Oilon Guia Datos PDF

Oilon Data Guide
for Professional Sales
OILON OY
P.O.Box 5
FIN-15801 LAHTI FINLAND

Fax
E-mail
+358-3-85 761
+358-3-857 6239
info@oilon.com
www.oilon.com
This Oilon - booklet includes helpful and necessary information about

oil and gas heating.
This booklet does not give detailed information, so the reader should
check the reliability of data given in this booklet and compare it to his
knowledge.
Responsibility
The Oilon cannot be made responsible for any misprints.
Compiled by:
Kari Palo, Leif Ekholm, Jouko Peltohaka, Matti Kyt
September 2001
Table of Contents
1.
Conversions and Formulas............................................................................................................ 1

1.1. Conversion Tables............................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1. Conversions of Force Units .................................................................................... 1
1.1.2. Conversions of Mass Units..................................................................................... 1
1.1.3. Conversions of Pressure Units ............................................................................... 1
1.1.4. Conversions of Power Units ................................................................................... 1
1.1.5. Conversions of Work and Energy Units ................................................................. 2
1.1.6. Anglo-American Units ............................................................................................. 2
1.2. General Conversions Formulas........................................................................................... 3
1.2.1. Conversion of Temperature Scales from Fahrenheit (F) to Celsius (C) and
Vice Versa .............................................................................................................. 3
1.2.2. Conversion of Calorific Values ............................................................................... 5
1.3. Prefixes and Alphabets........................................................................................................ 5
1.3.1. Prefix for Multiple Numbers of Ten......................................................................... 5
1.3.2. Greek Alphabets ..................................................................................................... 5
1.4. Air Pressure and Density at Altitude.................................................................................... 6
1.4.1. Normal Atmosphere at Altitude............................................................................... 6
1.4.2. Air Temperature / Density (1013 mbar) .................................................................. 6
2.
Boiler Houses ................................................................................................................................ 7

2.1. Boiler Construction Types ................................................................................................... 7
2.2. Steam and Water Enthalpy Values ................................................................................... 11
2.3. Boiler Efficiency Calculation .............................................................................................. 14
2.4. Boiler Output Calculation................................................................................................... 14
2.5. Required Combustion Air .................................................................................................. 15
2.6. Flame Dimensions............................................................................................................. 18
2.7. Recommendation for Minimum Flue Gas Temperature, when Using Fuel Oil.................. 22
2.8. Power Requirement for Oil Preheating.............................................................................. 23
2.9. Economical Flow Velocity in Pipe Lines ............................................................................ 24
3.
Properties of Fuels, Combustion Calculations............................................................................. 25

3.1. Viscosity Tables................................................................................................................. 25
3.2. Heating Values of Liquid Fuels.......................................................................................... 27
3.3. Heating Values of Gaseous Fuels ..................................................................................... 27
3.4. Combustion Air Required, Calculations............................................................................. 28
3.5. Properties of Natural Gas .................................................................................................. 28
3.5.1. Properties of Natural Gas in Finland .................................................................... 28
3.5.2. Properties of Natural Gas ..................................................................................... 28
3.5.3. Properties of Propane, C3H8 ................................................................................. 29
3.5.4. Properties of Butane, C4H10 .................................................................................. 29
3.5.5. Properties of Town Gas........................................................................................ 29
3.5.6. Properties of Hydrogen......................................................................................... 29
3.5.7. Properties of Coke Oven Gas............................................................................... 29
3.5.8. Properties of Lignite Gen. Gas ............................................................................. 30
3.6. Properties of Fuel Oil......................................................................................................... 30
3.6.1. Properties of Light Fuel Oil ................................................................................... 30
3.6.2. Properties of Heavy Fuel Oil................................................................................. 30
3.6.3. Properties of Kerosene......................................................................................... 30
3.6.4. Properties of Chinese Heavy Fuel Oil No. 20 ....................................................... 30
3.6.5. Properties of Chinese Heavy Fuel Oil No. 60 ....................................................... 31
3.6.6. Properties of Chinese Heavy Fuel Oil No. 100 ..................................................... 31
4.
Emissions .................................................................................................................................... 32
4.1. Basic Information about Different Emissions .................................................................... 32
4.1.1. NOx....................................................................................................................... 32
4.1.2. SOx....................................................................................................................... 33
4.1.3. Solid Particles and Soot........................................................................................ 34
4.1.4. CO ........................................................................................................................ 36
4.1.5. Noise..................................................................................................................... 36
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
Different Oil and Gas Burner Types and their Typical Emissions ..................................... 36
4.2.1. Pressure Jet Oil Burners and with Gas ................................................................ 36
4.2.2. Steam Atomising Power Plant and Process Burners and with Gas ..................... 37
Conversion of Gaseous Emissions ................................................................................... 38
4.3.1. Conversion of Gaseous Emissions to Different Units........................................... 38
4.3.2. Conversion of Gaseous Emissions to Reference Levels ..................................... 39
Saturation Temperatures of Some Fuels .......................................................................... 40
Typical Flue Gas Content .................................................................................................. 40
5.
Electrical Engineering .................................................................................................................. 41

