho cha nhin liu cn s
bo v cao nht khi cc nguy c b st nh. Chi tit cho vic bo v cc cng trnh ny c cho
trong mc 18.
i vi cc cng trnh khc, tiu chun v phng chng st c cp n trong tiu chun ny l
p ng v cu hi duy nht c t ra l c cn chng st hay khng.
Trong nhiu trng hp, s cn thit phi chng st l rt r rng, v d:
a) Ni t hp ng ngi;
b) Ni cn phi bo v cc dch v cng cng thit yu;
c) Ni m quanh khu vc thng xuyn xy ra st nh;
d) Ni c cc kt cu rt cao hoc ng n c mt mnh;
e) Ni c cc cng trnh c gi tr vn ho hoc lch s;
f) Ni c cha cc loi vt liu d chy hoc n.
Tuy nhin, trong rt nhiu trng hp khc th khng d quyt nh. Trong cc trng hp cn
tham kho 7.2; 7.3; 7.4; 7.5; v 7.6 v nhiu yu t nh hng n xc sut st nh v cc phn tch
v hu qu ca n.
Tuy nhin mt s yu t khng th nh gi c v chng c th bao trm ln tt c cc yu t khc.
V d nh, yu cu khng xy ra cc nguy c c th trnh c i vi cuc sng ca con ngi hoc
l vic tt c mi ngi sng trong to nh lun cm thy an ton c th quyt nh cu hi theo
hng cn c h thng chng st, mc d thng thng th iu ny l khng cn thit.
Khng c bt c hng dn c th no cho nhng vn nh vy nhng c th tin hnh nh gi
cn c vo xc sut st nh vo cng trnh v nhng yu t sau:
1) Cng nng ca to nh.
2) Tnh cht ca vic xy dng to nh .
3) Gi tr ca vt th trong to nh hoc nhng hu qu do st nh gy ra.
4) V tr to nh.
5) Chiu cao cng trnh.
7.2 Xc nh xc sut st nh vo cng trnh
Xc sut ca mt cng trnh hoc mt kt cu b st nh trong bt k mt nm no l tch ca mt
st phng xung t v din tch thu st hu dng ca kt cu. Mt st phng xung t, N
g
,
l s ln st phng xung mt t trn 1km
2
trong mt nm. Gi tr N
g
thay i rt ln. c tnh gi tr
N
g
trung bnh nm c tnh ton bng quan st trong rt nhiu nm cho cc vng trn th gii c
cho trong Bng 4 v Hnh 1. Bn mt st nh trung bnh trong nm Vit Nam c cho
Hnh 2. S liu v mt st nh trung bnh trong nm ti cc trm kh tng Vit Nam c cho
ph lc E ca tiu chun ny.
Cc mc ng mc c s dng trn bn Hnh 2 dao ng t 1,4 n 13,7. Khi p dng gi tr
mt st phng xung t cho mt v tr khng nm trn ng ng mc tnh ton nn ly gi tr
ln hn gia cc gi tr ng ng mc ln cn n. V d v tr nm gia hai ng ng mc c gi
tr l 5,7 v 8,2 th ly gi tr mt st phng xung t l 8,2 ln/km
2
/nm; v tr nm gia hai ng
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

8
ng mc c gi tr l 8,2 v 10,9 th ly gi tr mt st phng xung t l 10,9 ln/km
2
/nm; v tr
nm vng c gi tr > 13,7 th ly gi tr mt st phng xung t l 16,7 ln/km
2
/nm. C th
tham kho ph lc E v mt st phng xung t cho cc a danh c lp trn c s bn mt
st (Hnh 2) v khuyn co mc ny.
Din tch thu st hu dng ca mt kt cu l din tch mt bng ca cc cng trnh ko di trn tt c
cc hng c tnh n chiu cao ca n. Cnh ca din tch thu st hu dng c m rng ra t
cnh ca kt cu mt khong bng chiu cao ca kt cu ti im tnh chiu cao. Bi vy, i vi mt
to nh hnh ch nht n gin c chiu di L, chiu rng W, chiu cao H (n v tnh l m), th din
tch thu st hu dng c di (L+2H) m v chiu rng (W+2H) m vi 4 gc trn to bi ng trn
c bn knh l H. Nh vy din tch thu st hu dng A
c
(m
2
) s l (xem Hnh 3 v v d Ph lc D):
A
c
= LW+2LH+2WP+ H
2
(1)
Xc sut st nh vo cng trnh trong mt nm, p c tnh nh sau:
p = A
c
x N
g
x 10
-6
(2)

Bng 4. Mi quan h gia s ngy c st nh trong 1 nm v s ln st nh trn 1 km
2
/nm
S ngy c st nh
trong nm
S ln st nh trn km
2
trong nm
Trung bnh Khong gii hn
5 0,2 0,1 n 0,5
10 0,5 0,15 n 1,0
20 1,1 0,3 n 3,0
30 1,9 0,6 n 5,0
40 2,8 0,8 n 8,0
50 3,7 1,2 n 10,0
60 4,7 1,8 n 12,0
80 6,9 3,0 n 17,0
100 9,2 4,0 n 20,0
7.3 Xc sut st nh cho php
Xc sut st nh cho php c ly bng 10
-5
trong mt nm.

7.4 Xc sut st nh tng hp
Sau khi thit lp c gi tr ca p, l s v st c kh nng nh vo cng trnh trong mt nm,
tnh xc sut st nh tng hp bng cch nhn p vi cc h s iu chnh c cho cc bng t
Bng 5 n Bng 9. Nu xc sut st nh tng hp ny ln hn xc sut st nh cho php p
0
= 10
-5

trong mt nm th cn phi b tr h thng chng st.

TCXDVN 46 : 2007

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Hnh 1. Bn s ngy c st nh trong nm trn ton th gii

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Hnh 2. Hnh 2
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

11
7.5 Cc h s iu chnh:
Bng 5 n Bng 9 lit k cc h s iu chnh t A n E biu th mc quan trng hoc mc ri
ro tng i trong mi trng hp.
Bng 5. Bng tra gi tr h s A (theo dng cng trnh)
Dng cng trnh Gi tr h s A
Nh v cng trnh vi kch thc thng thng 0,3
Nh v cng trnh vi kch thc thng thng v c b phn nh
cao hn xung quanh

0,7
Nh my, xng sn xut, phng th nghim 1,0
Cng s, khch sn, nh chung c 1,2
Ni tp trung ng ngi nh hi trng, nh ht, bo tng, siu th
ln, bu in, nh ga, bn xe, sn bay, sn vn ng.

1,3
Trng hc, bnh vin, nh tr mu gio 1,7

Bng 6. Bng tra gi tr h s B (theo dng kt cu cng trnh)
Dng kt cu cng trnh Gi tr h s B
Khung thp hoc b tng ct thp c mi kim loi 0,1
Khung thp c mi khng phi bng kim loi (*) 0,2
B tng ct thp c mi khng phi bng kim loi 0,4
Th xy c mi khng phi bng kim loi hoc tranh tre na l 1,0
Khung g c mi khng phi bng kim loi hoc tranh tre na l 1,4
Th xy, khung g c mi bng kim loi 1,7
Cc cng trnh c mi bng tranh tre na l 2,0
CH THCH: *) Cc kt cu c b phn kim loi trn nc mi v c tnh dn in lin tc xung t th khng
cn theo bng ny

Bng 7. Bng tra gi tr h s C (theo cng nng s dng)
Dng cng nng s dng Gi tr h s C
Nh , cng s, nh my, xng sn xut khng cha cc vt qu
him hoc c bit d b hu hoi (*)

0,3
Khu cng nghip, nng nghip c cha cc th c bit d b hu hoi
(*)

0,8
Trm in, trm kh t, in thoi, i pht thanh 1,0
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

12
Khu cng nghip then cht, cng trnh di tch lch s, bo tng, to nh
trng by tc phm ngh thut hoc cng trnh c cha cc th c
bit d b hu hoi (*)

1,3
Trng hc, bnh vin, nh tr mu gio, ni tp trung ng ngi 1,7
CH THCH: *) D b hu hoi do chy hoc hu qu ca ho hon

Bng 8. Bng tra gi tr h s D (theo mc cch ly)
Mc cch ly Gi tr h s D
Cng trnh xy dng trong khu vc c nhiu cng trnh khc hoc
c nhiu cy xanh vi chiu cao tng ng hoc ln hn

0,4
Cng trnh xy dng trong khu vc c t cng trnh khc hoc cy xanh
c chiu cao tng ng

1,0
Cng trnh xy dng hon ton cch ly hoc cch xa t nht hai ln
chiu cao ca cc cng trnh hay cy xanh hin hu trong khu vc

2,0
Bng 9. Bng tra gi tr h s E (theo dng a hnh)
Dng a hnh xy dng Gi tr h s E
Vng ng bng, trung du 0,3
Vng i 1,0
Vng ni cao t 300 mt n 900 mt 1,3
Vng ni cao trn 900 mt 1,7

Bng 7 lit k cc h s iu chnh k n thit hi v gi tr ca cc i tng bn trong cng trnh
hoc hu qu dy chuyn. Thit hi v gi tr cc i tng bn trong cng trnh l kh r rng; cn
thut ng hu qu dy chuyn c ng khng nhng k n thit hi vt cht i vi hng ho v
ca ci m c nhng kha cnh v s ngt qung ca cc dch v thit yu, c bit l trong cc bnh
vin.
Ri ro i vi cuc sng thng thng l rt nh nhng nu mt to nh b st nh trng, ho hon
hay s hong lon c th xy ra mt cch t pht. Bi vy nn thc hin tt c cc bin php c th
c gim thiu cc tc ng ny, c bit cc tc ng i vi ngi gi, tr em v ngi m yu.
i vi cc to nh s dng vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau, nn p dng h s A cho trng hp
nghim trng nht.
7.6 Din gii xc sut st nh tng hp
Phng php xc sut trong tiu chun ny nhm mc ch hng dn cho cc trng hp kh quyt
nh. Nu kt qu tnh c nh hn 10
-5
(1 trong 100.000) kh nhiu th nhiu kh nng khng cn
n h thng chng st; nu nh kt qu ln hn 10
-5
, v d nh 10
-4
(1 trong 10.000) th cn c cc l
do xc ng lm c s cho vic quyt nh khng lm h thng chng st.
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

13
Khi c cho l cc hu qu dy chuyn s l nh v nh hng ca mt c st nh s ch gy h
hi rt nh i vi kt cu ca cng trnh, c th s l tit kim nu khng u t lm h thng chng
st v chp nhn ri ro . Tuy nhin ngay c vic quyt nh nh vy cng cn phi tnh ton bit
c mc ri ro .
Cc kt cu cng rt a dng v d c s dng phng php nh gi no i na cng c th cho cc
kt qu khng bnh thng v nhng ngi s phi quyt nh liu s bo v l cn thit hay khng c
th s phi s dng kinh nghim v s phn on ca mnh. Ly v d nh, mt ngi nh kt cu
khung thp c th c nhn nh l c xc sut st nh thp, tuy nhin vic thm h thng chng
st v ni t s nng cao kh nng chng st rt nhiu nn chi ph lp t thm h thng ny c
th c xem l hp l.
i vi cc ng khi bng gch hoc b tng, kt qu tnh xc sut st nh tng hp c th thp. Tuy
nhin nu chng ng mt mnh hoc vn cao hn cc kt cu xung quanh hn 4,5m th cn phi
chng st cho d xc sut st nh c gi tr no i na. Nhng ng khi nh vy s khng p dng
c phng php xc sut st nh tng hp. Tng t nh vy, cc kt cu cha cht n hay d
chy cn c xem xt thm cc yu t khc na (xem mc 18 v 8.3 ).
V d v vic tnh ton xc xut st nh tng hp quyt nh c cn b tr h thng chng st hay
khng c cho ph lc D.
8 Vng bo v
8.1 Khi nim
Khi nim vng bo v c hiu mt cch n gin l th tch m trong gii hn cc b phn
chng st to ra mt s bo v chng li cc c phng in trc tip bng vic thu cc tia st vo cc
b phn chng st .
Kch thc v hnh dng ca vng bo v thay i theo chiu cao ca ngi nh hoc chiu cao ca
cc thit b thu st thng ng. Ni chung i vi cc cng trnh khng cao qu 20m, vng bo v ca
cc b phn thu dn st thng ng t di mt t ln c xc nh l th tch to bi mt hnh nn
vi nh ca n nm nh b phn thu st v y nm di mt t. Vng bo v ca cc b phn
thu st ngang c xc nh bi khng gian to bi hnh nn c nh nm trn dy thu st ngang chy
t im u n im cui. i vi nhng kt cu cao hn 20m, vic xc nh vng bo v nh trn c
th khng p dng c, v cn phi c thm cc thit b chng st lp t theo cch thc nh trong
Hnh 4 (xem thm mc 16) chng li cc c st nh vo pha bn cnh cng trnh.
8.2 Gc bo v
i vi cc kt cu khng vt qu 20m v chiu cao, gc gia cnh ca hnh nn vi phng thng
ng ti nh ca hnh nn gi l gc bo v (Hnh 5). ln ca gc bo v khng th xc nh c
mt cch chnh xc v n ph thuc vo ln ca c st nh v s hin din trong vng bo v cc
vt th c kh nng dn in v chng c th to nn cc ng ni t c lp vi h thng chng
st. Tt c nhng g c th khng nh l kh nng bo v ca h thng chng st s tng ln khi gc
bo v gim i. i vi cc kt cu cao hn 20m, gc bo v ca bt k mt b phn dn st no cao
ti 20m cng s tng t nh i vi cc b phn thu dn st ca cc kt cu thp hn 20m. Tuy
nhin cng trnh cao hn 20m c kh nng b st nh vo pha bn cnh, bi vy cn xc nh th
tch c bo v theo phng php hnh cu ln (xem B.5).
i vi cc mc ch thc hnh nhm cung cp mt mc chng st chp nhn c cho mt kt
cu thng thng cao ti 20m hoc cho phn kt cu di 20m i vi kt cu cao hn, gc bo v
ca bt c mt b phn ring no ca li thu st, thu st ng hay nm ngang, c quy nh l 45
o
(xem Hnh 5.a v Hnh 5.b). Gia 2 hay nhiu hn b phn thu st thng ng t cch nhau khng
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

14
qu 2 ln chiu cao ca chng th gc bo v tng ng c th t ti 60
o
so vi phng thng
ng (xem Hnh 5.c). i vi mi bng, din tch gia cc dy dn song song c coi l c chng
st nu b phn thu st c b tr theo 11.1 v 11.2. i vi cc kt cu c yu cu chng st cao
hn th khuyn co p dng cc gc bo v khc (xem mc 18).
8.3 Cc cng trnh rt d b nguy him do st nh
i vi cc cng trnh rt d b nguy him do st nh, v d c cha cht chy n, th cn p dng tt
c cc gii php chng st c th c, mc d ch l phng chng cc v st nh rt him khi
xy ra trong vng bo v c nh ngha nh 8.1 v 8.2. Xem chi tit mc 18 v vic gim din tch
bo v v cc bin php c bit khc cho cc cng trnh ny.

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Hnh 3. Mt s dng cng trnh v din tch thu st
Mu B tr chung Din tch thu st v phng php tnh
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
Tt c cc kch thc u tnh theo n v l mt
A
c
=14 x 50 + 2(15 x 50)
+ 2(15 x 14) + x 15
A
c
= 3 327 m
A
c
=15 x 40 + 2(21 x 40)
+ 2(21x 15) + x 21
A
c
= 4 296 m
A
c
= x 14 + 2(14 x 30)
A
c
= 1 456 m
A
c
=7 x 8 + 2(6 x 7) + x 9
+ 10 (xp x) cho vng t en
A
c
= 405 m
A
c
= x 40
A
c
= 5 027 m
A
c
= 12 x 55 + 2(18 x 55) +
2(18 x 12) + x 18
A
c
= 4 090 m
A
c
=25 x 60 + 25 x 30 +6 x
60 + 6 x 50 + 6 x 25 + 6
x 25 + 6 x 30 + 6 x 24 +5/4
x x 6
A
c
= 3 675 m
A
c
=20 x 30 + 2(4 x 30)
+ 2(4 x 20) + x 4
+ 20 (xp x) cho vng t
en
A
c
= 1 070 m
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16
Hnh 4. H thng chng st cho ng khi xy gch

M gang c
Ni t
(a) ng khi ng knh nh nh
hn 1,5m v cao di 20m
GHI CH: Hnh ny khng p dng cho ng khi BTCT s dng ct thp lm dy xung
(b) ng khi bng gch cao 60m
K hiu:
1. Kim thu

2. Thanh kp

3. ng ni

4. Dy xung
5. Dy dn ngang

6. im o

7. Cc ni t

8. Kp ni ch A

9. ng bc cc ni
t

10. Kp dy dn
GHI CH: Khong
cch im c nh
xem bng A.1
11.Vng ai
12. Chp gang thay vng
ai 11
13. Kp ti nt giao nhau
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

17

Hnh 5. Xc nh gc v phm vi bo v hiu qu ca kim thu st
a) Dy dn ng
b) Dy dn ngang
Mt bng vng bo v ti ct nn
Mt bng vng bo v ti ct nn
c) Bn dy dn ng vi cc gc bo v v vng bo v kt hp

K hiu:
VC: Dy dn ng
HC: Dy dn ngang
ZP: Vng bo v
GL: Ct nn
Mt bng vng bo v ti
ct nn

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18
9 Cc lu khi thit k h thng chng st
9.1 Quy nh chung
Trc v trong c qu trnh thit k, n v thit k cn trao i, tho lun v thng nht v phng n
vi cc b phn lin quan, c th theo 9.2; 9.3; 9.4 v 9.5.
9.2 Kin trc
Nhng s liu sau y cn c xc nh mt cch c th:
a) Cc tuyn i ca ton b dy dn st;
b) Khu vc i dy v cc cc ni t;
c) Chng loi vt t dn st;
d) Bin php c nh cc chi tit ca h thng chng st vo cng trnh, c bit nu n nh
hng ti vn chng thm cho cng trnh;
e) Chng loi vt liu chnh ca cng trnh, c bit l phn kt cu kim loi lin tc nh cc
ct, ct thp;
f) a cht cng trnh ni xy dng v gii php x l nn mng cng trnh;
g) Cc chi tit ca ton b cc ng ng kim loi, h thng thot nc ma, h thng cu
thang trong v ngoi cng trnh c th cn hn u ni vi h thng chng st;
h) Cc h thng ngm khc c th lm mt n nh cho h thng ni t;
i) Cc chi tit ca ton b h thng trang thit b k thut lp t trong cng trnh c th cn
hn u ni vi h thng chng st.
9.3 H thng k thut cng cng
Tho thun vi cc c quan qun l h thng k thut ngoi nh v vic u ni gia cc h thng k
thut ngoi nh (cp in, cp nc, thot nc, thng tin, tn hiu) vi h thng chng st ca
cng trnh.
9.4 Lp t h thng pht thanh, truyn hnh
Cc cng trnh pht sng ca i pht thanh, truyn hnh phi c tho thun v vic u ni gia phn
thp thu pht sng vi h thng chng st.
9.5 Cc nh thu xy dng
Cn tho thun, thng nht c nhng vn lin quan sau y:
a) Chng loi, v tr, s lng thit b chnh do nh thu xy dng cung cp;
b) Nhng ph kin no ca phn h thng chng st do nh thu xy dng lp t;
c) V tr ca b phn dy dn st nm ngm di cng trnh;
d) Nhng b phn no ca h thng chng st s phi c s dng ngay t trong qu trnh thi
cng xy dng cng trnh. Chng hn nh h thng ni t ca cng trnh c th c s dng
ni t cho cn cu thp, vn thng, cc ng ray, dn gio v cc b phn tng t trong
qu trnh xy dng;
e) i vi cc kt cu khung thp, s lng v v tr ca cc ct thp v bin php x l mi ni
vi h thng ni t;
f) i vi cc cng trnh c s dng mi che bng kim loi nh mt b phn ca h thng chng
st th phi thng nht gii php u ni vi h thng dn st v ni t;
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19
g) V tr v c im ca cc cng trnh k thut ni vi cng trnh trn hoc di mt t nh
h thng ng st, ng ray cn cu, h thng cp treo, h thng mng dy cp in, ct
thu pht sng pht thanh truyn hnh, ng khi, ng ng kim loi, v.v
h) V tr, s lng cc ct c, cc phng k thut trn mi (nh: phng my ca cu thang my,
thng gi, iu ho..), b nc trn mi, v cc phn nh cao khc;
i) Gii php xy dng cho tng v mi, nhm mc ch xc nh phng php ph hp c
nh dy dn st, c bit lu n vn bo v cng trnh khi tc ng ca kh hu;
j) Vic a dy dn st xuyn qua cc lp chng thm. B tr cc l lun dy xung qua kt
cu, tng mi, g trn,.v.v;
k) Cc bin php lin kt vi ct thp, kt cu thp hoc cc chi tit kim loi;
l) Cc bin php bo v h thng khi b h hng do tc ng c, l, ho;
m) Cc iu kin c th o c, kim tra h thng;
n) Vic cp nht h s bn v v h thng chng st cho cng trnh.
10 Cc b phn c bn ca h thng chng st
Cc b phn c bn ca h thng chng st bao gm:
a) B phn thu st
b) B phn dy xung
c) Cc loi mi ni
d) im kim tra o c
e) B phn dy dn ni t
f) B phn cc ni t
Cc chi tit c nh v chi tit im o kim tra in hnh ca h thng dy dn c th hin trn Hnh
6, Hnh 7 v Hnh 8.
11 B phn thu st
11.1 Cc nguyn tc c bn
B phn thu st c th l cc kim thu st hoc li thu st hoc kt hp c hai (xem minh ho ti cc
hnh t Hnh 9 n Hnh 14).
Khong cch t bt k b phn no ca mi n b phn thu st nm ngang khng nn ln hn 5 mt
(xem thm Ghi ch 1 v Ghi ch 2 trong Hnh 10). i vi nhng dng mi bng c din tch ln
thng s dng li thu st khu 10 mt x 20 mt. i vi nhng mi c nhiu nc, nu khong
cch S gia hai nc ln hn 10 + 2H, trong H l cao ca nc (tt c c tnh bng n v mt)
th phi b sung thm cc dy thu st (xem Hnh 11).
i vi nhng cng trnh b tng ct thp, b phn thu st c th c u ni vo h ct thp ca
cng trnh ti nhng v tr thch ng vi s lng dy xung cn thit theo tnh ton.
Tt c cc b phn bng kim loi nm ngay trn mi hoc cao hn b mt ca mi u c ni t
nh mt phn ca b phn thu st (xem minh ho ti Hnh 4, Hnh 6 v tham kho Hnh 15).
Lp ph nh tng, nh mi v lan can bng kim loi (xem mc 9), li bng kim loi sn thng
nn c tn dng lm mt phn ca b phn thu st (xem Hnh 4, Hnh 6 v Hnh 16).
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

20
11.2 Cc dng cu to b phn thu st
11.2.1 Nguyn tc chung
Cc dng cu to b phn thu st thng dng nht c minh ho ti cc hnh t Hnh 9 n Hnh
14. Phm vi ng dng ca tng dng thu st c ch dn ti 11.2.2; 11.2.3; 11.2.4; 11.2.5 v 11.2.6.
Vic s dng b phn thu st dng no l tu thuc vo kin trc v kt cu cng nh v tr xy dng
ca tng cng trnh.
11.2.2 Kim thu st n
Hnh 5 (a) minh ho kim thu st n v phm vi bo v. Hnh 5(c) minh ho dng thu st kt hp 4
kim thu st gia tng phm vi bo v nh th hin ti hnh v mt bng bo v.
11.2.3 Dy thu st, li thu st cho nh mi bng
Hnh 5 (b) minh ho b tr dy thu st vin theo chu vi mi ca cng trnh dng khi ch nht v mt
bng, mt ct phm vi bo v. Hnh 9 minh ho cch b tr b phn chng st in hnh i vi cc
cng trnh mi bng din tch ln (xem 11.1). Thng thng s dng li thu st cho cc cng trnh
dng ny nhm gim tc ng ca hiu ng lan truyn st.
11.2.4 Cng trnh c mt bng rng v hnh khi phc tp
i vi cc cng trnh bao gm nhiu khi trong c c phn cao tng v thp tng, nh minh ho ti
Hnh 13, h thng chng st s bao gm y cc b phn: thu st, dy xung v tip a. Khi thit
k h thng chng st cho phn thp tng cn b qua s hin din ca phn cao tng. Li tip a v
cc mi u ni c s dng theo dng thng dng (xem Hnh 6, 12.9, 12.10, mc 13, v cc ph
lc B.1; B.2; v B.5).
Hnh 10 minh ho cng trnh gm nhiu khi c mi bng vi cc cao khc nhau. Bo v cc khi
bng h thng li thu st vin xung quanh chu vi mi v xung quanh phn mi bn trong ti v tr c
cc khi nh cao ln (xem Ghi ch 1 ti Hnh 10). Tt c cc b phn ca h thng chng st phi
c u ni vi nhau theo quy nh 4.7 (xem Hnh 14 v Hnh 30)
GHI CH: Trn Hnh 14 b phn dy thu st xung quanh chn phn cao tng c s dng u ni li thu
st vi dy xung ca phn cao tng. Trn thc t th khu vc ny nm trong phm vi bo v, ni cch khc
l bnh thng th khng cn b tr dy thu st.
Hnh 11 minh ho cc dng mi c din tch ln. Dy thu st c b tr trn mi c u ni vi
nhau c hai u mp mi. Nu mi rng hn 20 mt th cn b sung thm dy thu st ngang bo
m khong cch gia hai dy thu st khng ln hn 20 mt.
i vi cc cng trnh c cao trn 20 mt th cn phi p dng phng php hnh cu ln - (xem
Ph lc B v Hnh B.1) xc nh v tr lp t b phn thu st (tr trng hp cng trnh c kt cu
khung thp).
11.2.5 i vi cc cng trnh mi ngi
i vi cc cng trnh c mi khng dn in, dy dn st c th b tr di hoc tt nht l b tr
trn mi ngi. Mc d vic lp t dy dn st di mi ngi c li l n gin v gim c nguy
c n mn, nhng tt hn l lp t dc theo b nc ca mi ngi. Trng hp ny c u im l
gim thiu nhiu hn nguy hi i vi mi ngi do dy thu st trc tip v cng tc kim tra cng d
dng, thun tin hn.
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

21
K hiu:
1. lan can
2. Lin kt vi ct thp
3. Lin kt vi nh tng
4. Mi ni phi kim loi (b phn c
sn)
Mi ni cc kim loi
lan can thp
Chi tit s 4
th hin 1 thanh ct thp
mang tnh minh ho
Lin kt vi
kt cu thp

Hnh 6. Lan can, lp ph nh tng bng kim loi v ct thp c s dng lm kim thu
st v dy xung
Dy dn st b tr di mi ngi ch c s dng ch yu trong trng hp mi c dy nh
hoc c t ngay di lp ph bn trn mi, v khong cch gia cc dy dn khng ln hn 10m.
Kt cu BTCT c
mi v tng mi
khng dn in
Mi thp
m km
Lin kt vi trn
treo kim loi
Kt cu BTCT,
mi dn in
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

22
i vi cng trnh dng nh th hoc dng kin trc, kt cu tng t th x l nh cng trnh c bit.
Phn thp cao hon ton khng tnh n trong qu trnh thit k h thng chng st cho cc hng mc
thp hn ca cng trnh.
11.2.6 i vi cc cng trnh n gin c cha cc cht d gy chy n
Hnh 17 minh ho gii php b tr h thng chng st ch yu c s dng i vi cc cng trnh
n gin, c cha cc cht d gy chy n. H thng bo v chnh bao gm hai kim thu st ni vi
nhau bng mt dy thu st. Phm vi bo v c th hin trn mt bng, mt ct trong hnh v, ng
thi th hin nh hng ca vng ca dy thu st ngang (xem 18.2.1).

