6.

0 DATA AND ANALYSIS

6.1 Part A : Loss of head due to friction in PVC 20 x 1.5 pipe
Pipe length,
Pipe inside diameter,
Pipe cross-sectional area,

L = 800 mm = 0.8 m
D = 17 mm = 0.017 m
A = 2.27 x
Table 1

(a)
Volume
measured
(litres)

(b)
Time
observed
(s)

1
2
3
4
5

5
5
5
5
5

6
7

5
5

Measurement
No.

(a)/(b)
Q

eq. 5
v

(c)

(d)

(litres/s)

(m/s)

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)

(m)

64.22
35.93
27.97
18.24
16.12

0.078
0.139
0.179
0.274
0.310

0.34
0.61
0.79
1.21
1.37

495
505
520
560
595

485
485
480
480
475

10
20
40
80
120

0.01
0.02
0.04
0.08
0.12

0.12
0.37
0.62
1.46
1.88

12.83
11.37

0.390
0.440

1.72
1.94

615
690

455
440

160
250

0.16
0.25

2.96
3.76

Table 2

eq. 1

(e)

Graph hf vs v2
0.3
0.25

hf, m

0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0

0.5

1.5

v2, m2/s2
Graph 1

2.5

3.5

6.2 Part B : Loss of head due to sudden expansion from PVC 20 x 1.5 to PVC 32 x 1.8 pipes
Upstream pipe inside diameter,

= 17

Upstream pipe cross-sectional area,

Downstream pipe inside diameter,

= 28.4

Downstream pipe cross-sectional area,

mm = 0.017

mm = 0.0284

Table 3

No.
1

(a)
Volume
measured
(litres)
5

(b)
Time
observed
(s)
11.50

(litres/s)
0.435

12.00

4
5

Measurement

(a)/(b)
Q

eq. 5

eq. 5

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(m/s)
1.92

(m/s)
0.69

(m)
0.189

(m)
0.024

(mm)
660

(mm)
510

(mm)
315

(m)
0.315

0.417

1.84

0.66

0.173

0.022

630

505

276

0.276

13.44

0.372

1.64

0.59

0.137

0.018

600

500

219

0.219

14.43

0.347

1.53

0.55

0.119

0.015

570

495

179

0.179

18.41

0.272

1.12

0.40

0.064

0.008

540

490

106

0.106

Table 4

eq. 4

6.3 Part C : Loss of head due to sudden contraction from PVC 32 x 1.8 to PVC 20 x 1.5 pipes
Upstream pipe inside diameter,

= 28.4

Upstream pipe cross-sectional area,

= 6.33

Downstream pipe inside diameter,

= 17

Downstream pipe cross-sectional area,

= 2.27

mm = 0.0284

mm = 0.017

Table 5

No.
1

(a)
Volume
measured
(litres)
5

(b)
Time
observed
(s)
11.47

(litres/s)
0.436

12.38

4
5

Measurement

(a)/(b)
Q

eq. 5

eq. 5

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(m/s)
0.69

(m/s)
1.92

(m)
0.024

(m)
0.188

(mm)
800

(mm)
320

(mm)
316

(m)
0.316

0.404

0.64

1.78

0.021

0.161

730

355

235

0.235

13.68

0.365

0.54

1.61

0.017

0.132

660

390

155

0.155

16.97

0.295

0.47

1.30

0.011

0.086

590

425

90

0.090

27.56

0.181

0.29

0.80

0.004

0.033

520

460

Table 6

eq. 4

0.031

hl vs v2^2/2g
0.35
0.3

hl, m

0.25

0.2
Part B

0.15

Part C
0.1
0.05
0
0

0.05

0.1
v2^2/2g, m

Graph 2

0.15

0.2

Head Loss vs Flow Rate,Q

0.35
0.3

Head Loss

0.25
0.2
Part C
0.15

Part A
Part B

0.1
0.05
0
0.00E+00

5.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.50E-04

2.00E-04

2.50E-04

3.00E-04

Flow Rate,Q

Graph 3

3.50E-04

4.00E-04

4.50E-04

5.00E-04