5.1. Alternating-Current (AC) and Direct-Current (DC) ............................................................ 41
5.1.1. General ................................................................................................................. 41
5.1.2. Alternating-Current: Voltage, Power, Y-Connection, D-Connection ..................... 41
5.2. Resistance......................................................................................................................... 42
5.3. Short Circuit Protection and Overload Protection.............................................................. 42
5.3.1. Fuses .................................................................................................................... 42
5.3.2. Thermal Relays..................................................................................................... 42
5.4. Cables ............................................................................................................................... 43
5.4.1. Types .................................................................................................................... 43
5.4.2. Load Capacity....................................................................................................... 43
5.5. Shielding from Contact, Enclosure Class (IP), EX-Class .................................................. 44
5.5.1. Protection Against Direct Contact......................................................................... 44
5.5.2. Protection Against Indirect Contact ...................................................................... 44
5.5.3. Enclosure Class.................................................................................................... 44
5.5.4. EX-Class............................................................................................................... 44
5.6. Burner Control Units .......................................................................................................... 45
5.6.1. Control Unit LAL 1.25 ........................................................................................... 45
5.6.2. Control Unit LFL1.322........................................................................................... 47
5.7. Air Damper Actuators SQN............................................................................................ 50
5.8. Ignition Units...................................................................................................................... 51
5.9. Flame Detectors ................................................................................................................ 51
5.10. Temperature Sensors........................................................................................................ 52
5.11. Pressure Sensors .............................................................................................................. 53
5.12. Directives and Standards .................................................................................................. 53
6.
Notes ........................................................................................................................................... 54
1.
Conversions and Formulas
1.1.
Conversion Tables
1.1.1. Conversions of Force Units

Mp
Mp
kp
N
p
lbf
kp
1
-3
10
-3
0,102x10
-6
10
-3
0,45x10
p
3
10
1
0,102
-3
10
0,452
lbf
9,81x10
9,81
1
-3
9,81x10
4,448
10
1000
3
0,102x10
1
452,5
2,21x10
2,21
0,2248
-3
2,21x10
1
1.1.2. Conversions of Mass Units

2
kps /m
t
t
2
kps /m
kg
g
mg
1
-3
9,81x10
-3
10
-6
10
-9
10
102
1
0,102
-3
0,102x10
-6
0,102x10
kg
mg
1000
9,81
1
-3
10
-6
10
10
9810
1000
1
-3
10
10
6
9,81x10
6
10
1000
1
1.1.3. Conversions of Pressure Units

bar
bar
2
kp/cm =At
kp/cm
PSI
2
(lbf/in )
Torr
mmHg
mmWC,
2
kp/m
1,01972
14,504
750
1,02x10
0,980665
14,223
735,6
10000
0,0703
51,71
0,019
PSI (lbf/in ) 0,068948

-3
-3
2088,55
9,81x10
0,0981
2048,34
703,1
6895
68,9x10
13,6
133,3
1,33x10
9,81
9,807x10
10
0,0209
2,09x10
0,102x10
1,45x10
75x10
0,102
MPa
10
10,1972
144,9
7500
101972
10
PSF
2
(lbf/ft )
47,88x10
0,359
4,889
47,88
-5
-4
14,22x10
-4
-5
-5
48,82x10
-4
-4
69,44x10
0,07356 1
-3
kW
kcal/h
kpm/s
HP
Watt =J/s
2 2
=kgm /s
Btu/h
kcal/h
1
-3
1,16x10
0,00981
0,735
-3
10
-3
0,293*10
kpm/s
HP
102
0,118
1
75
0,102
1,36
0,00157
0,0133
1
0,00136
0,2520
0,0299
0,398x10
-3
144,01
-4
2,786
-6
Btu/h
1000
1,16
9,81
736
1
3,4128x10
3,9684
33,480
3
2,51x10
3,4128
0,293
0,205
47,88x10
Watt =J/s
2 2
=kgm /s
860
1
8,45
632
0,86
-4
-6
1.1.4. Conversions of Power Units