Hnh 7. im o kim tra

Ghi ch: Ph lp chng g cho tt c cc nt v lin kt
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Hnh 8. Cc kiu kim thu st in hnh
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

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Hnh 9. Thu st cho mi bng

a) Mt ng th hin gc bo v
b) Mt bng th hin vng bo v ti ct nn
Ln nht 10m
c) B tr tng th
K hiu:
ZP: Vng bo v
HC: Dy dn ngang
Ln nht 10m
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25

Hnh 10. Thu st cho mi bng c nhiu cao khc nhau

Ni dy xung v dy dn ngang tng mi
thp
GHI CH 1: Cn b tr li thu st dc chu vi
bao ngoi mi v khng c im no mi cch
n qu 5m tr b phn thp cho php cch xa
thm 1m trn mi chiu cao chnh mi
Chu vi = 24+24+12+12 = 72m
S dy xung cn thit
= 72/20 = 4
GHI CH 2: Khng cn li thu st ngang
tng mi quanh ging tri; vng bo v c
gc 60
0
to ra bi 2 dy thu ngang i vi kt
cu di 20m. Khng p dng cho kt cu
cao hn 20m
Hnh chiu B
Mt ct A-A
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Hnh 11. Thu st cho mi c din tch ln v nhiu nc

GHI CH 1: Nu S>10+2H cn b sung dy thu st dc nh khong cch gia cc dy
thu st khng vt qu 10m
GHI CH 2: Nu chiu di mi vt qu 20m cn b sung cc dy dn ngang
GHI CH 3: Cc hnh v trn khng th hin cc dy xung
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

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Hnh 12. Thu st v dy xung c che y cho nh mi dc vi chiu cao di 20 mt
1. Cc mi c gc dc ln t 45 tr ln
ch yu cu dy thu st nc
2. Cc mi c dim mi cch b nc
cha n 5m
Cc kch thc tnh theo mt
GHI CH: Cc v d trn minh ho cho nhiu loi mi c kch thc khc nhau. Khi thit k li
thu st mi cn tun th nguyn tc:
- Khng b phn no ca mi cch dy thu st qu 5m
- Cn m bo khong cch ln nht l 20x10m

a) B phn thu st v dy xung

Dy xung
Li thu st
Gc dc
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

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b) Cc dy thu st nm di tm lp
Hnh 12.Thu st v dy xung c che y cho nh mi dc vi chiu cao di 20 mt (tip)

Hnh 13. Thu st v dy xung cho cng trnh mi bng

Hnh 14. Thu st cho cng trnh c thp cao dn in
Dy dn hoc
rim mi dn
in
Dy dn trn vin
mi, c c nh
di tm lp nh
hnh bn
Kim thu st
Dy dn
ngang
K hiu:
GHI CH: Cc dy dn ngang cn c lin kt ti cc v tr giao nhau
GHI CH: Thu st cho kt cu BTCT hay kt cu thp cao cn m bo:
a) li thu nm ngang b tr theo 10m x 20m
b) lin kt vi kt cu thp ti cc gc vi khong cch 20m dc chu vi v chn phn
nh cao trn mi thp 1 on 0,5m
Li 10x20m
----- Dy dn i chm
Kim thu st (kim trn khng sn bc, cao 0,3m) hoc tm kim loi
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

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Hnh 15. Thu st cho cng trnh c cha cc cht d gy chy n
12 Dy xung
12.1 Khi nim chung.
Chc nng ca dy xung l to ra mt nhnh c in tr thp t b phn thu st xung cc ni t
sao cho dng in st c dn xung t mt cch an ton.
Tiu chun ny bao hm c vic s dng dy xung theo nhiu kiu bao gm cch s dng thp dt,
thp trn, ct thp v tr kt cu thp... Bt c b phn kt cu cng trnh no dn in tt u c th
lm dy xung v c kt ni mt cch thch hp vi b phn thu st v ni t. Ni chung, cng s
dng nhiu dy xung cng gim c ri ro do hin tng lan truyn st v cc hin tng khng
mong mun khc. Tng t, cc dy dn ln lm gim ri ro do hin tng lan truyn st, c bit
nu c bc cch in. Tuy nhin, c tnh ca h thng dy xung ng trc c lp bc c s khc
bit khng ng k v bt c phng din no vi cc dy dn c kch thc tng th nh nhau v
c cch in nh nhau. S dng cc dy dn c lp bc khng lm gim i s lng ca cc
dy xung c kin ngh tiu chun ny.
Trong thc t, ty thuc vo dng ca cng trnh, thng thng cn c cc dy xung t song song,
mt s hoc ton b nhng dy xung c th l mt phn ca kt cu cng trnh . V d, mt
khung thp hoc kt cu b tng ct thp c th khng cn cc dy xung v bn thn ci khung
to ra mt mng li gm nhiu nhnh xung t mt cch hiu qu, ngc li mt kt cu c lm
Thu st mi
Ln nht 5m

Thu st mi
Ln nht 10m
* th hin lin kt vo kt cu
thp mi
GHI CH: Khng th hin dy xung trong hnh v ny
(in hnh)
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

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hon ton t cc vt liu khng dn in st s cn cc dy xung b tr theo kch thc v dng ca
kt cu .
Tm li, h thng dy xung khi c th thc hin c th nn dn thng t b phn thu st n mng
li ni t v t i xng xung quanh cc tng bao ca cng trnh bt u t cc gc. Trong mi
trng hp, cn phi lu n hin tng lan truyn st (xem 12.5).

Hnh 16. Kp u ni b phn thu st cho mi bng trong trng hp mi kim loi c s
dng lm mt b phn ca h thng chng st
12.2 B tr dy xung.
B tr dy xung cho nhiu dng cng trnh, c hoc khng c khung thp, c th hin trn Hnh 18.
Trong cc cng trnh c chiu cao ln, khung thp hoc ct thp trong b tng phi c lin kt vi
nhau v tham gia vo s tiu tn dng in st cng vi cc ng thng ng v cc chi tit tng t,
chng nn c lin kt phn trn cng v phn di cng. Thit k ca h thng chng st do
s bao gm cc ct lin tc hoc cc tr thng ng c b tr ph hp vi 12.3. Vi cc cng trnh
c khung thp hoc cc cng trnh btng ct thp khng cn thit phi b tr cc dy xung ring r.
Hnh 18a) minh ha mt cng trnh c khung thp. Theo khng cn b tr thm cc dy xung
nhng cn ni t ph hp vi tiu chun ny. Hnh 18b) th hin cch b tr dy xung trong trng
hp mi ua 3 cnh. Hnh 18c) th hin cch b tr trong trng hp phng khiu v hoc b bi c
khu ph tr.
Hnh 18d), Hnh 18e), Hnh 18f) v Hnh 18g) th hin cc cng trnh c hnh dng m c th b tr
tt c cc dy xung c nh cc bc tng bao. Cn phi thn trng khi la chn khong cch cc

Lin kt bulng
2M8
Dy dn st
X g
Thp
Dm
GHI CH: Chiu dy nh nht khi s dng tm lp kim loi lm mt b phn ca h thng
chng st l:
- Thp m km 0,5mm
- ng 0,3mm
- Nhm, km 0,7mm
- Ch 2,0 mm
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

31
dy xung ph hp trnh khu vc ra vo, lu n yu cu trnh in p bc nguy him trn b
mt t (tham kho thm Hnh 19).
12.3 S lng khuyn co
V tr v khong cch cc dy xung trong cng trnh ln thng ph thuc vo kin trc. Tuy nhin,
nn b tr mt dy xung vi khong cch gia cc dy l 20m hoc nh hn theo chu vi cao mi
hoc cao nn. Cng trnh c chiu cao trn 20m phi b tr cc dy cch nhau 10m hoc nh hn.
12.4 Nhng cng trnh cao kh thc hin vic o kim tra.
Vi cng trnh c chiu cao ln, iu kin kim tra v o c l kh, cn phi c bin php o kim tra
tnh lin tc ca h thng. Cn t nht hai dy xung cho cng tc o c (xem Hnh 4).
12.5 B tr ng dn xung
Dy xung cn phi i theo li thng nht c th c gia li thu st v mng ni t. Khi s dng
nhiu hn mt dy xung th cc dy xung cn c sp xp cng u cng tt xung quanh tng
bao ca cng trnh, bt u t cc gc (xem Hnh 18), ty thuc vo kin trc v kh nng thi cng.
Trong vic quyt nh tuyn xung, cn phi cn nhc n vic lin kt dy xung vi cc chi tit thp
trong cng trnh, v d nh cc tr, ct thp v bt c chi tit kim loi lin tc v c nh ca cng trnh
c kh nng lin kt c.
Cc bc tng bao quanh sn chi v ging tri c th c s dng gn cc dy xung nhng
khng c s dng vch lng thang my (xem 15.3.10). Cc sn c tng bao c 20m phi c
trang b mt dy xung. Tuy nhin, nn c t nht hai dy xung v b tr i xng.
12.6 S dng ct thp trong kt cu btng
12.6.1 Nguyn tc chung
Cc chi tit c th cn c quyt nh giai on thit k, trc khi thi cng cng trnh (xem 9.5).
12.6.2 Tnh dn in lin tc
Cc thanh ct thp kim loi ca kt cu btng ct thp c ti ch i khi c hn, trng hp
hin nhin l n to ra kh nng truyn in lin tc. Thng thng chng c ni buc vi nhau bi
cc dy ni kim loi cc im giao nhau. Mc d vy, khng k n nhng mi lin kt tnh c t
nhin ca kim loi, th mt s lng rt ln ca cc thanh v cc mi giao nhau thi cng nh vy cng
l m bo tch nh cng ca dng in st ra thnh nhiu nhnh tiu tn song song. Kinh
nghim ch ra rng kt cu r rng c th tn dng nh l mt b phn trong h thng chng st.
Tuy nhin, cn lu cc vn sau :
a) Phi m bo tip xc gia cc ct thp, v d bng cch c nh chng bng dy buc;
b) Cn phi ni ct thp ng vi nhau v ct thp ng vi ct thp ngang.
12.6.3 B tng ng lc trc
Cc dy dn st khng c kt ni vi cc ct, dm hay ging btng ct thp ng lc trc v thp
ng lc trc khng c lin kt v do khng c tnh dn in lin tc.
12.6.4 B tng c sn
Trong trng hp cc ct, dm hay tr bng b tng ct thp c sn th ct thp c th c s dng
nh l dy dn nu cc on ct thp cc cu kin ring bit c gn kt vi nhau v m bo tnh
dn in lin tc.

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32

Hnh 17. B phn thu st v vng bo v cho cng trnh n gin c cha cht d chy
n.

c) Vng c bo v

GHI CH: trnh hin tng lan truyn st, khong cch ti thiu gia cng
trnh v dy dn/ ct chng l 2m hoc theo 15.2 (ly khong cch ln nht)

Vng c bo v ti v tr ct

Vng c bo v ti v tr
vng nht ca dy thu st
Cc ni t
Cng trnh c bo v
a) Mt ng
b) Mt bng
Cng trnh c bo v

Ti thiu 2m
Dy thu st dng treo
Ct
Ti thiu
2m
Ti thiu
2m

Dy thu st
dng treo
K hiu
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

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Hnh 18. Cc cch b tr dy xung (dy b tr thm bn ngoi hay s dng b phn dn
in ca cng trnh) cho cc dng cng trnh cao

Mi ua
Phng khiu v
Ct chu lc

Ct chu lc dn in s dng lm dy xung v ni t

Dy xung v ni t bn ngoi
GHI CH 1: Dy xung c th l mt b phn ca kt cu hoc thanh trn, thanh dt b tr mt ngoi cng
trnh
GHI CH 2:i vi kt cu cao hn 20m, dy xung t cch nhau khng qu 10 m mt chic
K hiu
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

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Hnh 19. Chnh lch in p mt t gn ct , thp, tr c cc ni t nhiu cc n
gin
12.7 Tuyn i bn trong
Khi kh nng b tr tuyn dy xung pha bn ngoi l khng kh thi hoc l khng thch hp (xem
12.8.3), cc dy xung c th c b tr vo trong mt ng rng bng vt liu phi kim loi, khng chy
v c ko thng xung t (xem Hnh 20).
Bt c rnh c che kn, mng thit b, ng hoc mng cp chy sut chiu cao cng trnh khng
cha si dy cp no u c th c s dng cho mc ch ny.

Chnh in th i vi
trng hp khng c cc
ni t vng
in th V
s
thp khi
c cc cc tip vng
gim th
Bc cch in phng ngi tip
xc vi kt cu
Cc ni t vng c ng
knh v su chn khc
nhau kim sot chnh
lch in p
t 4x1.5m n 4.5m
ph thuc vo v tr
Chnh in th i vi
trng hp c cc ni t
vng
khng c bin php
cn bng in th
Na mt bng b
tr cc ni t
5 vng li c lin kt vo cc ni t
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

35
12.8 Un gc nhn v nhnh vng
12.8.1 iu kin thc t khng phi lc no cng cho php cc tuyn i theo con ng thng nht.
Tuy c th chp nhn un gc nhn ti mt s v tr, v d nh ti cc g mi, nhng cn lu cc
nhnh vng trong dy dn c th lm in cm cao gim xung nhanh lm cho vic tiu tn dng in
st c th xy ra pha h ca nhnh vng. V c bn, ri ro c th xut hin khi chiu di ca dy dn
to ra nhnh vng vt qu 8 ln chiu rng phn h ca mch (Xem Hnh 21).
12.8.2 Khi khng th trnh c nhnh vng di, v d nh trong trng hp tng lan can, tng
mi, cc dy dn phi c sp t sao cho khong cch ca phn h nhnh vng p ng c
nguyn tc a ra 12.8.1. Cch lm khc l to l qua cc tng lan can cc dy dn c th
xuyn qua d dng.
12.8.3 Ti cc cng trnh c cc sn trn ua ra, cn xt ti nguy c lan truyn st t dy xung bn
ngoi n ngi ng di phn nh ra. Cc dy xung phi theo mt tuyn bn trong, ph hp
vi 12.7, nu kch thc ca phn nh ra c th gy nguy c v lan truyn st cho ngi hoc nu
khong cch cc dy xung ln hn 20m.
Ri ro vi ngi l khng th chp nhn nu chiu cao h ca phn nh ra nh hn 3m. Vi phn nh
ra c chiu cao ln hn hoc bng 3m th chiu rng w ca phn nh ra phi nh hoc bng (tnh theo
m) gi tr tnh theo biu thc:
w 15(0,9h-2,5) (3)
nu cc dy xung i theo tuyn bn ngoi.
Cch xc nh h v w ca phn nh ra c minh ha Hnh 21d.
12.9 Lin kt trnh hin tng lan truyn st
Bt c chi tit kim loi trong hoc l mt phn ca kt cu hoc bt c thit b cng trnh c cc
thnh phn kim loi c thit k hoc ngu nhin tip xc vi t nn phi c cch ly hoc lin kt
vi dy xung (Xem mc 17). Tuy nhin, tr phi cc tnh ton 15.2 v cc yu cu B.2 ch ra rng
cn phi lin kt th nhng th c tip xc vi h thng chng st, trc tip hoc khng trc tip, thng
qua cc lin kt kim loi vi kim loi chc chn v tin cy th khng cn cc dy dn lin kt thm.
Ch dn chung tng t cng p dng cho ton b cc chi tit kim loi ln h ni hoc khng ni
vi t.
GHI CH: Trong phm vi vn ny, chi tit c coi l ln khi c kch thc mt cnh bt k ln hn 2m.
C th b qua cc chi tit nh nh cc bn l ca, gi mng bng kim loi hay ct thp ca cc
dm nh n c.
12.10 Lin kt
12.10.1 Quy nh chung
Hu ht cc phn ca h thng chng st c thit k sao cho c th lp va vo trong mt bng
chung. Tuy nhin cc lin kt c s dng kt ni cc b phn lm t kim loi c cc hnh dng
v thnh phn khc nhau do khng th c mt dng chun. Do tnh a dng trong s dng ca
chng v cc nguy c n mn nn cn phi ch ti cc b phn kim loi ca chng, v d nh phn
kt ni v cc b phn c kt ni.
12.10.2 Cc yu cu v c v in.
Mt lin kt phi hiu qu c v c v in v c bo v trnh n mn v xm thc trong mi
trng lm vic.
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

36
Cc chi tit kim loi bn ngoi trn kt cu hoc l mt phn ca kt cu c th phi tiu tn ton b
dng in do st nh vo n v do lin kt ca cc chi tit vi h thng chng st phi c tit
din khng nh hn tit din ca dy dn chnh. Ngc li, cc chi tit kim loi bn trong khng d b
h hi v lin kt ca n ngoi chc nng cn bng in p th nhiu lm cng ch ti mt phn cng
dng in st. Do cc lin kt bn trong c th c tit din nh hn tit din cc dy dn chnh.
12.10.3 D tr cho vic lin kt cc thit b tng lai
i vi mi cng trnh, ti mi ct sn cn phi d tr cho vic lin kt my mc thit b trong tng lai
vi h thng chng st, v d nh lin kt vi thit b kim loi cp gas, nc, h thng thot nc hoc
cc thit b khc tng t. Cc kt cu li in, in thoi hoc ng dy khc trn cao khng
nn lin kt vi h thng chng st m khng c s cho php ca nh chc trch c thm quyn.

Hnh 20. Dy xung trong ng dn b tr bn trong
12.10.4 Cc mi ni
Bt k mi ni khc vi mi ni hn u th hin s gin on trong h thng dn in v nhy cm
vi s thay i v h hng. Cho nn, h thng chng st cng t mi ni cng tt.
Cc mi ni phi hiu qu c v mt c v in, v d nh kp, vt, bu lng,cht, inh tn hoc hn.
Vi mi ni chng, khong chng ln ca mi kiu dy dn phi khng nh hn 20mm. B mt tip
xc trc ht phi c lm sch v sau ngn chn hin tng xy ho bng ha cht chng r
thch hp. Mi ni gia hai kim loi khc nhau phi c lm sch bng cc cht khc nhau vi mi
kiu vt liu.
Tt c cc mi ni phi c bo v n mn v xm thc do mi trng v phi c din tip xc thch
hp. Kim tra nh k s thun tin do s dng cc lp sn bo v bng:
a) sn ph c gc ho du;
b) sn ph cao su bng phng php phun;
c) sn ph khng co nhit.
Vt liu s dng lm ai c v bulng phi ph hp vi cc tiu chun hin hnh v bu lng v ai c.
bt bulng thanh dt, cn t nht l 2 bulng M8 hoc mt bulng M10. Vi cc mi ni inh tn,
cn phi s dng t nht 4 inh tn c ng knh 5mm.
Bulng lin kt cc thanh dt vi tm kim loi c chiu dy nh hn 2mm cn phi c ming m vi
din tch khng nh hn 10cm v phi s dng khng t hn 2 bulng M8.
12.10.5 Cc im o kim tra.
Mi dy xung phi b tr mt im o kim tra v tr thun tin cho vic o c nhng khng qu l
liu, d b tc ng khng mong mun.
Cn t cc bng ch v tr, s lng v kiu ca cc cc ni t trn mi im kim tra.
GHI CH: Cn tham kho cc quy nh c lin quan v ng dn kn chng chy mi sn
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

37

Hnh 21. Cc nhnh vng

Dy xung
bn ngoi
Dy xung
bn trong
c) Phng php lun dy xung
qua tng mi chp nhn c
d) ng i ca dy xung i vi nh c tng trn ua ra
Vt qu 8d
Ti a 8d
a) B tr chp nhn c b) B tr khng chp nhn c
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

38
13 Mng ni t
GHI CH: Thng tin thm v mng ni t c trnh by B.1.
13.1 in tr ni t
Cc ni t phi c kt ni vi mi dy xung. Mi cc phi c in tr (o bng ) khng vt
qu 10 nhn vi s cc ni t c b tr (xem 12.3). Tt c mng ni t nn c in tr ni t
tng hp khng vt qu 10 v khng k n bt k mt lin kt no vi cc thit b khc.
in tr ni t trc v sau khi hon thnh cc lin kt cn c o v ghi chp li v s dng trong
mi t o kim tra sau (xem 13.4 v mc 28).
Nu in tr ca ton b h thng chng st vt qu 10 , c th gim gi tr bng cch ko di
hoc thm vo cc in cc hoc bng cch lin kt cc cc ni t ring r ca cc dy xung vi
mt dy dn c t su t nht 0,6m di mt t, i khi c gi l cc ni t mch vng (xem
Hnh 22). Cc cc ni t mch vng nn c b tr bn di cc thit b u vo cng trnh.
Vic chn cc cc ni t mch vng nh trn c xem nh mt phn khng tch ri ca mng ni
t v phi c xt n khi nh gi gi tr in tr ni t tng th ca h thng c lp t.
Trong kt cu khung thp, cc cu kin ca khung thp thng c lin kt chc chn m bo c
th s dng nh cc dy xung. Phn thp nht ca kt cu nn c ni t mt cch tha ng, vi
cc dy xung c b tr tun theo cc yu cu 12.3. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cc mng ca
cng trnh s c in tr ni t thp ph hp m khng cn cc cc ni t khc, c bit nu mng
ca cng trnh bao gm c cc cc c ct thp. Vic o in tr ni t ca cc mng va mi hon
thnh s quyt nh liu bn thn mng m bo cha hay c cn thm cc cc ni t (xem
B.1.6). Trong cc cng trnh hin c, vic o in tr ni t ca mng i khi bt kh thi v do phi
tm kim gii php ni t khc nh trnh by mc 14. Nu ch s dng mng ni t, cn c cc
bin php ni tng cu kin thng ng ca kt cu thp vi nn t to bi ct thp trong mng b
tng.
13.2 Tm quan trng ca vic lm gim in tr ni t
Vic lm gim gi tr in tr ni t xung di 10 to thun li cho vic gim chnh lch in th
xung quanh cc cc ni t khi tiu tn dng in st. N c th lm gim nguy c lan truyn st vo
kim loi trong hoc trn cng trnh (xem 12.9).
13.3 Mng ni t chung cho mi thit b
Nn s dng mng ni t chung cho h thng chng st v mi thit b khc. Mng ni t cn ph
hp vi nhng xut trong tiu chun ny v cng cn tun theo cc quy nh p dng cho cc thit
b c lin quan. in tr ni t trong trng hp ny cn c gi tr thp nht p ng bt c thit b
ring l no.
13.4 Cch ly h thng cc ni t o kim tra
Cc cc ni t cn p ng yu cu cch ly v nn b tr mt cc ni t tham chiu (xem 3.7) phc
v cho mc ch o kim tra.
Khi kt cu thp trong cng trnh c s dng lm dy xung, cn b tr cc im o c kim tra
tnh lin tc v in tr thp ca kt cu thp. iu ny c bit quan trng vi cc thnh phn khng
l ra ca kt cu. Cc ni t tham chiu l cn thit cho vic o kim tra .
13.5 Cng trnh trn nn
Cc kt cu ng trn nn nn c trang b cc ni t mch vng chy theo ng ng mc
ca nn. Nn ph t ln trn nu c th. Cc ni t ny nn c lp t bn di phn mng ca
cng trnh mi. Nu khng p dng c cc iu trn th nn s dng t nht 2 thanh in cc dt
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

39
hoc cc ni t to ra bng cch khoan v lp h bng vt liu dn in nh bentonite hay b tng
dn in hoc ximng ch to vi ct liu cacbonat ha dng ht cp phi thay cho ct hay ct liu
thng thng. ng knh ca h khng nn nh hn 75mm. Bi than cc hay tro bay khng nn s
dng lm vt liu lp bi tnh ph hy dn ca chng.
14 Cc ni t
GHI CH : Thng tin thm v cc ni t c cho B.1.
14.1 Quy nh chung
Trc khi bt u qu trnh thit k, cn quyt nh v kiu ca cc ni t thch hp nht vi tnh cht
t nhin ca t thu c theo th nghim l khoan.
Cc cc ni t gm c cc thanh kim loi trn, dt, cc ng hoc kt hp cc loi trn hoc l cc b
phn ni t t nhin nh cc hay mng ca cng trnh (xem B.1.4 v B.1.6).
14.2 iu kin t
14.2.1 Quy nh chung
Khi s dng cc thanh ni t, tr nn , chng nn c ng vo lp t khng phi t p,
t lp hoc l loi t d b kh (theo ma hay do nhit ta ra t cc thit b, nh my).
14.2.2 Cc ni t c lp bc s dng bn trong cc kt cu dng b cha
Khi cc cc ni t i qua mt kt cu dng b cha nn p dng bin php bc kn nh minh ha
Hnh 23.
14.3 Thanh ni t
14.3.1 V tr
Khi s dng cc thanh ni t, chng nn c ng vo t ngay bn di cng trnh v cng gn
dy xung cng tt. Thi cng cc thanh ni t xa cng trnh thng l khng cn thit v khng kinh
t (xem Hnh 24). Khi cc iu kin v t l thun li cho vic s dng cc thanh ng song song vi
nhau, s gim bt in tr ni t l nh khi khong cch gia cc thanh nh hn chiu di ng vo
t.
14.3.2 o in tr ni t trong qu trnh lp t
Trong qu trnh ng cc thanh vo t, nn tin hnh o in tr ni t. Lm nh vy s bit c
trng thi khng cn phi gim tip in tr na, c bit khi ng cc thanh di.
14.3.3 Kt ni vi mng ni t
im kt ni vi mng ni t phi c kh nng di di v d dng tip cn c t trn mt t
thun tin cho vic kim tra, o c v bo dng h thng chng st. Nu nm di mt t, im
kt ni nn c t trong mt ci h hoc cng c xy dng cho mc ch kim tra. Tuy nhin, c
th chp nhn cc b tr n gin trong mt s trng hp v d nh lp h thng nh, mng ni t
su hn bnh thng hoc cc trng hp khc ph thuc vo iu kin hin trng (xem B.1.2).
14.4 Cc thanh dt
14.4.1 V tr v hnh dng
Khi s dng cc thanh dt, li hay bn, c th chn chng bn di cng trnh hoc trong cc rnh
su khng chu nh hng ca ma kh hn hoc cc hot ng nng nghip.
Cc thanh dt nn c b tr hng tm t im kt ni vi dy xung, s lng v chiu di ca
chng c xc nh sao cho c c in tr ni t cn thit.
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

