TCVN 9888-1 2013 - Chong Set

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TIU CHUN QUC GIA
TCVN 9888-1:2013
IEC 62305-1:2010
BO V CHNG ST PHN 1: NGUYN TC CHUNG
Protection against lightning - Part 1: General principles
Li ni u
TCVN 9888-1:2013 hon ton tng ng vi IEC 62305-1:2010;
TCVN 9888-1:2013 do Ban k thut tiu chun quc gia TCVN/TC/E1 My in v kh c in
bin son, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh cng
b.
B tiu chun TCVN 9888 (IEC 62305) Bo v chng st gm cc phn sau:
TCVN 9888-1:2013 (IEC 62305-1:2010), Phn 1: Nguyn tc chung
TCVN 9888-2:2013 (IEC 62305-2:2010), Phn 2: Qun l ri ro
TCVN 9888-3:2013 (IEC 62305-3:2010), Phn 3: Thit hi vt cht n kt cu v nguy him tnh
mng
TCVN 9888-4:2013 (IEC 62305-4:2010), Phn 4: H thng in v in t bn trong cc kt cu
Li gii thiu
Khng c thit b hoc phng php no c kh nng bin i cc hin tng thi tit t nhin
n mc m chng c th ngn chn vic phng st. St nh vo, hoc gn cc kt cu (hoc
cc ng dy c ni ti cc kt cu) gy nguy him cho con ngi, bn thn cc kt cu,
kin trc v cc trang b chng cng nh cho cc ng dy. y l l do ti sao vic p dng
cc bin php chng st l cn thit.
Nhu cu bo v, cc li ch kinh t ca cc bin php bo v ang lp t v vic la chn cc
bin php bo v thch hp phi c xc nh trong mc v qun l ri ro. Qun l ri ro l ch
ca TCVN 9888-2 (IEC 62305-2).
Cc bin php bo v c xem xt trong IEC 62305 c chng minh l c hiu qu trong
gim thiu ri ro.
Tt c cc bin php bo v chng st to thnh bo v chng st tng th. Vi cc l lun thc
tin cc tiu chun thit k, lp t v bo tr ca cc bin php bo v chng st c xem xt
hai nhm ring:
- Nhm u tin lin quan n cc bin php bo v gim thit hi vt cht v nguy him tnh
mng trong mt kt cu c a ra trong TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3);
- Nhm th hai lin quan n cc bin php bo v gim h hng cc h thng in v in
t trong mt kt cu c a ra trong TCVN 9888-4 (IEC 62305-4).
Lin kt gia cc phn ny ca IEC 62305 c minh ha trong Hnh 1.
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Hnh 1 - Lin kt gia cc phn khc nhau ca b tiu chun TCVN 9888 (IEC 62305)
BO V CHNG ST PHN 1: NGUYN TC CHUNG
Protection against lightning - Part 1: General principles
1. Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny a ra cc nguyn tc chung cn tun th bo v chng st cho cc kt cu,
bao gm cc h thng lp t v cc phn bn trong, cng nh con ngi.
Cc trng hp sau y khng thuc phm vi ca tiu chun ny:
- h thng ng st;
- xe c, tu thy, my bay v h thng lp t ngoi khi;
- ng ng p lc cao chn ngm;
- ng dn, ng dy in v ng dy vin thng nm bn ngoi kt cu.
CH THCH: Cc h thng ny thng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca cc qui nh do cc c
quan c thm quyn ban hnh.
2. Ti liu vin dn
Cc ti liu vin dn di y l cn thit p dng tiu chun ny. i vi cc ti liu c ghi
nm cng b, ch p dng cc bn c nu. i vi cc ti liu khng ghi nm cng b, p
dng bn mi nht (k c cc sa i).
TCVN 9888-2:2013 (IEC 62305-2:2010), Bo v chng st - Phn 2: Qun l ri ro
TCVN 9888-3:2013 (IEC 62305-3:2010), Bo v chng st - Phn 3: Thit hi vt cht n kt

Phone : 090 656 1078
cu v nguy him tnh mng
TCVN 9888-4:2013 (IEC 62305-4:2010), Bo v chng st - Phn 4: H thng in v in t
bn trong cc kt cu
3. Thut ng v nh ngha
Tiu chun ny p dng cc thut ng v nh ngha sau y.
3.1. St nh xung t (lightning flash to earth)
Phng in bt ngun t kh quyn gia cc m my v t gm mt hoc nhiu c st.
3.2. St hng xung (downward flash)
St nh bt u t mt tin o hng t m my xung t.
CH THCH: St hng xung gm mt xung u tin v c th c mt chui xung tip theo.
Mt hoc nhiu xung c th theo sau bi c st di.
3.3. St hng ln (upward flash)
St nh bt u t mt tin o hng t mt kt cu ni t ln m my.
CH THCH: St hng ln gm mt c st u tin v c hoc khng c cc xung xp chng.
Mt hoc nhiu xung c th theo sau bi c st di.
3.4. C st (lightning stroke)
Phng in n nm trong chm st nh xung t.
3.5. C st ngn (short stroke)
Phn ca st ng vi mt dng in xung.
CH THCH: Dng in ny c thi gian T2 ti gi tr na nh trn sn sau thng nh hn 2
ms (xem Hnh A.1).
3.6. C st di (long stroke)
Phn ca st ng vi mt dng in lin tc.
CH THCH: Khong thi gian TLONG (thi gian t gi tr 10 % trn sn trc n gi tr 10 %
trn sn sau) ca dng in lin tc ny thng ln hn 2 ms v nh hn 1 s (xem Hnh A.2).
3.7. C st chm (multiple strokes)
St c trung bnh t 3 n 4 c st, m khong thi gian in hnh gia chng thng vo c 50
ms. CH THCH: ghi li cc trng hp c ti mt vi chc c st vi cc khong thi gian
gia chng ko di t 10 ms n 250 ms.
3.8. im st nh (point of strike)
im m mt st nh xung t hoc nh vo kt cu nh ra (v d kt cu, h thng LPS,
ng dy, cy, v.v...).
CH THCH: Mt st c th c nhiu im nh.
3.9. Dng in st (lightning current)
i
Dng in ti im st nh.
3.10. Gi tr nh ca dng in (current peak value)
l
Gi tr ln nht ca ng in st.
3.11. dc trung bnh ca sn trc dng in xung (average steepness of the front of
impulse current)
Tc thay i trung bnh ca dng in trong khong thi gian Dt = t2 t1.
CH THCH: dc c biu din bng chnh lch Di = i(t2)- i(t1) ca cc gi tr dng in ti
thi im bt u v kt thc khong thi gian ny, chia cho khong thi gian Dt = t2 t1 (xem
Hnh A.1).
3.12. Thi gian sn trc ca dng in xung (front time of impulse current)
T1
Tham s thc c nh ngha l 1,25 ln khong thi gian tnh t thi im dng in xung t
n 10 % n thi im dng in xung t n 90 % gi tr nh xung (xem Hnh A.1).
3.13. im gc thc ca dng in xung (virtual origin of impulse current)
O1
Giao im gia trc thi gian v ng thng i qua cc im tng ng vi 10 % v 90 % trn
sn trc ca dng in st (xem Hnh A.1); im ny ng trc im 0,1T 1 l thi im ti
dng in t c 10 % gi tr nh.
3.14. Thi gian ti mt na gi tr trn sn sau ca xung dng in (time to half value on
the tail of impulse current)
T2
Tham s thc c xc nh theo khong thi gian gia im gc thc O1 v thi im ti
dng in gim xung bng mt na gi tr nh trn sn sau (xem Hnh A.1).
3.15. Thi gian tn ti st (flash duration)
T
Thi gian c dng in st ti im st nh.
3.16. Thi gian ca dng in c st di (duration of long stroke current)
TLONG
Khong thi gian gia thi im dng in trong c st di t n 10 % gi tr nh khi tng
dng lin tc v thi im t n 10 % gi tr nh khi gim dng lin tc (xem Hnh A.2).
3.17. in tch st (flash charge)
QFLASH
Tch phn theo thi gian ca dng in st trong ton b thi gian st nh.
3.18. in tch xung st (impulse charge)
QSHORT
Tch phn theo thi gian ca dng in st trong mt xung.
3.19. in tch c st di (long stroke charge)
QLONG
Tch phn theo thi gian ca dng in st trong mt c st di.
3.20. Nng lng ring (specific energy)
W/R
Tch phn theo thi gian ca bnh phng dng in st trong ton b thi gian st nh.
CH THCH: Nng lng ring biu din nng lng tiu tn bi dng in st trong mt n v

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in tr.
3.21. Nng lng ring ca dng in xung (specific energy of impulse current)
Tch phn theo thi gian ca bnh phng dng in st trong rng xung st.
CH THCH: Nng lng ring ca mt dng in c st di l khng ng k.
3.22. Kt cu cn bo v (structure to be protected)
Kt cu c yu cu bo v chng li cc nh hng ca st ph hp vi tiu chun ny.
CH THCH: Kt cu cn bo v c th l mt phn ca kt cu ln hn.
3.23. ng dy (line)
ng dy ti in hoc ng dy vin thng ni ti kt cu cn bo v.
3.24. ng dy vin thng (telecommunication lines)
Cc dy c dng cho vic truyn thng gia thit b c th c t trong cc kt cu ring
bit v d nh ng dy in thoi v ng dy d liu.
3.25. ng dy in (power lines)
ng dy phn phi a nng lng in vo mt kt cu cp ngun cho thit b in v
in t t trong , v d nh cc li in h p (LV) hoc cao p (HV)
3.26. St nh vo kt cu (lightning flash to a structure)
St nh vo kt cu cn bo v.
3.27. St nh gn kt cu (lightning flash near a structure)
St nh gn kt cu cn bo v c th gy qu in p nguy him.
3.28. H thng in (electrical system)
H thng c cc thnh phn cp in h p.
3.29. H thng in t (electronic system)
H thng c cc thnh phn in t nhy nh thit b vin thng, my vi tnh, h thng o lng
v iu khin, h thng v tuyn in, h thng in t cng sut.
3.30. H thng bn trong (internal systems)
H thng in v in t nm bn trong kt cu.
3.31. Thit hi vt cht (physical damage)
Thit hi ti mt kt cu (hay cc phn bn trong) do cc hiu ng v c, nhit, ha hoc n t
st.
3.32. Tn thng sinh vt (injury to living beings)
Cc tn thng vnh vin k c tn tht sinh mng v ngi hoc ng vt khi b in git do
in p tip xc v in p bc gy ra bi st.
CH THCH: Mc d sinh vt c th b thng theo cc cch khc nhau, trong tiu chun ny
thut ng tn thng sinh vt" c gii hn cc mi e da do in git (kiu thit hi D1).
3.33. Hng h thng in v in t (failure of electrical and electronic systems)
Thit hi vnh vin ca cc h thng in v in t do xung st in t (LEMP).
3.34. Xung st in t (lightning electromagnetic impulse)
LEMP
Tt c cc hiu ng in t ca dng in st t s ghp ni kiu in tr, in cm v in
dung sinh ra cc t bin v trng in t bc x.

3.35. t bin (surge)
Qu gy ra bi LEMP xut hin nh mt qu in p v/hoc qu dng in.
3.36. Vng bo v chng st (lightning protection zone)
LPZ
Vng m trong mi trng st in t c xc nh.
CH THCH: Ranh gii ca vng bo v chng st khng nht thit l ranh gii vt l (v d nh
tng, sn v trn).
3.37. Ri ro (risk)
R
Gi tr tn tht trung bnh hng nm c th xy ra (v ngi v hng ha) do st, lin quan n
tng gi tr (v ngi v hng ha) ca kt cu cn bo v.
3.38. Ri ro cho php (tolerable risk)
RT
Gi tr ri ro ti a c th chp nhn c i vi kt cu cn bo v.
3.39. Mc bo v chng st (lightning protection level)
LPL
Ch s lin quan n mt tp hp cc gi tr tham s dng in st ng vi xc sut cc gi
tr ti a v ti thiu kt hp theo thit k s khng b vt qu khi st xut hin t nhin.
CH THCH: Mc bo v chng st c s dng thit k cc bin php bo v theo tp hp
tng ng ca cc tham s dng in st.
3.40. Bin php bo v (protection measures)
Bin php cn c p dng trong kt cu cn bo v nhm gim ri ro.
3.41. Bo v chng st (lightning protection)
LP
H thng bo v chng st hon chnh cho cc kt cu, bao gm h thng lp t v cc phn
bn trong, cng nh con ngi, ni chung gm mt LPS v SPM.
3.42. H thng bo v chng st (lightning protection system)
LPS
H thng hon chnh c s dng gim thit hi vt cht do st nh vo kt cu.
CH THCH: H thng bo v chng st bao gm h thng bo v chng st bn trong v bn
ngoi.
3.43. H thng bo v chng st bn ngoi (external lightning protection system)
Phn ca h thng bo v chng st gm h thng u thu st, h thng dn st v h thng
u tip t.
3.44. H thng bo v chng st bn trong (internal lightning protection system)
Phn ca h thng bo v chng st gm lin kt ng th chng st v/hoc cch in ca h
thng bo v chng st bn ngoi.
3.45. H thng u thu st (air-termination system)
B phn ca h thng bo v chng st bn ngoi s dng cc phn t kim loi nh cc thanh

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kim loi, li kim loi hoc dy chng st thu st.
3.46. H thng dn st (down-conductor system)
B phn ca h thng bo v chng st bn ngoi dng dn dng in st t h thng u
thu st xung h thng u tip t.
3.47. H thng u tip t (earth-termination system)
B phn ca h thng bo v chng st bn ngoi dng dn v phn tn dng in st vo
t.
3.48. Phn dn in bn ngoi (external conductive parts)
Cc phn kim loi ko di i vo hoc i ra khi kt cu cn bo v v d nh h thng ng
ng, phn t cp bng kim loi, ng kim loi, v.v... c th mang mt phn dng in st.
3.49. Lin kt ng th chng st (lightning equipotential bonding)
EB
Lin kt n LPS ca cc b phn kim loi ring r bng cch ghp ni dn in trc tip hoc
thng qua cc thit b bo v t bin, gim chnh lch in th do dng in st.
3.50. Tr khng t quy c (conventional earthing impedance)
T s gia gi tr nh ca in p u tip t v dng in u tip t, thng thng chng
khng xut hin ng thi.
3.51. Bin php bo v chng xung st in t (LEMP protection measures)
SPM
Cc bin php thc hin bo v cc h thng bn trong chng li cc nh hng ca LEMP.
CH THCH: H thng bo v chng xung st in t l mt phn ca bo v chng st ton
phn.
3.52. Mn chn t (magnetic shield)
Mn khp kn, bng kim loi, dng li hoc dng tm bao ph kt cu cn bo v, hoc mt
phn ca kt cu, c s dng gim cc hng hc ca h thng in v in t.
3.53. Thit b bo v chng t bin (surge protective device)
SPD
Thit b c dng hn ch cc qu in p qu v thot dng t bin; cha ti thiu mt
phn t phi tuyn.
3.54. H thng SPD phi hp (coordinated SPD system)
Cc SPD c la chn, phi hp v lp t thch hp to thnh mt h thng nhm gim hng
hc ca h thng in v in t.
3.55. in p chu xung danh nh (rated impulse withstand voltage)
Uw
in p chu xung do nh ch to n nh cho thit b hoc mt phn ca thit b, c trng cho
kh nng chu ng quy nh chng qu in p ca cch in.
CH THCH: Tiu chun ny ch xt n in p chu ng gia vt dn mang in v t.
[IEC 60664-1:2007, nh ngha 3.9.2][1]1
Con s trong ngoc vung th hin th mc ti liu tham kho
3.56. Giao din cch ly (isolating interfaces)