kW
PSF
2
(lbf/ft )
0,1
10
-4
10
MPa
1,33x10
-4
10
Torr =
mmHg
mmWC,
2
kp/m
2
N/m
0,981x10
1,36x10
N/m
-6
2
1.1.5. Conversions of Work and Energy Units
kWh
kWh
kcal
kpm
HPh
J
Btu
kcal
1
-3
1,16x10
-6
2,72x10
0,736
-6
0,278x10
-3
0,293x10
860
1
-3
2,345x10
632
-3
0,239x10
0,2520
kpm
HPh
6
0,367x10
427
1
6
0,27x10
0,102
-5
0,287x10
1,36
0,00157
-6
3,7x10
1
-6
0,378x10
-12
3,99x10
Btu
5
3,6 x10
4186
9,81
6
2,65x10
1
1055,06
3412,12
3,9683
-3
9,27x10
2511
-4
9,48x10
1
1.1.6. Anglo-American Units

Definition of Boiler Horse Power
1 Boiler HP = 33.479 Btu/h = 8.435 kcal/h = evaporation of 15,65 kg of water/h from and
at 100 C.
British and US
Steam from Water at 100 C
Boiler HP
kg of steam/h
a 540 kcal/kg
1
5
10
15
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
15,65
78
156
235
313
470
626
783
940
1096
1253
1566
2350
3130
3915
4700
5480
6260
7040
7830
7610
9390
10179
10962
11745
12528
Common Market
Steam from Water at 0 C
kg of steam/h
Power
a 640 kcal/kg
Mcal/h
13,2
66
132
198
264
396
528
660
792
924
1056
1320
1980
2640
3300
3960
4620
5280
5940
6600
7260
7920
8580
9240
9900
10560
8,45
42,25
84,50
126,75
169,00
253,5
338,0
422,5
507,0
591,5
676,0
845,0
1267,5
1690,0
2112,5
2535,0
2957,5
3380,0
3802,5
4225,0
4647,5
5070,0
5592,5
5915,0
6337,5
6760,0
3
Units of Heat
1 Btu
1 Btu
1 Btu/sec
1 Btu/lb
1 Btu/lb
1 Btu/cu ft
2
1 Btu/ft h
2
1 Btu/ft h F
2
1 Btu/h F
2
1 Btu in/ft hrF
1 Btu/lbF
1 Btucu ftF
Units of Mass
0,2520 kcal
107,7 kg/m
1,055 kW
0,5556 kcal/kg
0,002326 MJ/kg
3
8,900 kcal/m
3
2,71 kcal/m h
2
4,886 kcal/m hC
1,49 kcal/m hC
0,124 kcal/m hC
1,001 kcal/kgC
3
16,2 kcal m C
1 lb (pound)
1 U.S.A. apt. pound
1 oz (ounce)
1 U.S.A. apt. ounce
1 dram
1 gr (grain)
1 short ton U.S.A.
1 ton (Engl.)
1 long ton U.S.A.
1 stone (Engl.)
1 quarter (Engl.)
1 quarter (short, Engl.)
1 clove (Engl.)
0,45359237 kg
0,373242 kg
28,3495 g
31,10352 g
1,77185 g
64,79891 mg
907,185 kg
1016,05 kg
1016,05 kg
6,3503 kg
12,7006 kg
11,3398 kg
3,62874 kg
Units of Volume
3
1 in
3
1 ft
3
1 yd
3
100 ft
1 standard
1 barrel (USA liquid)
1 barrel (USA oil)
1 barrel (USA dry)
1 barrel (English, dry)
1 gallon (USA)
1 gallon (English)
1 quart (USA)
1 quart (English)
1 pint (USA)
1 pint (English)
1 bushel (USA)
1 bushel (English)
1.2.
16,3871 cm
3
28,3168 dm
3
0,764555 m
3
2,832 m
3
4,672 m
3
119,241 dm
3
158,762 dm
3
115,628 dm
3
163,659 dm
3
3,78543 dm
3
4,54609 dm
3
0,946358 m
3
1,136522 dm
3
0,473179 dm
3
0,568261 dm
3
35,2393 dm
3
36,3687 dm
General Conversions Formulas
1.2.1. Conversion of Temperature Scales from Fahrenheit (F) to Celsius (C) and Vice Versa
5
9
F 32
F 1,8 C 32
4
The number in the centre of the 3 columns can be converted from F into C by reading to the left
and from C into F by reading to the right.
C
-101,1
-98,3
-95,6
-92,8
-90,0
-87,2
-84,4
-81,7
-78,9
-76,1
-73,3
-70,6
-67,8
-65,0
-62,2
-59,4
-56,7
-53,9
-51,1
-48,3
-45,6
-45,0
-44,4
-43,9