40

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h
p
)

L
i

t
h
u

s
t

m
i

l
i
n

k
t
v
i

c
t

t
h
p

h
o
c

k
t

c
u
t
h
p

c
a

c
n
g

t
r
n
h

C
c

n
t

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41
Nu cc hn ch v khng gian i hi s dng cch b tr song song hoc dng li, nn b tr nh
Hnh 24 vi khong cch gia cc thanh song song khng nn nh hn 3m.
14.4.2 n mn
Khng cho php bi than cc tip xc vi cc in cc bc ng do tnh cht n mn nguy him ca
chng. Khng nn nhi mui vo t xung quanh cc cc ni t.
15 Kim loi trong hoc trn cng trnh.
GHI CH: Cc thng tin thm v kim loi trong hoc trn cng trnh c cho B.2
15.1 Khi nim chung
Khi st nh vo mng thu st, in th ca mng thu st vi t tng ln v, tr khi c bin php
phng nga thch hp, s phng in c th xy ra theo cc ng khc nhau xung t thng qua
hiu ng lan truyn st vo cc chi tit kim loi khc trong cng trnh.
C 2 bin php phng nga hiu ng lan truyn st, l:
a) Cch ly
b) Lin kt
Bin php cch ly yu cu khong cch ly ln gia h thng chng st v cc chi tit kim loi khc
trong cng trnh. im hn ch chnh ca bin php cch ly nm ch rt kh to ra v duy tr khong
cch ly an ton cn thit v bo m rng cc chi tit kim loi c cch ly khng kt ni vi t, v d
nh thng qua nc hoc cc hnh thc khc.
Nhn chung, lin kt l bin php thng c s dng hn.
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

42

Hnh 22.
Hnh 23. V d v cc ni t c lp bc c s dng trong kt cu b cha

B tng
B tng t
phan
B tng
B tng t
phan
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

43

Hnh 24. Mng ni t: b tr cc cc ni t

Dy xung

Dy xung
Thanh ni t
Thanh ni t
Thanh ni t
Mt bng b tr cho cc dy song song (nt lin m) hoc dng li (nt t)
(a) Cc ni t dng dy dt (b) Cc ni t n hoc a cc

GHI CH 1: Khi phn mng ni t cn thit phi chy gn hoc di ng i, phn nn c chn
su khng di 0,6m tnh t mt t.
GHI CH 2: in th mt t c th gim bng cch chn thanh hoc dy thp su hn.
im kim tra
dy dn st
Dy dn st bn
ngoi
im kim tra
Ko di cho thch hp
Thanh ni t
Mt ct v hnh chiu cng trnh
Mp nh

Mp nh
Mt bng b tr cho dy dt n chia i bi dy
dn xung
Thp dt
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

44

Hnh 25. ng cong xc nh xc sut ln nht dng in trong tia st t t s p/p0

Phm vi c trng ca dng in st

X
c

s
u
t

s
n
h

X
c

s
u
t

c
h
p

n
h
n

Dng in st (kA)
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

45

Hnh 26. in cm truyn trong mch n gin

15.2 c lng khong cch ly chng lan truyn st
15.2.1 Khi nim chung
Khong cch ly cn thit chng lan truyn st ph thuc vo in p duy tr bi h thng chng st
so vi t, in p ny li ph thuc vo cng dng in st. Trnh t nh gi khong cch ly
cn thit c trnh by cc phn 15.2.2, 15.2.3 v 15.2.4 di y.
GHI CH: L thuyt v thc nghim ch ra rng cc trng in t l nh nhau i vi mt dy xung c
che chn v mt h thng thng c kch thc tng t. Dy dn c che chn c bt li l in th gia
dy dn bn trong v dy dn bn ngoi c che chn c th ln ti hng trm kilvn n mc gy ra lan truyn
st. im bt li khc na l dy dn bn trong khng tip cn c kim tra.
15.2.2 Xc nh dng in pht sinh
xc nh dng in do st nh xung cn tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
- c lng xc sut st nh vo cng trnh p (xem 7.2).
- Chia xc sut c lng, p cho xc sut st nh cho php p
0
(xem 7.3).
- S dng Hnh 26 xc nh c dng in c cng ln nht c kh nng pht sinh.
Dy xung
Lin kt
ng kim loi, cp
in,ng thng hi
hoc cc chi tit
kim loi khc
a)
b)
5 . 3
t w
r
e
+
=
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

46
15.2.3 in p duy tr bi h thng chng st
in p ny c 2 thnh phn: mt l tch ca dng in v in tr ni t v thnh phn khc l tch
ca bin thin dng in vi in cm t cm ca dy dn st. Trng hp nguy him nht, tng
ca hai tch ny s cho gi tr in p cn s dng trong tnh ton.
15.2.4 Quan h gia in p phng in v khong cch.
Hnh 27 minh ho quan h gia in p phng in trong khng kh, qua b mt th xy v qua vt
nt trong khi xy gch vi khong cch. in p phng in i vi mt khong cch cho trc c
xc nh t Hnh 27 so snh vi kt qu tnh ton in cm. V d tnh ton quyt nh c cn
lin kt cc chi tit kim loi vo h thng chng st hay khng c th hin ph lc D.
15.2.5 Tnh ton in cm pht sinh gia mt dy dn st v cc chi tit kim loi d b nh hng bi
hiu ng lan truyn st.
Mc d cho n nay thut ng in cm t cm c s dng cho vic tnh ton in p cm ng,
trn thc t in p cm ng c sinh ra trong mt mch kn to bi chnh dy xung v cc chi tit
kim loi khc. Do ni chnh xc hn in p cm ng s t l vi hiu ca in cm t cm (L) tr
i in cm tng h (M) gia dy dn st vi cc chi tit kim loi. Hiu s ny c gi l in cm
truyn dn (M
T
) v c dng thay th cho in cm t cm trong vic tnh ton in p cm ng.
in cm truyn dn c th c tnh theo phng trnh (4).
Cho mt dy dn st ng c tit din trn bn knh r (m), cch cc b phn kim loi thng ng khc
mt on l S (m), trong S l khong cch gia tm ca 2 dy dn nh Hnh 26a) v l l chiu cao
ca mch, in cm truyn M
T
(o bng micro henry) c tnh theo phng trnh:
M
T
=0,46 x l x log
10
S
r
(4)
Vi nhng dy xung khng c tit din trn th phi dng bn knh hiu dng r
e
(Xem Hnh 26b). V
d vi dy c tit din ngang l 25mm x 3 mm, r
e
(m) c tnh theo phng trnh di y:
r
e
=
5 , 3
t w+
(5)
=
5 , 3
003 , 0 025 , 0 +

=0,008
Tuy nhin cch tnh M
T
khng b nh hng bi hnh dng tit din ngang ca ng kim loi hay cc chi
tit kim loi khc. Khi tnh c M
T
th in cm V
L
(kilovol) pht sinh trong mch minh ho Hnh
26a c tnh theo phng trnh (6):
V
L
=
ax m
di
dt

x
T
M
n
(6)
Trong
max
di
dt

l bin thin ln nht ca dng in (kA/s) ngha l 200 kA/s (xem ph lc
A.1)
n l s lng dy xung cng chu dng in do st truyn vo.
Khi c nhiu dy xung th khong cch S t dy c st n dy xung gn nht cn phi c s
dng tnh ton.
V d khi s dng phng trnh (6) nu S=1m, l = 5m v n = 4;
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

47
V
L
=200 x
5 , 3
) 008 , 0 / 1 ( log 5 46 , 0
10
x

V
L
=240 V
T Hnh 27, khong cch t im cao nht ca mch (c th mt nhnh ngoi ca mng li) n
dy xung s phi nh n 0,4m ti mt v tr nht nh to ra nguy c phng in. Mt nhnh ngoi
gn n nh vy phi c lin kt vi dy dn xung cho an ton.
Vi cng trnh c mt bng dng ch nht hoc hnh vung c hn 4 dy xung, dy xung gc s
chu mt in p ln hn mc trung bnh ca tng dng in (i) (ngha l > i/n), do h s 30 % phi
c tnh thm vo in p pht sinh gn dy dn . Ngc li, vng gia ca cng trnh c rt
nhiu dy xung (cch xa dy xung nm gc) gi tr di/dt l thp hn gi tr c a ra bi s
lng dy xung khong 30 % v nguy c lan truyn st l tng i t, vi gi thit rng cc thit b
c lin kt sao cho in tr ca t khng to ra s chnh lch in th.
15.3 Tnh hung cn thit phi lin kt
(xem thm ph lc B.2)
15.3.1 Khi lin kt cc chi tit kim loi lin k vi h thng chng st, cn phi cn nhc k v cc tc
ng c th xy ra ca cc lin kt i vi cc chi tit kim loi c bo v ca-tt. Cn lu ti
cc khuyn co t 15.3.2 n 15.3.10.
15.3.2 Vi cc cng trnh c kim loi dn in lin tc (v d nh mi, tng, sn,v bc hoc tng
bao kim loi) nhng chi tit kim loi ny c th c s dng nh mt b phn trong h thng chng
st vi iu kin s lng v cch b tr ca chi tit kim loi to ra n ph hp vi vic s dng, nh
trong khuyn co mc 11, 12, 13 v 14.
15.3.3 Vi cng trnh n gin ch l mt khung kim loi lin tc,th khng cn phi c b phn thu st
hay dy xung. Khung iu kin m bo tnh lin tc v mt c hc v dn in.
15.3.4 Mt kt cu BTCT hoc mt kt cu khung BTCT c th c in tr ni t ca bn thn chng
kh nh c th lm phng tin bo v st nh. Nu cc mi ni c a ra bn ngoi im cao
nht ca ct thp trong lc xy dng th vic kim tra c th c tin hnh xc minh iu ny khi
hon thnh cng trnh (xem Hnh 6).
Nu in tr ni t ca khung thp ca cng trnh hoc ct thp trong kt cu b tng ct thp m
bo th cn lp t mt b phn thu st ngang trn im cao nht v lin kt vi khung thp hoc ct
thp.
GHI CH: Trong trng hp c bit ca thp lm lnh nc thng khng lp b phn thu st.
Khi khng th kim tra theo cch thng thng th nn s dng vt liu chng r lin kt vi thp
hoc ct thp v nn a ra ngoi kt ni vi b phn thu st. Cn trang b b sung dy xung v
b phn thu st nu khi kim tra in tr ni t ca bn thn cng trnh khng tha mn (xem 13.1).
15.3.5 Khi cng trnh c cc chi tit kim loi khng th lin kt vo mng c tnh dn in lin tc v n
khng hoc khng th c trang b h thng ni t bn ngoi, th s tn ti ca n c th c b
qua. Mi nguy him do cc chi tit kim loi c th gim thiu bng cch cch ly hon ton cc chi
tit kim loi vi h thng chng st, phng n x l cn tham kho cc khuyn co 15.2.
15.3.6 Khi b phn mi cng trnh c kim loi che ph hon ton hoc mt phn th cn phi thn
trng khi lin kt n vi h thng chng st.
15.3.7 Trong bt c kt cu no, kim loi gn vi mt ngoi hoc nh ra khi tng hay mi m c
khong cch ly n h thng chng st l khng v khng thch hp s dng nh mt phn ca
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

48
h thng th cn gn cng trc tip cng tt vi h thng chng st. Nu c chi tit kim loi no
chy gn vi b phn thu st, v d nh ng ng nc chy n b cha nc trn mi, dy cp,
cc ng ng, mng xi, ng dn nc ma v cu thang, v nu cc chi tit ny chy gn nh song
song vi dy xung hoc lin kt vi n, n phi c lin kt cc im cui nhng khng thp hn
im kim tra. Nu cc chi tit ny khng lin tc th mi phn ca n phi c lin kt vi h thng
chng st, khi c cc khong khng cho php th s tn ti ca cc chi tit kim loi c th b
qua.

Hnh 27. ng quan h in p phng in theo khong cch

Khong cch (m)
p

p
h
n
g

n

(
k
V
)

Trong khng kh
Qua vt nt ca
th xy
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

49
15.3.8 Khi kim loi trong cng trnh nh khung chung trong nh th, tng bao, cc thit b my
mc m n c kt ni hoc tip xc vi ng ng nc hoc cc thit b c cp in m bn thn
n ni t phi c lin kt n dy xung gn nht bng ng i cng trc tip cng tt.
15.3.9 Kim loi i vo hoc i ra cng trnh dng c v bc hoc ng dn in, gas, nc, nc
ma, hi nc, kh nn hoc cc thit b khc phi c lin kt cng trc tip cng tt n cc ni
t. im kt ni phi c lm ti v tr m cc thit b i ra hoc vo cng trnh. Cc bc thang
phi c x l tng t.
Khi cc chi tit kim loi dng l mt phn ca thit b cha ra khong cch ly (xem 15.2), n phi
c lin kt vi phn gn nht ca h thng chng st im cao nht ca thit b v vi cc khong
cch khng vt qu 20m.
Do cc thit k h thng chng st rt a dng nn khng c khuyn co chnh xc no c a ra.
Tuy nhin, cn phi lu rng c th c vn khi cc ng ng hoc cp c bc cch nhit
hoc cch in.Vi trng hp nh vy, mi lin kt phi c thc hin im gn nht ni m
phn kim loi ca ng hoc cp c l ra. Mi lin kt sau phi c ni vi h thng ni t bn
ngoi cng trnh cng thng cng tt.
iu ny rt c th c p dng trong cng trnh bit lp m cc thit b c kt ni vi
nhau.Tuy nhin khi cng trnh bao quanh bi cc chi tit bng thp gm mt lot cc chi tit dng ng
ni vi nhau th bn thn n rt c th tr thnh mt im thch hp ni t. i vi h thng cp
in, vic ng dng cp kt hp ni t (CNE) l c vn v vic ngt dy trung tnh c th gy dng
ti ngc t in cc ni t. iu c th gy nguy him cho bt c ai ngt mch in cc ni t
o th nghim.
H thng kt ni in hnh c th hin trong Hnh 28. Quy tc chung l mi h thng cn c
nh gi v u im ca n v c tho lun vi cc bn c lin quan quyt nh phng n ph
hp.
15.3.10 Khi lp t thang my, kt cu kim loi lin tc bao gm c ray dn hng phi c
kt ni vi h thng chng st im cao nht v im thp nht ca b phn lp.
Khi ct thp hoc cc chi tit kt cu kim loi to thnh mt b phn ca h thng chng st, th vic
kt ni cc chi tit kim loi ny l cn thit.
Khi kh c th tn dng c ct thp hoc kt cu kim loi ca cng trnh th h thng thang my cn
c lin kt vi h thng an ton in ni t c im cao nht v thp nht. Trong mi trng
hp, cn lin kt im ni t ca bng in gn nht.
16 Kt cu cao trn 20 m
GHI CH: C th xem thm thng tin v cc kt cu cao trong B.2 v B.5.
16.1 Cc kt cu khng dn in
Trn cc kt cu khng dn in, nn c t nht 2 dy xung t cch u nhau v m bo rng, khi
s dng phng php hnh cu ln (xem B.5), b phn thu st s to ra vng bo v mong mun. Trn
cc ng khi, dy xung nn ni vi chp kim loi ca ng khi hoc vi mt dy dn quanh nh ca
ng khi.
16.2 Cc kt cu dn in
C th p dng cc quy nh 15.3.4 cho nhng kt cu cao dn in, nhng ti nhng v tr cn cc
dy xung nn ni t nht 2 dy dn v t cch nhau khng qu 10m quanh chu vi.

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50

Hnh 28. S lin kt cc thit b (gas, nc v in)
16.3 Thp v chp nh th
Thc t chng minh st c th nh vo pha di im cao nht ca cc kt cu cao, do nn
s dng t nht hai dy dn cho tt c cc ta thp v ngn thp nh th.
i vi cc kt cu khng dn in, nn thit k mt li thu st (xem mc 14) xung quanh tng bao
ca mt ta thp; v cng nn bao gm trong h thng c ct c v bt k nhng im nh ra no
khc trn tng mi. Mi v tr cn li ca nh th nn c bo v theo tiu chun ny v ph hp
vi nh, mi hin v cc dy xung, cc mng ni t v b phn ng p bo v st. Cc dy xung
khng nn gn bn trong (xem Hnh 29).
Cc mi nh bng kim loi c th c s dng nh cc li thu st (xem Bng 4 v Hnh 16).
17 Cng trnh c mi che rt d chy
17.1 Cc b phn thu st
Vi cng trnh c mi che bng rm, tranh, cy, c hoc cc vt liu c kh nng d chy cao, c th
treo b phn thu st tch khi mi mt on t nht 0,3 m trn b phn khng dn in v khng
chy hoc cc b phn thu st c th t trn mt thanh g cng dt c rng ti thiu l 75 mm. Vi
mng dy c to ra bo v mi che bng rm r v cc mi nh c lp theo cch tng t
chng li cc cn gi v by chim, mng khng nn kt ni vi h thng chng st.
17.2 Dy dn v cc ghp ni
Vi cc dy dn hoc cc ghp ni buc phi xuyn qua vt liu lm mi, nn b tr vo trong cc ng
khng dn in v khng chy.
Nc
Cp in
Mng ni t ca h
thng chng st
Cc ng ng thit b
im o c
t trong ng i
vi tng hai lp
Dy xung bn
ngoi
Vt cch in
B phn ni t chnh
Gas
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

51

Hnh 29. Thp v chp nh th
Dy dn ng lin kt vi
nhau bn trong tng mi
Dy dt gn vo
tng mi
i vi mi kim loi c th khng cn dy dn
K hiu
1. Dy thu st
2. Dy xung
3. Lin kt gi thanh ng
4.Dy thu st ngang
5. Dy ng
6. Dy nc mi
7. Dy vin mi
8. im o kim tra
9. Cc ni t
10. Ni t ca h thng in
11. Lin kt vi khung chung
12. Dy dn quanh chu vi
GHI CH 1: li thu st nn c kch thc 10m x 20m. Khong cch cc dy xung xung quanh chu vi
nn l 20m i vi kt cu thp hn 20m, l 10m i vi kt cu cao 20m tr ln. Dy dn ngang nn
cch nhau 20m tnh t mi tr xung.
GHI CH 2: Mi kim loi c th s dng lm b phn thu st
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

52
18 Nh cha cc vt c kh nng gy n hoc rt d chy
18.1 Quy nh chung
Nhng vn pht sinh trong quy nh v cc h thng chng st cho cc kt cu c cha vt gy n
hoc rt d chy tt nht nn gii quyt bng cch hi kin cc chuyn gia thng tho v lut hoc
cc quy nh ca chnh ph v cc quy phm thc hnh.
C th chp nhn mt ri ro nht nh nu cc vt liu nguy him c bo qun mt cch nghim
ngt, nh trong phng th nghim hoc kho cha nh, hoc ti ni kt cu c t v tr tch bit
hoc c thit k c bit hn ch nhng nh hng ca thm ha c th xy ra. Trng hp
cc vt liu nguy him khng b h ra m c che kn hon ton trong thng bng kim loi c dy
thch hp th ngoi tr phi m bo ni t thch hp, c th khng cn b tr h thng chng st.
Trong cc trng hp khc, mi nguy him ti sinh mng v ti sn c th i hi phi p dng tt c
cc bin php c th c bo v tc ng ca st nh. xut cho cc trng hp ny c trnh
by trong 18.2 v c th p dng cho cc kt cu cc cht rn, cht lng, gas, hi nc hoc bi
d n hoc rt d chy c ch to, cha ng, s dng, hoc cc cht kh, hi hoc bi d
chy n c th tch t li.
18.2 Cc phng php bo v chng st nh
18.2.1 B phn thu st dng treo
Li thu st nn c treo cao thch hp trn vng cn bo v. Nu ch dng mt dy dn t
nm ngang, gc bo v chp nhn c khng nn qu 30
o
(xem Hnh 17).
Nu s dng hai hay nhiu dy dn nm ngang song song nhau, gc bo v thch hp c th ln ti
45
o
trong khng gian c bao quanh bi cc dy dn, nhng khng vt qu 30
o
bn ngoi khng
gian (xem Hnh 30). cao ca dy dn nm ngang nn la chn theo cc gi trong 15.2 (xem
Hnh 30); trong trng hp cn cha chc chn, nn tham kho kin chuyn gia. B phn ca
li thu st nn c ni t mt cch ph hp.
C th dng cch khc i vi nhng ni chi ph cho phng php trn l khng hp l v khng c
cc ri ro lin quan ti dng st nh vo b mt ca kt cu cn c bo v, c th chn la mt
trong hai cch lp t sau y:
a) B phn thu st dng treo nh th hin trn Hnh 30 nhng cc gc bo v l 45
o
thay v
30
o
, v 60
o
thay v 45
o
;
b) Mt li dy dn nm ngang vi mi mt li 10 m x 5 m hoc nh hn ty theo mc ri
ro, c c nh trn mi ca kt cu (xem Hnh 15).
GHI CH: Mi kt cu ring bit c bo v theo cc cch ny nn c ni vi s dy xung v cc b phn
ni t gp i so vi xut 12.3.
18.2.2 Cc dy dn ng
Mt kt cu hoc nhm cc kt cu c kch thc ngang nh c th c bo v bng mt hoc nhiu
dy dn st ng. Nu s dng mt dy xung, gc bo v tnh ton khng nn qu 30
o
.
Nu s dng hai hay nhiu dy xung, gc bo v c th l 45
o
trong khng gian b gii hn bi cc
dy dn, nhng khng nn qu 30
o
bn ngoi khng gian . Minh ha v phng php bo v ny
c th hin trn Hnh 31.
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53
18.2.3 Cc kt cu b chn mt phn hay ton b di t
18.2.3.1 Kt cu b chn mt phn di t nn c bo v theo cch tng t nh i vi kt
cu trn mt t.
18.2.3.2 Nu kt cu hon ton nm di mt t v khng c kt ni vi bt k thit b no
trn mt t c th c bo v nh mt li thu st nh trong 18.2.1a), cng vi mng ni t ca
n l hon chnh. Kh nng chn xung in ca t c th c tnh n khi xc nh mc ri ro
ca vic pht tia la in t h thng bo v ti kt cu c bo v, bao gm cc b phn ph tr
ca n. Ti ni su chn lp l thch hp, li thu st c th c thay th bng mng cc thanh
ni t dt c sp xp trn b mt theo li khuyn ca chuyn gia. nhng ni chp nhn phng
php ny, nn b qua cc xut ghp ni cho kim loi, hoc cc dy dn kim loi a vo kt cu
(xem 18.2.4, 18.2.5 v 18.2.6).
18.2.4 Cc cc ni t mch vng
Cc cc ni t ca mi h thng chng st nn c ni vi nhau bng mt cc ni t mch vng.
Cc ni t mch vng ny nn c chn su t nht 0,6 m tr khi c nhng l do khc, nh
cn lin kt cc vt th khc ti n, hoc l ra trong trng hp cn o kim tra. Cc cc ni t
mch vng ca cc kt cu k nhau nn c ni vi nhau.
18.2.5 Kim loi trn hoc trong kt cu (xem B.2)
18.2.5.1 Tt c kim loi chnh to ra cc b phn ca kt cu, bao gm ct thp bng kim loi v
cc b phn ph tr bng kim loi c tnh lin tc, nn c ghp cng nhau v ni vi h thng
chng st. Cc kt ni nh vy nn c lm t nht ti 2 ni (xem Hnh 15) v bt c ni no c
th, nn t cch u nhau khng qu 10 m quanh chu vi ca kt cu.
18.2.5.2 Cc chi tit kim loi bn trong kt cu nn c gn vi h thng chng st (xem 12.9).
18.2.5.3 Vic s dng kho bng thp chuyn dng ni hn cha cc cht n tr nn kh
ph bin. i vi cc kho nh th, vic bo v st thch hp c thc hin bng cch ni t kt cu
t nht hai im.
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54

Hnh 30. B phn thu st c hai dy thu st treo ngang v vng bo v cho kt cu c cha
cht n hoc cht rt d chy
Xem ghi ch 2
Cc ni t vng
Cng trnh c
bo v
Cc ni t
a)Mt ng
Dy thu st treo ngang
Ni t vng
b) Mt bng
K hiu
Vng bo v v tr
nh dy
Vng bo v v tr
dy vng nht
Xem ghi ch
2
Xem ghi ch 2
Cng trnh c
bo v
Cng trnh c
bo v
Ct
Xem ghi ch 2
c) Mt ng u hi th hin vng bo v

GHI CH 1: Khi dng hai dy thu ngang tr ln, c th dng gc bo v 45
o
cho khng gian bao bi dy.
Ch khc gii hn gc bo v l 30
o
.
GHI CH 2: trnh hin tng phng in gia dy thu v cng trnh, khong cch ly ti thiu phi l 2m
hoc theo 15.2 tu theo gi tr no ln hn. Khong cch ly ti thiu phi c m bo v tr vng nht
trong mi iu kin.
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Hnh 31. Cc kim thu st ng ca nh kho cha cht n

18.2.6 Dy dn in vo cng trnh
18.2.6.1 Cc dy dn in vo cng trnh d chy n nn a vo trong ng kim loi. V bc kim
loi ny cn c lin tc v in trong ton kt cu; nn c ni t ti im u vo trong kt cu
bn pha h thng dch v ca ngi dng v c gn trc tip ti h thng chng st (xem Hnh
28). Nn c s tha thun gia cc bn lin quan khi u ni.
18.2.6.2 Ti ni cc dy dn in ni vi mt ng dy cung cp in trn cao, nn chn mt
on cp kim loi hoc bc kim loi c chiu di 15 m c chn su vo gia ng dy trn cao v
im ni vo kt cu (xem Hnh 32). Nn ch ti cc quy nh c lin quan (xem mc 24). Vic thc
hin iu ny mt cch chun xc l quan trng, cn c s thng nht ca cc bn c lin quan.
GHI CH: St nh c th gy xung in ln trn cc ng dy cp in bn trn. Do , nn c b phn hm
xung in ti nhng ni cc ng dy cp in bn trn ni vi cp chn di t. iu ny s cho php phn
ln dng in do st gy ra c truyn vo t ti mt khong cch an ton so vi kt cu.
H

Cng trnh c bo v
Ct
im kim tra
Cc ni t
a) Mt ng
b) Mt bng
Ti thiu 2m
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18.2.7 Cc ng ng, lan can, ni vo cng trnh
Cc ng dn bng kim loi, dy thp, lan can, ng ray tu ha hoc cc bin hng dn khng lin
kt thng in vi t m ni vi cng trnh cha vt d chy, n, cn c gn vi h thng chng
st. Cc vt ny nn c ni t ti im u vo bn ngoi kt cu v ti 2 im xa hn, mt im
cch xa 75 m v im kia cch 75 m tip theo. Vic ni t cc lan can nn c thc hin ti cc
im sau:
- im i vo hoc i ra khi kt cu;
- Cch xa im i vo hoc ra 75 m; ngha l hng vo trong nu l kt cu ngm hoc
hng ra ngoi nu trn mt t;
- Cch xa im i vo hoc ra 150 m hoc bn ngoi kt cu trong trng hp nm pha trn
mt t;
- Cc im cch nhau 75 m khi lp t di mt t;
Cc yu cu ny cng p dng cho cc tuyn b mt trn c s dng cn trc hoc cu trc lu
ng (xem 15.3.9).