Thit b c kh nng lm gim t bin dn trn cc ng y i vo LPZ.
CH THCH 1: Giao din cch ly bao gm c my bin p cch ly c mn chn ni t gia cc
cun dy, cp si quang phi kim loi v b cch ly quang.
CH THCH 2: Cc c tnh chu ng ca cch in trong thit b c th ph hp cho ng dng
ny do t n hoc thng qua SPD.
4. Tham s dng in st
Cc tham s dng in st c s dng trong b tiu chun TCVN 9888 (IEC 62305) c nu
trong Ph lc A.
Hm s thi gian dng in st c s dng cho cc mc ch phn tch c nu trong Ph
lc B.
Thng tin m phng dng in st cho cc mc ch th nghim c nu trong Ph lc C.
Cc tham s c bn c s dng trong cc phng th nghim m phng cc nh hng ca
st ln cc thnh phn ca LPS c nu trong Ph lc D.
Thng tin v cc t bin do st ti cc im lp t khc nhau c nu trong Ph lc E.
5. Thit hi do st
5.1. Thit hi ti kt cu
St nh hng n kt cu c th gy thit hi cho chnh kt cu, ngi c ng v cc phn bn
trong ca kt cu, k c hng h thng bn trong. Cc thit hi v hng hc cng c th lan rng
n cc vng xung quanh kt cu v thm ch lin quan n mi trng cc b. Quy m lan rng
ny ph thuc vo cc c trng ca kt cu v cc c tnh ca st.
5.1.1. nh hng ca st ln kt cu
Cc c trng chnh ca kt cu lin quan n nh hng ca st bao gm:
- kiu kt cu (v d nh kt cu g, kt cu gch, kt cu b tng, kt cu b tng ct thp, kt
cu khung thp);
- chc nng (nh , vn phng, trang tri, nh ht, khch sn, trng hc, bnh vin, bo tng,
nh th, nh t, ca hng bch ha, ngn hng, nh my, khu cng nghip, khu th thao);
- c dn v cc phn bn trong (con ngi v ng vt, c cc vt liu d chy hoc khng
chy, vt liu n hoc khng n, h thng in v in t c in p chu ng thp hoc cao);
- ng dy c ni vo (ng dy ti in, ng dy vin thng, ng ng);
- bin php bo v c trang b hoc sn c (bin php bo v gim thit hi vt cht v
nguy him n sinh mng, bin php bo v gim hng hc cc h thng bn trong);
- quy m lan rng nguy him (kt cu c kh khn trong vic s tn hoc kt cu trong c th
xy ra hong lon, kt cu nguy him cho cc vng xung quanh, kt cu nguy him cho mi
trng).
Bng 1 ghi li cc nh hng ca st ln cc loi kt cu khc nhau.
Bng 1 - nh hng ca st ln cc kt cu in hnh
Loi kt cu theo chc nng
v/hoc theo cc phn bn
trong
Cc nh hng ca st
nh thng cch in cc trang b in, chy v thit hi vt liu

Nh
Thit hi thng ch gii hn cc kt cu tip xc vi im st

nh hoc vi ng dn dng in st

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Hng hc cc thit b v h thng in v in t c lp t
(v d nh TV, my tnh, modem, in thoi, v.v...)
Ri ro s cp l chy v in p bc nguy him cng nh thit
hi vt cht.
Ta nh trong trang tri
Nh ht
Khch sn
Trng hc Ca hng
Khu th thao
Ri ro th cp do mt in, v nguy him n s sng ca gia

sc do hng iu khin in t cho cc h thng thng gi v
thc phm, v.v...
Thit hi cho cc cng trnh in (v d in chiu sng) nhiu
kh nng xy ra hong lon
Hng h thng bo chy dn n chm tr cc bin php cha
chy
Ngn hng
Cng ty bo him
Nh trn, cng thm cc vn do mt thng tin lin lc, hng

my tnh v tn tht d liu
Cng ty thng mi, v.v...

Bnh vin
Vin dng lo
Nh t
Cng nghip
Bo tng v cc v tr kho c
Nh th
Vin thng
Nh my in
Nh my sn xut pho hoa
Xng n dc
Nh trn, cng thm cc vn v con ngi trong khu chm

sc chuyn su, v nhng kh khn ca vic gii cu ngi bt
ng
Cc nh hng b sung ty thuc vo cc phn bn trong ca
cc nh my, phm vi thit hi t nh n mc khng th chp
nhn v ngng sn xut
Tn tht di sn vn ha khng th thay th
Tn tht khng th chp nhn ca cc dch v cho cng cng
Hu qu chy, n i vi nh my v mi trng xung quanh n
Nh my ha cht
Nh my lc du
Nh my ht nhn
Chy v hot ng sai ca cc nh my c nhng hu qu c

hi cho mi trng a phng v ton cu
Cc phng th nghim v nh
my sinh ha
5.1.2. Ngun v cc kiu thit hi cho mt kt cu
Dng in st l ngun gy thit hi. Phi tnh n cc trng hp di y, ty thuc vo v tr
ca im st nh lin quan n kt cu c xt:
a) S1: st nh vo kt cu;
b) S2: st nh gn kt cu;
c) S3: st nh vo ng dy ni vi kt cu;
d) S4: st nh gn ng dy ni vi kt cu
a) St nh vo kt cu c th gy ra:
- thit hi tc thi v c, chy v/hoc n do bn thn h quang plasma nng t st, do dng
in dn n t nng dy dn (dy dn qu nng), hoc do tch in dn n n mn h quang
(kim loi nng chy);
- chy v/hoc n c kch hot bng tia la in do qu in p gy ra bi ghp ni kiu in
tr v in cm v dn mt phn dng in st chy qua;
- tn thng sinh vt v in git do in p bc v in p tip xc sinh ra bi ghp ni kiu
in tr v in cm;
- hng hoc hot ng sai ca h thng bn trong do LEMP.
b) St nh gn kt cu c th gy ra:
- Hng hay hot ng sai h thng bn trong do LEMP.
c) St nh vo cc ng dy ni ti kt cu c th gy ra:
- chy v/hoc n c kch hot bi cc tia la do qu in p v c dng in st truyn qua
ng dy ni;
- tn thng sinh vt v in git do in p tip xc bn trong kt cu khi dng in st truyn
qua ng dy ni;
- hng hoc hot ng sai h thng bn trong do qu in p xut hin trn cc ng dy ni
v truyn ti kt cu.
d) St nh gn ng dy ni ti kt cu c th gy ra:
- Hng hoc hot ng sai h thng bn trong do qu in p cm ng trn cc ng dy ni
v truyn ti kt cu.
CH THCH 1: Hot ng sai h thng bn trong khng c cp trong b tiu chun TCVN
9888 (IEC 62305). Cn tham kho IEC 61000-4-5 [2].
CH THCH 2: Ch cc tia la mang dng in st (ton b hoc mt phn) c coi l c th
kch hot chy.
CH THCH 3: St nh trc tip vo hoc gn ng ng i vo khng gy thit hi cho kt
cu, vi iu kin l chng c ni lin kt vi thanh ng th ca kt cu (xem TCVN 9888-3
(IEC 62305-3)).
Tm li, st c th gy ra ba kiu thit hi c bn:
- D1: tn thng sinh vt o in git;
- D2: thit hi vt cht (chy, n, ph hy c kh, tht thot ha cht) do nh hng ca dng
in st k c vic nh la;
- D3: hng hc cc h thng bn trong do LEMP.
5.2. Kiu tn tht
Mi kiu thit hi lin quan n kt cu cn bo v, ring l hoc kt hp vi nhng loi khc, c
th dn n hu qu tn tht khc nhau. Ph thuc vo cc c trng ca chnh kt cu c th
c cc kiu tn tht.
Trong b tiu chun IEC 62305, cc kiu tn tht sau y c xem xt, c th xut hin nh
hu qu ca thit hi lin quan n kt cu:
- L1: tn tht v s sng ca con ngi (bao gm tn thng vnh vin);
- L2: tn tht v dch v cng cng;
- L3: tn tht v di sn vn ha;
- L4: tn tht v gi tr kinh t (kt cu, cc phn bn trong kt cu, v tn tht v hot ng).

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CH THCH: Trong tiu chun ny ch cc tin ch nh ngun kh t, ngun nc, truyn hnh,
vin thng v ngun in c coi l dch v cng cng.
Tn tht kiu L1, L2 v L3 c th c coi l tn tht v cc gi tr x hi, trong khi kiu tn tht
L4 c th c coi hon ton l tn tht kinh t.
Mi quan h gia ngun gy thit hi, kiu thit hi v kiu tn tht c nu trong Bng 2.
Bng 2 - Thit hi v tn tht lin quan n kt cu theo cc im st nh khc nhau
im st nh
Ngun gy
thit hi
Vo kt cu
S1
Kiu thit hi
Kiu tn tht
D1
L1, L4
D2
L1, L2, L3, L4
D3
L1 , L2, L4
D3
L1b , L2, L4
Gn kt cu
S2
Vo ng dy ni
ti kt cu
D1
S3
D2
D3
Gn ng dy ni
ti kt cu
S4
D3
L1, L4a
L1, L2, L3, L4
L1b, L2, L4
L1b , L2, L4
Ch i vi cc ti sn ni m ng vt c th b mt.
Ch i vi cc kt cu c ri ro n v i vi cc bnh vin hoc cc kt cu khc m vic

hng h thng bn trong gy nguy him ngay ti s sng ca con ngi.
Cc kiu tn tht gy ra do cc kiu thit hi v cc ri ro tng ng c ghi li trong Hnh 2.
1)
Ch vi cc bnh vin hoc cc kt cu khc m cc h hng h thng bn trong gy nguy

him ngay ti cuc sng con ngi.
2)
Ch vi cc ti sn ni m ng vt c th b mt.
Hnh 2 - Cc kiu tn tht v ri ro tng ng gy ra do cc kiu thit hi khc nhau
6. Nhu cu v lun chng kinh t i vi bo v chng st

6.1. Nhu cu bo v chng st
Phi nh gi nhu cu bo v chng st ca kt cu cn bo v nhm gim tn tht v cc gi tr
x hi L1, L2 v L3.
nh gi xem c cn bo v chng st cho kt cu hay khng, thc hin nh gi ri ro theo
cc qui trnh c trong TCVN 9888-2 (IEC 62305-2). Phi tnh n cc ri ro sau y, ng vi cc
kiu tn tht nu trong 5.2:
- R1: ri ro tn tht hoc tn thng vnh vin cuc sng ca con ngi;
- R2: ri ro tn tht cc dch v cng cng;
- R3: ri ro tn tht di sn vn ha.
CH THCH 1: Ri ro R4 ri ro tn tht cc gi tr kinh t, cn c nh gi bt c khi no thc
hin lun chng kinh t i vi bo v chng st (xem 6.2).
Bo v chng st l cn thit nu cc ri ro R (t R1 n R3) cao hn mc cho php RT
R > RT
Trong trng hp ny, cc bin php bo v c p dng gim thiu ri ro R (t R1 n R3)
mc cho php RT
R RT
Nu c th xut hin nhiu kiu tn tht, cc iu kin R RT c p ng i vi mi kiu tn
tht (L1, L2 v L3).
nhng ni st c th dn n tn tht cc hng mc c gi tr x hi, th cc gi tr ri ro cho
php RT cn c s tham gia ca cc c quan chc nng nh nc c thm quyn.
CH THCH 2: Mt c quan c thm quyn c th quy nh s cn thit phi bo v chng st
cho cc ng dng c th m khng cn phi nh gi ri ro. Trong nhng trng hp ny, mc
chng st cn thit s c quy nh bi c quan c thm quyn. Trong mt s trng hp,
nh gi ri ro c th c thc hin nh mt k thut m theo gii thch cho vic min cc
yu cu ny.
CH THCH 3: Thng tin chi tit v nh gi ri ro v quy trnh la chn cc bin php bo v
c nu trong TCVN 9888-2 (IEC 62305-2).
6.2. Lun chng kinh t i vi bo v chng st
Bn cnh nhu cu bo v chng st cho kt cu cn bo v, c th cn nh gi li ch kinh t
ca vic trang b cc bin php bo v nhm gim tn tht kinh t L4.
Trong trng hp ny, ri ro R4 v tn tht cc gi tr kinh t cn c nh gi. nh gi ri ro
R4 cho php nh gi cc chi ph v tn tht kinh t khi c v khng c cc bin php bo v.
Chng st c hiu qu v chi ph nu tng chi ph v tn tht tn d CRL khi c cc bin php
bo v v chi ph ca cc bin php bo v CPM thp hn so vi chi ph v tng tn tht CL khi
khng c bin php bo v:
CRL + CPM < CL
CH THCH: Thng tin chi tit v lun chng kinh t bo v chng st c nu trong TCVN
9888-2 (IEC 62305-2).

Phone : 090 656 1078
7. Bin php bo v
7.1 Qui nh chung
Cc bin php bo v c th c p dng nhm gim ri ro theo tng kiu thit hi.
7.2. Bin php bo v gim tn thng sinh vt do in git
Cc bin php bo v c th bao gm:
- cch ly thch hp cho cc b phn dn in h;
- ng th bng mt h thng tip t dng mt li;
- hn ch vt l v thng bo cnh co;
- lin kt ng th chng st (EB).
CH THCH 1: ng th v vic tng in tr tip xc ca b mt t bn trong v bn ngoi kt
cu c th gim nguy him n s sng (xem iu 8 ca TCVN 9888-3:2013 (IEC 62305
3:2010)).
CH THCH 2: Cc bin php bo v ch c hiu qu trong cc kt cu c bo v bng LPS.
CH THCH 3: Vic s dng my pht hin bo v thc hin cc d phng lin quan c th
gim nguy him n s sng.
7.3. Bin php bo v gim thit hi vt cht
Bo v c thc hin bi h thng bo v chng st (LPS) c cc thnh phn sau:
- h thng u thu st;
- h thng dn st;
- h thng u tip t;
- lin kt ng th chng st (EB);
- cch in (v do c khong cch ly) vi LPS bn ngoi.
CH THCH 1: Khi mt h thng LPS c lp t, ng th l mt bin php rt quan trng
gim nguy him n s sng v nguy him chy v n. bit thm chi tit, xem TCVN 9888-3
(IEC 62305-3).
CH THCH 2: Cc d phng hn ch s pht trin v lan truyn chy nh cc trang b khoang
chng chy, bnh cha chy, vi nc, bo chy v cha chy c th lm gim thit hi vt cht.
CH THCH 3: Cc li thot him c bo v cung cp bo v cho nhn vin.
7.4. Bin php bo v gim vic hng h thng in v in t
Cc bin php bo v (SPM) c th c bao gm:
bin php ni t v lin kt,
mn chn t,
nh tuyn ng dy,
giao din cch ly,
h thng SPD phi hp.
Cc bin php ny c th c s dng ring l hoc kt hp.
CH THCH 1: Khi xem xt ngun gy thit hi S1, cc bin php bo v ch c hiu qu trong
cu trc c bo v bng LPS.
CH THCH 2: Vic s dng my pht hin bo v thc hin cc d phng lin quan c th lm
gim vic hng h thng in v in t.