-43,3
-42,8
-42,2
-41,7
-41,1
-40,6
-40,0
-39,4
-38,9
-38,3
-37,8
-37,2
-36,7
-36,1
-35,6
-35,0
-34,4
-33,9
-33,3
-32,8
-32,2
-31,7
-31,1
-30,6
-30,0
-29,4
-28,9
-28,3
-27,8
-27,2
-26,7
-26,1
-25,6
-150
-145
-140
-135
-130
-125
-120
-115
-110
-105
-100
-95
-90
-85
-80
-75
-70
-65
-60
-55
-50
-49
-48
-47
-46
-45
-44
-43
-42
-41
-40
-39
-38
-37
-36
-35
-34
-33
-32
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
F
-238,0
-229,0
-220,0
-211,0
-202,0
-193,0
-184,0
-175,0
-166,0
-157,0
-148,0
-139,0
-130,0
-121,0
-112,0
-103,0
-94,0
-85,0
-76,0
-67,0
-58,0
-56,2
-54,4
-52,6
-50,8
-49,0
-47,2
-45,4
-43,6
-41,8
-40,0
-38,2
-36,4
-34,6
-32,8
-31,0
-29,2
-27,4
-25,6
-23,8
-22,0
-20,2
-18,4
-16,6
-14,8
-13,0
-11,2
-9,4
-7,6
-5,8
-4,0
-2,2
-0,4
1,4
3,2
5,0
6,8
C
-25,0
-24,4
-23,9
-23,3
-22,8
-22,2
-21,7
-21,1
-20,6
-20,0
-19,4
-18,9
-18,3
-17,8
-17,2
-16,7
-16,1
-15,6
-15,0
-14,4
-13,9
-13,3
-12,8
-12,2
-11,7
-11,1
-10,6
-10,0
-9,4
-8,9
-8,3
-7,8
-7,2
-6,7
-6,1
-5,6
-5,0
-4,4
-3,9
-3,3
-2,8
-2,2
-1,7
-1,1
-0,6
0,0
0,6
1,1
1,7
2,2
2,8
3,3
3,9
4,4
5,0
5,6
6,1
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
F
8,6
10,4
12,2
14,0
15,8
17,6
19,4
21,2
23,0
24,8
26,6
28,4
30,2
32,0
33,8
35,6
37,4
39,2
41,0
42,8
44,6
46,4
48,2
50,0
51,8
53,6
55,4
57,2
59,0
60,8
62,6
64,4
66,2
68,0
69,8
71,6
73,4
75,2
77,0
78,8
80,6
82,4
84,2
86,0
87,8
89,6
91,4
93,2
95,0
96,8
98,6
100,4
102,2
104,0
105,8
107,6
109,4
C
6,7
7,2
7,8
8,3
8,9
9,4
10,0
10,6
11,1
11,7
12,2
12,8
13,3
13,9
14,4
15,0
15,6
16,1
16,7
17,2
17,8
18,3
18,9
19,4
20,0
20,6
21,1
21,7
22,2
22,8
23,3
23,9
24,4
25,0
25,6
26,1
26,7
27,2
27,8
28,3
28,9
29,4
30,0
30,6
31,1
31,7
32,2
32,8
33,3
33,9
34,4
35,0
35,6
36,1
36,7
37,2
37,8
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
F
111,2
113,0
114,8
116,6
118,4
120,2
122,0
123,8
125,6
127,4
129,2
131,0
132,8
134,6
136,4
138,2
140,0
141,8
143,6
145,4
147,2
149,0
150,8
152,6
154,4
156,2
158,0
159,8
161,6
163,4
165,2
167,0
168,8
170,6
172,4
174,2
176,0
177,8
179,6
181,4
183,2
185,0
186,8
188,6
190,4
192,2
194,0
195,8
197,6
199,4
201,2
203,0
204,8
206,6
208,4
210,2
212,0
C
40,6
43,3
46,1
48,9
51,7
54,4
57,2
60,0
62,8
65,6
68,3
71,1
73,9
76,7
79,4
82,2
85,0
87,8
90,6
93,3
96,1
98,9
101,7
104,4
107,2
110,0
112,8
115,6
118,3
121,1
123,9
126,7
129,4
132,2
135,0
137,8
140,6
143,3
146,1
148,9
151,7
154,4
157,2
160,0
162,8
165,6
168,3
171,1
173,9
176,7
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
280
285
290
295
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
335
340
345
350
F
221,0
230,0
239,0
248,0
257,0
266,0
275,0
284,0
293,0
302,0
311,0
320,0
329,0
338,0
347,0
356,0
365,0
374,0
383,0
392,0
401,0
410,0
419,0
428,0
437,0
446,0
455,0
464,0
473,0
482,0
491,0
500,0
509,0
518,0
527,0
536,0
545,0
554,0
563,0
572,0
581,0
590,0
599,0
608,0
617,0
626,0
635,0
644,0
653,0
662,0
5
1.2.2. Conversion of Calorific Values
1 kWh/kg = 3600 kJ/kg