Hnh 32. Bo v c bit chng qu dng do st gy ra trong ngun in cp vo nh c
cha cht n hoc cht rt d chy
B phn chn
xung in
Hp in tng
Dy ni t
Ni vo cc ni
t mch vng
Cp di 15m chn gia ng
dy in trn cao v cng trnh
Ni vo cc ni t mch vng
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57

18.2.8 ng hoc hm vo cng trnh
i vi cng trnh ngm hoc cc h o di mt t c tip cn bng ng hoc hm vo cn
tun theo cc gi 18.2.7 v vic ni t b sung ti cc khong cch khng qu 75 m, cng nh
bn ngoi kt cu.
18.2.9 Cc hng ro, tng chn
Cc chi tit thng ng bng kim loi, cc b phn v dy kim loi ca tt c cc hng ro v tng
chn trong phm vi 2m ca kt cu nn c ni theo cch to ra mt kt ni kim loi lin tc gia
chng v h thng chng st (xem mc 20).
18.2.10 Cc l thng hi
gim thiu nguy c st nh thng, cc l thng hi ca bt k cc thng cha c nh no bao
gm bnh gas hoc cht lng d chy, v cc l thng kh hoc ng khi t cc nh my ch bin sinh
ra hi hoc bi d chy, nu c th, nn c t trong vng bo v ca h thng chng st. Do iu
ny khng hon ton ngn chn s pht chy, cc l thng hi cn c bo v trnh s lan chy
bng vic s dng cc vt chn la, cc thit b lc kh tr hoc cc phng tin thch hp khc.
18.2.11 Mi nguy him t cc b phn cao trn hoc gn cc kt cu d b st nh
Khng nn trang b cc b phn cao nh chp thp, ct c hoc cc dy anten v tuyn cho cc kt
cu d b st nh hoc b tr chng trong phm vi 50 m quanh kt cu. Khong cch ly cng p
dng i vi vic trng cy mi, nhng cc kt cu gn cy c nn c x l ph hp vi cc
khuyn co mc 21.
18.2.12 o kim tra an ton
Vic o kim tra nn c thc hin ph hp vi khuyn co mc 28 v thit b o c phi thuc
loi an ton i vi tng trng hp nguy him c th.
19 Nh
Cc quy nh ca tiu chun ny c th p dng cho nh . Vic chng st cho cc ta nh c cc
anten v tuyn truyn hnh v truyn thanh c nu chi tit hn mc 22. Ti ni c h thng chng
st, gi cch x l i vi cc ng ng thng hi bng kim loi c minh ha trn Hnh 33.
20 Hng ro
20.1 Bn cht ca mi nguy him
Nu st nh vo mt hng ro kim loi ko di, on gia im b st nh v im ni t gn nht
s tng ngay lp tc n mt in th cao tng i so vi in th ca t. Con ngi hoc vt nui
gn, hoc tip xc vi hng ro ti thi im st nh vo hng ro c th b nguy him. Do , cn
ni hng ro ti t thng qua cc in cc t ti cc on sao cho c th tiu st mt cch hiu qu
nht.
V l tng, nn ngt s lin tc ca hng ro bng cch to khe h c m cht cch ly dc chiu
di ca hng ro bi iu ny gip hn ch nh hng ca st nh ti cc on ring bit. Tuy nhin,
cc hng ro ch yu dng cho cc l do an ninh, vic a ra cc khe cch ly s lm ny sinh cc
vn khc.
Khuyn co i vi hng ro dng cho cc mc ch c th c nu trong 20.2 v 20.3.

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Hnh 33. Bo v st nh cho cc thit b trong nh

ng thng hi
ng ten tivi Kim thu st ng
Lin kt vo thnh
ng kim loi
a) Nh bng vt liu khng dn in c ngten tivi
trn mi v b phn k thut lin kt vi dy xung
ng thng hi
c ni t
b) Cc ni t vng cho nh bng vt
liu khng dn in xy trn nn
Cc ni
t vng
Ct ngten TV
ni t v h
thng mng lin
kt vi dy xung
Mt bng th hin h thng chng st in
hnh

c) Nh xy bng c ct ngten TV
c lin kt ni t v h thng mng lin
kt vi dy xung
d) Cng trnh ln bit lp
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59
20.2 Bo v vt nui trn cnh ng
20.2.1 Thng tin chung
Thit hi v vt nui khi c st nh trong cc cn ma dng ch yu l do cc by n t hp di
gc cy trn cc cnh ng trng hoc quanh cc hng ro bng kim loi khng c ni t nn b
dng in st phng vo ln git cht chng.
Do bn cht ca vic nui th vt nui trn cnh ng nn khng th loi tr hon ton mi nguy him,
nhng nu mun gim mi nguy him ny th nn thc hin cc bin php phng nga trong 20.2.2 v
20.2.3.
20.2.2 Ni t
Vi cc hng ro c xy dng bng cc cc kim loi thng ng v cc dy kim loi dn in lin
tc, v d dy thp gai, cc dy c ko cng hoc dy xch, mi on dy lin tc cn c ni vi
cc ct ng bng kim loi t ti cc khang u nhau. Trong trng hp s dng cc ct bng g
hoc b tng, nn ni cc on dy vi cc cc ni t, v d cc cc ng xung t.
nhng ni t thng xuyn b t, khong cch gia cc ch ni khng nn qu 150 m v nn
gim xung 75 m ni t kh.
20.2.3 Cc khe h cch in
Hng ro kim loi khng nn di lin tc m chia thnh cc on khng qu 300 m bng cch chn cc
cng bng g hoc cc khe h c rng t 600 mm tr ln, c khp kn nh cc on vt liu
khng dn in.
GHI CH: Khng nn s dng dy xch bc bng vt liu do ni kn cc khe h trn.
Ni t cho hng ro ti khe h trn nn b tr cch cc cnh ca khe h t nht l 8 m v mi pha.
20.3 Hng ro bao quanh cc kt cu c cha cht lng hoc kh d chy
20.3.1 Ni t cc hng ro hon ton bng kim loi
i vi hng ro bao quanh cc v tr nguy him lm hon ton bng kim loi thng khng c vn
g xy ra v cc hng ro c th c ni t nh miu t trong 20.2.2 nhng ti cc khong cch
nhau khng qu 75 m.
20.3.2 Ni t cc hng ro c bc bng vt liu do
Cc lp ph bng vt liu c tc dng bo v tc ng ca thi tit v vic ngt lp bc ni t cho
phn kim loi s tng nguy c n mn, do khng c khuyn khch p dng.
Tuy nhin, loi hng ro ny thng thng c mt li dy thp gai trn cao. Do nn ni t li
thp gai ny ti cc khong khng qu 75 m to thnh b phn thu st bo v hng ro.
20.3.3 Cc khe cch in
Cc hng ro ch yu dng cho mc ch an ninh nn cc khe cch in c kh nng vi phm cc yu
cu an ninh, do khng c khuyn khch p dng.
21 Cy v cc kt cu gn cy
GHI CH: Cc thng tin thm v cy v kt cu gn cy c th xem trong B.3.
Ch cn bo v cy trnh tc ng ca st nh trong trng hp c bit cn gi gn ci cy v l
do lch s, thc vt hc v mi trng hoc cc ngha tng t khc. Trong cc trng hp ny,
nn thc hin nh sau:
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a) Dy xung chnh chy t phn cao nht ca nhnh chnh ca cy ti cc ni t v dy
cn c bo v khi cc ph hng c hc mt t.
b) Nn cp thm cc dy dn nhnh ni ti dy dn chnh cho cc nhnh cy ln.
c) Cc dy dn nn c bn v bc li. Tng din tch mt ct ngang khng nn nh hn
50 mm
2
i vi ng v nhm. Cc kch thc khng c cho c th v iu s gy
phin toi cho vic la chn gii php dy, nhng iu quan trng l cc dy dn phi c
tnh mm do.
d) Khi gn cc dy dn nn tnh n s pht trin t nhin ca cy v s ung a ca cy
do cc cn gi gy ra.
e) Ni t nn bao gm 2 cc c ng vo t hai pha i din v gn vi thn ca
cy. Nn chn mt cc ni t mch vng bao quanh cc r cy v ni vi cc cc bng
hai dy dn hng tm. Ni t v in tr ni t nn p ng cc iu mc 13.
f) Khi hai hay nhiu cy gn nhau v c kh nng cc cc ni t mch vng bao quanh ca
chng giao nhau, nn s dng mt cc ni t mch vng chung c ni thch hp vi
cc cc chn di t bao quanh tt c cc gc cy.
g) Khi mt cy bit lp gn mt kt cu, c cao khng vt qu cao ca kt cu th
khng cn chng st cho cy ny. Nu cy cao hn kt cu, khong cch ly sau y gia
kt cu v phn cao nht ca cy c th c xem l m bo an ton:
- i vi cc kt cu thng, khong cch ly bng mt na chiu cao ca kt cu;
- i vi cc kt cu cha cc vt d n hoc kh nng chy cao, khong cch ly bng chiu
cao ca kt cu;
Nu cc khong cch ly ny khng c m bo, cn xem xt ti cc mc ri ro lin quan.
gim ri ro ti mc ti thiu m vn gi li cy, kt cu cn c bo v ph hp vi cc khuyn co
ca tiu chun ny v b phn thu st hoc dy xung nn c sp xp sao cho c th i gn ti
b phn gn nht ca cy.
GH CH: Khi mt cy khng c chng st, lung in do st nh vo cy c th truyn qua khong cch
hng chc mt, dc hoc di b mt t, tm mt vt dn in tt, v d ng nc hoc gas, cp in hoc
b mt t bo v st ca mt ta nh.
22 Cc cng trnh c ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh
22.1 Cc ng ten bn trong cng trnh c chng st
Vi cc cng trnh c chng st ph hp vi cc quy nh ca tiu chun ny, c th lp thm cc
ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh trong nh m khng cn c thm bin php phng chng
khc, min l khong trng gia h thng anten, bao gm dy thu v dy dn xung, v h thng
chng st bn ngoi ph hp vi cc gi tr c cho trong mc 15.
22.2 Cc anten bn ngoi cng trnh c chng st
Vi cc cng trnh c chng st ph hp vi cc quy nh ca tiu chun ny, c th lp cc ng
ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh bn ngoi m khng cn c bin php chng st b sung nu
mi phn ca h thng ng ten, bao gm cc b phn chu lc bng kim loi, trong vng bo v ca
h thng chng st. cc v tr khng p ng iu kin ny, cn c bin php chng st m bo
rng st c th truyn xung mt t m khng gy nguy him cho kt cu v ngi s dng kt cu
nh sau:
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i vi h thng ng ten c lp trc tip ln kt cu c chng st, lung in do st nh gy ra
c tiu tn bng cch ni kt cu gi ng ten vi h thng chng st ti im gn nht c th ti
c bn di v tr lp t ng ten.
i vi h thng ng ten lp trn kt cu chng bng kim loi nh ra khi h thng chng st, dng
in do st nh gy ra c tiu tn bng vic kt ni kt cu chng ng ten vi h thng chng
st ti im gn nht c th ti c bn di v tr lp t ng ten.
22.3 Cc ng ten trn kt cu khng c bo v
Trc khi lp t ng ten trn mt kt cu khng c bo v, cn xem xt nhu cu i vi h thng
chng st nh miu t trong mc 7.
22.4 S dng cc in cc t ca h thng chng st
C th s dng in cc t ca h thng chng st cho mc ch ni t h thng anten nhng
khng c mu thun vi quy nh ca TCVN 4756.
23 Cc cng trnh khc
23.1 Lu bt v rp bng vi
23.1.1 Cc lu ln
nhng ni cc kt cu tm ln thuc loi ny c s dng cho cc mc ch trin lm v gii tr
lin quan ti s lng ngi tp trung ln cn c bin php chng st. Ni chung, cc kt cu nh vy
c ch to t cc vt liu khng phi l kim loi v dng bo v n gin nht thng bao gm mt
hoc nhiu b phn thu st nm ngang treo pha trn kt cu v c ni chc chn xung t.
Phn m rng phi kt cu ca cc b phn chng thng ng cho cc kt cu nh vy, nu thun tin
v kh thi, c th dng h thng thu st nm ngang. Nn duy tr mt khang trng t 1,5 m tr
ln gia dy dn v v bt. Cc dy xung nn c gn bn ngoi kt cu v c ni vi cc cc
trn mt t, cc cc ny li c ni vi mt cc ni t mch vng sao cho khng tip xc vi ngi
s dng.
i vi cc kt cu c khung bng kim loi nn ni nhng phn kim loi xung t mt cch c hiu
qu ti cc im c khong cch ngn hn 20 m dc theo chu vi kt cu.
23.1.2 Cc lu nh
i vi cc lu nh khng c hng dn c th no c, tuy nhin c th tham kho mt s dng b tr
chng st minh ha trn Hnh 34.
23.2 Khung bng kim loi v cc kt cu tng t
i vi cc kt cu nh trn c kch thc ln cn phi c chng st nu ngi c th tip cn
v s dng chng, c bit vi cc kt cu c dng pha trn v trm qua mt phn ng i
chung hoc c dng trong vic xy dng khu gh ngi cng cng th chng cn c ni t mt
cch c hiu qu. Mt phng php n gin trong vic lp ghp cc kt cu nh vy l lun mt
thanh dt kim loi, khng phi nhm, c kch thc mt ct ngang l 20 mm x 2,5 mm, bn di v
tip xc vi cc tm cc b phn thng ng ca khung v ni xung t ti cc khong
cch khng vt qu 20 m.
Vi cc khu gh ngi cng cng, ch c cc thnh phn thuc chu vi ca kt cu cn c ni t. Cc
kt cu bng thp khc, nh kt cu c dng cho cc cy cu dnh cho ngi i b qua cc con
ng chnh, thng c b tr ti cc v tr trng tri d b st nh nn cn phi c ni t, c
bit ti cc im chn cu.
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23.3 Cc ct anten bng kim loi, cc cn trc thp cao v cc kt cu quay trn v di ng
Cc ct anten v cc dy thp ca chng, cc thp treo n pha v cc kt cu xy dng bng kim loi
tng t khc nn c ni t ph hp vi cc iu a ra ca tiu chun ny.
Cc kt cu cao nh cn trc v cc thit b nng khc c dng trong vic xy dng cc to nh,
trong cc xng ng tu v trong vic xy lp cng cng nn c b tr ni t. i vi cc cn trc
hoc cc kt cu quay lp trn ray, cn ni t cho ray mt cch hiu qu, tt nht l ti hai v tr tr
nn. Trong cc trng hp c bit, khi c th xy ra ph hy cc tr do st nh, c th p dng
cc bin php b sung v nn tham kho kin chuyn gia.

Hnh 34. H thng chng st cho lu

Bo v bi dy dn ng Bo v bi dy dn ngang
Dy trn bng kim loi
mt t ni vi im cui
dy dn ng
Lin kt vi
vng kim loi
Vng c bo v mt t
Dy ni khung thp
vi cc ni t
Cc ni t
Cc ni t

a) Lu khng khung
Lu
b) Lu c khung
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Hnh 35. H thng chng st r tin dng cho nh nng tri bit lp xy gch lp ngi

23.4 Cng trnh c gi tr thp trong vng chu nh hng ln ca st nh
Trong mt s vng c mt st nh cao, nhng ti khng s dng ng v nhm v l do kinh t
hoc l do khc th c th s dng thp m km bo v cc trang tri nh hoc cc kt cu tng
t. Thp m km nn bao gm mt si dy n, c ng knh t 6 mm tr ln, c lp dng
ko ngang qua mi nh ni hai u ca kt cu ri i xung t su 0,6 m thm mt on 3 m
(xem Hnh 35). Cc vt chng c th l cc thanh g, c sp xp to mt khong cch ly ln
hn 0,9 m t mi nh. Cc mi ni o kim tra l khng cn thit, do c th khng thc hin c vic
kim tra sau khi lp t v kim tra nh k. Tuy nhin, cc h hng c kh nng xy ra u tin l
cc on c chn, do nn nht vo trong lng t bn cnh mi cc ni t mt thanh di c vt
liu tng t nh vt liu ca dy xung cho php nh k li ra, kim tra bng mt ri nht li
nhm kim sot trng thi ca dy dn ngm. Cn c bin php ngn khng cho tip xc vi dy dn
b l ra v nn t trong khu vc ln cn chn dy kim loi.
23.5 Sn vn ng
Cc sn vn ng ln thng cha y khn gi trong ch mt t l phn trm nh thi gian. Tuy vy,
do s lng ln ngi c mt nn c th cn ti mt vi bin php chng st.
Vi cc khn i c nhiu bc cao, cc b phn thu st dng dy dn nm ngang c th c cng
ngang qua sn vn ng t bn ny sang bn kia. Vic ghp tt c cc phn kim loi cn c thc
hin ph hp vi tiu chun ny.
Bin php khc l tn dng cc thp treo n pha, va nh cc thnh phn thit yu ca h thng
chng st, va l cc gi ta cho cc dy dn nm ngang. Trong trng hp , cn c bin php
bo v ngi khi b nguy him do tip xc trc tip vi thp hoc vi in p t quanh cc chn
thp. C th ngn cn vic tip xc trc tip vi thp bng cch bc bn ngoi t mt t ln ti
Dy thp m km
(khng nh hn 6mm)
im kim tra n mn

Mt bng
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cao 3 m bng mt vt liu cch in c kh nng bo v hoc bng vic ro chn thp v hn ch vic
chm ti thp.
Vic gim in tr sut ca t xung mt cp khng gy hi ti con ngi ph thuc vo in tr
sut trung bnh ca t v vic lp h thng ni t. Ph lc B.4.2 a ra mt vi nhn xt chung,
nhng thng thng, nn tham kho kin chuyn gia (xem Hnh 19 v Hnh 36).
23.6 Cng trnh cu
Cc nguyn l tng t cng p dng cho cng trnh cu nh i vi bt k cng trnh xy dng tng
t khc (xem 9.5, mc 13 v Hnh 37).
Kt cu b tng ct thp v kt cu thp cn c ni t ph hp vi mc 13.
Khe gin v cc khe h khc c tnh lin tc v in nn c lin kt; cc ng dn nc, lan can, tay
vn, bin bo, ct n bng kim loi v cc b phn bng kim loi lin tc khc nn c ni vi ct
thp (xem 12.10.4).
i vi cu nhiu nhp cn m bo tnh lin tc v in gia cc kt cu bn trn. St nh vo nh
cu s gy ra dng in do st nh truyn xung t thng qua cc kt cu thp hn (xem mc 15).
Vi cc b phn ch to sn, nn c thm cc bn hoc cc n ngang ti mi u dng cho
mc ch lin kt. Ti chn cu thang trn cc cy cu dnh cho ngi i b, nn thc hin vic bao
ph cch in chng tip xc v nguy him do in p bc gy ra.
Cc tnh ton n gin ch ra rng hiu ng lan truyn st nhiu kh nng xy ra khi ng di cnh
ca cy cu hn l ng gia cc tr . Trong trng hp ny, nn p dng cc iu sau y:
a) Kt cu chiu sng, cc lan can, nn c gn vi ct thp. Trong trng hp ,
khng cn ni mt dy xung tch bit bn ngoi, nhng nu c dy xung nh vy th
nn ni vi ct thp ti cao cao nht c th c.
b) Trong cc vng c nguy him tim tng ni con ngi c kh nng t tp, nn t cc
bin cnh bo ch ra cc nguy him ca vic ng gn ra cu v cm che ging ln.

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Hnh 36. H thng chng st cho sn vn ng (sn bng )

K hiu
1. Mi kim loi s dng lm b phn thu st
2. Lin kt vi mi thp v ct thp ca mi ct b tng
3. Ct thp trong ct, s dng lm dy xung
4. Lin kt vi ct thp ni t
5. Cc ni t c bc b tng
6. Cc ni t mch vng lin kt cc cc ni t
Ghi ch: Cc kim loi lin tc hoc ni t cn ni vi cc ni t mch
vng
7. Ct chng st (xem Hnh 19)
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Hnh 37. Cng trnh cu
24 S n mn
24.1 Quy nh chung
Ti ni n mn do kh quyn, ha hc, in phn hoc cc nguyn nhn khc c kh nng tc ng ti
bt k phn no ca h thng chng st, nn thc hin cc bin php ph hp ngn cn kh nng
xy ra n mn.
Ct thp
Lin kt vi
ct thp
b) Lin kt v ni t vi ct ca cu
btng ct thp
a) Lin kt v ni t vi
ct ca cu thp
Cc ni t dng thanh

Con ln
Chi tit B th hin lin kt linh
hot qua gi ta con ln
Chi tit A th hin lin kt
vi lan can
c) Chi tit ca ch lin
kt phi kim loi
Ct thp
Lin kt vi
ct thp
b) Lin kt v ni t vi ct ca cu
btng ct thp

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24.2 n mn in phn gia cc kim loi khc nhau
Vic tip xc gia cc kim loi khc nhau c kh nng gy ra v lm tng nhanh s n mn, tr khi
cc b mt tip xc c gi hon ton kh v c bo v trnh khng cho hi m i vo.
S tip xc gia cc kim loi khc nhau c th tn ti nhng ni dy dn c c nh, hoc ta
vo cc b mt kim loi bn ngoi. S n mn cng c th tng ti ni nc chy qua mt kim loi ri
i vo trong tip xc vi kim loi khc. Nc chy ra t ng, hp kim ng v ch c th n mn cc
hp kim nhm v km. Kim loi ca h thng chng st nn tng thch vi cc kim loi c dng
bn ngoi trn bt k kt cu no m h thng i qua hoc c tip xc.
24.3 n mn ha hc khi nhm gn xi mng Porland, hn hp va, v.v
V nhiu l do, nhm d b n mn khi tip xc vi xi mng Portland v hn hp va. Nhng gi v
cc k thut lp t nh sau:
a) Cc dy dn nhm nn b tr tch ra khi bt k b mt no, c bit cc b mt nm ngang. iu
ny s trnh cho cc dy dn khng nm trong nc hoc tip xc vi cc vt liu n mn, nh va
c, v.v. Cc cch lp t ph hp c minh ha trn Hnh A.1.
b) Khng nn b tr cc dy dn ti nhng ni c th b cc mnh vn, l cy, v.v bao ph, hoc b
chn di t. iu ny s trnh cho cc cht in phn tip xc lin tc vi dy dn.
c) Thit k ca h thng cc u dy nn b tr cc g mc nc. iu ny s gip ngn cn cht in
phn chy ra khi b mt c th chm ti v chy xung dy dn.
d) Ti nhng ni khng th thc hin cc iu kin t a) ti c), dy dn nn c bo v nh gi
trong mc 6 v cn xem xt vic tng din tch mt ct ngang.
24.4 n mn ha hc ca ng
Mc d ng c kh nng chu c nhiu loi tc ng ha hc, nhng nn c lp ph bng ch, ti
nhng ni d b n mn mnh do cc hp cht lu hunh. c bit ti cc v tr khng th ti c; v
d ti nh ca ng khi. Lp ph nn bao trm ton b vng c kh nng b n mn v trm ln cc
mi ni. Khng nn dng cc lp ph khng bn vng hoc d chy. Cc chi tit lin kt nn chu
c tc ng n mn hoc phi c bo v ph hp. Cc mi ni v lin kt c th c bo v
bng bi tum hoc c t trong hp cht do tu iu kin ti ch (xem thm mc 6 v 12.10.4).
Mi dy dn gia cc im o kim tra v cc in cc t nn c bo v chng n mn ti nhng
ni dy dn i vo lng t mt khong 0,3 m trn v di mt t, vic lp ng bc ngoi PVC l bin
php thch hp bo v chng n mn.
25 Lp dng kt cu
Trong qu trnh lp dng kt cu, tt c cc mng thp ln v nh ln nh cc khung thp, gin gio
v cn trc thp nn c ni t mt cch c hiu qu. T khi bt u tin hnh lp t h thng
chng st, cn duy tr vic ni t lin tc.
26 Dy in trn cao
Trong sut qu trnh xy dng ng dy in trn cao, thit b trn cao ca h thng cp in cho
phng tin chy trn ray, v.v, c th gim thiu nguy him ti con ngi bng cch lp t v kt
ni mt h thng ni t hon chnh trc khi bt k dy dn no ngoi dy dn ni t c ko ra.
Mt khi cc dy dn c ko ra v c cch in, khng nn th ni cc dy dn ny trong qu
trnh lp t, m nn ni t theo cch ging nh khi thc hin vic bo dng sau khi a ng dy
vo hot ng.
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27 Kim tra
Ton b h thng chng st nn c mt ngi c trnh chuyn mn thch hp kim tra k bng
mt thng trong sut qu trnh lp t, sau khi hon thnh v sau khi thay i hoc m rng, xc
nhn rng chng c lm tun th theo tiu chun ny. Vic kim tra nn c tin hnh nh k, tt
nht l khng qu 12 thng. i vi cc khu vc c iu kin kh hu khc nghit nn tng tn sut
kim tra.
Thm na, trng thi c hc ca tt c cc dy dn, lin kt, mi ni v cc in cc t (bao gm cc
in cc tham chiu) nn c kim tra v ghi chp li. Nu vi bt k l do no, nh do cc cng vic
khc ti cng trng tm thi khng th xem xt cc phn lp t c th th cng nn ghi chp li iu
.
Trong sut qu trnh xem xt nh k h thng chng st, vic ghp ni bt k b phn b sung no
mi nn c kim tra m bo rng n ph hp vi nhng quy nh ca tiu chun ny.
28 o c
Khi hon thnh qu trnh lp t hoc bt c chnh sa no, nn thc hin cc php o cch ly v kt
hp v/hoc cc kim tra sau y. Cc kt qu c ghi trong s theo di h thng chng st.
a) in tr ni t ca mi in cc t cc b vi t v b sung in tr ni t ca h
thng ni t hon chnh.
b) Mi in cc t cc b nn c o tch bit vi im kim tra gia dy xung v in
cc t trong v tr tch ri (php o cch ly).
c) Tin hnh o ti im o v tr ni (php o kt hp). Nu c bt k s khc bit ng
k trong cc php o lin quan ti cc v tr khc, nn iu tra nguyn nhn ca s khc
nhau ny.
d) Cc kt qu ca vic kim tra tt c cc dy dn, lp ghp v mi ni hoc tnh lin tc v
in o c.
Vic o c chi tit c th tham kho tiu chun BS 7430 hoc cc tiu chun quc t c lin quan.
Nu in tr ni t ca mt h thng chng st vt qu 10 th nn gim gi tr ny, ngoi tr cc
kt cu trn nh miu t trong 13.5. Nu in tr nh hn 10 nhng cao hn ng k so vi ln
kim tra trc, nn iu tra nguyn nhn v thc hin cc bin php khc phc cn thit.
Vic o kim tra nn c tin hnh nh k, tt nht khng qu 12 thng.
GHI CH 1: Vic chn mt chu k ngn hn 12 thng mt cht c th thun li thay i ma m php th
c thc hin.
GHI CH 2: Trc khi ngt vic ni t bo v st nh, nn o kim tra m bo rng kt ni b ngt, s
dng mt thit b kim tra in p nhy.
29 Lu tr h s
Cc h s sau y nn c lu tr ti cng trnh hoc do ngi c trch nhim bo qun vic lp
t:
a) Cc bn v c t l m t bn cht, kch thc, vt liu, v v tr ca tt c cc thnh
phn ca h thng chng st;
b) Trng thi t nhin ca t v bt k lp rp ni t c bit no;
c) Loi v v tr ca cc in cc t, bao gm cc in cc tham chiu;
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