7.5. La chn cc bin php bo v
Cc bin php bo v c lit k trong 7.2, 7.3 v 7.4 cng to thnh bo v chng st tng
th.
Nh thit k cc bin php bo v v ch s hu kt cu cn bo v thc hin la chn cc bin
php bo v thch hp nht theo cc loi v s lng ca tng kiu thit hi, cc kha cnh k
thut v kinh t ca cc bin php bo v khc nhau v cc kt qu nh gi ri ro.
Cc tiu ch nh gi ri ro v la chn cc bin php bo v thch hp nht c a ra
trong TCVN 9888-2 (IEC 62305-2).
Cc bin php bo v c trang b c hiu qu khi chng tun th cc yu cu ca tiu chun
lin quan v c th chu c ng sut d kin c nhng ni lp t chng.
8. Tiu ch c bn bo v cc kt cu
8.1. Qui nh chung
Mt bo v l tng cho cc kt cu l bc kt cu cn bo v trong mt v bo v lin dy
dn in l tng v c ni t, v cung cp ni lin kt thch hp, cho cc ng dy c
ni ti kt cu ti im u vo bn trong v bo v.
iu ny s ngn chn s xm nhp ca dng in st v trng in t lin quan vo trong kt
cu cn bo v v ngn chn cc nguy him ca hiu ng nhit v in ng ca dng in,
cng nh nguy him nh la v qu in p cho cc h thng bn trong.
Trong thc t, thng l khng th v cng khng hiu qu chi ph tin hnh bin php nh
vy nhm trang b bo v y nh vy.
V bo v thiu lin tc v/hoc khng dy s lm cho dng in st xm nhp vo v bo v
gy ra:
- thit hi vt cht v nguy him n s sng;
- hng h thng bn trong.
p dng gim cc thit hi nh vy v hu qu tn tht lin quan, cc bin php bo v c
thit k xc nh b cc tham s dng in st i vi mi bo v c yu cu (mc bo v
chng st).
8.2. Mc bo v chng st (LPL)
Tiu chun ny a ra bn mc bo v chng st (t I n IV). i vi mi mc LPL, c nh
mt b cc tham s dng in st ti a v ti thiu.
CH THCH 1: Bo v chng st c cc tham s dng in st ti a v ti thiu vt qu cc
tham s lin quan n mc LPL I cn cc bin php hiu qu hn cn c chn v xy dng
trn c s ring.
CH THCH 2: Xc sut xut hin st c cc tham s dng ti thiu hoc ti a vt ra ngoi
phm vi ca cc gi tr c nh ngha cho mc LPL I nh hn 2%.
Cc gi tr ti a ca cc tham s dng in st lin quan n mc LPL I khng c b vt
qu, vi xc sut 99 %. Theo t s phn cc c gi nh (xem iu A.2), cc gi tr ly t cc
st mang in dng s c xc sut di 10 %, trong khi cc gi tr t cc st mang in m s
vn di 1 % (xem iu A.3).
Gi tr ti a ca cc tham s dng in st lin quan n mc LPL I gim xung ti 75 % i vi
mc LPL II v 50 % i vi mc LPL III v IV (tuyn tnh i vi I, Q v di/dt, nhng bnh
phng i vi W/R). Cc tham s thi gian khng thay i.
CH THCH 3: Cc mc bo v chng st c cc tham s dng in st ti a thp hn so vi
cc tham s lin quan n mc LPL IV cho php xem xt cc gi tr xc sut thit hi cao hn so

Phone : 090 656 1078
cc gi tr trnh by trong Ph lc B ca TCVN 9888-2:2013 (IEC 62305-2:2010), nhng khng
c nh lng v hu ch iu chnh tt hn cc bin php bo v nhm trnh cc chi ph
v l.
Gi tr ti a ca cc tham s dng in st i vi cc mc bo v chng st khc nhau c
a ra trong Bng 3 v c s dng thit k cc thnh phn chng st (v d nh tit din
ca dy dn, dy ca tm kim loi, kh nng hin ti ca cc thit b SPD, khong cch tch
bit chng nh la nguy him) v xc nh cc tham s th nghim m phng nhng nh
hng ca st trn thnh phn nh vy (xem Ph lc D).
Cc gi tr ti thiu ca bin dng in st i vi mc bo v LPL khc c s dng suy
ra bn knh qu cu ln (xem iu A.4) nhm xc nh vng bo v chng st LPZ 0B m st
khng th nh trc tip vo c (xem 8.3 v Hnh 3 v Hnh 4). Cc gi tr ti thiu ca cc
tham s dng in st cng vi bn knh qu cu ln lin quan c a ra trong Bng 4.
Chng c s dng cho vic nh v h thng thu st v xc nh vng bo v chng st
LPZ 0B (xem 8.3).
Bng 3 - Cc gi tr ti a ca tham s st theo mc bo v LPL
Xung dng u tin
Cc tham s dng in
LPL
K hiu
n v
II
Dng in nh
kA
200
150
100
in tch xung
QSHORT
100
75
50
Nng lng ring
W/R
MJ/W
10
5,6
2,5
Cc tham s thi gian
T1/T2
ms/ms
IV
10/350
Xung m u tin
Cc tham s dng in
III
LPL
K hiu
n v
II
III
kA
100
75
50
dc trung bnh
di/dt
kA/mS
100
75
50
Cc tham s thi gian
T1/T2
ms/ms
Dng in nh
1/200
Xung tip theo

Cc tham s dng in
LPL
K hiu
n v
II
kA
50
37,5
25
dc trung bnh
di/dt
kA/ms
200
150
100
Cc tham s thi gian
T1/T2
ms/ms
Dng in nh
III
0,25/100
C st di
Cc tham s dng in
LPL
K hiu
n v
II
in tch c st di
QLONG
200
150
Tham s thi gian
TLONG
in tch st
III
IV
100
0,5
St
Cc tham s dng in
IV
LPL
K hiu
n v
II
QFLASH
300
225
III
IV
150
Vic s dng hnh dng dng in ny ch lin quan n cc tnh ton m khng phi th
nghim.
a
Bng 4 - Cc gi tr ti thiu ca tham s st v bn knh qu cu ln ng vi mc bo v

LPL
Tiu ch chn
Cc tham s dng
in
LPL
K hiu
n v
II
III
IV
Dng in nh ti a
kA
10
16
Bn knh qu cu ln
20
30
45
60
T cc phn b thng k cho trong Hnh A.5, xc sut c trng s c th c xc nh cc

tham s dng in st nh hn gi tr ti a v ln hn gi tr ti thiu c xc nh cho mi
mc bo v (xem Bng 5).
Bng 5 - Xc sut cho cc gii hn ca cc tham s dng in st
Xc sut cc tham s dng in st
LPL
I
II
III
IV
- nh hn cc gi tr ti a xc nh trong Bng 3
0,99
0,98
0,95
0,95
- ln hn cc gi tr ti thiu xc nh trong Bng

4
0,99
0,97
0,91
0,84
Cc bin php bo v quy nh trong TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3) v TCVN 9888-4 (IEC 623054) c hiu qu chng st khi cc tham s dng in trong phm vi c quy nh bi mc bo v
LPL c gi nh cho thit k. Do hiu qu ca mt bin php bo v c gi thit bng
xc sut m c cc tham s dng in st nm trong phm vi . i vi cc tham s vt ngoi
phm vi ny, th vn cn ri ro tn d ca thit hi.
8.3. Vng bo v chng st (LPZ)
Cc bin php bo v nh LPS, i dy chng nhiu, mn chn t v SPD s xc nh cc vng
bo v chng st (LPZ).
Vng bo v chng st (LPZ) v pha sau ca cc bin php bo v c trng bng s gim
ng k xung st in t (LEMP) so vi vng bo v chng st (LPZ) v pha trc .
Vi cc e da ca st, cc vng bo v chng st LPZ sau y c xc nh (xem Hnh 3 v
Hnh 4):
LPZ 0A vng m e da c st nh trc tip v trng in t st ton phn. Cc h thng bn
trong c th phi chu ton b hoc mt phn dng t bin st;
LPZ 0B vng c bo v chng st nh trc tip nhng ti c e da trng in t st
ton phn. Cc h thng bn trong c th phi chu mt phn dng t bin st;
LPZ 1 vng m dng t bin b hn ch bng cch chia dng v bng cc giao din cch ly
v/hoc bng thit b SPD ng bin. Mn chn khng gian c th gim trng in t st;
LPZ 2,.... n vng m dng t bin c th c tip tc hn ch bng cch chia dng v bng
cc giao din cch ly v/hoc cc thit b SPD b sung cho ng bin. Mn chn khng gian b
sung c th c s dng tip tc gim trng in t do st.
CH THCH 1: Ni chung, ch s ca vng ring cng cao th cc tham s trng in t mi
trng cng thp.
Theo nguyn tc bo v chung, kt cu cn bo v phi nm trong mt vng LPZ c cc c
trng in t ph hp vi kh nng ca kt cu chu c p lc gy thit hi gim i (thit
hi vt cht, hng hc h thng in v in t do qu in p).
CH THCH 2: i vi hu ht cc h thng v thit b in v in t, thng tin v mc chu
c c th c cung cp bi nh ch to.

Phone : 090 656 1078
CH DN
1 kt cu
S1
st nh vo kt cu
2 h thng u thu st
S2
st nh gn kt cu
3 h thng dn st
S3
st nh vo ng dy c ni ti kt cu
4 h thng u tip t
S4
st nh gn ng dy c ni ti kt cu
5 cc ng dy vo
bn knh qu cu ln
khong cch ly chng tia la in nguy him
cao mt t
lin kt ng th chng st bng thit b SPD
LPZ 0A
nh trc tip, dng in st ton phn
LPZ 0B
nh gin tip, dng cm ng hoc dng in st ring phn
LPZ 1
nh gin tip, dng cm ng hoc dng in st c gii hn
th tch c bo v bn trong LPZ 1 phi c khong cch ly s thch hp.

Hnh 3 - Vng LPZ c xc nh bng LPS (TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3))
1 kt cu (v bc ca LPZ 1)
S1
st nh vo kt cu
2 h thng u thu st
S2
st nh gn kt cu
3 h thng dn st
S3
st nh vo ng dy c ni ti kt cu
4 h thng u tip t
S4
st nh gn ng dy c ni ti kt cu
5 phng (v bc ca LPZ 2)
bn knh qu cu ln
6 cc ng dy c ni ti kt cu ds
khong an ton ngn t trng c ln qu cao
cao mt t
lin kt ng th chng st bng
SPD
LPZ 0A
nh trc tip, dng in st ton phn, t trng ton phn
LPZ 0B
nh gin tip, dng cm ng hoc dng in st ring phn, t trng ton phn
LPZ 1
nh gin tip, dng cm ng hoc dng in st c gii hn, t trng tt dn
LPZ 2
nh gin tip, dng cm ng, t trng tt dn thm
cc th tch c bo v bn trong vng LPZ 1 v LPZ 2 c khong an ton ds thch hp.

Hnh 4 - Vng LPZ c xc nh bng SPM (TCVN 9888-4 (IEC 62305-4))
8.4. Bo v cc kt cu
8.4.1. Bo v gim thit hi vt cht v nguy him s sng
Kt cu cn bo v phi nm trong mt vng LPZ 0B hoc cao hn. iu ny t c bng cc
phng tin ca mt h thng bo v chng st (LPS).
Mt h thng LPS bao gm c h thng bo v chng st bn ngoi v bn trong.
Cc chc nng ca h thng LPS bn ngoi l

Phone : 090 656 1078
- chn st nh vo kt cu (c h thng u thu st),
- dn an ton dng in st xung t (c h thng dn st),
- phn tn dng in st vo t (c h thng u tip t).
Chc nng ca h thng LPS bn trong l ngn chn cc nguy him nh la trong kt cu, s
dng lin kt ng th hoc mt khong cch ly s, (v do l cch in) gia cc thnh phn
h thng LPS v cc phn t dn in khc bn trong ti kt cu.
Bn mc ca h thng LPS (I, II , III v IV) c nh ngha nh mt b cc quy tc xy dng,
da trn mc LPL tng ng. Mi b gm cc quy tc xy dng ph thuc vo mc (nh bn
knh qu cu ln, rng mt li, v.v...) v quy tc xy dng khng ph thuc vo mc (nh
cc tit din, vt liu, v.v...).
Trong trng hp in tr sut b mt ca t bn ngoi v ca sn bn trong kt cu c
gi mc thp, nguy him s sng do in p tip xc v in p bc c gim:
- bn ngoi kt cu, bng vic cch in cc b phn dn in h, bng ng th t, bng
mt h thng tip t mt li, bng cc thng bo cnh bo v bng cc hn ch vt l;
- bn trong kt cu, bng cch lin kt ng th cc ng dy ti im i vo kt cu.
Cc h thng LPS phi ph hp vi cc yu cu ca TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3).
8.4.2. Bo v gim h hng h thng bn trong
Bo v chng xung st in t LEMP gim ri ro h hng h thng bn trong s gii hn:
- t bin do st nh vo kt cu gy ra do ghp ni kiu in tr v in cm,
- t bin do st nh gn kt cu gy ra do ghp ni kiu in cm,
- t bin c truyn qua cc ng dy ni ti kt cu gy ra do st nh vo hoc nh gn
cc ng dy,
- t trng cm ng trc tip vi thit b.
CH THCH: Hng do trng in t bc x trc tip vo thit b c b qua vi iu kin my
mc ph hp vi cc th nghim min tr v pht bc x tn s v tuyn in (RF) c xc
nh theo cc tiu chun sn phm EMC lin quan (xem TCVN 9888-2 (IEC 62305-2) v TCVN
9888-4 (IEC 62305-4)).
H thng c bo v c t trong mt vng bo v chng st LPZ 1 hoc cao hn. iu ny
t c bng cc h thng bin php bo v in v in t (SPM) gm mn chn t lm suy
gim t trng cm ng v/hoc tuyn dy ph hp gim kn mch cm ng. Lin kt c
trang b ti cc ranh gii mt vng LPZ cho cc b phn v h thng bng kim loi giao ct ranh
gii. Lin kt ny c th c thc hin bng cc dy dn lin kt, hoc khi cn thit bng cc
thit b chng t bin (SPD).
Cc bin php bo v cho bt k vng LPZ phi ph hp vi TCVN 9888-4 (IEC 62305-4).
Hiu qu bo v chng qu in p, gy h hng h thng bn trong, cng c th c t
c bng cc giao din cch ly v/hoc mt h thng thit b SPD phi hp, hn ch qu in
p di in p xung chu ng danh nh ca h thng c bo v.
Cc giao din cch ly v thit b SPD phi c chn v lp t theo cc yu cu ca TCVN
9888-4 (IEC 62305-4).
PH LC A
(tham kho)
THAM S DNG IN ST
A.1. St nh xung t
Tn ti hai kiu st nh c bn:
- st hng xung bt u bi mt tin o t m my xung t;
- st hng ln bt u bi mt tin o t kt cu ni t ln m my.
Hu ht cc st hng xung xut hin trong vng lnh th bng phng, v ti cc kt cu thp
hn, trong khi i vi cc kt cu cao hn v/hoc kt cu khng c bo v th st hng
ln chim u th. Vi chiu cao hiu dng, xc sut nh trc tip vo kt cu tng ln v thay
i cc iu kin vt l (xem TCVN 9888-2:2013 (IEC 62305-2:2010), Ph lc A).
Mt dng in st gm mt hoc nhiu c st khc nhau:
- cc xung c khong thi gian nh hn 2 ms (Hnh A.1)
- cc c st di c khong thi gian di hn 2 ms (Hnh A.2).
CH DN:
O1
gc thc
dng in nh
T1
thi gian sn trc
T2
thi gian n mt na gi tr
Hnh A.1 - Xc nh cc tham s dng in xung (in hnh T 2 < 2 ms)
CH DN:
TLONG khong thi gian xung
QLONG in tch c st di
Hnh A.2 - Xc nh cc tham s c st di (in hnh 2 ms < TLONG< 1 s)
Hn na s khc nhau ca cc c st nh l do cc tnh ca chng (m hoc dng) v do
th t ca chng khi nh (u tin, tip theo v xp chng). Cc thnh phn c th c c th
hin trong Hnh A.3 i vi cc st hng xung v trn Hnh A.4 i vi cc st hng ln.