1 kcal/kg = 4,187 kJ/kg
1 kcal/kg = 0,001163 kWh/kg
1.3.
Prefixes and Alphabets
1.3.1. Prefix for Multiple Numbers of Ten

Prefix
Power of ten
24
Yotta
Zetta
Eksa
Peta
Tera
Giga
Mega
Kilo
Hecto
Deca
Deci
Centi
Milli
Micro
Nano
Pico
Femto
Atto
Zepto
Yotto
10
21
10
18
10
15
10
12
10
9
10
6
10
3
10
2
10
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-6
10
-9
10
-12
10
-15
10
-18
10
-21
10
-24
10
Abbreviation
Y
Z
E
P
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
n
p
f
a
z
y
1.3.2. Greek Alphabets
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
Eta
Theta
Iota
Kappa
Lambda
Mu
Upper Lower
Case Case
A
Nu
Xi
Omicron
Pi
Rho
Sigma
Tau
Upsilon
Phi
Chi
Psi
Omega
Upper Lower
Case Case
1.4.
Air Pressure and Density at Altitude
1.4.1. Normal Atmosphere at Altitude

PRESSURE OF
NORMAL ATMOSPHERE AT ALTITUDE
AIR TEMPERATURE IN
NORMAL ATMOSPHERE AT ALTITUDE
15
105
100
95
kPa
10
90
85
80
75
1,3
kg/m3
1,2
1,1
1,0
0,9
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Height from Sea Level, m
1.4.2. Air Temperature / Density (1013 mbar)

3
Temp C
kg/m
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
1.5340
1.5160
1.4530
1.3950
1.3423
1.2930
1.2471
1.2045
1.1647
00
00
Height From Sea Level, m
AIR DENSITY AT ALTITUDE
30
00
00
25
20
15
Height from Sea Level, m
10
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
50
00
70
-5
Temp C
kg/m
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
1.1267
1.0924
1.0595
1.0287
0.9998
0.9719
0.9458
0.8980
0.8535
Temp C
kg/m
160
180
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0.8150
0.7785
0.7457
0.6745
0.6157
0.5662
0.5242
0.4875
0.4568
2.
Boiler Houses
2.1.
Boiler Construction Types
Steel-plate boiler for domestic

heating
Output 20 kW
Steel-plate boiler with built-in tap water boiler

for domestic heating
Output 20 kW
Cast iron boiler for heating of houses

Output 250710 kW
Fire tube boilers
Hot water boiler

113 MW
Steam boiler
Output 1,620 t/h steam
Installation Example of Dual Fuel Burner to a Firetube Boiler
10
Modern Water Tube Boiler