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d) Cc iu kin kim tra v cc kt qu t c (xem mc 28);
e) Cc thay i, b sung hoc sa cha h thng;
f) Tn ca ngi chu trch nhim lp t hoc bo dng.
Nn dn nhn ti im gc ca ngun lp in trong ghi nh sau:
"Cng trnh ny c lp t mt h thng chng st, ph hp vi TCXDVN :2007. Cc lin kt vi
cc b phn khc ca cng trnh v cc lin kt ng th chnh cn c bo tr mt cch ph hp."
30 Bo tr
Cc kim tra nh k v o c khuyn co trong cc mc 27 v 28 ch ra rng vic bo tr, nu c, l
cn thit. Lu c th n cc vn sau:
- Ni t;
- Bng chng ca s n mn hoc cc iu kin c kh nng dn ti n mn;
- Cc thay i v cc b sung ti kt cu c th nh hng ti h thng chng st (v d
nhng thay i trong vic s dng ngi nh, vic lp t cc rnh cn trc hoc vic dng
cc ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh).

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PH LC A (tham kho)
Cc kha cnh k thut ca hin tng st

A.1 Cng dng in ca mt tia st
Cng dng in ca mt tia st thng nm trong khong t 2.000 A n 200.000 A. Thng k
cc gi tr ny trong thin nhin theo phn b chun logarit nh sau:
1% cc tia st nh vt qu 200.000 A
Dng in trong hu ht cc tia st nh xung mt t l t cc phn t mang in tch m trong cc
m my dng v nh vy tia st l dng cc ht tch in m t my xung mt t. Cng c cc tia
st t cc phn t mang in tch dng, nhng t thng xuyn hn. V chiu dng in l dng
in mt chiu tng vt trong qung thi gian khng n 10 s i vi tia st mang in tch m (i
vi tia st mang in tch dng thi gian ny di hn kh nhiu), sau gim dn ti mt gi tr nh,
i vi mt tia st n, trong khong thi gian 100 s hoc nh hn.
tnh ton thit k h thng chng st, ngi ta s dng gi tr dng in st (i
max
) c cho l c
hi nht sau y:
i
max
= 200 Ka
dt
di
= 200 kA/ s

A.2 in th
Trc khi hin tng phng in xy ra, in th ca khi cu tch in c th c tnh s b bng
cch gi thit in tch Q l 100 C v bn knh ca hnh cu tng ng vo khong 1 km. Do
in dung ca c khi vo khong 10
-7
F. T cng thc Q = CV, in th tnh c s vo khong 10
9

V. iu ny c ngha in p ban u m my l trn 100 MV.
A.3 Cc hiu ng v in
Khi cng dng in b tiu hao qua in tr ca phn cc ni t ca h thng chng st, n s
to ra s tt in p khng v c th lm tng tc thi hiu in th vi t ca h thng chng st.
N cng c th to nn xung quanh cc ni t mt vng c chnh lch in th cao c th gy nguy
him cho ngi v ng vt. Tng t nh vy cng cn phi lu n in cm t cm ca h
thng chng st do on dc ng ca xung in do st gy ra.
tt in p do hin tng trn gy ra trong h thng chng st do s l tng s hc ca hai
thnh phn l in p cm ng v in p khng.
A.4 Hiu ng lan truyn st
im m st nh vo h thng chng st c th c in th b tng cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc vt
th kim loi xung quanh. Bi vy s c nguy c lan truyn st sang cc vt kim loi trn hoc pha bn
trong cng trnh. Nu s lan truyn ny xy ra, mt phn ca dng in do st gy ra s c tiu hao
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71
qua cc thit b lp t bn trong nh ng ng hoc dy dn, v nh vy s dn n ri ro cho
ngi sng trong nh cng nh kt cu cng trnh.
A.5 Hiu ng nhit
Vic quan tm n hiu ng nhit ch gi gn trong vic tng nhit trong h thng dn st. Mc d
cng dng in cao nhng thi gian xy ra l rt ngn nn nh hng v nhit trong h thng
bo v l rt nh.
Ni chung, din tch ct ngang ca dy dn st c chn ch yu sao cho tho mn v bn c
kh, c ngha l n ln gi cho tng nhit trong khong 1
o
C. V d nh, vi dy dn ng
c tit din 50 mm
2
, mt c st nh 100kA vi thi gian l 100 s s gii phng t hn 400J trn 1m
dy dn, dn n tng nhit khong 1
o
C, Nu dy dn l thp th tng ny cng t hn 10
o
C.
A.6 Hiu ng c
Khi mt dng in c cng cao c tiu tn qua cc dy dn t song song gn nhau hoc dc
theo mt dy dn duy nht nhng c nhiu gp khc, n s gy ra cc lc c hc c ln ng k.
Do cc im gi h thng dy dn l rt cn thit (Xem Hnh A.1 v Bng A.1).
Bng A.1 Khong cch cc tr h thng dn st.
Cch b tr Khong cch (mm)
Dy dn nm ngang trn cc mt phng ngang 1.000
Dy dn nm ngang trn mt phng ng 500
Dy dn thng ng t t ln cao 20m 1.000
Dy dn thng ng t 20m tr ln 500
GHI CH 1: Bng ny khng p dng cho cc tr l cc b phn ca cng trnh, cc tr kiu c th c
cc yu cu c bit .
GHI CH 2: Cn kho st cc iu kin mi trng v khong cch thc t gia cc tr c th khc so vi
nhng kch thc nu trn.

Mt tc ng c hc khc t st l do s tng cao t ngt nhit khng kh ln n 30.000K v s
gin n t ngt khng kh xung quanh ng dn st xung t. y l do, khi dn in ca kim
loi c thay th bi dn ca mt ng vng cung, nng lng s tng ln 100 ln. Mt nng
lng ln nht khong 100MW/m c th c to ra trong c phng in xung mt t v sng xung
kch gn c phng in ny c th lm trc ngi lp trn mi nh.
Tng t nh vy, vi hiu ng lan truyn st ca st trong cc cng trnh, sng xung kch c th gy
ra cc h hi cho kt cu.
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Hnh A.1 - Thit k in hnh kp c nh dy dn st.
Dy dn dt
GHI CH 1: Kp cho dy dn st cn ch to ring cho ph hp vi dy dn; kch thc a Hnh e) phi
bng chiu dy dy v kch thc b phi bng chiu rng dy cng thm 1,3mm ( gin n). Dy c tit
din trn cn c x l tng t.
GHI CH 2: Tt c cc kp cn c gn chc chn vo kt cu; khng nn dng va gn.
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PH LC B (tham kho)
Gii thch mt s iu khon ca tiu chun
B.1 Mng ni t v cc ni t
(mc 13 v mc 14)
B.1.1 Khi qut
Thng tin y v i tng ni t c trong tiu chun TCVN 4756.
B.1.2 Hiu ng lan truyn st v vng tim n in p bc ln cn v tr ni t
Nguy c lan truyn st trong cng trnh c h thng chng st v chnh lch in p trong vng t
xung quanh khu vc ni t ph thuc vo in tr ca t. Nguy c lan truyn st cn ph thuc vo
mt s yu t khc c cp A.4. Chnh lch in p khu vc ni t l hm ca in tr sut
ca t. Trong Hnh 19, c st c m phng xy ra trn mt h thng chng st. Dng st c
truyn xung t qua cc cc ni t, in p khu vc ni t tng ln v s chnh in p tc dng
ln cc lp t. C th lm gim s chnh lch in p ny bng cch ni vng cc cc ni t vi
nhau.
Chnh lch in p c th gy nguy him ti tnh mng ca con ngi nu nh n vt qua vi ngn
vn, ti ng vt nu nh vt qua vi trm vn. Do s chnh lch in p ny l hm ca tch dng
in st v in tr ni t ca cc ni t nn hin nhin l vic gim in tr ni t xung cng
thp cng tt tr nn ht sc quan trng. Thc t nn gii hn gi tr in tr ni t ln nht l 10
bo v cho ngi v ng vt, tuy nhin gi tr ny cng nh th cng tt. Mt bin php khc
khc phc chnh lch in p trn b mt t l chn su cc cc ni t vi mi cc su t nht l
1m, v bc lin kt gia dy xung v b phn ni t bng vt liu cch in chu in p nh thng
ti thiu 500kV nh polyethylene dy 5mm. Mi nguy c i vi con ngi trong cng trnh gim i
ng k nu nh c sn thay v nn bng t hay .
B.1.3 S dng cc ng ng k thut lm mng ni t
Khng c s dng cc ng ng dn nhin liu vo cng trnh lm mng ni t.
Cc ng ng k thut khc c th c s dng cho h thng chng st bn trong cng trnh vi
iu kin cc im ni phi kim sot d dng.
GHI CH: ng ng gas khng c s dng lm cc ni t (Hnh 28).
B.1.4 Mng ni t
V d v kch thc cc ni t trong t c in tr sut 100m nhit 10C thng thng to ra
in tr ni t ca mng ni t khong 10 nh sau:
- Cc ni t dng vng khp kn c chiu di khng nh hn 20m chn su t nht l 0,6m di
mt t; hoc
- ng ng hoc thanh ng c chiu di mi thanh khng di 1,5m, tng cng chiu di cc
thanh khng di 9m;
- cc thanh b tr hng tm c chiu di khng nh hn 20m chn su t nht 0,6m di mt
t; hoc
- b tng ct thp (xem B.1.6).
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Cc cc ni t cn c chn su trong mt s trng hp nh c lp st nm di lp cui si.
Khng nn tin cy vo su mc nc ngm. Nc ngm, c bit trong lp si, c th b rt sch
v s khng c tc dng m bo cho in tr ni t thp cho h thng ni t.
in tr ni t gim khng ng k khi gim tit din ca cc m kch thc ln ca cc ni t cn
lm tng gi thnh h thng v gy kh cho thi cng.
V d v quan h gia ng knh cc ni t vi trng lng ca cc di 1,2m c k bng B.1
Bng B.1 Quan h ng knh v trng lng ca cc ni t
ng knh d (mm) Trng lng m(kg)
13 1,4
16 2,3
19 3,2
25 5,4
Bng B.1 ch ra rng trng lng ca cc 1,2m, ng knh 25mm th nng hn cc 1,2m ng knh
13mm ti 4 ln
i vi cng loi vt liu trong cng mt loi t th mt thanh cc 4,8m d=13mm hoc 4 cc 1,2m
d=13mm cho mt gi tr in tr vo khong 1/3 ca thanh 1,2m d=25mm
B.1.5 Trng hp c bit
Cn c s cn nhc c bit i vi cc trng hp sau:
Hng ro c s dng kim loi (xem 20.3.1);
Cy ci (xem mc 23);
Nh nng thn (xem 24.4)
Cng trnh trn (xem 13.5)
Nu cng trnh trn c chng st theo phng n c cp trong 13.5 v kim loi trong v
trn cng trnh c ni vi h thng chng st nh gii thiu 15.3 th s c c mc bo v
st thch hp cho ngi trong cng trnh. Tuy nhin c th nguy him cho con ngi ra vo cng trnh
khi c st v s chnh lch in p bn ngoi khi st truyn xung h thng chng st ca cng trnh.
Nu b mt ca t hoc c tnh cht dn in cao trong phm vi khong 30-50m ti cng trnh th
ni t c m t mc 14 c th c s dng v n c th c ni vi mng ni t mch vng.
Nguy c i vi ngi ra vo gim i mc d khng hon ton b loi b.
B.1.6 S dng mng b tng ct thp lm b phn ni t
Khi mng b tng ct thp c s dng lm b phn ni t th c th p dng cng thc tnh gn
ng nh sau:
V
R
. 57 , 1 .

=

Trong : R in tr ni t, ; in tr sut ca t, .m; V khi tch b tng, m
3
;
in tr sut ca t c ly theo tiu chun TCXD 161:1987.
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75
V d ng dng ca cng thc:
5m
3
b tng ct thp trong t 100 .m th in tr ni t xp x 10 .
Cc chn mng trong t 100 .m c gi tr in tr sau:
0,2m
3
(quy i bng bn cu ng knh 0,9m) c gi tr in tr R=30 . Ngha l cn 3 ci th s t
c gi tr yu cu 10
0,6m
3
(tng ng 1,4m bn cu) c R=20 . Ngha l cn 2 ci th t gi tr 10 .
B.2 Kim loi trong v trn cng trnh cao hn 20m
(mc 15, 16)
B.2.1 Mng dn nc kim loi c hoc khng ni t
Bt c b phn kim loi no trong hoc trn cng trnh khng ni vi h thng chng st nhng li ni
vi t nh cc ng ng cp nc, cp gas, tm kim loi, h thng in u c nguy c nhim st.
Thm ch nhng b phn khng tip xc vi t cng c chnh lch in th gia chng vi h thng
chng st mc d s chnh lch in th ny nh hn so vi trng hp b phn kim loi c ni
t. Nu s chnh lch in th gy ra trong mt thi gian ngn nh vy gia bt k b phn no ca
h thng chng st v cc b phn kim loi gn k vt qu kh nng chng in p nh thng ca
vt liu nm gia chng (c th l khng kh, tng gch, hoc bt c vt liu no khc) th c th xy
ra hin tng lan truyn st. iu ny c th gy h hng trang thit b, gy chy hoc sc in i vi
ngi v vt.
B.2.2 Lin kt ti hai u mng nc kim loi
Lin kt ny phi c thc hin c hai u ca bt c chi tit kim loi no cha ra. Khi kim loi
c th tham gia vo vic tiu tn dng in st nhng phi trnh cc nguy c h hi vt l hoc
thng tn con ngi.
B.2.3 La chn b phn kim loi lin kt
Rt kh la chn b phn kim loi no th lin kt, b phn no th b qua. i vi cc b phn kim
loi di nh ng ng nc, thang my, thang st di th c th d dng quyt nh chng cn c
ni vi h thng bo v chng st ca cng trnh m khng phi tn km nhiu. Tuy nhin cc b phn
kim loi ngn cch ly nh khung ca s ch c th tip t ngu nhin qua mn nc ma trn b mt
kt cu th c th b qua.
Cc cng trnh c ct thp hoc vch bao che kim loi to thnh li kim loi khp kn lin tc to ra
mt trng thi m cc kim loi bn trong khng c lin kt c th c gi thit rng chng c cng
in th vi bn thn kt cu. i vi cc cng trnh nguy c lan truyn st c gim nhiu v yu
cu i vi vic lin kt cng gim i.
B.2.4 Nguy c ca lp ph kim loi mng
Nu bt c mt phn b mt ngoi ca cng trnh no c bao ph bi mt lp kim loi mng, lp
kim loi ny c th c thit k hay ngu nhin to thnh mt b phn dn dng in st xung t.
Dng st c th tch ra khi lp kim loi do cc nguyn nhn nh lp kim loi khng lin tc hoc
tit din lp kim loi qu nh nn n s b chy ra khi dng in st i qua. C hai trng hp u
dn ti hin tng h quang in v d gy chy nu c vt liu d chy gn. Khuyn ngh l nn
trnh cc nguy c nh tia la in ghi trong 15.2.
B.2.5 Dng t cm trong dy xung trong mi lin quan vi chiu cao cng trnh
Khi chiu cao cng trnh tng ln th in p cm khng ti cc ni t c cho l tng bc km
quan trng hn so vi in p t cm ri trn ng dn st.
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B.3 Cy v cng trnh gn cy
(Mc 21)
Mc 21 cp ti gii php chng st cho cy. H thng chng st c thit k bo v an ton
cho cy v gim in p bc nm trong vng chn ng dy dn st, cc ni t. ng di tn
cy khi c ging st l rt nguy him.
Khi b st nh, dng st lan truyn theo nhnh, cnh ti thn cy v c th gy hiu ng lan truyn
st sang cc hng mc cng trnh lin k. Cng phng in ca cy c th ly bng 250kV/m so
vi kh nng khng dng ca khng kh l 500V/m. Cc s liu ny l c s ca mc 21 quy nh
khong cch ti thiu gia cng trnh v cy.
Khi cng trnh qu gn cy, c nguy c lan truyn st t cy sang cng trnh khi c st th h thng
chng st ca cng trnh cn phi ph vng bo v ln c cy . Nu cy nm trong vng bo v ca
h thng chng st ca cng trnh th cng trnh c coi l an ton.
B.4 Cc cng trnh khc
(Mc 23)
B.4.1 Lu tri nh
i vi lu tri nh tun th theo 23.1.1 c th s tn km. Mc d vy, trong vng nhiu st th nn c
bin php chng st. C th l:
a) chng st cho lu tri nh c th s dng mt hoc hai cn kim loi (dng ng lng n
ten) pha bn ngoi lu, b tr sao cho lu nm trong phm vi c bo v nh 9.2.
Chn ca cc cn kim loi cn c ni vi cc chng ni t t xa lu v cm vo t
m. Thm na c th s dng mt dy kim loi trn t trn mt t xung quanh lu v
ni ti chn ca mi cn kim loi.
b) Trong trng hp lu trong khung kim loi th khung lm vic nh l mt dy dn st.
Khung phi c ni xung t nh hng dn phn a) hai u ca lu.
c) Khi c ging st, i vi lu khng c chng st, th cn phi tm cch loi b in p
bc tc dng ln c th ngi. C th thc hin iu bng cch nm ln trn mt vt
kim loi t trc tip trn t. Nu khng c iu kin nh vy th c th ngi b gi trn
mt t v trnh tip xc vi lu v vi ngi khc.
B.4.2 Sn vn ng
Khi ct n cao b st nh, dng in st truyn xung nn qua chn ct v c th c lng
chnh in p ca t nn t gi thit rng cc lp ng th di nn phn b dng cc bn cu.
Do vi dng trung bnh khong 30kA v in tr sut ca t 10
3
.m, chnh in p ca t
nn s vo khong 50 kV/m trong khong 10m t chn ct v n thay i t l nghch vi khong cch
v din tch (Hnh 19, Hnh 36).
Vi gi thit , i vi ngi gradient in p khng c vt qu 10kV/m tng ng vi khong
cch 22m t chn ct. S dng mt cc ni t thch hp di hnh thc mt li trn bn knh 10m
c th lm gim ng sut in p xung quanh ct. Thm na c th chng li in p bc bng cch
bc tm cch in bng PVC di lp asphan. trnh tip xc trc tip vi chn ct c th sn ph
keo epoxy dy 5mm t chn ct ti cao 3m.
Lu trnh vic tng nhit qu mc gii hn di tc dng ca bc x mt tri s lm gim gi tr
ca lp bo v.

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B.5 Cng trnh c hnh dng phc tp
(11.2.4)
Phng php hnh cu ln c m t mc ny c th c s dng nhn bit cc phn khng
c bo v st nh ca cng trnh cao nhiu m un phc tp. Phng php ny da trn nguyn
l qu trnh tip xc ca u tch in st ti cng trnh.
Trc khi xy ra st, u tch in st hng xung t (hnh thnh trn cc m my dng) v cch
nhnh tch in ca n h thp dn. Khi u tch in st h xung th xy ra qu trnh tch in ngc
du trn mt t (cng hnh thnh u tch in st hng ln trn) v to ra trng in gia hai
mng tch in tri du. Cng ca trng in ny tng dn ti khi ln th u tch in hng
ln pha di phng ln trn gp u tch in st hng xung phng xung di v to thnh
tia st.
Do tia st s nh trn mt t hoc trn cng trnh ti ni m u tch in hng ln c phng
i v do cc u tch in hng ln c phng ln ti cc im c cng in trng cao
nht v c th phng thng ln trn tri m khng b cn nn chng c th phng theo bt c hng
no gp u tch in st t my phng xung. Mt v d cho hnh nh ny l st vn nh vo mt
bn ca cng trnh cao mc d thng thng n khng nh vo phn cng trnh nm di gc 45
ca hnh cn t im bo v cao nht ca cng trnh.
Cc im c cng in trng mnh nht trn t hoc cng trnh thng l khu vc gn nht vi
u tch in hng ln trc khi n phng ln. Cc im c khong cch bng nhau t im cui ca
cc u tch in u c cng nguy c b st nh cn cc im xa hn s t b nguy c st nh hn.
Do cc im trn b mt ca hnh cu tng tng c tm nm u tch in hng ln trc khi
xy ra st l cc v tr m u tch in hng ln c th phng in ln (xem Hnh B.1). Do u tch
in ca my dng c th phng xung bt c hng no nn tt c cc v tr m u tch in ca
my dng c th tip cn c c th m phng bng cch ln mt hnh cu tng tng c bn knh
bng chiu di ca bc cui (last step length), xung quanh cng trnh v thng xung mt t. Khi n
tip xc vi cng trnh c th to ra c st nh v nhng v tr hay b mt nh vy cn phi c b
phn thu st nh m t mc 11. Tuy nhin nu cc b phn ca cng trnh khng c cc im
gc nhn hay vt nh ra th b phn thu st hin hu c th chp nhn c. Nu c cc im gc
nhn hay vt nh ra th cn xem xt b sung thm b phn thu st.
Cng trnh cao c hnh dng n gin c th c chng st nh m t Hnh 22 nhng i vi cng
trnh phc tp cn p dng phng php hnh cu ln ny. Phng php ny cng c th p dng cho
cc cng trnh c b phn thu st t trn cng trnh hoc c cc b phn thu st treo pha trn.
Phng php ny cng c th s dng xc nh vng c bo v st ca bt c mt thit k h
thng chng st no.
Nhn chung kch thc cu cng nh th kh nng bo v chng st cng tt hn nhng s tn km
khi xy lp h thng. C cu c khuyn ngh c bn knh t 20-60m. Thng thng nn s dng
cu c bn knh 60m. Cn cu c bn knh 20m ch nn dng cho cc cng trnh c nguy c chy cao.

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Hnh B.1 - V d s dng phng php "hnh cu ln" nh gi s cn thit phi b tr b
phn thu st cho mt cng trnh c hnh dng phc tp.