Phone : 090 656 1078
Hnh A.3 - Cc thnh phn c th c ca cc st hng xung (in hnh trn lnh th
bng phng v ti kt cu thp hn)
Hnh A.4 - Cc thnh phn c th c ca cc st hng ln (in hnh vi cc kt cu cao

hn v/hoc khng c bo v)
Cc thnh phn b sung trong cc st hng ln l c st di u tin, c hoc khng c vi

chc xung xp chng. Nhng tt c cc tham s dng in xung ca cc st hng ln u nh
hn so vi cc tham s ca cc st hng xung, vn cha khng nh c in tch ca c
st di l cao hn. Do cc tham s dng in st ca cc st hng ln c xem xt s
gm c cc gi tr ti a a ra i vi cc st hng xung. Mt nh gi chnh xc hn v
cc tham s dng in st v ph thuc vo chiu cao ca chng i vi cc st hng ln v
xung ang c xem xt.
A.2. Tham s dng in st
Cc tham s dng in st trong tiu chun ny da trn cc kt qu d liu ca Hi ng quc
t v h thng in ln (CIGRE) c a ra trong Bng A.1. Phn b thng k ca chng c
th c gi thit c mt phn b logarit thng thng. Gi tr trung bnh tng ng m v
phn tn slog c a ra trong Bng A.2 v hm phn b c ch trong Hnh A.5. Trn c s
, xc sut xut hin bt k gi tr no ca mi tham s c th c xc nh.
Gi thit mt t s phn cc 10 % cc st dng v 90 % cc st m. T s phn cc l mt
hm s theo vng. Nu khng c sn thng tin a phng, s dng t s c a ra trong ti
liu ny.
Gi tr xc sut xut hin gi tr nh dng in st vt qu gi tr xem xt trc c nu
trong Bng A.3.
Bng A.1 - Cc gi tr thng k theo bng cc tham s dng in st ly t CIGRE (Electra
No. 41 hoc No. 69) [3], [4]
Tham s
L (kA)
QFLASH (C)
Gi tr c
nh cho
LPL I
4a
20a
90
200
4,6
300
10000
Hnh A.5
Ngn mang in m u tinb

b
1A+1B
2
35
250 Ngn mang in dng u tin

(n)
1,3
7,5
40
20
80
350 Phng st mang in dng
1,1
4,5
20
Ngn mang in m u tin
0,22
0,95
Ngn mang in m tip theo
16

(n)
55
550 Ngn mang in m u tin
0,55
52
10
25
650
24,3
9,9
39,9
20
0,2
2,4
200
4,1
20,1
200
ng
Loi c st
28,6 Ngn mang in m tip theo
9,1
di/dtmax
QLONG (C)
5%
11,8
W/R (kJ/W)
(kA/ms)
50%
4,9
100
di/dt30%/90%
95%
50
QSHORT (C)
(kA/ms)
Cc gi tr
Phng st mang in m

65
Ngn mang in m u tin
161,5 Ngn mang in m tip theo

32
Ngn mang in dng u tin
98,5 Ngn mang in m tip theob

Di
11
12
13
14
15

Phone : 090 656 1078
TLONG (s)
0,5
Thi gian
sn trc
(ms)
Thi gian
c st (ms)
Khong
thi gian
(ms)
Tng thi
gian st
nh (ms)
Di
1,8
5,5
18
Ngn mang in m u tin
0,22
1,1
4,5
3,5
22

(n)
30
75
200 Ngn mang in m u tin
6,5
32
140 Ngn mang in m tip theo
25
230

(n)
33
150 Nhiu ln nh mang in m
0,15
13
1100 St nh mang in m (tt c)
31
180
900 St nh mang in m (khng c

nh n)
14
85
500 St nh mang in dng
Cc gi tr I = 4 kA v I = 20 kA tng ng vi ln lt cc xc sut 98 % v 80 %.
Cc tham s v cc gi tr lin quan c nu trong Electra No. 69.
Bng A.2 - Phn b logarit chun cc tham s dng in st - Trung bnh m v phn tn
slog c tnh t cc gi tr 95 % v 5 % t CIGRE (Electra No. 41 hoc No. 69)[3], [4]
phn tn*
slog
Loi c st
ng
Hnh A.5
(61,1)
0,576
Ngn mang in m u tin (80%)b
1A
33,3
0,263
Ngn mang in m u tin (80%)
1B
Tham s Trung bnh m
L (kA)
QFLASH (C)
QSHORT (C)
W/R (kJ/W)
di/dtmax
(kA/ms)
di/dt30%/90%
11,8
0,233
33,9
0,527
Ngn mang in dng u tin (n)
7,21
0,452
Phng st mang in m
83,7
0,378
Phng st mang in dng
4,69
0,383
Ngn mang in m u tin
0,938
0.383
17,3
0,570
57,4
0,596
Ngn mang in m u tin
5,35
0,600
10
612
0,844
11
24,3
0,260
Ngn mang in m u tin
12
40,0
0,369
Ngn mang in m tip theob
13
2,53
0,670
14
20,1
0,420
15
(kA/ms)
QLONG (C)
200
Di
TLONG (s)
0,5
Di
Thi gian
sn trc
(ms)
Thi gian
c st (ms)
Khong
thi gian
(ms)
Tng thi
gian st
nh (ms)
5,69
0,304
Ngn mang in m u tin
0,995
0,398
26,5
0,534
Ngn mang din dng u tin (n)
77,5
0,250
Ngn mang in m u tin
30,2
0,405
224
0,578
32,4
0,405
Nhiu ln nh mang in m
12,8
1,175
St nh mang din m (tt c)
167
0,445
St nh mang in m (khng c
nh n)
83,7
0,472
St nh mang in dng
slog = log(X16%) - log(X50%), trong X l gi tr tham s.
Cc tham s v cc gi tr lin quan c nu trong Electra No. 69.

Bng A.3 - Cc gi tr xc sut p l hm ca dng in st I
I
(kA)
0
0,99
0,95
10
0,9
20
0,8
30
0,6
35
0,5
40
0,4
50
0,3
60
0,2
80
0,1
100
0,05
150
0,02
200
0,01
300
0,005
400
0,002

Phone : 090 656 1078
600
0,001
CH THCH: i vi s cc ng cong xem bng A.1 v A.2

Hnh A.5 - Phn b tn sut tch ly ca cc tham s dng in st (cc ng thng i qua cc gi tr 95 % v 5 % )

Phone : 090 656 1078
Tt c cc gi tr c nh cho mc bo v chng st LPL a ra trong tiu chun ny lin quan
n c cc tia nh hng ln v hng xung.
CH THCH: Gi tr ca cc tham s st thng thu c t php o thc hin trn cc kt cu
cao. Phn b thng k cc gi tr nh dng in st c tm c tnh th m khng xt n
hiu ng ca cc kt cu cao tng cng c sn t h thng nh v st.
A.3. C nh cc tham s dng in st ti a cho mc bo v LPL I
A.3.1. Xung mang in dng
Cc hiu ng c hc ca st lin quan ti gi tr nh ca dng in (I), v ti nng lng ring
(W/R). Cc hiu ng nhit lin quan n nng lng ring (W/R) khi c ghp ni in tr v lin
quan n in tch (Q) khi h quang in ti cc trang b. Cc qu in p v nguy him nh
la gy ra bi ghp ni cm ng lin quan n dc trung bnh (di/dt) ca sn trc dng
in st.
Mi tham s ring (I, Q, W/R, di/dt) c xu hng chim u th cho mi c ch hng hc. iu
ny s c xem xt khi thit lp cc quy trnh th nghim.
A.3.2. Xung mang in dng v c st di
Cc gi tr I, Q v W/R lin quan n cc nh hng c hc v nhit c xc nh theo cc st
mang in dng (v 10 % gi tr ca chng ln hn nhiu 1 % gi tr tng ng ca cc st
nh mang in tch m). T Hnh A.5 (cc ng 3, 5 , 8, 11 v 14) c th ly cc gi tr sau c
xc sut di 10 %:
I = 200 kA
QFLASH = 300 C
QSHORT = 100 C
W/R = 10 MJ/W
di/dt = 20 kA/ms
i vi mt xung mang in dng u tin theo Hnh A.1, cc gi tr ny a ra mt gi tr xp
x ban u cho thi gian sn trc:
T1 = l/(di/dt) = 10 ms (t c lin quan T1)
Vi mt c st c suy gim theo hm m th p dng cng thc sau ly gn ng cc in
tch v nng lng (T1 << T2):
QSHORT = (1/0,7) x l x T2
W/R = (1/2) x (1/0,7) x I2 x T2
Cc cng thc ny, cng vi cc gi tr a ra trn, dn n mt gi tr xp x ban u ca thi
gian khi xung gim n mt na gi tr:
T2 = 350 ms
i vi c st di, in tch ca xung c th c tnh xp x t :
QLONG = QFLASH - QSHORT = 200 C
Theo Hnh A.2, c th c tnh thi gian rng xung t d liu trong Bng A.1 nh:
TLONG = 0,5 s
A.3.3. Xung mang in m u tin
i vi mt s hiu ng ghp ni cm ng, xung mang in m u tin dn n cc in p
cm ng cao nht, v d nh cc cp trong ng dn cp c lm bng b tng ct thp. T
Hnh A.5 (cc ng 1 v 12) c th ly cc gi tr sau c xc sut di 1 %:
l = 100kA
di/dt = 100 kA/ms
i vi mt xung mang in m u tin theo Hnh A.1 cc gi tr ny cho mt xp x u tin
ca thi gian sn trc xung:
T1 = l/( di/dt) = 1,0 ms
Thi gian ti na gi tr c th c tnh t rng xung m u tin:
T2 = 200 ms (t quan tm n T2)
A.3.4. Xung tip theo
Gi tr ln nht ca dc trung bnh di/dt lin quan n nguy him nh la do ghp ni cm
ng c xc nh t cc xung tip theo ca cc st mang in m (v 1 % gi tr ca chng c
phn cao hn so vi 1 % gi tr t cc ln st nh mang in m u tin hoc gi tr 10 %
tng ng ca cc st mang in dng). T Hnh A.5 (cc ng 2 v 15) c th ly c cc
gi tr sau c xc sut di 1 %:
I = 50 kA
di/dt = 200 kA/ms
Theo Hnh A.1, vi mt xung tip theo, cc gi tr ny cho mt xp x ban u ca thi gian sn
trc ca xung:
T1 = I / (di / dt) = 0,25 ms
Thi gian ti na gi tr c th c tnh t rng xung m tip theo:
T2 = 100 ms (t quan tm n T2).
A.4. C nh cc tham s dng in st ti thiu
Hiu qu chn ca h thng u thu st ph thuc vo cc tham s dng in st ti thiu v
vo bn knh qu cu ln lin quan. Gii hn hnh hc ca din tch c bo v chng st nh
trc tip c th c xc nh bng cch s dng phng php qu cu ln.
Theo m hnh in hnh hc, bn knh qu cu ln r (khong cch bc nhy cui) tng quan
[5]
vi gi tr nh ca dng in xung ban u. Trong mt bo co ca nhm cng tc IEEE , quan
h ny c a ra
r = 10 X l0,65
(A.1)
trong :
r l bn knh qu cu ln (m);
I l dng in nh (kA).
i vi mt bn knh qu cu ln r a ra, n c th c gi thit rng tt c cc st c cc
gi tr nh xung cao hn gi tr nh ti thiu tng ng th s b chn bi cc u thu st t
nhin hoc chuyn dng. Do , xc sut cc gi tr nh ca cc c st u tin mang in
m hoc dng t Hnh A.5 (cc ng 1A v 3) c gi thit l xc sut chn. Xt t s phn
cc ca cc st c 10 % mang in tch dng v 90 % mang in tch m, c th tnh tng xc
sut thu (xem Bng 5).
PH LC B
(tham kho)
HM S THEO THI GIAN CA DNG IN ST I VI MC CH PHN TCH
Cc dng dng in c

Phone : 090 656 1078
- xung mang in dng u tin 10/350 ms,
- xung mang in m u tin 1/200 ms,
- xung mang in m tip theo 0,25/100 ms,
c th c xc nh theo
10
t

T
t
l
i = 1 10 exp - (B.1)
k
t
T2
1 +
T1
trong :
I l dng in nh;
k l h s hiu chnh cho dng in nh;
t l thi gian;
T1 l hng s thi gian sn trc;
T2 l hng s thi gian sn sau.
i vi cc dng dng in c xung mang in dng u tin, xung mang in m u tin v
cc xung mang in m tip theo cho cc mc bo v LPL khc nhau, p dng cc tham s a
ra trong Bng B.1. Cc ng cong gii tch theo hm s thi gian c ch trong cc hnh t
Hnh B.1 n Hnh B.6.
Bng B.1 - Cc tham s dng cho cng thc (B.1)
Cc
tham s
Xung mang in dng u Xung mang in m u Xung mang in m tip

tin
tin
theo
LPL
LPL
LPL
II
lll-IV
II
lll-IV
II
lll-IV
l(kA)
200
150
100
100
75
50
50
37,5
25
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,986
0,986
0,986
0,993
0,993
0,993
T1(ms)
19
19
19
1,82
1,82
1,82
0,454
0,454
0,454
T2(ms)
485
485
485
285
285
285
143
143
143
Hnh B.1 - Hnh dng ca sn tng dng in ca xung mang in dng u tin
Hnh B.2 - Hnh dng ca sn gim dng in ca xung mang in dng u tin

Phone : 090 656 1078
Hnh B.3 - Hnh dng ca sn tng dng in ca xung mang in m u tin
Hnh B.4 - Hnh dng ca sn gim dng in ca xung mang in m u tin
Hnh B.5 - Hnh dng ca sn tng dng in ca cc xung mang in m tip theo
Hnh B.6 - Hnh dng ca sn gim dng in ca cc xung mang in m tip theo
C st di c th c m t bng mt dng xung hnh ch nht c dng trung bnh I v thi
gian xung TLONG theo Bng 3.
T cc ng cong gii tch l hm theo thi gian, c th suy ra mt bin dng in st
(Hnh B.7).