Output 2040 MW
11
2.2.
Steam and Water Enthalpy Values

Enthalpy of water and superheated steam in kJ/kg
Pressure
bar
Temperature
C
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
2875
2975
3075
3176
3276
3382
3485
2856
2961
3065
3168
3272
3377
3482
10
2828
2943
3052
3158
3263
3368
3476
15
2793
2924
3038
3148
3256
3364
3472
20
853
2902
3025
3139
3249
3356
3465
25
853
2880
3010
3128
3241
3349
3459
30
853
2855
2995
3118
3232
3343
3454
35
853
2828
2979
3106
3224
3337
3449
40
853
1086
2962
3095
3216
3330
3444
45
854
1086
2944
3083
3207
3324
3438
50
854
1086
2926
3071
3198
3316
3432
60
854
1086
2885
3046
3180
3303
3421
70
855
1086
2839
3019
3161
3289
3409
80
855
1086
2787
2990
3141
3273
3397
90
856
1086
1344
2959
3119
3257
3384
100
856
1086
1343
2924
3097
3242
3372
120
857
1086
1341
2847
3052
3209
3347
140
858
1086
1339
2752
3003
3175
3321
160
859
1086
1337
2619
2949
3139
3295
180
860
1087
1335
1660
2888
3102
3267
200
860
1087
1334
1647
2818
3062
3239
250
863
1088
1331
1625
2580
2952
3163
300
865
1088
1328
1610
2162
2824
3085
350
868
1090
1327
1599
1993
2674
2997
400
870
1091
1325
1590
1934
2516
2906
500
876
1094
1324
1576
1878
2293
2723
600
881
1097
1323
1567
1847
2187
2570
12
Values for water and steam at saturation conditions as a function of temperature
Temperature
Pressure
Specific Volume
Density
Steam
v
3
m /kg
Steam
3
kg/m
Water
h
kJ/kg
Steam
h
kJ/kg
Evaporation
R
kJ/kg
12,05
9,579
7,679
6,202
5,046
4,134
3,409
2,829
2,361
1,982
1,673
1,419
1,210
1,036
0,8915
0,7702
0,6681
0,5818
0,5085
0,4460
0,3924
0,3068
0,2426
0,1938
0,1563
0,1272
0,1942
0,08604
0,07145
0,05965
0,05004
0,04213
0,03559
0,03013
0,02554
0,02165
0,01833
0,01548
0,01299
0,01078
0,00880
0,00317
0,0830
0,1044
0,1302
0,1612
0,1982
0,2419
0,2933
0,3535
0,4235
0,5045
0,5977
0,7046
0,8265
0,9650
1,122
1,298
1,497
1,719
1,967
2,242
2,548
3,260
4,123
5,160
6,397
7,864
9,593
11,62
14,00
16,76
19,99
23,73
28,10
33,19
39,16
46,19
54,54
64,60
76,99
92,76
113,6
315,5
209,26
230,17
251,09
272,02
292,97
313,94
334,92
355,92
376,94
397,99
419,06
440,17
461,32
482,50
503,72
524,99
546,31
567,68
589,10
610,60
632,15
675,47
719,12
763,12
807,52
852,37
897,74
943,67
990,26
1037,6
1085,8
1134,9
1185,2
1236,8
1290,0
1345,0
1402,4
1462,6
1526,5
1595,5
1671,9
2107,4
2592,2
2601,0
2609,7
2618,4
2626,9
2635,4
2643,8
2652,0
2660,1
2668,1
2676,0
2683,7
2691,3
2698,7
2706,0
2713,0
2719,9
2726,6
2733,1
2739,3
2745,4
2756,7
2767,1
2776,3
2784,3
2790,9
2796,2
2799,9
2802,0
2802,2
2800,4
2796,4
2789,9
2780,4
2767,6
2751,0
2730,0
2703,7
2670,2
2626,2
2567,7
2107,4
2382,9
2370,8
2358,6
2346,3
2334,0
2321,5
2308,8
2296,5
2283,2
2270,2
2256,9
2243,6
2230,0
2216,2
2202,2
2188,0
2173,6
2158,9
2144,0
2128,7
2113,2
2081,3
2047,9
2013,1
1976,7
1938,6
1898,5
1856,2
1811,7
1764,6
1714,6
1661,5
1604,6
1543,6
1477,6
1406,0
1327,6
1241,1
1143,6
1030,7
895,7
0,0
T
C
P
bar
Water
v
3
m /kg