Hnh chiu cnh
Mt bng
Cc nhn
Cc vng gch cho v cc nhn cn c nh gi xem c
cn b phn thu st hay khng. Trong nhiu trng hp dy
xung m bo thu st trn cc cnh cng trnh
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PH LC C (tham kho)
Hng dn chung i vi vic chng st cho thit b in trong v trn cng trnh

C.1 Thng tin chung
Mc ny a ra nhng hng dn nh gi cc nguy c lm h hi hoc vn hnh sai h thng thit
b in trong hoc trn cng trnh khi b st v hng dn thit k h thng chng st cho thit b. Vic
thc hin cc hng dn trong tiu chun cng c th cung cp mc no chng li cc e da
c ngun gc khc (nh vic ng ngt mch).
H thng chng st thng thng ch c thit k v lp t cho cng trnh. Mc du vy, h thng
thit b cn c tin cy cao hn v n cng i hi mt h thng chng st ring bo v cho thit
b in cng nh cc h thng thng tin d liu.
S phc tp ca st nh vo cng trnh, dng st tng cao trong thi gian ngn km theo cc hin
tng khc l nguyn nhn gy ph hoi thit b, xa d liu. Nguy c ca st c cp C.4,
song cn c nhiu yu t tc ng n vic cn n h thng chng st nh nhu cu:
- gim thiu cc nguy c chy v sc in;
- trnh ngng tr hot ng sn xut v thng mi c nh hng n vn kinh t;
- ngn nga cc tc hi v an ton, sc khe;
- bo v cc dch v thit yu v an ton, bo chy, thng tin, qun tr cng trnh;
- trnh phi sa cha tn km cc trang thit b vi tnh.
Cc hng dn ph lc ny mang tnh tng qut, khi p dng cho h thng chng st cn tnh n
cc iu kin thc t. Trong nhng trng hp c bit th cn phi tm kim nhng li khuyn ca
chuyn gia.
Xin nhn mnh rng ngay c khi c h thng chng st th cng khng bao gi hon ton c th chc
chn l an ton cho h thng thit b hay an ton v d liu.
Hnh C.1 minh ha dng st nh vo nh my cng nghip, truyn qua cc b phn ca nh v i
xung t.
GHI CH: Xin nhn mnh rng ph lc ny ch dng tham kho, vic tun th ph lc ny khng c ngha l
tun th ni dung tiu chun ny.
C.2 ng dng ca ph lc ny
Khi p dng nhng hng dn ca ph lc ny cn tun theo quy trnh sau:
- Quyt nh xem c cn h thng chng st khng (xem mc 7)
- Nu cu tr li l c th xem xt thit k chng st ri chuyn sang c), nu cu tr li l
khng th chuyn ngay sang c).
- Quyt nh liu c cn phi chng st cho cc thit b in, in t trong hay trn cng trnh
khng (xem C.4, C.5)
- Nu cu tr li cho cu hi c) l c th xem cc ni dung C.3, C.7, C.13; nu cu tr li l
khng th khng xem xt thm.
GHI CH: 1: Thng tin c bn lin quan ti cc kha cnh chng st c cho C.8, C.9
GHI CH: 2: cc v d tnh ton c cho C.6, C.10, C.11, C.12.
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Hnh C.1. Cc im st nh vo cng trnh cng nghip c th nh hng n h thng in t
C.3 Cc yu t c bn v chng st cho h thng in
C.3.1 Mc ri ro
Trc khi thit k h thng chng st cho thit b, cn lu ti h thng chng st c bn cho cng
trnh. Thng tin C.4, C.5 gip cho vic quyt nh c cn phi bo v thit b in hay khng.
C.3.2 Chng st ca bn thn cng trnh
Khi cn nhc cc phng n phng chng st cho thit b in ca cng trnh th cn xem liu cng
trnh c chng st hoc s c chng st theo tiu chun ny cha.
Loi cng trnh c kh nng chng st l tng l cng trnh c vch bao che bng kim loi cho tt c
cc bc tng v mi, n to ra mi trng dng "phng c che chn" cho cc thit b in. Nu
nh tt c cc vch bao che v lp ph mi lin kt vi nhau mt cch tha ng th dng st nh t
bt c ch no ca cng trnh s c truyn xung t dng "tm truyn in" trn b mt cng trnh
v xung b phn ni t. Cc cng trnh kt cu thp hoc b tng ct thp c vch bao che kim loi
l cc cng trnh thuc dng ny v nh vy ch cn ch n vic bo v cc ng cp ngun cp
vo cng trnh (Hnh C.2).Cn lu t c khng tr thp t lin kt gia b phn ni t ca h
thng chng st vi cc h thng ng ng khc. Nn p dng phng php i ng cp in vo
nh minh ha Hnh 28 c km theo cc b phn chn xung nu kt qu tnh ton cho thy cn phi
c cc b phn ny.
Cng trnh xy dng bng b tng ct thp hoc bng khung thp khng c vch bao che kim loi th
dng st c th truyn bn trong cc ct. Hng dn i vi ni lp t my tnh v h thng dy dn
c cho C.7.2.
Nu nh vt liu xy dng cng trnh ch yu l kim loi th c th xp cng trnh c nguy c cao (xem
mc 18) v b tr h thng chng st tng cng (xem C.7.1).
Nhn chung cn lp t cc thit b chng qu p cng gn ti cc im kt ni ra/ vo cng trnh cng
tt.
St nh s truyn dng
in ti cc cng trnh
khc hoc xung t
nh
xung t
Mt phn nh dng
st nh s truyn
xung cc ng hoc
dy cp bn cnh
ng khi
ng truyn d
liu, in thoi
Ct nh cao
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Hnh C.2- Cc dng chng st c lin quan ti thit b in t

Hnh C.3- Phn b dng in do st nh vo cng trnh c 15 ng ni t

Thit b
in
Thit b
in
ng kt ni d liu
Nn bo v qu dng
c hai u trong trng
hp phi m bo tht
tt vic truyn d liu

Bo v bn trong l
Thit b
in
Ngun
Ngun
Ngun
Mt ct A-A
St nh
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Hnh C.4- Mt bng nh c 15 ng ni t th hin trng phn b in cm truyn dn
C.3.3 Hnh trnh dng trong cng trnh
Dng in st truyn trong cng trnh dng "phng c che chn" nh c cp trong C.3.2
theo kiu "mng dng in" trn b mt ca mi, tng ri xung t. S thay i in tr nh trong
cc phn khc nhau ca b mt nh hng rt t ti qu trnh truyn in ny bi v ng dn dng
c xc nh bng cm ng ch khng bng in tr do bn cht hin tng st nh xy ra rt
nhanh.
Xu hng tng t cng din ra i vi dy xung ngoi nh i vi cng trnh c kt cu khung thp
hoc b tng ct thp c dng nh Hnh C.3 v C.4, ni dng in c phn ra bi 15 ng ring
r. Cn lu l cc ng xung bn trong mang k hiu A, B v C Hnh C.4 mang mt lng phn

GHI CH 1. ng ng mc in cm truyn dn (MT) nh sau:
1) 0,015 H/m 2) 0,02 H/m 3) 0,03 H/m 4) 0,04 H/m
5) 0,05 H/m 6) 0,07 H/m 7) 0,08 H/m
GHI CH 2. Cc ng ni t bn trong (A, B v C) ch ti tng ng 3,1%, 2,3% v 3,1% tng
cng st
GHI CH 3. in cm tng h i vi mch trn mt phng ng c c bng cch tr gi tr
in cm truyn dn ti v tr ca mt chn t gi tr ti v tr khc (b qua cc du m trong kt qu).
in cm truyn ti dy trn ct tnh bng 0.
V d:
i vi vng cao 2m nh trn hnh v v tng dng st nh
dt
di
l 50 kA/s:
in cm tng h (M) = (0,03 - 0,015)
= 0,015 H/m
Do in p = M (cao).
dt
di
= (0,015 x 10
-6
) x (2,0) x (5x10
10
) = 1 500 V
Chiu cao
mch 2m
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trm rt nh ca dng v do c trng in t nh. H thng chng st cho h thng thit b in
trong nh c pht trin bi cc ng dn st c b tr ngoi bin ca nh. Mt s ng dn
gii quyt trong trng hp c dng gia thit b vi nhau. l cc dy n l c lp t trong
nh v c chp nhn cho vic truyn st cng nh chng li pht sinh tia la in.
C.3.4 nh hng ca quy m st ti nh dng h thng khc nhau
Cch b tr l tng cho cng trnh v h thng in bn trong c th lm gim cc nguy c dng
in st lm h hi hoc tc ng khng tt ti chng c th hin Hnh C.2a.
Trong cc trng hp nh vy, c cc bin php bo v tc ng ca st gy ra trong h thng
in chnh ca nh. y l s sp t c m t C.3.2 i vi mt cng trnh c chng st tt.
H thng in trong cc cng trnh phi kim loi khng c h thng chng st c nguy c b st tc ng
nhiu nht. Cn phi xem xt cn thn phng php chng st cho cng trnh v cc b phn ca n.
Mt s nguy c c gii thch di y v cc hng dn chng st c th c trnh by C.7.1
v C.7.2.
Mt trong cc v d v tnh hung ni m c cc nguy c c th xem xt l cng trnh cha cc thit b
in v c th c cc thit b lin hp nh i, raa hoc cc thit b d bo thi tit, trong dy chuyn,
cc sensor c t pha ngoi. Cc thit b lin hp ny c th c treo bn cnh hoc nh mi
hoc trn cc ct thu, thp truyn thanh hoc cng trnh thng thng nh minh ha Hnh C.2b. Mi
hoc ct thu nm ngoi phm vi bo v ca h thng chng st cho cng trnh, nhng cp dn t ct
thu vo cng trnh c th a st vo trong cng trnh trong khi h thng chng st ca cng trnh
khng pht huy tc dng. Hn th cc b phn thit b treo trn mi hoc ct c th d b nh hng
khi b st trc tip, hoc b h hi v di in p cao lan vo. V d tip theo ch ra kh nng dnh st ti
thit b in ph thuc khng ch vo h thng chng st m cn ph thuc vo cc chi tit lp t nh
dy, cc u c, thu trn thp cng nh ph thuc vo mch dn vo cng trnh. Hng dn o c
bo v khi cc nguy c ny cho C.7.
V d tip theo v vn thng gp c th gy ra s tng in p mi trng ln cao c ch ra
Hnh C.2c. C xu hng dng in st tiu tn theo cc ng dn in c hnh thnh bng cc
ng cp ni cc cng trnh, do dng in st c th truyn t cng trnh b st nh sang cng
trnh khc khng b st nh trc tip. Dng ln ti hng chc kilampe c th truyn qua cc ng
cp ny nn vic chng li hin tng ny l rt cn thit. Phng php bo v c m t C.7.
y l mt trong nhng nguy c m st truyn i gia cc cng trnh.
C.4 nh gi mc ri ro
C.4.1 Quyt nh lp t h thng chng st
Quyt nh lp t mt h thng chng st cho h thng in v in t chng li st th cp ph
thuc vo:
Lng st nh d kin trn khu vc (xem C.4.2);
S d b tn thng h hi ca h thng;
C.4.2 S v st nh d kin
C.4.2.1 Din tch thu st hu dng
S v st nh d kin c th nh vo mt din tch thu st hu dng trong mt nm c cho bi
tch ca mt st v din tch thu st hu dng.
Din tch thu st hu dng, A
e
tnh theo mt vung c xc nh bi:
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A
e
= din tch cng trnh + din tch thu st ca vng t xung quanh + din tch thu st ca cc cng
trnh lin hp lin k + din tch thu st hu dng ca cc ng ngun cp + din tch thu st hu
dng ca ng truyn d liu sang cng trnh lin quan.
C.4.2.2 Din tch cng trnh
L din tch mt bng ca cng trnh.
C.4.2.3 Din tch thu st ca vng t xung quanh
St nh xung t hoc cng trnh gy ra ti khu vc t cng trnh mt in p cao. Bt c ng
trc hay ng d liu i vo khu vc in p cao u l i tng ca hin tng qu in p.
nh hng ca mt c st nh xung t b tt dn khi khong cch gia chu vi ca cng trnh v
im nh tng ln. Vt qu mt khong cch nht nh th nh hng ca c st nh ti cng trnh
c coi l khng ng k. y l khong cch la chn D, m. Vi loi t c in tr sut 100.m
khong cch D c th ly bng 100m. Vi loi t c gi tr in tr sut khc th gi tr D c th ly
ng bng gi tr in tr sut cho ti gi tr maximum l 500m cho t c gi tr 500.m hoc hn
na.
Din tch thu st ca t xung quanh l din tch c ng c s l vin chu vi cng trnh v khong
cch D. Khi m chiu cao cng trnh vt qu gi tr D th ly chiu cao cng trnh lm gi tr tnh.
C.4.2.4 Din tch thu st ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k
Din tch thu st ca cng trnh lin hp lin k l ni c s kt ni in trc tip hoc khng trc tip
ti thit b in hoc in t t cng trnh chnh th c tnh vo.
Ly v d cy ct chiu sng t ngoi nh c cp in t nh chnh. Nh khc c trm my tnh
u cui, thit b iu khin v thp truyn.
Ti cng trng c mt vi ngi nh c h thng dy ni v khong cch khng ln hn 2D, din tch
thu st ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k l din tch gia chu vi ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k v
ng nh dng bng khong cch D t chng. Bt c vng no nm trong din tch thu st ca cng
trnh chnh th u khng tnh (xem v d 1 trong C.6).
C.4.2.5 Din tch thu st hu dng ca cc ng ngun cp
Din tch thu st hu dng lin quan ti cc ng ngun cp k trong bng C.1.
Tt c cc ng cp vo ra (ti cc cng trnh khc, cc thp chiu sng, thit b xa, ..) c xem
xt mt cch ring bit v din tch thu st c cng t cc phn ring .
Bng C.1 Din tch thu st hu dng ca cc ng ngun cp
Loi ngun cp Din tch thu st hu dng
Cp thp p chy pha trn 10 x D x L
Cp cao p chy pha trn (ti bin p ca cng trnh) 4 x D x L
Cp thp p i ngm 2 x D x L
Cp cao p i ngm (ti bin p ca cng trnh) 0,1 x D x L
GHI CH 1: D l khong cch la chn (m) xem C.4.2.3. Vic s dng h thay cho D nh gii thch C.4.2.3
khng p dng
GHI CH 2: L l chiu di ca cp ng lc vi di ti a 1000m. Ni no gi tr L khng xc nh th c th
ly gi tr 1000m tnh ton.
C.4.2.6 Din tch thu st ca ng truyn d liu sang cng trnh lin quan
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Din tch thu st lin quan vi cc loi cp d liu c k trong bng C.2.
Nu c nhiu hn 1 ng cp th c th coi l tnh n l ri cng li. Trong trng hp cp a li th
tng cp c th c coi l n v khng ging nh l tng vng.

Bng C.2 din tch thu st hu dng ca cc ng d liu
Loi ng d liu Din tch thu st hu dng
ng tn hiu i pha trn cao 10xDxL
ng tn hiu i ngm 2xDxL
ng cp quang khng c ng dn hoc li
kim loi
0
GHI CH 1: D l khong cch la chn (m) xem C.4.2.3. Vic s dng h thay cho D nh gii thch C.4.2.3
khng p dng
GHI CH 2: L l chiu di ca cp ng lc vi di ti a 1000m. Ni no gi tr L khng xc nh th c th
ly gi tr 1000m tnh ton.

C.4.2.7 nh gi kh nng st nh
S lng st c th nh trn mt din tch thu st c nh ngha mi nm, , theo cng thc sau:

6
10 * *

=
g e
N A p

trong A
e
tng s din tch thu st hu dng, m
2
;
N
g
mt st trn mt cy s vung mi nm.
C.4.3 S d h hi ca cc dng h thng
Nguy c tng th ca mt c st xung thit b in hoc in t s ph thuc vo xc sut st nh
v cc tiu ch di y:
- loi cng trnh;
- mc bao bc;
- loi a hnh
Trong bng C.3, bng C.4 v C.5 cc h s hiu chnh F ti H c phn chia cho tng tiu ch ch
mi lin quan ca cc nguy c trong tng trng hp.
Bng C.3 H s hiu chnh F (h s cng trnh)
Loi cng trnh Gi tr F
Cng trnh c h thng chng st v ni ng th n gin 1
Cng trnh c h thng chng st v ni ng th phc hp 1,2
Cng trnh c h thng ni ng th kh khn (nh di hn 100m) 2

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Bng C.4 H s hiu chnh G (h s mc cch ly)
Loi bao bc Gi tr G
Cng trnh nm trn mt din tch rng c cy v nh ca cao gn nh nhau, v
d nh trong th trn hoc rng.
0,4
Cng trnh nm trn mt din tch rng c t cy v nh ca cao gn tng
ng.
1,0
Cng trnh cao hn hn cc cng trnh v cy ci xung quanh t nht 2 ln. 2
GHI CH: bng C.4 c h s ging Bng 9, lp li y tin s dng

Bng C.5 H s hiu chnh H (h s a hnh)
Loi a hnh Gi tr H
ng bng 0,3
i 1,0
Ni t 300 n 900m 1,3
Ni trn 900m 1,7
GHI CH: bng C.5 c h s ging bng 8, lp li y tin s dng

C.4.4 Nguy c st nh vo mt h thng c th
Nguy c st nh v kh nng d b h hng ca mt h thng (cc h s hiu chnh) c th c kt
hp li nh gi cc nguy c st nh nh hng ti cc h thng in v in t thng qua cc
b phn dn in ra/ vo hoc cc h thng d liu ra/ vo.
Nguy c xy ra (R) ca vic tng th tc th do st c tnh theo cng thc:
R=F*G*H*p
GHI CH: Gi tr 1/R th hin, theo n v nm, chu k trung bnh gia cc ln xy ra tng th tc th do st. N
nhn mnh rng gi tr trung bnh c da trn d liu thu thp qua nhiu nm.

C.5 Quyt nh lm h thng chng st
Quyt nh lm h thng chng st cn tnh n cc tc ng mang tnh hu qu h hi ca cc thit
b in v in t quan trng. Cn xem xt ti cc mi nguy him ti sc khe v an ton do mt kh
nng iu khin nh my hoc cc dch v thit yu. Cn so snh chi ph ngng hot ng ca h
thng my tnh hoc ca nh my vi chi ph lm h thng chng st. S phn loi cng trnh v cc
ni dung c th c cho bng C.6.

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Bng C.6 Phn loi cng trnh v vt cha
S dng cng trnh v hu qu ca cc h hi ti cc i tng bn trong Ch s hu qu
Nh dn dng v cng trnh c trang thit b gi thp v c gi tr khu hao thp 1
Ta nh thng mi v cng nghip c cc h thng my tnh, ni m cc h hi
h thng c th ph hoi sn xut
2
Cc ng dng thng mi v cng nghip, ni m khi mt d liu my tnh c
th gy tn hi ti chnh ln
3
Cc cng trnh m khi mt iu khin my tnh hoc h thng c th dn ti hy
hoi mi trng v sc khe con ngi
4

i vi vic lp t thit b in t gi tr R c xc nh (xem C.4.4) v ch s tiu hao c thnh
lp theo bng C.6. bng vic s dng cc gi tr trong bng C.7, c th xc nh mc thit k (xem
C.13). Ni m mc phi trn khng ng k th s bo v l s cn thit khng bnh thng.
Bng C.7 Phn loi mc phi trn
Mc h hao Mc phi trn
R<0,005 R=0,005 0,0499 R=0,05 0,499 R>0,5
1 Khng ng k Khng ng k Thp Trung bnh
2 Khng ng k Thp Trung bnh Cao
3 Thp Trung bnh Cao Cao
4 Trung bnh Cao Cao Cao
GHI CH: tiu ch mc phi trn trong bng C.7 c da trn nh gi nguy c st.

C.6 V d tnh ton
V d 1
Mt tr s my tnh ca cng ty thng mi vng Thanh Tr H Ni cao 15m, di 100m, rng 60m.
Ta lc vng ng bng, xung quanh bao bc bi cc cng trnh v cy ci c cao tng t.
ng cp chnh di 250m i di t v tt c cc ng cp vi tnh l bng cp quang khng bc
kim. Mt ng cp cp in t ta nh chnh ra ct n cao 7m, cch cng trnh 100m.
xc nh s bo v cn thit, tnh h s ri ro nh sau:
a) lng st trn 1 km
2
mi nm:
Trn c s bn mt st cho Hnh 2 v cc khuyn co ti 7.2, i vi vng Thanh Tr H Ni
mt st trn 1 km
2
mi nm c ly bng 10,9 (N
g
=10,9).
b) din tch thu st
- din tch cng trnh:
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88
=100*60 = 6000 m
2

- din tch thu st ca t xung quanh cng trnh (Hnh C.5, phng trnh (1))
= 2(100*100)+1(100*60)+(*100
2
)
= 63416 m
2

GHI CH: Gi thit khong cch D ca din tch thu st bng 100m.
- din tch thu st ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k (Hnh C.5)
= (+100
2
)/2
= 15708 m
2

GHI CH: n gin ha din tch ny c ly bng hnh bn nguyt
- din tch thu st ca cc ngun cp (bng C.1)
+ cc ngun cp vo cng trnh
= 2*100*250
= 50000 m
2

+ cc ngun cp ti cc ct n
= 2*100*100
= 20000 m
2

+ tng din tch thu st ca cc ngun cp
= 50000+20000
= 70000 m
2

- din tch thu st ca cc ng d liu i ra
= 0
GHI CH: din tch thu st bng khng c p dng i vi ng truyn d liu bng cp quang.
Tng din tch thu st hiu dng l:
A
e
= 6000+63416+15708+70000+0
= 155000 m
2

c) xc sut xy ra st nh
- xc sut xy ra st nh trn din tch thu st hu dng c cho bi phng trnh:
p = A
e
*N
g
*10
-6

= 155000*10,9*10
-6

= 1,69
d) Ri ro
Ri ro xy ra qu p cm ng cho bi cc trng hp sau:
i vi ton b din tch
R=F*G*H*p
= 1*1*0,3*1,69
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89
= 0,507
gi tr R=0,507 ch ra rng hin tng qu p cm ng xy ra hai nm mt ln.
i vi din tch lin quan ti ng cp vo cng trnh
N
g
= 10,9
din tch thu st
= 6000+63416+15708+50000
= 135000 m
2

xc sut xy ra st tnh theo biu thc
= 135000*10,9*10
-6

= 1,47
ri ro
= 1*1*0,3*1,47
= 0,44
theo bng C.6 cng trnh c ch s hu qu bng 2. Cn c theo bng C.7 c th suy ra rng cn s
dng thit b bo v qu p ph hp vi mi trng h c nguy c trung bnh.
i vi din tch lin quan ti cc ng cp ti ct n chiu sng
N
g
= 10,9
din tch thu st
= 6000+63416+15708+20000
= 105000 m
2

xc sut xy ra st tnh theo biu thc
= 135000*10,9*10
-6

= 1,47
ri ro
= 1*1*0,3*1,47
= 0,44
theo bng C.6 v bng C.7 c th suy ra rng cn s dng thit b bo v qu p ph hp vi mi
trng h c nguy c trung bnh.
V d 2
Mt nh iu khin h thng x l nc thi ti vng Khnh Ho gn b bin c cc thng s hnh hc
cao di rng ln lt l 6m*10m*10m. Ta lc trn vng i, cng trnh c bo v theo tiu chun
ny. ng cp in chnh di 250m i pha trn cao, ng dy in thoi i trn cao, khng r chiu
di.
xc nh s bo v cn thit, tnh h s ri ro nh sau:
a) lng st trn 1 km
2
mi nm:
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90
i vi vng Khnh Ho gn b bin mt st trn km2 mi nm c ly trn bn Hnh 2 v
khuyn co 7.2 l 3,4 (N
g
=3,4).
b) din tch thu st
- din tch cng trnh
=10*10
= 100 m
2

- din tch thu st t xung quanh cng trnh (Hnh C.5, phng trnh (1))
= 2(100*10)+2(100*10)+( *100
2
)
= 35 416 m
2

GHI CH: tng khong cch D c gi thit l 100m.
- din tch trm ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k (Hnh C.5)
= 0
GHI CH: n gin ha din tch c ly bng hnh bn nguyt
- din tch thu st cc ngun cp (bng C.1)
= 2*100*250
= 250 000 m
2

- din tch thu st ca cc ng d liu (bng C.2)
= 10*100*100
= 1 000 000 m
2

GHI CH: chiu di ng in thoi c gi thit l 1000m do chiu di khng xc nh.
Tng din tch thu st hu dng l:
A
e
= 100+35416+0+250000+1000000
= 1,2855*10
6
m
2

Din tch thu st hu dng lin quan ti ng cp chnh:
A
em
= 100+35416+0+250000
= 285,5*10
3
m
2

Din tch thu st hu dng lin quan ti ng in thoi:
A
et
= 100+35416+0+1000000
= 1,0355*10
6
m
2

c) xc sut xy ra st nh
Xc sut xy ra st nh trn tng din tch thu st hu dng c cho bi phng trnh:
p
s
= A
e
*N
g
*10
-6

= 1,2855.10
6
*3,4*10
-6

= 4,37
Xc sut xy ra st nh trn din tch thu st hiu qu lin quan ng cp chnh c cho bi
phng trnh:
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91
p
m
= A
em
*N
g
*10
-6

= 0,2855 *10
6
* 3,4 * 10
-6

= 0,97
Xc sut xy ra st nh trn din tch thu st hu dng lin quan ng in thoi c cho bi
phng trnh:
p = A
et
*N
g
*10
-6

= 1,0355 * 10
6
* 3,4 * 10
-6

= 3,52
d) Ri ro
Ri ro xy ra qu p cm ng cho bi cc trng hp sau:
i vi ton b din tch
R=F*G*H*p
= 1*2*1*4,37
= 8,74
gi tr R=8,74 ch ra rng hin tng qu p cm ng xy ra chu k trung bnh c mi 1,4 thng mt
ln.
i vi din tch lin quan ti ng cp chnh i vo
R=F*G*H*p
m

= 1*2*1*0,97
= 1,94
Theo bng C.6 cng trnh c th c cn nhc p dng ch s tn hi bng 3 khi m xy ra s ph
hy h thng cp nc ca th trn.
Theo bng C.7, c th suy ra cn s dng thit b bo v qu p cho mi trng h c nguy c cao.
i vi din tch lin quan ti ng in thoi
R=F*G*H*p
t

= 1*2*1*3,52
= 7,04
Theo bng C.6 v C.7, c th suy ra cn s dng thit b bo v qu p cho mi trng h c nguy c
cao.

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92

Hnh C.5 Din tch thu st cho cng trnh v cc hng mc lin k
C.7 Phng php bo v khi lp t chng st
C.7.1 Ni t, lin kt v bnh th
Cc yu cu ni t c cp mc 13 v 14. Cc ni dung di y b sung cc yu cu
nhm mc ch san bng chnh lch in th cho cc thit b.
H thng k thut cung cp cho cc cng trnh c cc h thng thng tin m rng, v d nh my cng
nghip, cn lin kt vi mt thanh lin kt ng th thng cc dng tm kim loi, dy dn mch
vng bn trong, hay dy dn mch vng ring phn pha trong ca bc tng ngoi hoc theo chu vi
khu vc bo v gn mt t. Thanh lin kt ng th ny c ni vi cc ni t mch vng ca h
thng ni t. Mt v d c minh ha Hnh C.6.
Tt c cc ng ng kim loi bn ngoi, ng cp in, d liu ra v vo cng trnh ti mt im
c bc bo v, c th c ni ti mng ni t ti im lin kt n ny (xem Hnh 28). iu
ny lm gim thiu dng st xuyn vo trong cng trnh (xem Hnh C.7). Ni cc ng cp thng tin
v cp in i qua cc cng trnh nm cnh nhau, h thng ni t cn c ni vi nhau v s c li
Trung tm
my tnh
Din tch thu st
trn mt t
ng cp in
chnh di 250m
ng cp in
chnh di 100m
Din tch thu st
ca kt cu ln
cn
Thp nh sng
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93
nu c nhiu ng dn song song lm gim dng in trong tng cp. H ni t dng li p
ng c mc ch ny. nh hng ca dng in st c th c gim thiu hn na bng cch i
cc dy dn vo trong cc ng ng k thut v kt hp cc ng ng vo h ni t dng li
v lin kt vi im ra vo chung ca h thng ni t to mi u. Hnh C.6 minh ho mt v d v h
thng ni t dng li dnh cho mt ct thp v cng trnh c thit b gn k.
Nguyn tc tng t nh p dng cho thp minh ho Hnh C.6 cng p dng cho cc u cm
ng hoc iu khin cc thit b ging khoan (du, nc, ..) ni kt ni c th bao gm c cc ng
thp ca ging lm gim khc bit in p gia ging v dy dn in. S kt ni nn c thc
hin a phng vi bt c t nn ca cng trnh khc c cp thng tin d liu chy qua.
Cng trnh lin quan ti cc ct thu c th c s bo v c bit bi n lin quan ti c ngun cp
in.