Phone : 090 656 1078
Hnh B.7 - Mt bin ca dng in st theo mc bo v LPL I

PH LC C
(tham kho)
M PHNG DNG IN ST CHO CC MC CH TH NGHIM
C1. Qui nh chung
Nu mt kt cu b st nh, dng in st c phn b trong kt cu. Khi th nghim ring
cc thnh phn ca bin php bo v, iu ny phi c tnh ton bng cch chn cc tham s
th nghim ph hp vi tng thnh phn. kt thc th nghim ny, phi thc hin mt phn
tch h thng.
C.2. M phng nng lng ring ca xung mang in dng u tin v in tch ca c
st di
Cc tham s th nghim c xc nh trong Bng C.1 v C.2 v mt v d my pht th
nghim ch trong Hnh C.1. My pht ny c th c s dng m phng nng lng ring
ca xung dng u tin kt hp vi in tch ca c st di.
Cc th nghim c th c s dng nh gi ton vn v c, c lp vi cc hiu ng
t nng v nng chy bt li.
Cc tham s th nghim lin quan n vic m phng xung mang in dng u tin (dng
in nh I, nng lng ring W/R, v in tch QSHORT) c a ra Bng C.1. Cc tham s
ny thu c t cng mt xung. Vic thu nhn ny c th t c bng mt dng in suy
gim xp x theo hm m vi T2 c 350 ms.
Cc tham s th nghim lin quan n vic m phng c st di (in tch Q LONG v rng
xung TLONG ) c a ra Bng C.2.
Ty thuc vo phn t th nghim v cc c ch thit hi d kin, cc th nghim ca xung
mang in dng u tin hoc c st di c th c p dng ring hoc theo mt th nghim
kt hp, trong , c st di ngay sau xung u tin. Cc th nghim v nng chy h quang
c thc hin s dng c hai xung phn cc.
CH THCH: Cc xung mang in m u tin khng c s dng cho cc mc ch ca th
nghim
CH THCH: Cc gi tr p dng theo mc bo v LPL I.

Hnh C.1 - V d v my pht th nghim cho m phng nng lng ring ca xung mang
in dng u tin v in tch ca c st di
Bng C.1 - Cc tham s th nghim ca xung mang in dng u tin
Cc tham s th nghim
Mc bo v LPL
Dung sai
II
III - IV
Dng in nh I
(kA)
200
150
100
10
in tch QSHORT
(C)
100
75
50
20
Nng lng ring W/R
(MJ/W)
10
5,6
2,5
35
Bng C.2 - Cc tham s th nghim ca c st di

Cc tham s th nghim
Mc bo v LPL
Dung sai
II
III - IV
in tch QLONG
(C)
200
150
100
20
Khong thi gian TLONG
(s)
0,5
0,5
0,5
10
C.3. M phng dc sn trc ca cc xung dng in

dc ca dng in xc nh cc in p c cm ng t trong cc mch vng t gn cc
dy dn mang dng in st.
dc ca mt xung dng in c nh ngha l tng ca dng in Di khi thi gian tng Dt
(Hnh C.2). Cc tham s th nghim lin quan n m phng dc dng in ny c a ra
trong Bng C.3. Cc my pht in th nghim v d c trnh by Hnh C.3 v C.4, (chng
c th c s dng m phng dc sn trc ca mt ng in st kt hp vi st
nh trc tip). M phng c th c thc hin cho mt xung dng u tin v xung m tip
theo.
CH THCH: M phng ny bao gm dc sn trc ca cc xung dng in. Sn sau ca
dng in khng nh hng n kiu m phng ny.
M phng theo iu C.3 c th c p dng c lp hoc kt hp vi cc m phng theo iu
C.2.
bit thm thng tin v cc tham s th nghim m phng nhng hiu ng ca st ln cc
thnh phn ca h thng LPS, xem Ph lc D.
Bng C.3 - Cc tham s th nghim ca cc xung

Phone : 090 656 1078
Cc tham s th nghim
Mc bo v LPL
l
II
Dung sai
III - IV
Xung mang in ng u tin

Di
(kA)
200
150
100
20
Dt
(ms)
10
10
10
10
Di
(kA)
50
37,5
25
10
Dt
(ms)
0,25
0,25
0,25
20
Xung mang in m tip theo
Hnh C.2 - Xc nh dc dng in theo Bng C.3
CH THCH: Cc gi tr ny p dng theo mc bo v LPL I.

Hnh C.3 - My pht th nghim v d cho m phng dc sn trc ca xung mang
in dng u tin ca cc i tng th nghim ln
CH THCH: Cc gi tr ny p dng theo mc bo v LPL I.

Hnh C.4 - My pht th nghim v d cho m phng dc sn trc ca xung mang
in m tip theo ca cc i tng th nghim ln
PH LC D
(tham kho)
THAM S TH NGHIM M PHNG CC NH HNG CA ST LN CC THNH PHN
LPS
D.1. Qui nh chung
Ph lc D a ra cc tham s c bn m c th c s dng trong phng th nghim m
phng nhng nh hng ca st. Ph lc ny cp n tt c cc thnh phn ca mt h
thng LPS c a ra cho ton b hoc phn ch yu ca dng in st v c th c s
dng kt hp vi cc tiu chun quy nh c th cc yu cu v cc th nghim cho mi thnh
phn c th.
CH THCH: Cc tham s lin quan n cc kha cnh h thng (nh s phi hp ca cc thit
b t bin) khng c xem xt trong ph lc ny.
D.2. Cc tham s dng in lin quan n im st nh
Cc tham s dng in st ng mt vai tr trong nht qun vt l ca mt h thng LPS, ni
chung l dng in nh I, in tch Q, nng lng ring W/R, khong thi gian T v dc trung
bnh ca dng in di/dt. Mi tham s c xu hng tin ti mt c ch hng hc khc nhau, nh
c phn tch chi tit bn di. Cc tham s dng in c xem xt cho cc th nghim l s
kt hp cc gi tr ny, c la chn biu din trong phng th nghim c ch hng hc
thc s ca b phn trong h thng LPS ang c th nghim. Cc tiu ch la chn cc s
lng ni bt c a ra iu D.5.
Bng D.1 ghi cc gi tr ti a I, Q, W/R, T v di/dt c xem xt cho cc th nghim, nh mt
hm s ca mc bo v c yu cu.
Bng D.1 - Tm tt cc tham s e da st c xem xt khi tnh ton cc gi tr th
nghim cho cc thnh phn h thng LPS khc nhau v cho cc mc bo v LPL khc
nhau
Thnh
phn
Vn
chnh
Cc tham s e da ca st
n mn ti Mc QLONG
cc mi ni
LPL
C
u thu st
(v d tm
kim loi
I
200
T
<1s (p dng
Ch thch

Phone : 090 656 1078
mng)
t nng
thun tr
u thu st
v b dn
in xung
Hiu ng c
hc
QLONG trong mt
xung ngn n)
II
150
lll-IV
100
Mc
W/R
LPL
kJ/
10000
II
5600
lll-IV
2500
Mc
W/R
LPL
kA
kJ/W
200
10000
ll
150
5600
lll-IV
100
2500
Mc
W/R
p dng W/R
theo cu hnh
bo ton nhit
Hiu ng kt LPL
Cc thnh hp (nhit,
I
phn kt ni c v h
quang)
II
kA
kJ/
200
10000
150
5600
lll-IV
100
2500
Mc QLONG
Cc u ni n mn ti
t
cc mi ni
nh kch thc
theo TCVN
9888- 3 (IEC
62305-3) tr v
th nghim
khng cn thit
T
<2ms (p dng
I v W/R trong
mt xung n)
nh kch thc
thng c
xc nh theo
hiu ng ha
hc/c kh (nh
n mn)
LPL
200
II
150
lll-IV
100
Mc
QSHORT
W/R
<1s (p dng
QLONG trong mt
xung ngn n)
Cc thit b Hiu ng kt LPL

SPD c cc hp (nhit,
I
khe nh
c v h
la
quang)
II
kA
kJ/
200
100
10000
150
75
5600
lll-IV
100
50
2500
di/dt
p dng I,
kA/ms QSHORT v W/R
xung n (c
200
T<2ms); p
dng Di/Dt
150
xung tch ri
100
Mc QSHORT
Hiu ng
nng lng
(qu ti)
LPL
100
II
Cc thit b
SPD c cc
lll-IV
khi in tr
oxit kim loi Hiu ng Mc
in mi
LPL
(phng la
I
h quang/
rn nt)
II
Cn kim tra c
hai hiu ng
75
50
I
kA
200
150
T
<2ms (p dng I
trong mt xung
C th xem xt
cc th nghim
tch ri
lll-IV
100
n)
D.3. Chia dng

Cc tham s c a ra trong Bng D.1 c lin quan n dng in st ti im st nh.
Trong thc t, dng dn xung t qua nhiu ng dn, theo mt s b dn in xung v cc
b dn in t nhin thng c trong mt h thng LPS bn ngoi. Ngoi ra, cc ng dy
khc thng i vo kt cu cn bo v (cc ng nc v kh t, cc dy in v vin thng,
v.v...). xc nh cc tham s dng in thc dn trong cc thnh phn c th ca mt h
thng LPS, phi tnh n vic chia dng. Tt nht l phi nh gi bin v hnh dng dng
in i qua mi thnh phn ti mt v tr c th trong h thng LPS. Khi khng th nh gi ring,
c th nh gi cc tham s dng bng cc quy trnh sau.
nh gi vic chia dng trong h thng LPS bn ngoi, c th p dng h s cu hnh kc
(xem Ph lc C ca TCVN 9888-3:2013 (IEC 62305-3:2010)). H s ny cung cp mt c
lng chia dng in st theo cc b dn in xung ca h thng LPS bn ngoi trong cc
trng hp xu nht.
nh gi vic chia dng khi c cc thnh phn dn in bn ngoi v cc ng dy in v
vin thng c ni ti kt cu cn bo v, c th p dng cc gi tr ke v ke xp x c xt
trong Ph lc E.
Php xp x c m t trn c th p dng cho nh gi gi tr nh ca dng in st ang
dn trong mt ng dn ti t c th. Vic tnh ton cc tham s dng khc c thc hin
nh sau :
Lp = k x l (D.1)
Qp = k x Q (D.2)
(W/R)p = k2 x (W/R) (D.3)
di
di
= k (D.4)
dt p
dt
trong
Xp l gi tr s lng c xt (dng nh IP, in tch Qp, nng lng ring (W/R)p, dc dng
in (di/dt)p) lin quan n mt ng dn ti t c th p;
x l gi tr s lng c xt (dng nh I, in tch Q, nng lng ring (W/R), dc dng in
(di/dt)) lin quan n tng dng in st;
k l h s chia dng:
- kc cho h thng LPS bn ngoi (xem Ph lc C ca TCVN 9888-3:2013 (IEC 62305-3:2010));
- ke, ke khi c cc phn dn in bn ngoi v cc ng dy in v vin thng i vo kt cu
cn bo v (xem Ph lc E).
D.4. Hiu ng ca dng in st gy thit hi c th
D.4.1. Hiu ng nhit
Hiu ng nhit gn vi dng in st c lin quan n nhit in tr b gy ra bi s lu chuyn
ca dng in dn qua in tr ca dy dn hoc i vo h thng LPS. Hiu ng nhit cng c
lin quan n nhit lng c pht ra ngun h quang in ti im ghp ni v trong tt c
cc b phn c cch ly ca mt h thng LPS lin quan n vic khai trin h quang (v d
cc b phng in).
D.4.1.1. Nhit in tr
Nhit in tr xy ra bt k thnh phn no ca mt h thng LPS mang phn ln dng in
st. Tit din ti thiu ca dy dn phi ln ngn chn qu nhit cho dy dn theo mc m

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c nguy c chy cho mi trng xung quanh. Mc d cc phng din nhit c tho lun
trong D.4.1, tiu ch v bn v chu ng c hc phi c xem xt cho cc b phn tip
xc vi iu kin kh quyn v/hoc n mn. i khi cn nh gi nhit lng dy dn do dng
in st dn qua khi c th pht sinh cc vn ri ro tn thng c nhn v cc thit hi chy
hoc n.
Ch dn c a ra di y nh gi tng nhit ca dy dn mang dng in st.
Mt cch tip cn phn tch c trnh by nh sau:
Cng sut tiu tn tc thi theo nhit nng trong mt dy dn do dng in c biu din:
2
P(t) = i (t) x R (D.5)

Do , nhit nng to ra bi c xung st l in tr thun ca dy dn st sut thnh phn h
thng LPS c xt, nhn vi nng lng ring ca xung. Nhit nng ny c biu din theo
n v jun (J) hoc ot-giy (W x s).
2
W = R x i (t) x dt (D.6)
Trong mt ln phng st, cc giai on st nh c nng lng ring cao rng xung rt ngn
i vi bt k nhit lng pht ra trong kt cu c phn tn ng k. Do , hin tng c
xem nh l on nhit.
Nhit ca cc dy dn ca h thng LPS c th c nh gi nh sau:
W

a r0
1
R
- 1 D.7
q - q0 =
exp
a q 2 g Cw

Cc gi tr c trng ca cc tham s vt l c nu trong cng thc (D.7), cho cc vt liu
khc nhau c s dng trong h thng LPS ghi trong Bng D.2, trong :
q - q0
l tng nhit ca cc dy dn (K);
l h s nhit ca in tr (1/K);
W/R
l nng lng ring ca xung dng in (J/W);
ro
l in tr thun ring ca dy dn ti nhit mi trng (Wm);
l tit din ca dy dn (m 2);
l mt vt cht (kg/m );
Cw
l nhit dung ring (J/kgK);
Cs
l nhit n nng chy (J/kg);
qs
l nhit nng chy (C).
Bng D.2 - c trng vt l ca cc vt liu in hnh s dng trong cc thnh phn LPS
i lng
Vt liu
Nhm
Thp non
ng
Thp khng g a
ro(Wm)
29 x 10-9
120 x 10-9
17,8 x 10-9
700 x 10-9
a(1/K)
4,0 x 10-3
6,5 x 10-3
3,92 x 10-3
0,8 x 10-3
g (kg/m3)
2700
7700
8920
8000
qs(C)
658
1530
1080
1500
Cs (J/kg)
272 x 10
209 x 10
908
469
385
500
Cw (J/kgK)
a
397 x 10
Auxtenit khng t tnh.
Theo v d v ng dng phng trnh ny, Bng D.3 nu tng nhit ca dy dn lm bng
cc vt liu khc nhau, theo hm s ca W/R v ca tit din dy dn.
Bng D.3 - tng nhit cho dy dn c tit din khc nhau l hm ca W/R
Tit
din
Vt liu
mm
Nhm
Thp non
ng
Thp khng ga
W/R
W/R
W/R
W/R
MJ/W
MJ/W
MJ/W
MJ/W
2,5
5,6
10
2,5
5,6
10
2,5
5,6
10
2,5
5,6
10
10
564
169
542
16
146
454
1120
56
143
309
25
52
132
283
211
913
22
51
98
940
50
12
28
52
37
96
211
12
22
190
460
940
100
12
20
37
45
100
190
Auxtenit khng t tnh.
C st nh in hnh c c trng bi mt c st thi gian ngn (thi gian ti na gi tr c

vi 100 ms) v gi tr dng nh cao. Trong nhng trng hp ny, hiu ng b mt cng cn
c xem xt. Tuy nhin, trong hu ht cc trng hp thc t gn vi cc thnh phn ca h
thng LPS, cc c trng vt liu ( thm t ng ca dy dn h thng LPS) v cc kt cu
hnh hc (tit din ca dy dn h thng LPS) gim s gp phn ca hiu ng b mt lm tng
nhit dy dn mc khng ng k.
Thnh phn ca st ph hp nht vi c ch nhit ny chnh l c st tr v ban u.
D.4.1.2. Thit hi v nhit im ni
Thit hi v nhit im ni c th c quan st trn tt c cc thnh phn ca mt h thng
LPS trn din ra s phng h quang, ngha l ti cc h thng u thu st, cc b phng
in, v.v...
Nng chy v n mn vt liu c th xy ra ti cc im ni. Trong thc t, vng ngun h
quang c mt u vo nhit in ln t chnh ngun h quang, cng nh tp trung nhit
thun tr do mt dng in cao. Hu ht nhit nng c pht ra ti hoc rt gn vi b mt
kim loi. Nhit lng sinh ra tc thi ti vng ngun vt qu ngng m kim loi c th hp th
bng cch dn nhit v gi tr vt qu b bc x hoc tiu tn khi tan chy hoc bc hi kim
loi. Mc nghim trng ca qu trnh lin quan vi bin ca dng in v rng xung.
D.4.1.2.1. Qui nh chung
Mt s m hnh l thuyt c pht trin tnh ton hiu ng nhit trn b mt kim loi ti
cc im ni ca mt lung st. Vi mc ch n gin, tiu chun ny s ch nu m hnh st
in p ca anot-hoc-catot. Vic p dng m hnh ny c bit hiu qu vi cc b mt kim loi
mng. Trong mi trng hp, m hnh s cho cc kt qu bo ton khi n c gi nh rng tt
c cc nng lng bn vo im ni st c s dng lm nng chy hoc bc hi vt liu
dy dn, b qua s khuch tn nhit trong kim loi. Cc m hnh khc cp s ph thuc ca
thit hi im ni st theo rng ca xung dng in.