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
374,15
0,1234
0,1574
0,1992
0,2501
0,3116
0,3855
0,4736
0,5780
0,7011
0,8453
1,0133
1,2080
1,4327
1,6906
1,9854
2,3210
2,7013
3,131
3,614
4,155
4,760
6,181
7,920
10,027
12,551
15,549
19,977
23,198
27,976
33,478
39,776
46,943
55,058
64,202
74,461
85,927
98,700
112,89
128,63
146,05
165,35
221,20
0,0010121
0,0010145
0,0010171
0,0010199
0,0010228
0,0010259
0,0010292
0,0010326
0,0010361
0,0010399
0,0010437
0,0010477
0,0010519
0,0010562
0,0010606
0,0010652
0,0010700
0,0010750
0,0010801
0,0010853
0,0010908
0,0011022
0,0011145
0,0011275
0,0011415
0,0011565
0,0011726
0,0011900
0,0012087
0,0012291
0,0012513
0,0012756
0,0013025
0,0013324
0,0013659
0,0014041
0,0014480
0,0014995
0,0015615
0,0016387
0,0017411
0,00317
Specific Enthalpy
13
Values for water and steam at saturation conditions as a function of pressure
Pressure
Temperature
ts
Specific Volume
Density
Specific Enthalpy
Water
Steam
Steam
Water
Steam
Evaporation
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
bar
m /kg
m /kg
3
kg/m
0,2
60,086
0,0010172
7,650
0,1307
251,45
2609,9
2358,4
0,5
81,345
0,0010301
3,240
0,3086
340,56
2646,0
2305,4
0,8
93,512
0,0010387
2,087
0,4792
391,72
2665,8
2274,0
1,0
99,632
0,0010434
1,694
0,5904
417,51
2675,4
2257,9
1,5
111,37
0,0010530
1,159
0,8628
467,15
2693,4
2226,2
120,23
0,0010608
0,8854
1,129
504,70
2706,3
2201,6
133,54
0,0010735
0,6056
1,651
561,43
2724,7
2163,2
143,62
0,001089
0,4622
2,163
604,67
2737,6
2133,0
151,84
0,0010928
0,3747
2,669
640,12
2747,5
2107,4
158,84
0,0011009
0,3155
3,170
670,42
2755,5
2085,0
164,96
0,0011082
0,2727
3,667
697,06
2762,0
2064,9
170,41
0,0011150
0,2403
4,162
720,94
2767,5
2046,5
175,36
0,0011213
0,2148
4,655
742,64
2772,1
2029,5
10
179,88
0,0011274
0,1943
5,147
762,61
2776,2
2013,6
11
184,07
0,0011331
0,1774
5,637
781,13
2779,7
1998,5
12
187,96
0,0011386
0,1632
6,127
798,43
2782,7
1984,3
14
195,04
0,0011489
0,1407
7,106
830,08
2787,8
1957,7
16
201,37
0,0011586
0,1237
8,085
858,56
2791,7
1933,2
18
207,11
0,0011678
0,1103
9,065
884,58
2794,8
1910,3
20
212,37
0,0011766
0,09954
10,05
908,59
2797,2
1888,6
22
217,24
0,0011850
0,09065
11,03
930,95
2799,1
1868,1
24
221,78
0,0011932
0,08320
12,02
951,93
2800,4
1848,5
26
226,04
0,0012011
0,07686
13,01
971,72
2801,4
1829,6
28
230,05
0,0012088
0,07139
14,01
990,48
2802,0
1811,5
30
233,84
0,0012163
0,06663
15,01
1008,4
2802,3
1793,9
35
242,54
0,0012345
0,05703
17,54
1049,8
2802,0
1752,2
40
250,33
0,0012521
0,04975
20,10
1087,4
2800,3
1712,9
50
263,91
0,0012858
0,03943
25,36
1154,5
2794,2
1639,7
60
275,55
0,0013187
0,03244
30,83
1213,7
2785,0
1571,3
70
285,79
0,0013513
0,02737
36,53
1267,4
2773,5
1506,0
80
294,97
0,0013842
0,02353
42,51
1317,1
2759,9
1422,8
90
303,31
0,0014179
0,02050
48,79
1363,7
2744,6
1380,9
100
310,96
0,0014526
0,01804
55,43
1408,0
2727,7
1319,7
14
2.3.
Boiler Efficiency Calculation