Hnh C.6-Cc dy cp i vo cng trnh tch bit vi ng ten pht sng
Cp in (nu cn thit th b tr trong
ng dn kim loi)
Dy cp truyn hnh (nu
cn thit th b tr trong ng
dn kim loi)
Mng li ni
t ca thp
ng
nc
Rnh
cp
Mng li ni t
ca cng trnh
ng dn kim loi hay
BTCT c ct thp ni t
Dn sng
Thp pht
tn hiu
Bn kim loi hoc dy
dn c in dung thp
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94

Hnh C.7 - Lin kt cc ng ng v dy ti im ra vo cng trnh
C.7.2 V tr thit b in t v cp
C.7.2.1 V tr thit b in t trong cng trnh
La chn v tr thit b in t trong cng trnh ph thuc vo xy dng cng trnh. i vi cng trnh
ging nh phng mn chn, ngha l ni mi ph kim loi vi tng, v tr khng quan trng. Trong

B cp bc v st
ng kim loi
Lin kt vi
v st
Cp ng
trc

Hn
ng kim loi
Cc thanh thp
Cc
mi hn
Cc thanh
thp
Cc ni t
mch vng

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95
cng trnh khung kim loi thng thng cc thit b in t c th lp gia cng trnh, khng nn
tng nc, nhng cng c th lp st tng ngoi v gc nh. i vi cng trnh bng vt liu khng
dn in vi mt h thng chng st th cng l tng t. Trong cng trnh xy bng cc vt liu khng
dn in nh trong nh c lp t h thng in t th cng cn lu v nh trnh lp t nhng v
tr cc kt cu cao nh ng khi, hoc ni st vi ng truyn st xung.
C.7.2.2 V tr cp gia cc hng mc ca h thng in t trong nh
Hnh C.8 v Hnh C.9 minh ha xut nguyn tc i dy bn trong. Trong trng hp khu vc t
my tnh, h thng i dy nm trong cng trnh c kim sot chng st th khng phi l vn
nghim trng nhng d sao th vn tt hn nu tun theo cc yu cu cho nh c khung kim loi. Nn
trnh cc vng kn rng gia cc ngun cp chnh v dy lp t in t.
Nn i dy cp ngun v cp ca thit b in t cnh nhau gim thiu cc khu vc to ra vng kn.
N c th thc hin d dng bng cch s dng cc ng bao dy cho mi loi. Hnh C.9 ni t li
c s dng cc b trn cc sn v im ni t chung cho ton b. y l h thng ni t hn
hp.
H thng i dy cho thit b in t khng c lp cng h vi ng ni chng st. i dy c th
trn sn v nn trnh cc vng trn tng ng. i dy trc ng nn theo nh Hnh C.9. B tr nh
Hnh C.9 c th s dng cho thit b t theo chiu ngang trong nh di.
i vi cng trnh xy dng bng vt liu khng dn in, b tr dy c m t mc ph ny l cn
thit gim thiu cc nguy c lm h hi thit b, hng cc d liu. Ni no m vic i dy khng th
p dng nguyn tc nh mc ph ny th nn tm kim li khuyn ca chuyn gia.
C.7.3 Bo v ng cp i t ngi nh ny sang ngi nh khc
Ni m ng cp i gia cc ngi nh tch bit hoc gia cc n nguyn ca chng m khng c
cc hnh lang ni th cn c bit ch bo v.
Nu c th, ng cp quang c th c s dng cch ly hon ton cc mch in t t nh ny
ti nh khc. y l gii php hu hiu nht cho ng truyn a knh hon ton c lp khi cc vn
nhim t, khng ch c st. Mc du vy khng nn s dng ng cp quang vi lp bc kim loi
hoc dy dn bn trong.
Ni m khng chn dy cp quang truyn m s dng cc loi dy khc nh l dy ng trc, dy
i li th cn ch pht hin nhng h hi dc theo tuyn. h thng ni t ca cng trnh c th ni
s dng ng bc cp, ng i dy i cng nhiu loi cp. Ni m c nhiu ng dy i song
song th tt nht l in p gia chng cng chnh t cng tt. thm na ng ni t c th ni gia
cng trnh vi cng trnh.
Ni cp ng trc c lp t gia cc cng trnh th lp v ca n c th c ni vi h thng ni
t ca cng trnh ti v tr vo/ra ca ngi nh.
Trong mt s loi cp ng trc hoc h thng chn, c th ch cn ni cp xung t ti mt im.
Nu cn thit cn b tr cc thit b bo v qu p thch hp.
Ni ch c mt hoc mt s lng nh cp i t cng trnh ny sang cng trnh khc, nh trng hp
ng d liu, ng in thoi, v ni khng dng ng cp quang, cn lp thit b chn qu p
tiu dng in st xung t, v d dng thit b dng ng kh hoc kp bn dn ch cho dng c in
p thch hp tng ng vi in p lm vic ca thit b i qua. Mt h thng c trng cho vic ni
t thit b chng qu p c minh ha trn Hnh C.10.
C th kt hp gia cc phng php trnh by mc ny, v d dng thit b bo v i vi cc
ng tn hiu v thit b kt hp vi vic bc ni cc ng cp gi mi trng ngng in p
cho php. Tr trng hp ng cp quang qu di, bn thn thit b khng tr cao khng m bo
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tr phi chng c th chu c in p trn 100kV do s chnh lch in th ln gia cc cng trnh
khng c bo v do dng st truyn di t t mt trong cc cng trnh .

Hnh C8.- Cc phng php gim thiu in p cm ng

Thit b 1
V kim loi
Tt c mi v vch
bao che kim loi
c lin kt
Thit b 1
Thit b 2
ng
in
Thit b 2
(a) H thng cha c bo v
Vng kn
t cm
(b)Gim in p t cm bng cng
trnh bc kim loi
Dy dn kim loi, ng
dn cp, tm chn cp
ng
d liu
d) Gim in p t cm bng cc thit b lc nh ng
dn, ng dy
Ghi ch: Cc thit b lc cn lin kt hai u v lin tc
v in
c) Gim in p t cm bng cch
gim din tch vng kn
ng
in
Thit b 1
Thit b 2
Thit b 1
Thit b 2

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Hnh C.9- H thng ni t phc hp c p dng cho thit b trong nh nhiu tng

Ghi ch 1: C th p dng nguyn tc gim din tch mch vng i vi thit b nm bn ngoi. Tt c
cc lin kt nm trong mt mng cp gim din tch mch vng nh c) ca Hnh C.8
Ghi ch 2: XXXX minh ho ct thp hoc cc b phn xy dng bng kim loi trong sn
Khuyn co ni li
cp vo gi
Cch ly gia mt ng th
ca h thng v kt cu
Mt ng th
ca h thng
Gi ca h
thng lin kt vi
mt ng th ca
Sn
ng dn cp kim loi kt ni
vi t
:Lin kt ni b gia im ni
t h thng v mng cp
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Hnh C.10- Ni t t im ni khng thit b ti im ni t ca thit b chng qu dng
C.7.4 Bo v thit b c phn bn ngoi cng trnh ni vo thp, ct thu
Cm thit b treo ngoi cng trnh hoc ni vo thp, ct thu st th hin hu cc nguy c sau:
a) Dng vo trc tip t cc c st.
b) Dng cm ng v khng.
C.8 c tnh v hiu ng ca st
C.8.1 c tnh b sung ca st lin quan ti thit b in t

b) Khuyn ngh cho vic lp chn qu dng
Ghi ch: Xung c gim thiu bng cch ni dy trung tnh xung im ni t B' bng ng thng
im in p
0
Thit b in
Chn qu dng
u vo
a) Lp t chn qu dng khng chun gy ra xung ln
Ghi ch: Cc xung ny c th tng t t cm ca ng ni t n im ni t B'
T cm
u vo
Chn qu dng
Thit b in
im in p
0
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Ch s cc i ca tc tng di/dt theo bng sau:
Ch s cc i ca di/dt (kA/s) Mc vt %
200 1
30 50
10 99
Cc thng s khc ca xung st l rt quan trng trong vic nh gi cc kha cnh gy nguy hi ca
st song gi tr cc tr ca dng st di/dt l mt trong cc nguyn tc nh gi in p khng v trong
khong thi gian xung l du hiu ch s nng lng sm. minh ha dng st m nh xung t xem
Hnh C.15.
Cm ng st c th gy ra hai hiu ng ln thit b in t. Ph bin l thit b b ph hoi bi 1 c st
n. Hiu ng th hai l cc phn mm b ph hy bi cc xung ng ca st. T hp ca cc c st
t c u ti cc c nh lp li xy ra trong vng 1-2 giy l vn ng phi cn nhc i vi s
hot ng ca my tnh tr phi cc php kim sot c s dng loi b cc kt qu ca my tnh
trong thi gian vi giy .
C.8.2 im st nh
im b st nh trn cng trnh l rt ngu nhin, mc d cng trnh, cy ci cao to th nguy c b st
c th nhiu hn cc cng trnh hay cy ci nh thp. Tuy vy st nh xung mt t phng nm gia
hai ngi nh cao cch nhau hn hai ln chiu cao ca chng l bnh thng.
Trong cc nh my sn xut theo dy chuyn, v tr d b st c xu hng l cc ct cao ng thi t
khi nh vo xng thp. tuy vy cc b phn nm ngoi gc 45
o
k t im cao th d b st (Hnh
C.16).

Hnh C.11 Lp trc tip ln h thng in trn ngoi nh
b) Cp h trn mi
a) Cm bin v cp h trn l s l
Cp h trn nh
mi
nh bnh cha s l
(nhn ngang) nh ln
trn cc cng trnh khc
u cm bin
Cp
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Hnh C.12-Bo v cho h thng trn trc tip

Hnh C.13- Bo v cp i dc theo cc bnh cha cao v lin kt trn mi

ng kim loi
gn vi kt cu
bn cnh v t
in
S = cm bin
T.B= T in

Lin kt ct mi
Mi
Bnh cha
Dn n h thng
iu khin
a) Cm bin v cp h trn l x l b) Cp h trn mi
Dy cp
Kim loi bo v cp
c ni t
Cp trong ng
dn kim loi
B phn thu st (v
d tay vn) pha trn
u cm bin
u cm bin
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Hnh C.14- V tr cc dng st cao, trung bnh, thp c th truyn xung qua cc ng cp ca
l phn ng

Hnh C.15- ng c tnh dng st m
Mt ct A-A
Cc ng
Mng cp
Thang ngoi
Mng cp
Dng in thp truyn trong
cp do c s bo v ca
mng cp v ng ng
Dng in cao truyn
qua cp khng c bo
Cp bn trong c dng
in khng ng k
Dng in trung bnh truyn
trong cp do c s bo v ca
mng cp
dc ln nht =
dt
di

D
n
g

n

s
t

Thi gian
Ghi ch: Sau c st nh ban u c th c nhiu xung in cng thp hn v thi gian ngn
hn gi l cc xung th cp hoc xung lp
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Hnh C.16- im st nh trn cng trnh
Trong cc cng trnh cao th cc thit b in t thng c nguy c ri ro cao c bit, khng hn n l
im ri ro trc tip bt st m cn c cc l do khc nh l chng thng c ni vi cc h thng
dy ti cc thit b khc. V th m chng cn phi c bo v cn thn.
Cc phn, i tng d b st nh trn cng trnh c minh ha Hnh C.16. i vi nh cao hn
20m gc cn 45
o
ca h thng chng st c cho l quy tc bo v chng st tt. Tuy nhin i vi
nh, cng trnh cao trn 20m phng php hnh cu ln l tt hn i vi cc khu vc tng t, c
bit l n hn ch vic st nh vo cnh bn ca cng trnh. Bn knh hnh cu ln c khuyn ngh
l 20m.
Trong Hnh C.16 gi thit l cc thit b hai nh A v B c ni vi nhau qua cc ng cp. Tuy
nhin c th thy st nh vo nh A v mt s phn ca nh B cng nh phn mt t gia chng.
Do trong tng trng hp dng in trong t gn vi im b st nh c th c ni t hoc
khng u phi c tnh n v m rng phm vi bo v.
C.9 St cm ng v nguyn tc chng
GHI CH: mc ny cp ti c ch sinh dng in p cm ng, cng ca n v cung cp hng dn vic
thit lp an ton bng cc mc khng ch xung v gii hn xung thit k ca thit b (TCL/ETDL).

Vng st c th nh xung t, ngoi
vng nt t v ti cc gch cho
Mt bng
Mt ng
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C.9.1 in p cm khng
Khi cng trnh b st nh th dng in i xung t pht trin di in p rng gia cc b phn ca
cng trnh, cc cu kin kim loi v h thng chng st v phn t pha ln cn cng trnh. Di in
p ny chnh l nguyn nhn sinh ra dng in chy trong cc ng cp dn bn ngoi cng trnh ti
vng t lin k. in p c sinh ra l in p cm khng s cp nhng phn tng ln nhanh
chng dng sng st hiu ng truyn dn xy ra mt phm vi hp hn.
Bt c dng in no chy trong ng cp v phn bc u l kt qu ca in p cm khng c
xng qua dy ni ti thit b in t vi in p chung v lin mch.
Trong di xung st th phn cha nhiu nng lng nht l phn xung vi tn ti 100kHz, in tr ca
t v li cp, phn bao bc nh l cc in tr sinh ra cc in p cm khng dng sng.
C.9.2 in p cm ng
Dng st chy trong dy dn st hoc trong cc knh dn vng cung sinh ra mt t trng thay i
theo thi gian vi khong cch n 100m ty thuc vo cng dng st. Trng in t ny sinh
ra hai hiu ng:
a) mt dng t cm in t L trong ng dy (v d dy loi ng knh 2mm L=1H/m);
b) mt vng tng h ngc chiu trong dy dn (cm dn = MT) hoc vng kn ring bit
(cm tng h);
Trong trng hp in p sinh ra t l thun vi di/dt ring phn bi L, MT, M (hnh C.17). i vi dy
dn n th mnh ca trng l t l nghch vi khong cch ca vt dn. i vi trng hp phc
tp th tnh cc gi tr L, MT hay M. V d dng st i qua dy dn xung cc chn ni t nh minh
ha hnh C.4. iu ny rt quan trng i vi vic tnh n dng t cm ca t ti thit b v cc
thit b ngn nga qu in p v mn li ni t kiu ui ln.

Hnh C.17- in cm
C.9.3 Xng dng t st nh trc tip
Cc c st nh trc tip ti ng dy in hoc h thng in cng nh cc u sensor hoc tip
khng (hnh C.11) c th xng dng gy ph hy. y l nguy c cn phi c tnh n vi vic dy
dn i bn ngoi c chiu di ln. Vic i dy trong cc ng bo h s lm hn ch ng k tc hi.
in p rt cao ca s xng in gy ph hoi cc b phn khc ca h thng, nh tia la in. l
in cm truyn
trong mch: M
T
in cm tng h
trong mch: M
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104
mt phn lin quan ti cc b phn nh ra ngoi cng trnh. B tr chng hp l th trnh c tc hi
(xem C.7.4).
C.9.4 Ni trng in
mnh ca trng phi c tnh n trn ton b din tch st nh trc khi hnh thnh c nh
khi m gi tr ca chng t ti ngng ngn c ca khng kh (xp x 500kV/m).
S hnh thnh gii thot im thay i trng xp x 500kV/m.s c th xy ra. Hiu ng ca mi s
thay i trng l khng n gin khi bo v chng chng li hiu ng dn v cm st.
C.9.5 in p do xung in t t st (LEMP) gy ra
Xung in t t st (LEMP) c sinh ra lin quan ti hin tng in t khc gi l xung in t
nguyn t (NEMP). C hai im khc nhau quan trng trong di v cng ca hai hiu ng sinh ra,
t NEMP sinh ra xung tng nhanh hn nhiu (thi gian tng khong 10ns) vi bin t qung v
NEMP ch nh hng ti vi h thng xung phng x. So vi st th xung ny v cng nh. St nh
xung cng trnh hay t gn thc ra khng sinh ra xung in t t st nhng to ra v nguyn tc
mt cp t trng t gn nhau v sinh ra in p t cm (v in p cm khng) nh m t
C.9.1 v C.9.2
Cc xung trng in cm ng st trong cng trnh c cha thit b in t thng l khng ng k.
Trong trng hp hn hu cc ng dy bn ngoi c th b h hi tr phi chng c ni lin mch
hoc c che chn st.
Ni chung tc dng xu nht ca xung in t t st c phng nga bng cch p dng cc bin
php chng st nh trc tip. St nh trc tip sinh ra xung sc mnh hn l xung in t t st v
bo v chng st nh trc tip vn l quan trng nht, bo v chng xung in t t st ch l th
yu.
C.9.6 Mc khng ch xung (TCL)/ nguyn tc gii hn xung thit k ca thit b (ETDL)
i vi s hot ng ca thit b in t th mi trng xung quanh lu di hay tm thi u c thit
k h thng bo v va an ton v kinh t, ng thi c ni t.
Tiu ch ngn xung dng hay xung in p c a vo khi th h thng. y l mc xung ln nht
cho php h thng vn hot ng, khng b h hi (gi l gii hn xung thit k ca thit b ETDL).
Trng hp st gi tr ny l N vn ca xung m khng gy ph hy thit b. gii hn xung thit k ca
thit b bng N vn. Khi lp t thit b th cn chc chn rng xung trong h thng ti thit b l P vn
khng cao hn gi tr N vn ca thit b. (cho php s dng h s iu chnh trong tnh ton). P vn gi
l mc khng ch xung, cn hiu N-P vn gi l phn l an ton.
xc nh mt thit b bo v chng xung qu in p cn kim sot in p xung trong vng mc
khng ch n l in p cho i qua vi mc xp x mc thit lp. Khi lp thit b th phi m bo
mc khng ch xung ca thit b phi ph hp, thit b c an ton trong h thng, ng thi lu
ni ni t cho thit b.
Mt khc cn lu ngn nga in p cm khng, t cm ng k trong bn thn thit b.
C.9.7 Cc nguyn tc bo v
Cc ni dung C.9.1, C.9.2, C.9.3, C.9.4 v C.9.5 cp c ch pht sinh dng in t st. Ngoi tr
trng hpanten, thit b c bo v chng li in p cm khng, t cm ca st hoc tc dng ti
cng trnh s c bo v khi trng in v xung st.
Vic dng st xng vo thit b phi c ngn nga bi n l nguyn nhn s ph hoi nghim trng
(C.7.4).
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Yu t chnh trong tm quan trng ca in p cm khng, t cm l c hai u c xng vi in
tr khng ngn thp t nng lng xng cao hn nhiu ln so vi xung in t ca st. V th cng
hay in p cm khng, cm ng cung cp cc thng s c bn cho vic nh gi v ch dn cho
thit b bo v.
H thng chng st c th bo v chng li in p cao t st nh.
thit b chng st t c thnh cng th cc iu kin sau phi c tha mn.
a) s tn ti. thit b bo v c th cu c ton b h thng khi xung in p cao thuc
phm vi ca n.
b) mc khng ch xung. S bo v phi c tc dng mc khng ch xung, thp hn mc
xung thit k ca thit b. Thit b bo v chng qu in p ni ti ng dn ni t
c th tng ng k mc khng ch xung tc dng.
c) tng thch h thng. Bt c dng bo v no c thm vo phi khng ph v s hot
ng chung ca h thng ang c bo v.
S quan tm quan tm bo v phi c lu i vi h thng truyn d liu tc cao.

C.10 V d tnh ton in p cm ng trong thit b
V d tnh ton in p cm ng bao gm c vic s dng lp bc nh l b phn ni t ca ng
cp nhiu si ri ti cng trnh.
Ly v d ng cp 100 ng cp bc nhm, mi ng cp gm 65 si ng knh 1mm vi in
tr sut 3*10-8m, cp di 100m.
in tr ca mi ng cp s l:
= *l/A
= (3,0*10
-8
*100)/(65*0,0012*/4)
= 59m
trong :
in tr sut
l chiu di cp
A din tch tit din ca lp bc
i vi 100 cp chy song song mi cp chu 1 phn trm dng tng l 100kA t phng my tnh ti
thit b, dng trong mi cp l 1kA.
Bi th in p chung c tnh:
V = R*I
= 59*10
-3
*1*10
3

= 59V
Trong thc t, dng phn b trong cc cp l khng u nhng vi s c mt ca cp tip a chy
song song, cng nh l cp ngun cng c bc th dng trong cp ca thit b s khng vt qu
1kA vi bin ln.

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C.11 V d tnh ton vic bo v li trong ca cp ng trc
Ly v d vi 20m cp bc c ni hai u. 10% cng dng st i qua cp v bc cp c in
tr l 5/km.
i vi c st 200kA th in p sinh ra c tnh:
V = R*I
= 0,1*200*10
3
*0,1
= 2000V
V = R*I
= 0,1*20*10
3
*0,1
= 200V
in p cm khng ny c dn hon ton ti dy bn trong.
Nu nh cp c t trong mng cp th dng in s chy trong mng cp. Trong trng hp ring
ch c 10% cng chy trong cp m thi.
V = R*I
= 0,1*200*10
3
*0,1*0,1
= 200V
V = R*I
= 0,1*200*10
3
*0,1*0,1
= 20V
S ph hy ng cp c th xy ra hoc khng theo cc v d sau:
nu nh ng cp l ng dn ca radio n anten th in p ln hn 2000V cng kh c th gy
ph hy;
nu nh ng cp l mt phn ca ng truyn mng my tnh, in p 2000V c th gy h hi,
in p 200V hoc 20V c th khng;
nu ng cp l ng ni RS232 th ch chu c 20V, in p 200V hay 2000V u c th gy h
hi.

C.12 V d tnh ton in p cm ng trong dy dn
Hnh 13 cho thy cc gi tr tng i ca dng trong cc cp ring l dc theo hoc bn trong ng
(bnh) hoc cc ng dn thng thng. Nh thy, dng l hm ca v tr tng i ti thp hoc
cc b phn kim loi khc. Gi tr ca in p cm ng xp x cc v tr thay i c th c tnh bng
cng thc sau:
i vi cp c bo v bi mng, tng dng l 400A, thp cao 30m v in tr sut ca cp l
10m/m:
Tng in tr = 30*10*10
-3

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107
= 0,3
in p cm ng chung:
V = R*I
= 0,3*400
= 120V
i vi cp c bo v trong mng cp v trong ng v tng dng bng 100A
in p cm ng chung:
V = R*I
= 0,3*100
= 30V
i vi cp i trong bnh hoc trong xi lanh kim loi th in p cm ng l khng ng k

C.13 Thit b bo v chng xung, v tr lp t v th
C.13.1 V tr lp t
C.13.1.1 Gii thiu chung
Nh xung chnh c m t l dao ng in p 1,2/50s sinh ra trong cng trnh, sc mnh ca dng
c th c gim bt. N c m t bi ba loi v tr C, B, v A. Loi C l t bng in cp vo,
loi B l t mng phn phi chnh, loi A l t pha ph ti tiu th.
Trong cc v tr a ra trn, mc nghim trng ca xung c tnh n l s tng dn theo nguy
c ri ro tng cao. iu ny c m t bi i lng mc ph hy h thng xut pht t vic
nh gi ri ro.
C.13.1.2 Cp truyn tn hiu d liu
Tt c cc thit b chng xung ng truyn d liu u thuc loi v tr C nh l mt ci lm gim thp
xung in p 10/700s c dng tng ng vi xung ca ng d liu khng c lm gim nh
bi ng cp vng tng t nh xung chnh.
C.13.1.3 Ngun chnh
C.13.1.3.1 Loi v tr C
Thit b bo v chng xung c lp t cc v tr nh sau y th thuc loi C:
- trn u cp ca ngun vo bng phn phi;
- trn u ti i ra;
- pha ngoi cng trnh.
C.13.1.3.2 Loi v tr B
Thit b bo v chng xung c lp t cc v tr nh sau y th thuc loi B:
- trn h thng phn phi, gia bn ph ti t bng phn phi chnh ti v pha cp ti cc u
ni, cm;
- trong thit b
- pha ph ti ca cm, cu ch khng qu 20m so vi loi v tr C.
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108
C.13.1.3.3 Loi v tr A
Thit b bo v c lp pha ph ti t cu ch, cm vi khong cch ni trn 20m so vi loi C.
C.13.2 mnh xoay chiu i din cho thit b qu in p th nghim
Mc xp x ca php th c cho trong cc bng C.8, C.9, C.10 cho cc loi v tr khc nhau v mc
th ca thit b bo v chng qu p trong php th.
Bng C.8 Loi v tr A (trc)
Mc th in p (kV) Dng (A)
Thp 2 166,7
Trung bnh 4 333,3
Cao 6 500

Bng C.9 Loi v tr B (trc)
Mc th in p (kV) Dng (kA)
Thp 2 1
Trung bnh 4 2
Cao 6 3

Bng C.10 Loi v tr C (trc)
Mc th in p (kV) Dng (A)
Thp 6 3
Trung bnh 10 5
Cao 20 10

C.13.3 Th thit b bo v qu in p
My pht th cho loi v tr B v C l my pht xoay chiu lin hp, c th pht c in p 1,2/50s
v dng xoay chiu 8/20s. i vi loi v tr A, mt b ngn khng cm ng u ra c lp gii
hn dng gi tr hp l. Dng ngn s khng nh hn 8/20s.
Phng php th i vi thit b chng qu p c cp mc 23 ca UL 1449 : 1985.
C.13.4 Cng xoay chiu i din cho ngng th ng d liu
Mc th hp l c la chn theo bng C.11 cho th v thit b c chn.