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D.4.1.2.2. M hnh st in p anot-hoc-catot
u vo nng lng W ngun h quang c gi nh l do st in p anot/catot Ua,c nhn
vi in tch Q ca dng in st:
W=
ua , c (t )i (t )dt = ua , c | i (t ) | dt (D.8)
0
Khi Ua,c l hng s n nh trong khong dng in c xt y, in tch ca dng in st

(Q) l thnh phn ch yu chuyn i nng lng trong ngun h quang.
St in p anot - hoc - catot Ua,c c gi tr c vi chc vn.
Mt cch tip cn n gin gi nh rng tt c cc nng lng c phng ti ngun h quang
ch c s dng lm nng chy. Cng thc (D.9) s dng gi nh ny nhng dn n mt
c lng qu ln v th tch b nng chy.
V=
ua , c x Q
1
(D.9)
.
g
cw (q s + q u ) + cs
trong :
V l th tch kim loi b nng chy (m 3);
Ua.c l st in p anot-hoc-catot (gi thit l hng s) (V);
Q l in tch ca dng in st (C);
g l khi lng ring ca vt liu (kg/m3);
Cw l nhit dung ring (J/kgK);
qs l nhit nng chy (C);
qU l nhit mi trng xung quanh (C);
Cs l nhit n nng chy (J/kg).
Cc gi tr c trng ca cc tham s vt l c a ra trong cng thc ny, i vi cc vt liu
khc nhau s dng trong mt h thng LPS, c ghi trong Bng D.2.
V c bn, in tch c xt l tng in tch ca c st phn hi v dng in st lin tc. Th
nghim cho thy rng cc hiu ng ca in tch c st phn hi t quan trng khi so snh vi
cc hiu ng ca dng lin tc.
D.4.2. Hiu ng c hc
Hiu ng c hc gy ra bi dng in st ph thuc vo bin v rng xung ca dng in
cng nh vo cc c trng n hi ca kt cu c hc b nh hng. Hiu ng c hc cng
ph thuc vo lc ma st tc ng gia cc b phn ca h thng LPS khi tip xc vi b phn
c lin quan khc.
D.4.2.1. Tng tc t
Lc t xut hin gia hai dy dn mang dng hoc, khi ch c mt dy dn mang dng nhng n
c dng c mt gc hoc c mt vng ghp.
Khi dng in dn qua mt mch, bin ca lc in ng xut hin ti cc v tr khc nhau ca
mch in ph thuc vo c bin ca dng in st v cu hnh hnh hc ca mch in. Tuy
nhin, nh hng c hc ca cc lc ny khng ch ph thuc vo bin ca chng m cn v
dng chung ca dng in, rng xung ca n, cng nh vo cu hnh hnh hc ca trang b.
D.4.2.1.1. Lc in ng
Lc in ng khai trin t mt dng in I, dn trong mt dy dn c cc on di song song
di I v khong cch d (mch vng di v nh), nh th hin trong Hnh D.1, c th c tnh
ton xp x bng cch s dng cng thc sau y:
F (t ) =
mo 2
l
1
i (t ) = 2 10- 7 i 2 (t ) (D.10)
2p
d
d
trong :
F(t) l lc in ng (N);
i l dng in (A);
-7
mo l t thm ca khng kh t do (chn khng) (4p X 10 H/m);

I l chiu di ca dy dn (m);
d l khong cch gia cc on song song thng ca dy dn (m)
Hnh D.1 B tr thng dng ca hai dy dn tnh lc in ng

V d, trong mt h thng LPS a ra cc dy dn c b cc gc i xng, to thnh mt gc
90, c mt kp c t gn gc vung nh ch trn Hnh D.2. S cc ng sut cho cu
hnh ny c nu trong Hnh D.3. Lc dc theo trc trn dy dn ngang c xu hng ko dy
dn ra khi kp. Gi tr s ca lc ko dc theo dy dn ngang c th hin trong Hnh D.4, xt
gi tr dng nh l 100 kA v chiu di dy dn thng ng l 0,5 m.
Hnh D.2 - B tr dy dn in hnh trong h thng LPS

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Hnh D.3 - Biu ng sut lc F cho cu hnh ca Hnh D.2
CH THCH: Gi tr dng nh l 100 kA v chiu di ca dy dn dc l 0,5 m.

Hnh D.4 - Lc ko trn mi n v chiu di F dc theo dy dn ngang ca Hnh D.2
D.4.2.1.2. Cc hiu ng ca lc in ng
V bin ca lc tc dng, gi tr tc thi ca lc in ng F(t) t l thun vi bnh phng
dng in tc thi i2(t). V khai trin ng xut trong kt cu LPS c kh, biu din bng tch
bin dng n hi d(t) v hng s n hi k ca kt cu LPS, cn xem xt hai hiu ng ny. Tn
sut c hc t nhin (gn vi tnh nng n hi ca kt cu LPS) v bin dng vnh vin ca kt
cu h thng LPS (gn vi tnh nng do ca n) l nhng tham s quan trng nht. Hn na,
trong nhiu trng hp, cc hiu ng ca lc ma st trong kt cu cng kh quan trng.
Bin ca cc dao ng trong kt cu LPS n hi, gy ra bi mt lc in ng khai trin t
dng in st, c th c nh gi bng phng trnh vi phn bc hai, h s chnh l t l gia
rng xung dng in v chu k dao ng c hc t nhin ca kt cu LPS. iu kin in
hnh gp trong cc ng dng LPS gm chu k dao ng t nhin ca kt cu di hn nhiu lc
tc ng ( rng xung dng in st). Trong trng hp ny, ng sut c hc ti a xut hin
sau khi ngt xung dng in st v c gi tr nh vn cn thp hn so vi lc tc ng, hu
ht cc trng hp, ng sut c hc ti a c th c b qua.
Bin dng do xut hin khi ng sut ko vt qu gii hn n hi ca vt liu. Nu vt liu
hp thnh kt cu LPS l mm, nh nhm hay ng ti, th cc lc in ng c th lm bin
dng cc dy dn cc gc v cc vng ghp. Do , thnh phn h thng LPS cn c thit
k chu c cc lc ny v cho thy tnh nng n hi thit yu.
Tng cc ng sut c hc tc ng ti kt cu LPS ph thuc vo tch phn theo thi gian ca
lc tc ng v do theo nng lng ring lin quan n xung dng in. N cng ph thuc
vo hnh dng v rng ca xung dng in (so vi chu k dao ng t nhin ca kt cu). Do
, tt c cc tham s nh hng ny phi c tnh n trong qu trnh th nghim.
D.4.2.2. Thit hi sng m sc

Khi mt dng in st dn trong mt h quang, mt sng xung st c pht ra. Mc nghim
trng ca c st ph thuc vo gi tr nh dng v tc tng ca dng in.
Nhn chung, thit hi do sng m xung st l khng ng k trn cc b phn kim loi ca h
thng LPS nhng c th gy thit hi cho cc thnh phn xung quanh.
D.4.3. Cc hiu ng kt hp
Trong thc t, c hai hiu ng nhit v c hc xy ra ng thi. Nu nhit lng vt liu ca cc
thnh phn (cc, kp, v.v...) l lm mm cc vt liu, th thit hi rt ln c th xy ra.
Trong trng hp xu nht, dy dn c th n nung chy v gy thit hi ng k cho cc kt
cu xung quanh. Nu tit din ca kim loi l x l an ton tc ng tng th, ch cn kim
tra tnh ton vn c kh.
4.4. nh la
nh la thng ch quan trng trong mi trng d chy hoc khi c mt cc vt liu d chy.
Trong hu ht cc trng hp thc t, nh la khng quan trng i vi cc thnh phn h
thng LPS.
Hai loi nh la khc nhau c th xy ra, l nh la nhit v nh la in. nh la nhit
xut hin khi c mt dng in rt cao b cng bc i qua mt im ni gia hai vt liu dn
in. nh la nhit hu ht xut hin gn cc mt bn trong mi ni nu p lc mt tip xc
qu nh, iu ny ch yu l do mt dng cao v p lc mt tip xc khng tng xng. Mt
nh la nhit c lin quan n nng lng ring v do , giai on quan trng nht ca st
l c st phn hi ban u. nh la in xy ra khi ng in b cng bc dn theo cc
ng dn phc tp, nh bn trong mi ni, khi cc in p cm ng trong mt vng ghp nh
vy vt qu in p ngt mch gia cc b phn kim loi. in p cm ng t l thun vi
t cm nhn vi dc ca dng in st. Do , thnh phn st quan trng nht i vi nh
la in l c st mang in m tip theo.
D.5. Thnh phn, cc vn lin quan v cc tham s th nghim h thng LPS
D.5.1. Qui nh chung
H thng bo v chng st c lm t nhiu thnh phn khc nhau, mi thnh phn c chc
nng ring trong h thng. Bn cht ca cc thnh phn v nhng p lc ring m chng phi
chu, yu cu xem xt c bit khi thit lp cc th nghim trong phng th nghim kim tra
tnh nng ca chng.
D.5.2. u thu st
Cc hiu ng trn cc h thng u thu st pht sinh t c hiu ng c v nhit (nh c kho
st bn di trong D.5.3, nhng lu rng mt t s dng in st cao s dn trong phn dn
in ca u thu st khi b st nh) v cng c th, trong mt s trng hp, cc hiu ng n
mn h quang, c bit trong cc thnh phn h thng LPS t nhin nh dy dn treo, mi nh
hoc mt tng bng kim loi mng (m c th tng nhit b mt pha sau xuyn thng hoc
vt qu).
Vi hiu ng n mn h quang, cn xt hai tham s th nghim chnh, l in tch ca dng in
c rng xung di v rng xung ca n.
in tch chi phi u vo nng lng ngun h quang. c bit, cc c st thi gian di xut
hin l nghim trng nht cho hiu ng ny trong khi c st thi gian ngn c th c b qua.
rng dng in xung c mt vai tr quan trng trong hin tng truyn nhit vo vt liu.
rng dng in xung c p dng trong cc th nghim cn so snh vi tnh cht ny ca
nhng c st thi gian di (0,5s n 1s).
D.5.3. Dy dn st
Cc hiu ng trn dy dn st gy ra do st c th c chia thnh hai loi chnh:

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- Hiu ng nhit do nhit in tr;
- Hiu ng c hc gn vi tng tc t ni dng in st c chia theo cc dy dn c
t vng ln cn ca mt dy khc hoc dng in i hng (un cong hoc cc kt ni gia
cc dy dn t v tr to gc nht nh i vi nhau).
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, hai hiu ng ny hot ng c lp vi nhau v cc th nghim
trong phng th nghim ring bit c th c thc hin kim tra tng hiu ng so vi hiu
ng khc. Cch tip cn ny c th c p dng trong mi trng hp, trong nhit lng
c khai trin do dn dng in st khng thay i ng k cc c trng c hc.
5.3.1. Pht nng kiu in tr
Cc tnh ton v php o lin quan n pht nng dy dn c vt liu v tit din khc nhau do
dng in st dn dc theo mt dy dn c nhiu tc gi cng b. Nhng kt qu chnh v
th v cng thc c tm tt trong D.4.1.1. Do , khng cn thit c th nghim trong
phng th nghim kim tra tnh nng ca mt dy dn i vi tng nhit ni chung.
Trong tt c cc trng hp yu cu th nghim trong phng th nghim, nhng cn nhc di
y phi c tnh n:
- Cc tham s th nghim chnh c xt l nng lng ring v rng xung dng in;
- Nng lng ring chi phi tng nhit do nhit lng Joule gy ra v dn dng in st. Gi
tr s c xt l nhng s c lin quan n c st u tin. D liu bo ton c thu nhn khi
xt n cc c st mang in dng;
- rng xung dng in c nh hng quyt nh n qu trnh trao i nhit i vi cc iu
kin mi trng xung quanh dy dn c xt. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, rng ca xung
dng in qu ngn nn qu trnh gia nhit c th c coi l on nhit.
D.5.3.2. Cc hiu ng c hc
Nh c kho st trong D.4.2.1, cc tng tc c hc c khai trin gia cc dy dn
mang dng in st. Lc tc ng t l thun vi tch dng in dn trong cc dy dn (hoc
bnh phng dng in khi xt mt dy dn c mt im un) v vi nghch o ca khong
cch gia cc dy dn.
Tnh hung bnh thng, trong c th xut hin hiu ng kh kin khi mt dy dn c dng
mt vng ghp hoc b b cong. Khi dy nh vy mang dng in st, n s phi chu mt lc c
hc c gng ko gin mc ni v ko thng gc v do n b un cong ra pha ngoi. ln
ca lc ny l t l thun vi bnh phng bin dng in. Tuy nhin, cn thc hin phn bit
r rng gia lc in ng t l thun vi bnh phng bin dng in, v ng sut tng
ng ph thuc vo c trng n hi ca kt cu h thng LPS c hc. Vi cc kt cu h thng
LPS c tn s t nhin tng i thp, ng sut khai trin trong kt cu h thng LPS s thp
hn ng k so vi lc in ng. Trong trng hp ny, khng cn th nghim trong phng th
nghim kim tra tnh nng c hc ca mt dy dn un cong to gc vung chng no tit
din p ng cc yu cu tiu chun hin c.
Trong tt c cc trng hp m yu cu th nghim trong phng th nghim (c bit i vi cc
vt liu mm), nhng yu t sau cn c xem xt. Xt ba tham s ca c st phn hi u tin:
rng, nng lng ring ca dng in xung, v trong trng hp cc h thng c nh l bin
dng in.
rng dng in xung, so vi chu k dao ng c hc t nhin ca kt cu h thng LPS, chi
phi loi p ng c hc ca h thng v dch chuyn:
Nu rng ca xung ngn hn nhiu so vi chu k dao ng c t nhin ca kt cu h thng
LPS (trng hp bnh thng vi kt cu h thng LPS chu ng sut t cc xung st), th trng
lng v n hi ca h thng ngn cn n b dch chuyn ng k v lc c hc tng ng
lin quan thit yu n nng lng ring ca xung dng in. Gi tr nh ca dng in xung c
hiu ng hn ch.
Nu rng ca xung c th so snh bng hoc cao hn so vi chu k dao ng c t nhin

ca kt cu, s dch chuyn ca h thng nhy cm hn vi dng ca ng sut tc dng. Trong
trng hp ny, gi tr nh ca dng in xung v nng lng ring ca n cn phi c ti
iu ch trong qu trnh th nghim.
Nng lng ring ca dng in xung chi phi ng sut gy bin dng n hi v bin dng do
ca kt cu h thng LPS. Gi tr s c xem xt l nhng s lin quan n c st u tin.
Gi tr ti a ca dng in xung chi phi chiu di dch chuyn ti a ca kt cu h thng LPS,
trong trng hp cc h thng c nh c tn s dao ng t nhin cao. Gi tr s c xem xt
l nhng s lin quan n c st u tin.
D.5.3.3. Thnh phn kt ni
Thnh phn kt ni gia cc dy dn ln cn mt h thng LPS l nhng im c th b suy yu
c hc v nhit lng khi xut hin cc ng sut rt cao.
Trong trng hp mt kt ni c t theo cch lm cho dy dn i theo mt gc vung, th
nhng hiu ng chnh ca ng sut gn vi cc lc c hc c xu hng nn thng b kt ni v
ln hn lc ma st gia thnh phn kt ni v cc dy dn, do ko dn kt ni. C th c
xut hin h quang ti cc im tip xc cc phn khc nhau. Hn na, hiu ng nhit do tp
trung dng in vt qua cc b mt tip xc nh c nh hng ng ch .
Cc th nghim trong phng th nghim ch ra rng rt kh tch mi hiu ng t cc thnh
phn khc khi din ra ng thi phc tp. bn c hc b nh hng bi nng chy cc b ti
din tch tip xc. Cc dch chuyn tng i gia cc b phn ca cc thnh phn kt ni thc
y xut hin h quang v hu qu pht sinh nhit cc ln.
Trong trng hp khng c m hnh hp l, cc th nghim trong phng th nghim phi c
tin hnh theo cch biu din cng gn cc tham s dng in st thch hp trong tnh hung
quan trng nht cng tt, tc l cc tham s dng in st thch hp c p dng theo cch
th nghim in ring.
Trong trng hp ny, cn xt ba tham s: gi tr nh, nng lng ring v rng xung dng
in.
Gi tr dng in xung ti a chi phi lc ln nht, hoc, khi v sau khi lc ko in ng vt
qu lc ma st, th c chiu di dch chuyn ti a ca kt cu LPS. Cc gi tr s c xt l
nhng s c lin quan n c st u tin. D liu bo ton thu c bng cch xt cc c st
mang in dng.
Nng lng ring ca xung dng in chi phi nhit lng cc b mt tip xc ni m dng
in tp trung trn cc din tch nh. Cc gi tr s c xt l nhng s c lin quan n c st
u tin. D liu bo ton thu c bng cch xt cc c st mang in dng.
rng ca dng in xung chi phi dch chuyn ti a ca kt cu sau khi cc lc ma st b
vt qu v c mt vai tr quan trng trong hin tng truyn nhit vo vt liu.
5.3.4. u tip t
Cc vn thc s vi cc in cc tip t c gn vi n mn ha hc v thit hi c hc
do cc lc khc vi lc in ng gy ra. Trong cc trng hp thc t, n mn ca cc in
cc tip t ti ngun h quang t quan trng. Tuy nhin, tng phn vi cc u thu st, n
c xem nh mt h thng LPS in hnh nhiu u thu st. Dng in st s c chia gia
nhiu in cc ni t, do t gy nh hng nghim trng ngun h quang. Trong trng
hp ny, xt hai tham s th nghim chnh:
- in tch chi phi u vo nng lng ngun h quang. c bit, ng gp ca c st u
tin c th c b qua khi xut hin c st thi gian di nghim trng nht cho thnh phn ny;
- rng xung dng in c vai tr quan trng trong hin tng truyn nhit vo vt liu.
rng xung dng in c p dng trong th nghim nn c so snh vi gi tr tng ng
ca cc c st thi gian di (0,5 s n 1 s).

Phone : 090 656 1078
D.6. Thit b bo v chng t bin (SPD)
D.6.1. Qui nh chung
Cc hiu ng ca in p ln mt thit b SPD do st ph thuc vo loi thit b SPD c xt,
lin quan c th vi s c mt hay khng ca mt b phng in.
D.6.2. Thit b SPD c cc b phng in
Cc hiu ng ti cc b phng in do st c th c chia thnh hai loi chnh:
- n mn cc in cc b phng in do t nng, nng chy v bay hi vt cht;
- ng sut c hc do sng phng in ca c st nh.
V cng kh kho st ring nhng hiu ng ny khi c hai c gn kt vi cc tham s
dng in st chnh bng cc mi quan h phc tp.
i vi cc b phng in, cc th nghim trong phng th nghim c tin hnh theo cch
biu din cng gn cng tt cc tham s dng in st thch hp trong trng hp quan trng
nht, ngha l tt c cc tham s thch hp ca dng in st c p dng bng cch chu p
lc in ring.
Trong trng hp ny, xt nm tham s: gi tr nh, in tch, rng xung, nng lng ring
v tc tng ca dng in xung.
Gi tr dng nh chi phi mc nghim trng ca sng st nh. Cc gi tr s c xt l
nhng gi tr lin quan n c st u tin. D liu bo ton thu c khi xt cc c st mang
in dng.
in tch chi phi u vo nng lng trong h quang. Nng lng trong h quang s nng ln,
tan chy v c th lm bay hi mt phn vt liu in cc ti cc im ni ca h quang. Gi tr
s c xt l nhng s lin quan n ton b qu trnh st nh. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng
hp, in tch ca dng in rng xung di c th c b qua ty thuc vo cu hnh ca h
thng cung cp in (TN, TT hoc IT).
rng ca dng in xung chi phi hin tng truyn nhit vo khi lng ca in cc v dn
n lan truyn nng chy b mt.
Nng lng ring ca xung dng in chi phi kh nng t nn t ca h quang v tnh cht vt
l ca cc lung plasma in cc xut hin ti giao din gia cc b mt in cc v h quang
(m c th thi tt mt s lng ng k vt liu nng chy). Gi tr s c xt l s lin quan
n c st u tin. D liu bo ton thu c khi xt cc c st mang in dng.
CH THCH: i vi cc b phng in c s dng trn cc h thng cung cp in, phi xt
n tn s in nng c th c ko theo bin dng in to thnh mt h s p lc quan
trng.
D.6.3. Thit b SPD c in tr phi tuyn bng oxit kim loi
St tc ng ti in tr phi tuyn oxit kim loi c th c chia thnh hai loi chnh: qu ti v
phng in h quang. Mi loi c c trng bi cc hnh thc hng c to ra bi cc hin
tng khc nhau v b chi phi bi cc tham s khc nhau. Hng hc mt thit b SPD oxit kim
loi c gn vi cc c trng yu nht ca n v do khng chc v s ng thi gia cc
p lc nghim trng khc nhau c th xy ra. Do , chp nhn vic thc hin cc th nghim
ring kim tra tnh nng trong tng iu kin ca ch hng hc.
Qu ti l do mt lng nng lng hp thu vt qu kh nng ca thit b. Nng lng vt
qu c xt y c lin quan n chnh tc ng ca st. Tuy nhin, i vi cc thit b SPD
c lp t trn cc h thng cung cp in, dng in ko theo c a vo thit b trong h
thng in ngay lp tc sau khi chm dt dn dng in st cng c th ng mt vai tr quan
trng trong nhng thit hi nghim trng ca thit b SPD. Cui cng, mt thit b SPD c th b
thit hi nghim trng do bt n nhit di in p p dng lin quan n h s nhit m ca
cc c tuyn vn - ampe ca in tr. m phng tnh trng qu ti ca in tr phi tuyn oxit
kim loi, xt mt tham s chnh l: in tch.

in tch chi phi u vo nng lng a vo khi in tr oxit kim loi, coi nh l mt hng s
in p tn d ca khi in tr oxit kim loi. Gi tr s c xt l s lin quan n st.
Phng in h quang v nt gy do bin ca cc xung dng in vt qu dung lng ca
cc in tr. C ch hng ny thng c chng minh bng mt phng in h quang ngoi
dc theo mt bch, i khi xuyn vo khi in tr gy ra mt vt nt hay l vung gc vi mt
bch. Hng hc gn ch yu vi ph v lp in mi ca mt bch khi in tr.
m phng hin tng st ny, cn xt hai tham s chnh: gi tr ti a v rng dng in
xung.
Thng qua mc p ng in p tn d, gi tr ti a ca dng in xung xc nh bn
in mi ti a trn mt bch in tr c b vt qu. Gi tr s c xt l nhng s lin quan
n c st u tin. D liu bo ton thu c khi xt cc c st mang in dng.
rng dng in xung chi phi thi gian t p lc in mi trn mt bch in tr.
D. 7. Tm tt cc tham s th nghim c p dng trong th nghim cc thnh phn h
thng LPS
Bng D.1 tm tt nhng kha cnh quan trng nht ca mi thnh phn h thng LPS khi thc
hin chc nng ca n v cung cp cc tham s dng in st c ti iu ch trong cc th
nghim trong phng th nghim.
Cc gi tr s a ra trong Bng D.1 c lin quan n cc tham s st quan trng ti im st
nh.
Cc gi tr th nghim phi c tnh ton xt ti vic chia dng m c th c biu din bng
cc h s chia dng, nh kho st iu D.3.
Do , cc gi tr s ca cc tham s c s dng trong cc th nghim c th c tnh ton
trn c s cc s liu a trong Bng D.1, p dng cc h s gim gn vi chia dng, nh
biu din theo cng thc c nu iu D.3.
PH LC E
(tham kho)
CC T BIN DO ST TI CC IM LP T KHC NHAU
E.1. Qui nh chung
Vi kch thc ca dy dn, cc thit b SPD v my mc, phi xc nh mi e da do t bin
ti cc im lp t c th cc thnh phn ny. t bin c th pht sinh t cc dng in st
(mt phn) v t cc hiu ng cm ng i vo cc vng ghp lp t. Mi e da do cc t
bin phi nh hn mc chu ng ca cc thnh phn c s dng (c xc nh bng
cc th nghim thch hp khi cn thit)
E.2. Cc t bin do st nh vo kt cu (ngun gy thit hi S1)
E.2.1. Cc t bin dn qua cc b phn dn in bn ngoi v cc ng dy c ni
ti kt cu
Khi c dn in v t, dng in st c chia gia cc h thng u thu st, cc b phn
dn in bn ngoi v cc ng dy, trc tip hoc thng qua thit b SPD c ni ti chng.
Nu
l F = ke x I
(E.1)
l b phn ca dng in st lin quan n mi b phn hoc ng dy dn in bn ngoi, th

h s chia dng ke ph thuc vo:
- s ng dn song song;

Phone : 090 656 1078
- tr khng ni t quy c ca chng i vi cc b phn chn ngm, hoc tr khng t ca
chng, khi cc b phn trn khng ni xung t, i vi cc b phn trn khng;
- tr khng ni t quy c ca h thng u tip t.
i vi lp t ngm
ke =
i vi lp t trn khng
z
z
z1 + z (n1 + n2 1 )
z2
ke =
(E.2)
z
z2 + z (n1 + n2
z2
)
z1
(E.3)
trong :
Z l tr khng ni t quy c ca h thng tip t;
Z1 l tr khng ni t quy c ca cc b phn bn ngoi hoc cc ng dy chy
ngm trong t (Bng E.1);
Z2 l tr khng t ca phn b ni t ni ng dy trn khng xung t. Nu khng xc nh
c tr khng t ca im ni t th c th s dng gi tr Z1 ch trn Bng E.1 (trong in
tr sut lin quan n im tip t).
CH THCH 1: Gi tr ny c c lng theo cng thc trn l nh nhau i vi mi im
tip t. Nu khng phi trng hp ny th cn s dng cc cng thc phc tp hn.
n1 l tng cc b phn bn ngoi hoc cc ng dy chn ngm;
n2 l tng cc b phn bn ngoi hoc cc ng dy trn khng;
I l dng in st lin quan n mc bo v chng st (LPL) c xt
Gi thit gi tr ban u xp vi mt na dng in st dn trong h thng tip t v c Z 2 = Z1,
th gi tr ke c th c nh gi cho mt b phn dn in bn ngoi hoc ng dy theo:
ke = 0,5 / (n1 + n2) (E.4)
Nu cc ng dy vo (nh ng in v vin thng) u khng c v bo v hoc khng
c chia l trong ng dn kim loi th mi dy dn n ca ng dy mang mt phn dng in
st bng nhau
k'e = ke/ n (E.5)
n l tng s cc dy dn in
i vi cc ng dy c v bo v c lin kt li vo, cc gi tr h s chia dng ke i vi
mi dy dn n ca mt ng dy c v bo v c a ra theo:
k'e = ke x Rs / (n X RS + RC) (E.6)
trong :
RS l tr khng thun tr trn mi n v chiu di ca v bo v;
RC l tr khng thun tr trn mi n v chiu di ca dy dn bn trong.
CH THCH 2: Cng thc ny c th nh gi thp vai tr ca v bo v trong vic chuyn
hng dng in st do in cm tng h gia li v v.
Bng E.1 - Cc gi tr tr khng t quy c Z v Z1 theo in tr sut ca t
r
Z1a
Tr khng t quy c lin quan n loi h thng

LPSb
Wm
W
I
II
III
100
200
11
500
16
10
10
10
1000
22
10
15
20
2000
28
10
15
40
3000
35
10
15
60
CH THCH: Cc gi tr c nu trong bng ny lin quan n tr khng t quy c ca mt

dy dn chn ngm trong iu kin xung (10/350 ms).
a
Cc gi tr cp n cc b phn bn ngoi di hn 100 m. Vi chiu di b phn bn ngoi

nh hn 100 m trong cc in tr sut t cao (> 500 Wm) Z1 c th c tng gp i.
b
H thng tip t tun th 5.4 ca TCVN 9888-3:2013 (IEC 62305 3:2010).
E.2.2. Cc h s nh hng n chia dng in st trn cc ng dy in

Vi cc tnh ton chi tit, mt s h s c th nh hng n bin v hnh dng ca cc t
bin nh vy:
chiu di cp c th nh hng n cc c trng chia dng v c im hnh dng do t s
L/R;
tr khng khc nhau ca dy dn in trung tnh v pha c th nh hng n chia dng gia
cc dy dn in;
CH THCH 1: V d, nu dy trung tnh (N) c nhiu im ni t, th tr khng ca N thp hn
so vi dy dn pha L1, L2, L3 v c th dn n 50 % dng in chy qua dy dn N v 50 % cn
li c chia cho 3 dy dn pha khc (mi dy 17 %). Nu N, L1, L2, L3 c cng tr khng th mi
dy dn s mang khong 25 % dng in.
tr khng bin p khc nhau c th nh hng n chia dng (hiu ng ny l khng ng k,
nu cc my bin p c bo v bi thit b SPD ni tt tr khng ca n);
quan h gia cc in tr ni t quy c ca my bin p v cc phn pha chu ti c th
nh hng n chia dng (tr khng bin p thp hn, dng t bin cao hn dng dn vo h
thng h p)
cc h tiu th song song lm gim hiu qu tr khng ca h thng in h p, iu ny c
th lm tng phn dng in st dn vo h thng ny.
CH THCH 2: Tham kho Ph lc D ca TCVN 9888-4:2013 (IEC 62305-4:2010) bit thm
thng tin.
E.3. t bin lin quan n cc ng dy c ni ti kt cu
E.3.1. t bin do st nh vo ng dy (ngun gy thit hi S3)
Khi st nh trc tip vo ng dy ni, cn tnh n vic chia dng in st theo c hai hng
ca ng dy v nh thng cch in.
Vic la chn cc gi tr limp c th da trn gi tr cho trong bng E.2 cho cc h thng in h
p v bng E.3 cho cc h thng vin thng, trong cc gi tr u tin ca l imp lin quan vi
mc bo v st (LPL).