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109
Bng C.11 Loi v tr C (ng d liu)
Mc th Dng th xung cao
kA
Th xng qua in p
in p (kV) Dng (A)
Thp 2,5 1,5 37,5
Trung bnh 5 3 75
Cao 10 5 125

C.13.5 Th nghim thit b chng qu in p ng truyn d liu
C.13.5.1 Php th sng xung dng cao
My pht sng hn hp m t C.13.3 l ph hp cho cc php th ny.
Phng php th cho trong phn 5.6 ca tiu chun ITU-T K.12 (2000) "Characteristics of gas
discharge tubes for the protection of telecommunications installations."
C.13.5.2 Th xng qua in p
Phng php th tham kho trong phn 23.3 ca UL 1449:1985.
C.13.6 Thng tin c cung cp bi nh sn xut cho sn phm thit b chng qu in p
C.13.6.1 Thng tin v dng xung
Nh sn xut thit b c yu cu cung cp cc thng tin v dng xung nh sau:
in p xng, nh l 850V, tt c cc ch , th 6kV, 1,2/50s, 3kA 8/20s.
Ch bo v, v d nh ng ni t, ng ni trung tnh, trung tnh ti t i vi trc hay ng
ti ng hay ng ti t i vi cp d liu
Dng xung cc i, v d nh 20000A, 8/20s.
GHI CH: gi tr th i vi thit b l thc ch khng dng gi tr l thuyt.
Lm yu h thng. nu nh thit b ny lm yu s hot ng ca h thng sau khi b xung i qua
th tt c cc hiu ng ca n phi c ghi r.
ng ng gas c s dng nh thit b chng qu in p c ni tt vi ngun chnh th n b
ngn mch khi hot ng. Dng in cng ln s i qua c th gy ph hy ng cp in cng
nh ng gas.
C.13.6.2 Thng tin trng thi tnh
Nh sn xut thit b chng qu in p c yu cu cung cp cc thng tin dng tnh nh sau:
- in p lm vic;
- in p lm vic ti a;
- dng h;
- ch s dng
- cc yu t lm yu h thng.
- bt c yu t no c th gy nh hng, v d nh:
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110
- tr khng trn mch;
- in dung phn nhnh;
- rng di tn;
- t s sng in p;
- h s phn x;
C.13.7 My pht sng hn hp
C.13.7.1 Gii thiu chung
S n gin ca my pht minh ha hnh C.18
Gi tr cc thnh phn vi phn R
s1
, R
s2
, R
m
, L
r
, v C
c
c xc nh khi my pht mang mt xung in
p 1,2/50 s, v mt xung dng 8/20s ti mch ngn, ngha l my c tr khng hiu qu l 2.
thun tin th mt tr khng u ra hiu qu c nh ngha cho my pht xung da trn vic tnh
ton t s ca in p cc tr mch m v dng cc tr ngn mch. Mt my pht nh th c in p
m l 1,2/50 s v dng ngn mch l 8/20 s c coi l my pht xoay chiu lin hp.

Bng C.12 nh ngha thng s xoay chiu 1,2/50s
nh ngha Theo BS 923-2 Theo BS 5698-1
Thi gian trc

s
Thi gian ca gi
tr bn phn
s
Thi gian tng t
10% ln 90%
s
Khong thi gian
50% n 50%
s
in p vng m 12 50 1 50
Dng ngn mch 8 20 6,4 16
GHI CH: Cc dng sng 1,2/50s v 8/20 s c nh ngha trong BS 923-2 v minh ha Hnh
C.19 v C.20. Nhiu khuyn co gn y li da trn nh ngha v dng sng theo BS 5698-1 nh th
hin trn bng C.12. C hai nh ngha trn u p dng c i vi tiu chun ny v u tham chiu
n my pht sng n.

C.13.7.2 c tnh v nh dng ca my pht sng hn hp
in p ra mch m: t 0,5kV n 6kV th cho loi B, 20kV th cho loi C
Biu : xem hnh C.19, bng C.12
Dng ngn: t 0,25 n 3,0kA th cho loi B, 10kA th cho loi C
Biu dng: xem hnh C.20 v bng C.12
Cc: dng/m
Pha chuyn: trong di t 0
o
n 360
o

Ch s lp: t nht 1 ln mi pht

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Hnh C.18 - S mch in n gin ca my pht in trn sng in t

Hnh C.19 - Dng sng ca in p mch h

Ghi ch: U l ngun cao p

C
R l in tr thay i

C
c l t in tch in

s
R l in tr nh dng di xung
R
m
l in tr phi hp tr khng
L
r
l cun cm nh dng thi gian nng
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Hnh C.20 - Dng sng ca dng ngn mch
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113
PH LC D (tham kho)
Mt s v d tnh ton

D.1 V d tnh ton xc sut st nh tng hp
Mt bnh vin thuc tnh Nam nh cao 10m v chim mt din tch l 10x12 (m
2
). Bnh vin xy
dng vng ng bng, khu vc c t cng trnh khc hoc cy xanh c chiu cao tng ng.
Kt cu cng trnh bng b tng ct thp vi mi khng phi bng kim loi.
xc nh rng liu c cn n h thng chng st hay khng, tnh h s ri ro tng hp nh sau:
a) S v st nh trn 1km
2
trong 1 nm: Trn c s bn mt st nh cho Hnh 2
v hng dn 7.2 xc nh c gi tr N
g
l 8,2 ln st nh xung t trn 1 km
2
trong
mt nm.
b) Din tch thu st: S dng cng thc (1) 7.2, din tch thu st A
c
(m
2
) c tnh nh
sau:
A
c
= LW+2LH+2WH+ H
2

= (70x12) + 2(10x10) + 2(12x10) + ( x 100)
= 840 + 1400 + 240 + 314
= 2794 m
2

c) Xc sut st nh: S dng cng thc (2) trong 7.2 xc sut st nh trong mt nm, p l:
p = A
c
x N
g
x 10
-6

= 2794 x 8,2 x 10
-6

= 22,9 x 10
-3

d) S dng cc h s iu chnh: Cc h s sau ln lt c p dng:
- H s A = 1,7
- H s B = 0,4
- H s C = 1,7
- H s D = 1,0
- H s E = 0,3
Tch cc h s = A x B x C x D x E
= 1,7 x 1,0 x 1,7 x 2,0 x 0,3
= 0,35
Xc sut st nh tng hp l: 22,9 x 0,35 x 10
-3
= 8,0 x 10
-3

Kt lun: Cn lp t h thng chng st.

D.2 V d tnh ton v lin kt cc chi tit kim loi vi h thng chng st
Di y l v d tnh ton quyt nh c hay khng lin kt cc chi tit kim loi vi h thng chng
st.
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114
Tnh hung: mt ng thp c thng ng c b tr cch dy xung ca h thng chng st 2m
c lp t chung c cao 15m ti th x Bc Ninh, trong 1 nm c 8,2 ln st nh xung/km. Din
tch ca ta nh l 40m x 20m (xem Hnh D.1).

Hnh D.1 - Mt bng vng thu st

Gi thit: gi thit rng mc ri ro chp nhn p
0
=10
-5
, in tr ca cc ni t l 10 , v s lng dy
xung l 6.
Vn t ra: Hy quyt nh c hay khng nn lin kt ci ng thp c chiu cao ln nht l 12m
vi h thng chng st.
Trnh t: Mt bng vng c chn cho l:
L=40m, W= 20m, H=15m.
Din tch thu st: Xc nh theo phng trnh (1):
A
e
=LW + 2LH + 2WH + H
=(40*20)+2(40*15)+2(20*15)+( *225)
=800+1200+600+707
A
e
=3307m (lm trn 3300m)
Xc sut b st nh. Xc nh theo phng trnh (2):
p=A
e
* N
g
* 10
6

= 3300 * 8,2 * 10
6

p=27,06 * 10
3
ln b st nh trong 1 nm
( lm trn 27*10
3
hoc 1 ln trong 37 nm)
Xc nh dng in trong tia st
0
p
p
=
( )
3
5
4 10
10
x

= 27x10
= 2700
ng bao vng thu
st
ng
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115
V p ln hn 100p
o
nn gi thit dng in st ln nht l 200kA (xem Hnh 25).
GHI CH: Vi gi tr
0
p
p
nh hn 100, cng dng in s l 100
10
0
log
p
p
nh th hin trong Hnh 25.
in p gia h thng chng st v ng ni t chiu cao 12m. C 2 trng hp xy ra, vi ng kim
loi c lin kt v vi ng kim loi khng lin kt vi cc ni t, nh sau:
a) ng lin kt vi cc ni t. in p khng c th c b qua v in p gia h thng chng st
v ng ni t bng in p t cm (V=V
L
).
Gi thit c 6 dy xung (n=6), mi dy xung c kch thc 25mm x 3 mm, bn knh hiu dng
r
e
=0,008m, chiu di mch l = 12m v S=2m, nu cc gi tr ny c a vo phng trnh (4) v (6)
th VL c tnh nh sau:
V
L
= 200x10 x12x
( )
10
0.46log 2/ 0.008
6
= 440 kV
Theo Hnh 27, khong cch 0,85m l cn thit, cng vi 30 % khi tnh n v tr gc s ra tng l 1,1m.
Khong cch thc t l 2m, do vic lin kt l khng cn thit im cao nht ca ng.
b) ng ni t nhng khng lin kt ng v cc ni t. Tng in p duy tr bi h thng chng st
(V) c tnh nh sau:
V=V
R
+V
L
Trong
V
R
l in p khng pht sinh trong h thng mng ni t.
V
L
c ly gi tr nh trong trng hp a) m V
R
c tnh thm vo nh sau:
V
R
=
3
200 10
10 6
6
x
x x [do mi cc ni t c th c mt in tr tnh bng () l nx10]
V
R
=2 MV
V =2+0,44 =2,44 MV
T Hnh 27, khong cch 6m l cn thit vi in p nh trn v do ng cn c lin kt vi h
thng chng st im cao nht hoc thp nht kh in p khng. Phn tnh ton trn chng t
rng in p to bi hiu ng lan truyn st ph thuc ch yu vo s lng dy xung v ln in
tr t.
Khi khong cch 2m (bng khong cch ly S) c s dng nh gi in p phng in t Hnh
27, n c ngha l c ly gn nht ca chi tit kim loi kt ni vi ng n cc chi tit kim loi kt ni
vi dy xung l 2m. Nu ng c khong cch ly 2m vi dy xung nh trong trng hp ny nhng
thm vo n c nhnh i gn vi im cao nht ca dy xung trong phm vi 1m, th khong cch
1m phi c kim tra theo Hnh 27 vi in p do st to ra bo m rng c khong cch ly
thch hp.
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

116

PH LC E (tham kho)
S liu v mt st nh ti cc a danh ca Vit Nam

TT Tnh, Thnh ph
Huyn
Mt st nh
(s ln/km
2
/nm)
1 An Giang Tp. Long Xuyn, Tx. Chu c, An Ph ,Chu
Ph,Chu Thnh, Ch Mi, Ph Tn, Tn Chu,
Tnh Bin, Thoi Sn, Tri Tn
13,7
2 B Ra Vng
Tu
Tp. Vng Tu, Tx. B Ra, Chu c,Cn o,
Long im, t , Xuyn Mc
8,2
Tn Thnh, Chu c 10,9
3 Bc Cn Tx. Bc Kn, Bch Thng, Ch n, Ch Mi, Na
R, Ngn Sn, Pc Nm
8,2
Ch n 10,9
4 Bc Giang Tx. Bc Giang, Hip Ho, Lng Giang, Lc Nam,
Lc Ngn, Sn ng, Tn Yn, Vit Yn, Yn
Dng, Yn Th
8,2
5 Bc Ninh Tx. Bc Ninh, Gia Bnh, Lng Ti, Qu V, Yn
Phong
8,2
T Sn, Tin Du, Thun Thnh 10,9
6 Bc Liu Tx Bc Liu 10,9
Gi Rai, ng Hi, Hng Dn, Phc Long, Vnh
Li
13,7
7 Bn Tre Tx. Bn Tre, Chu Thnh, Ch Lch, Ging Trm,
M Cy
13,7
Thnh Ph, Ba Tri, Bnh i 10,9
8 Bnh nh Tp.Quy Nhn, Tuy Phc 5,7
An Lo, An Nhn, Hoi n, Hoi Nhn, Ph Ct,
Ph M, Ty Sn, Vn Canh, Vnh Thnh
8,2
9 Bnh Dng Tx. Th Du Mt, D An, Tn Uyn, Thun An 13,7
Bn Ct, Du Ting, Ph Gio 14,9
10 Bnh Phc Tx. ng Xoi, Bnh Long, Chn Thnh, ng Ph 14,9
B p, B ng, Lc Ninh, Phc Long 13,7
11 Bnh Thun Tp. Phan Thit, Hm Tn, Hm Thun Bc, Hm
Thun Nam, Tnh Linh
8,2
c Linh 10,9
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

117
TT Tnh, Thnh ph
Huyn
Mt st nh
(s ln/km
2
/nm)
Ph Qu 7,0
Bc Bnh 5,7
Tuy Phong 3,4
12 C Mau Tx. C Mau, U Minh, Thi Bnh, Trn Vn Thi, Ci
Nc, m Di, Ph Tn, Nm Cn, Ngc Hin
13,7
13 Cao Bng Tx. Cao Bng, Bo Lc, Bo Lm, H Qung, H
Lang, H An, Nguyn Bnh, Phc Ho, Qung
Uyn, Thch An, Thng Nng, Tr Lnh, Trng
Khnh
9,2
14 Cn Th Q. Bnh Thy, Q. Ci Rng, Q. Ninh Kiu, Q.
Mn, C , Phong in,Tht Nt, Vnh Thnh
13,7
15 Nng Q. Hi Chu, Q. Lin Chiu, Q. Ng Hnh Sn, Q.
Sn Tr, Thanh Kh, Ha Vang
8,2
Hong Sa 7,0
16 c Lk Tp. Bun Ma Thut, Bun n, Ea Sp, C M'Gar,
Ea H'Leo, Krng Buk, Krng Nng
13,7
Krng Pk, Krng Ana, Lk, Krng Bng, Ea Kar 10,9
M'rk 8,2
17 in bin Tp. in Bin Ph, in Bin, in Bin ng 8,2
Tx. Mng Lay, Mng ch, Mng Nh, Ta
Cha, Tun Gio
10,9
18 c Nng k Nng, Krng N 10,9
k Mil, k R' Lp, k Song 13,7
19 ng Nai Tp. Bin Ha, Long Thnh, Nhn Trch, Vnh Cu,
Trng Bom
13,7
Tx. Long Khnh, Tn Ph, nh Qun, Thng Nht 10,9
Xun Lc, Cm M 8,2
20 ng Thp Tx. Cao Lnh, Lp V, Sa c, Tn Hng, Tam
Nng, Thp Mi, Hng Ng, Cao Lnh, Thanh
Bnh, Lai Vung, Chu Thnh
13,7
21 Gia Lai Tx. An Kh, Ch Pah, Ia Grai, Mang Yang, c
oa, c P
8,2
Tp. Pleiku, KBang, Ia Pa, c C, Krng Pa 10,9
Ch Prng, Ch S, A Yun Pa 13,7
22 H Giang Tx H Giang, Bc M, Bc Quang, Mo Vc, Qun 10,9
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

118
TT Tnh, Thnh ph
Huyn
Mt st nh
(s ln/km
2
/nm)
B, V Xuyn,
Hong Su Ph, Quang Bnh, Xn Mn, ng Vn,
Mo Vc, Yn Minh
8,2
23 H Nam Tx. Ph L, Kim Bng, Thanh Lim, Duy Tin 10,9
Bnh Lc, L Nhn 8,2
24 H Ni Q. Ba nh, Q. Cu Giy, Q. ng a, Q. Hai B
Trng, Q. Hong Mai, Q. Hon Kim, Q. Long
Bin, Q. Ty H, Q. Thanh Xun, Gia Lm, Thanh
Tr, T Lim, ng Anh
10,9
Sc Sn 8,2
25 H Ty Tx. H ng, Tx. Sn Ty , Ba V, Chng M,
an Phng, Hoi c, M c, Ph Xuyn, Phc
Th, Quc Oai, Thch Tht, Thanh Oai, Thng
Tn, ng Ha
10,9
Phc Th, an Phng, Thch Tht, Quc Oi,
Hoi c
8,2
26 H Tnh Tx. H Tnh, Cm Xuyn, Can Lc, c Th,
Hng Sn, K Anh, Nghi Xun, Thch H, V
Quang
8,2
Hng Kh 10,9
27 Hu giang Chu Thnh, Phng Hip 10,9
Tx. V Thanh, V Thu, Long M, Chu Thnh A 13,7
28 Hi Dng Tp. Hi Dng, Bnh Giang, Cm Ging, Ch Linh,
Gia Lc, Nam Sch, Ninh Giang, Thanh Min
8,2
Kinh Mn, Kim Thnh, Thanh H, T K 10,9
29 Hi Phng Q. Hng Bng, Q. Kin An, Q. L Chn, Q. Ng
Quyn, An Dng, An Lo, Kin An, Bch Long V,
Thy Nguyn,
10,9
Q. Hi An , Tx. Sn, Tin Lng, Vnh Bo, Kin
Thy, Ct Hi
8,2
30 Ho Bnh Tx Ha Bnh, Bc, Kim Bi, K Sn, Lc Thy,
Lng Sn, Mai Chu
10,9
Cao Phong, Tn Lc, Lc Sn, Yn Thy 13,7
31 Hng Yn Tx. Hng Yn, Ph C , Tin L 8,2
n Thi , Khoi Chu, Kim ng, M Ho, Vn
Giang, Vn Lm, Yn M
10,9
32 Khnh Ho Tp. Nha Trang 3,4
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

119
TT Tnh, Thnh ph
Huyn
Mt st nh
(s ln/km
2
/nm)
Tx. Cam Ranh, Din Khnh, Vn Ninh, Ninh Ha 5,7
Khnh Sn, Khnh Vnh 8,2
Trng Sa 7,0
33 Kin Giang Tx. Rch Gi, Tx. H Tin, An Bin, An Minh, Chu
Thnh, Ging Ring, G Quao, Hn t, Kin Hi,
Kin Lng, Tn Hip, Vnh Thun
13,7
Ph Quc 7,0
34 Kon Tum Tx. Kom Tum, Kon Plng, Kon Ry, k Glei, k
H, Sa Thy
8,2
k T, Ngc Hi 5,7
35 Lm ng Tp. Lt , am Rng, n Dng, c Trng,
Lm H
10,9
Tx. Bo Lc, Bo Lm, Ct Tin, Di Linh 8,2
Huoai, Th 5,7
Lc Dng 13,7
36 Lo Cai Tp Lo Cai, Sa Pa, Bc H, Bt Xt, Mng
Khng, Si Ma Cai
8,2
Bo Thng, Bo Yn, Vn Bn 10,9
37 Lng Sn Tx. Lng Sn, Bc Sn, Bnh Gia, Cao Lc, Chi
Lng, nh Lp, Hu Lng, Lc Bnh, Trng nh,
Vn Lng, Vn Quan
8,2
38 Lai Chu Tx Lai Chu, Tx Lai Chu, Mng T, Phong Th,
Sn H, Tam ng, Than Uyn
8,2
39 Long An Tx. Tn An, Bn Lc, Cn c, Cn Guc, Chu
Thnh, c Ha, Tn Tr, Tn Hng, Tn Thnh,
Th Tha
13,7
c Hu, Mc Ha, Thnh Ha, Vnh Hng 14,9
41 Nam nh Tp. Nam nh, Giao Thy, Hi Hu, M Lc, Nam
Trc, Ngha Hng, Trc Ninh, V Bn, Xun
Trng, Yn
8,2
42 Ngh An Tp. Vinh, Tx. Ca L, Hng Nguyn, Nam n,
Thanh Chng, Lng, Yn Thnh, Qunh
Lu, Din Chu
8,2
Anh Sn, Con Cung, Ngha n, Tn K, Tng
Dng, K Sn, Qu Phong
10,9
Qu Chu, Qu Hp 13,7
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

120
TT Tnh, Thnh ph
Huyn
Mt st nh
(s ln/km
2
/nm)
43 Ninh Bnh Tx. Ninh Bnh Tx. Tam ip, Hoa L, Kim Sn,
Yn Khnh, Yn M
8,2
Gia Vin, Nho Quan 10,9
44 Ninh Thun Tx. Phan Rang, Ninh Phc 1,4
Bc i, Ninh Sn 5,7
Ninh Hi 3,4
45 Ph Th Tp. Vit Tr, Tx. Ph Th, oan Hng, H Ho,
Lm Thao, Ph Ninh, Cm Kh, Tam Nng, Thanh
Ba, Thanh Sn, Thanh Thu, Yn Lp
10,9
46 Ph Yn Tp. Tuy Ha 3,4
ng Xun, Sng Hinh, Sn Ha 8,2
Ph Ha, Sng Cu, Tuy An, Tuy Ha 5,7
47 Qung Bnh Tp. ng Hi, B Trch, L Thy, Minh Ha,
Qung Ninh, Qung Trch
8,2
Tuyn Ha 10,9
48 Qung Nam Tx. Tam K, Tx. Hi An, Bc Tr My, Duy Xuyn,
i Lc, in Bn, Nam Tr My, Ph Ninh, Ni
Thnh, Qu Sn, Thng Bnh, Tin Phc, Hip
c
8,2
ng Giang, Nam Giang, Phc Sn, Ty Giang,
Nam Tr My
10,9
49 Qung Ngi Tx. Qung Ngi, Bnh Sn, c Ph, L Sn, M
c, Ngha Hnh, T Ngha, Sn Tnh
8,2
Ba T, Minh Long, Sn H, Sn Ty, Ty Tr, Tr
Bng
10,9
50 Qung Ninh Tp. H Long, Tx. Ung B, ng Triu, Yu Hng,
Honh B, Bnh Liu
8,2
Tx. Mng Ci, Ba Ch, C T, m H, Hi H,
Honh B, Tin Yn, Vn , Cm Ph
10,9
51 Qung Tr Tx. ng H, Cam L, Cn C, a Krng, Gio
Linh, Hi Lng, Hng Ha, Vnh Linh
8,2
Tx. Qung Tr, a Krng, Hi Lng, Triu Phong 10,9
52 Sn La Tx Sn La, Bc Yn, Mai Sn, Mc Chu , Mng
La, Ph Yn, Qunh Nhai, Sng M, Sp Cp,
Thun Chu, Yn Chu
10,9
53 Sc Trng Tx. Sc Trng, C Lao Dung, K Sch, Long Ph, 10,9
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

121
TT Tnh, Thnh ph
Huyn
Mt st nh
(s ln/km
2
/nm)
M Xuyn, Vnh Chu
M T, Ng Nm, Thnh Tr 13,7
54 Ty Ninh Tx. Ty Ninh, Chu Thnh, Ha Thnh, Tn Bin,
Tn Chu
13,7
G Du, Trng Bng, Bn cu, Dng Minh Chu 14,9
55 Thi Bnh Tp. Thi Bnh, ng Hng, Hng H, Kin Xng,
Qunh Ph, Thi Thy, Tin Hi, V Th
8,2
56 Thi Nguyn Tp. Thi Nguyn, nh Ha, ng H, Ph Yn,
Ph Bnh, Ph Lng,V Nhai, Tx.Sng Cng, i
T
8,2
57 Thanh Ho Tp. Thanh Ha, Tx. Bm Sn, Tx. Sm Sn, ng
Sn, H Trung, Hu Lc, Hong Ha, Nh Thanh,
Nh Xun, Nng Cng, Nga Sn, Thiu Ha, Th
Xun,Qung Xng, Tnh Gia, Triu Sn, Vnh
Lc, Yn nh
8,2
B Thc, Thch Thnh, Cm Thy 13,7
Lang Chnh, Mng Lt, Quan Ha, Quan Sn,
Thng Xun, Ngc Lc, Cm Thy
10,9
58 Tha Thin Hu Tp. Hu, Phong in, Ph Lc, Ph Vang, Qung
in
10,9
A Li, Hng Tr, Hng Thy, Nam ng 13,7
59 Tin Giang Tp. M Tho, Tx. G Cng, Ci B, Cai Ly, Chu
Thnh, Tn Phc, Ch Go, G Cng ng, G
Cng Ty
13,7
60 Tp. H Ch Minh Qun 2,Qun 3, Qun 4, Qun 5, Qun 6, Qun 7,
Qun 8,Qun 9, Qun 10, Qun 11, Q. Tn Ph, Q.
Bnh Tn, Q. Bnh Thnh, Q. G Vp, Q. Ph
Nhun, Q. Tn Bnh, Q. Th c, Bnh Chnh, Nh
B, Hc Mn
13,7
Cn Gi 10,9
C Chi 14,9
61 Tr Vinh Tx. Tr Vinh, Cng Long 13,7
Cu K, Cu Ngang, Chu Thnh, Duyn Hi, Tiu
Cn, Tr C
10,9
62 Tuyn Quang Tx. Tuyn Quang, Chim Ha, Hm Yn, Na Hang,
Sn Dng
10,9
Sn Dng 8,2
TCXDVN 46 : 2007

122
TT Tnh, Thnh ph
Huyn
Mt st nh
(s ln/km
2
/nm)
63 Vnh Long Tx. Vnh Long, Long H, Mang Tht 13,7
Tam Bnh, Tr n, Vng Lim, Bnh Minh 10,9
64 Vnh Phc Tp. Vnh Yn, Tx. Phc Yn, Bnh Xuyn, Lp
Thch, Tam Dng, Vnh Tng, Yn Lc
10,9
Tam o, M Linh 8,2
65 Yn Bi Tp. Yn Bi, Tx. Ngha L, Lc Yn, M Cang
Chi, Trm Tu, Trn Yn, Vn Chn, Vn Yn,
Yn Bnh
10,9
GHI CH:
1. S liu tham kho bng E.1 c tra theo bn Hnh 2 v cc khuyn co 7.2.
2. i vi huyn c ng ng mc ct qua, mt st ly theo gi tr ng ng mc ln cn cao nht m
cc vng trong huyn c th b nh hng.
3. Mt st cc hi o c Vin Vt l a cu khuyn co ly t 2,5 n 7,0 ln/km
2
/nm.

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TCXDVN TIU CHUN XY DNG VIT NAM

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