Phone : 090 656 1078
Bng E.2 - Qu dng t bin d kin do st nh vo h thng in h p
LPL
H thng in h p
(mc)
in h p
Cc st nh trc tip v gin tip ti St nh gn kt cu St nh vo kt cu
a
dch v
Ngun gy thit Ngun gy thit hi Ngun gy thit hi Ngun gy thit hi S1

c
hi S3 (nh trc S4 (nh gin tip) S2 (dng in cm (dng in cm ng)
)b
tip
ng)
d
Dng dng in:
Dng dng in:
d
Dng dng in:
Dng dng in:
8/20 ms
8/20 ms
10/350 ms
8/20 ms
kA
kA
kA
kA
III-IV
2,5
0,1
II
7,5
3,75
0,15
7,5
10
0,2
10
CH THCH: Tt c cc gi tr u lin quan n tng dy pha.

a
Tuyn dy dn mch vng v khong cch n dng in cm ng s nh hng n cc gi

tr qu dng t bin d kin. Gi tr trong Bng E.2 lin quan n cc dy dn mch vng ngn
mch khng c bo v, c tuyn khc nhau trong cc ta nh ln (din tch mch vng c 50
m2, rng 5 m), cch tng kt cu 1 m, bn trong kt cu khng c bo v hoc ta nh c
LPS (kc = 0,5). i vi cc c trng mch vng v kt cu khc, gi tr ny cn c nhn vi
cc h s KS1, kS2, KS3 (xem iu B.4 ca TCVN 9888-2:2013 (IEC 62305- 2:2010)).
b
Cc gi tr lin quan n trng hp nh la ti cc cui ca ng dy st vi ng dy

ca h tiu th v ng dy nhiu li (ba pha + trung tnh).
c
Cc gi tr lin quan n ng dy trn khng. i vi ng dy chn ngm, gi tr c th

gim mt na.
d
in tr v in cm vng lp s nh hng n hnh dng ca dng cm ng. Khi in tr

vng ghp khng ng k th gi thit l dng in cm ng c dng 10/350 ms. y l trng
hp mt loi chuyn mch SPD c lp trong mch cm ng.
Bng E.3 - Qu dng t bin c d kin do st nh ln cc h thng vin thng
Cc h thng vin thnga
Cc st nh trc tip v gin tip ti St nh gn kt cu St nh vo kt cu
b
b
dch v
Ngun gy thit Ngun gy thit hi
hi S3 (nh trc S4 (nh gin tip)d
(mc)
c
tip)
LPL
Ngun gy thit hi Ngun gy thit hi

S2 (dng in cm S1 (dng in cm
ng)
ng)
Dng dng in:

10/350 ms
Dng dng in:

8/20 ms
Dng dng in:d

8/20 ms
Dng dng in:d

8/20 ms
kA
kA
kA
kA
lll-IV
0,035
0,1
II
1,5
0,085
0,15
7,5
0,160
0,2
10
CH THCH: Tt c cc gi tr u lin quan n tng dy pha
[6]
Tham kho khuyn co ITU-T K.67 bit thm thng tin.
Tuyn dy dn mch vng v khong cch n dng in cm ng s nh hng n cc gi

tr qu dng t bin d kin. Gi tr trong Bng E.3 lin quan n cc dy dn mch vng ngn
mch khng c bo v, c tuyn khc nhau trong cc ta nh ln (din tch mch vng c 50
m2, rng 5 m), cch tng kt cu 1 m, bn trong kt cu khng c bo v hoc ta nh c
LPS (kc = 0,5). i vi cc c trng mch vng v kt cu khc, gi tr ny cn c nhn vi
cc h s KS1, KS2, KS3 (xem iu B.4 ca TCVN 9888-2:2013 (IEC 62305- 2:2010)).
c
Cc gi tr lin quan n cc ng dy khng c bo v c nhiu cp dy dn. i vi dy

khng c v bo v, cc gi tr c th cao hn 5 ln.
d
Cc gi tr lin quan n ng dy trn khng khng c bo v. i vi ng dy chn

ngm, cc gi tr c th gim mt na.
i vi cc ng dy c bo v, cc gi tr qu dng c cho trong Bng E.2 c th c
gim i 0,5 ln.
CH THCH: Gi thit rng in tr ca v bo v xp x bng vi in tr ca tt c cc dy
pha ni song song.
E.3.2. Cc t bin do st nh gn ng dy (ngun gy thit hi S4)
Cc t bin do st nh gn ng dy c nng lng thp hn nhiu so vi cc t bin do
st nh vo ng dy (ngun gy thit hi S3).
Qu dng in d kin, lin quan n mt mc bo v st c th (LPL) c cho trong Bng E.2
v Bng E.3.
i vi ng dy c bo v, cc gi tr qu dng in c cho trong Bng E.2 v Bng E.3
c th c gim i 0,5 ln.
E.4. Cc t bin do nh hng ca cm ng (ngun gy thit hi S1 hoc S2 )
E.4.1. Qui nh chung
Cc t bin do nh hng cm ng ca trng t, pht ra hoc do st nh gn (ngun S2)
hoc do dng in st dn trong h thng LPS bn ngoi hoc mn chn khng gian ca vng
LPZ 1 (ngun S1) c dng dng in in hnh 8/20 ms. Cc t bin nh vy c xt gn ti
hoc ti u cui ca my mc bn trong vng LPZ 1 v ranh gii ca LPZ 1/2.
E.4.2. Cc t bin bn trong vng LPZ 1 khng c bo v
Bn trong cc vng khng c bo v LPZ 1 (v d ch c bo v bng mt h thng LPS
ngoi theo TCVN 9888-3 (IEC 62305-3) c rng li ln hn 5m) cc t bin tng i cao
c d kin do cc hiu ng cm ng ca t trng khng tt dn.
Qu dng d kin, lin quan n mc bo v st c th (LPL) c a ra trong Bng E.2 v
E.3.
E.4.3. Cc t bin bn trong cc vng LPZ c bo v
Bn trong vng LPZ c mn chn khng gian hiu qu (yu cu chiu rng li di 5 m theo
Ph lc A ca IEC 62305-4:2010), vic pht cc t bin do hiu ng cm ng t t trng b
gim mnh. Trong trng hp nh vy, cc t bin thp hn nhiu cc gi tr c cho trong
E.4.2.
Bn trong vng LPZ 1, cc hiu ng cm ng thp hn do hiu ng tt dn ca mn chn khng
gian ca n.
Bn trong vng LPZ 2, cc t bin b gim mnh hn na do hiu ng xp chng hai mn chn
khng gian ca vng LPZ 1 v LPZ 2.
E.5. Thng tin chung lin quan n cc thit b SPD

Phone : 090 656 1078
Vic s dng cc thit b SPD ph thuc vo kh nng chu ng ca chng, vi h thng in
th c phn loi trong IEC 61643-1[7] v trong IEC 61643-21[8] i vi h thng vin thng.
Cc thit b SPD s c s dng theo v tr lp t chng nh sau:
a) Ti li ng dy i vo kt cu (ti ranh gii ca vng LPZ 1, v d ti bng phn phi chnh
MB):
thit b SPD c th nghim vi limp (dng dng in hnh 10/350), v d: thit b SPD c
th nghim theo cp I;
thit b SPD c th nghim vi In (dng dng in hnh 8/20), v d: thit b SPD c th
nghim theo cp II.
b ) Gn vi my c bo v (ti ranh gii ca vng LPZ 2 v cao hn, v d ti bng phn phi
th cp SB, hoc ti mt cm SA):
SPD c th nghim vi Limp (dng dng in hnh 10/350), v d SPD c th nghim theo
Cp I cho cc thit b SPD cng sut);
SPD c th nghim vi ln (dng dng in in hnh 8/20), v d SPD c th nghim theo
cp II;
SPD c th nghim vi mt sng kt hp (dng dng in in hnh 8/20), v d SPD c
th nghim theo cp III.
TH MC TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] IEC 60664-1:2007, Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems - Part 1:
Principles, requirements and tests (Kt hp cch in cho thit b trong cc h thng h p Phn 1: Nguyn l, yu cu v th nghim)
[2] IEC 61000-4-5, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-5: Testing and measurement
techniques - Surge immunity test (Tng thch in t - Phn 4-5: Cc k thut th nghim v o
lng Th nghim loi tr t bin)
[3] BERGER K., ANDERSON R.B., KRNINGER H., Parameters of lightning flashes. CIGRE
Electra No 41 (1975), p. 23 - 37 (Cc tham s ca st)
[4] ANDERSON R.B., ERIKSSON A.J., Lightning parameters for engineering application. CIGRE
Electra No 69 (1980), p. 65 - 102 (Cc tham s st cho ng dng k thut)
[5] IEEE working group report, Estimating lightning performance of transmission lines- Analytical
models. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume 8, n. 3, July 1993 (Tnh nng c tnh
ca st cho cc m hnh phn tch cc ng dy truyn ti)
[6] ITU-T Recommendation K.67, Expected surges on telecommunications and signalling
networks due to lightning (Cc t bin d kin trn cc mng vin thng v tn hiu do st)
[7] IEC 61643-1, Low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 1: Surge protective devices
connected to low-voltage power distribution systems - Requirements and tests (Cc thit b bo
v t bin h p - Phn 1: Cc thit b bo v t bin c ni vi cc h thng phn phi in
nng h p - Cc yu cu v th nghim)
[8] IEC 61643-21 Low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 21: Surge protective devices
connected to telecommunications and signalling networks - Performance requirements and
testing methods (Cc thit b bo v t bin h p Phn 21: Cc thit b bo v t bin c
ni ti cc mng vin thng v tn hiu - Cc phng php th nghim v cc yu cu tnh
nng).
MC LC
Li ni u
Li gii thiu
1.Phm vi p dng
2.Ti liu vin dn
3.Thut ng v nh ngha
4.Tham s dng in st
5.Thit hi do st
6.Nhu cu v lun chng kinh t i vi bo v chng st
7. Bin php bo v
8. Tiu ch c bn bo v cc kt cu
Ph lc A (tham kho) - Tham s dng in st
Ph lc B (tham kho) - Hm s theo thi gian ca dng in st i vi mc ch phn tch
Ph lc C (tham kho) - M phng dng in st cho cc mc ch th nghim
Ph lc D (tham kho) - Tham s th nghim m phng cc nh hng ca st ln cc thnh
phn LPS
Ph lc E (tham kho) - t bin do st ti cc im lp t khc nhau
Th mc ti liu tham kho

TCVN 9888-1 2013 - Chong Set

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TCVN 9888-1 2013 - Chong Set

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LP THC HNH THIT K M&E

LP THC HNH THIT K M&E

LP THC HNH THIT K M&E

dung sinh ra cc t bin v trng in t bc x.

LP THC HNH THIT K M&E

Con s trong ngoc vung th hin th mc ti liu tham kho

3.56. Giao din cch ly (isolating interfaces)

nh thng cch in cc trang b in, chy v thit hi vt liu

Thit hi thng ch gii hn cc kt cu tip xc vi im st

LP THC HNH THIT K M&E

Ri ro th cp do mt in, v nguy him n s sng ca gia

Nh trn, cng thm cc vn do mt thng tin lin lc, hng

Cng ty thng mi, v.v...

Nh trn, cng thm cc vn v con ngi trong khu chm

Chy v hot ng sai ca cc nh my c nhng hu qu c

LP THC HNH THIT K M&E

L1, L2, L3, L4

Ch i vi cc kt cu c ri ro n v i vi cc bnh vin hoc cc kt cu khc m vic

Ch vi cc bnh vin hoc cc kt cu khc m cc h hng h thng bn trong gy nguy

6. Nhu cu v lun chng kinh t i vi bo v chng st

LP THC HNH THIT K M&E

gim vic hng h thng in v in t.

LP THC HNH THIT K M&E

Nng lng ring

Cc tham s thi gian

Cc tham s thi gian

Xung tip theo

Cc tham s thi gian

Tham s thi gian

Bng 4 - Cc gi tr ti thiu ca tham s st v bn knh qu cu ln ng vi mc bo v

T cc phn b thng k cho trong Hnh A.5, xc sut c trng s c th c xc nh cc

- ln hn cc gi tr ti thiu xc nh trong Bng

LP THC HNH THIT K M&E

khong cch ly chng tia la in nguy him

nh trc tip, dng in st ton phn

nh gin tip, dng cm ng hoc dng in st ring phn

nh gin tip, dng cm ng hoc dng in st c gii hn

th tch c bo v bn trong LPZ 1 phi c khong cch ly s thch hp.

khong an ton ngn t trng c ln qu cao

nh trc tip, dng in st ton phn, t trng ton phn

nh gin tip, dng cm ng hoc dng in st c gii hn, t trng tt dn

nh gin tip, dng cm ng, t trng tt dn thm

cc th tch c bo v bn trong vng LPZ 1 v LPZ 2 c khong an ton ds thch hp.

LP THC HNH THIT K M&E

thi gian sn trc

LP THC HNH THIT K M&E

Hnh A.4 - Cc thnh phn c th c ca cc st hng ln (in hnh vi cc kt cu cao

Cc thnh phn b sung trong cc st hng ln l c st di u tin, c hoc khng c vi

Ngn mang in m u tinb

250 Ngn mang in dng u tin

350 Phng st mang in dng

Ngn mang in m u tin

Ngn mang in m tip theo

150 Ngn mang in dng u tin

550 Ngn mang in m u tin

28,6 Ngn mang in m tip theo

Ngn mang in m tip theo

15000 Ngn mang in dng u tin

Ngn mang in m u tin

161,5 Ngn mang in m tip theo

Ngn mang in dng u tin

98,5 Ngn mang in m tip theob

LP THC HNH THIT K M&E

Ngn mang in m u tin