Efficiency calculation using exhaust gas measurement
B = 100% - XA% - 2%(max)
XA %
XA
Te
Tc
SF
Te - Tc
CO 2 , measured
SF
= exhaust gas losses in %

= exhaust gas temperature in C
= combustion air temperature in C
= Siegerts constant
SF = 0,6 with HFO

SF = 0,58 with LFO
SF = 0,47 with Natural Gas
2.4.
Boiler Output Calculation

1 t/h saturated steam ~ 0,65 MW boiler output *
* at a steam pressure of 12 bar and a feed water temperature of 102 C
1 kg of oil generates approximately 16 kg of steam
3
1 kg of oil or 1m of gas generates the following quantity of saturated steam in kg:

3
calorific value in kJ/kg or kJ/m x efficiency in %

235,000
To generate 1 ton of saturated steam, the following oil or gas quantity is required in kg or m :
2,34 10
8
3
calorific value in kJ/kg or kJ/m x efficiency in %
Boiler Output/Generated
Amount of Saturated Steam
Boiler
Efficiency
Firing Rate
HFO Quantity LFO Quantity
t/h
MW
MW
kg/h
kg/h
1
1
1
1
0,65
0,65
0,65
0,65
85
88
90
92
0,77
0,74
0,72
0,71
67,5
65,5
64
62,5
64,5
62,5
61,0
59,5
15
Required Combustion Air
Combustion Air Quantity acc. to Oil Consumption in kg

17
Air quantity, mn
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
Excess air number
LFO
HFO
Combustion Air Quantity acc. to Oil Consumption in kg

15
14
Air quantity, mn
2.5.
13
12
11
10
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
O2 in fue gas
LFO
HFO
4,0
5,0
16
Combustion Air Quantity acc. to Gas Consumption in mn

15
Air quantity, mn
14
13
12
11
10
9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
Excess air number
Natural Gas
Combustion Air Quantity acc. to Gas Consumption in mn

13
Air quantity, mn
12
11
10
9
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
O2 in flue gas
Natural Gas
4,0
5,0
17
Recommended Flow Velocities for Combustion Air and for Flue Gases at Nominal Boiler Load,
m/s
Oil and Gas
Boilers
Peat and Coal

Boilers
815
121520
121520
152025
1015
151825
1015
Flue gases in the boiler

- furnace
- convection
- rotating air heater
- fire tubes
612
1825
1016
(8)2035
612
1216
812
Flue gas channels

- after boiler
small boilers
big boilers
- after gas turbine
815
131825
152030
101416
Air ducts
- cold air
small boilers
big boilers
- hot air, ~ 300 C
(aft. air heater)
air box
Chimney
- natural draft
brickwork
- steel pipes
small boilers
big boilers
35
820
1
2030
2030
Gas turbine plants
3040
lower values for industrial boilers, higher values for power plants
18
Flame Dimensions
Length
a) For Standard Pressure Jet Burners (for Guidance only)
Length
2.6.
The diagram shows the flame

dimensions of an Oilon burner in a
regular firetube boiler. The burner is
equipped with a standard nozzle and
with a standard burner head.
19
Length
a) .continues
The diagram shows the flame

dimensions of an Oilon burner in a
regular firetube boiler. The burner is
equipped with a standard nozzle and
with a standard burner head.
20
Length
b) For Power Plant and Process Industry Burners with Steam or Pressure Air Atomising (for
Guidance only)
Length
Fuel oil
Fuel oil
21
Length
b) .continues
Length
Natural gas
Natural gas
22
2.7.
Recommendation for Minimum Flue Gas Temperature, when Using Fuel Oil
The recommendation is to use at boiler minimum load 15 % higher flue gas temperature after
the boiler than the dew point temperature for sulphuric acid as in the diagram below.
The recommendation for lowest flue gas temperature when using fuel oil is based on the
excess air number and on the percentual sulphur content in the fuel oil
ACID DEWPOINT WHEN FIRING FUEL OILS
Dewpoint C
Excess air number
23
Power Requirement for Oil Preheating
P
moil
T2
T1
Cp
m oil
3600
Cp (T2 - T1 )
= power requirement in kW
= mass flow in kg/s
= outlet temperature K
= inlet temperature K
= specific heat in kJ/kg K
Specific Heat for HFO (Cp)
2,3
2,2
2,1
Specific heat /kJ/kgK
2.8.
2
1,9
1,8
1,7
1,6
1,5
0
50
100
Oil temperature, C
Specific Heat for HFO (Cp)
150
24
2.9.
Economical Flow Velocity in Pipe Lines
25
3.
Properties of Fuels, Combustion Calculations
3.1.
Viscosity Tables
A-423S
26
C
150
150
145
145
140
140
135
135
130
130
125
125
120
120
115
115
MAZUT200
110
110
105
105
MAZUT100
100
100
95
95
90
90
MAZUT40
85
85
80
80
75
75
12
70
70
65
65
60
60
55
55
50
50
45
45
40
40
35
35
30
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
40
70
100
260
200
4.5
10
15
14
13
12
11
20
25
30
10
50
100
90
80
70
60
40
150
200
20
300
600
500
400
1000
800
2000
cSt
1500
27
3.2.
Heating Values of Liquid Fuels

Fuel
MJ/l
3.3.
Lower Heating Value

MJ/kg kcal/kg
kWh/kg
Light fuel oil
35,9
42,7
10 200
11,9
Heavy fuel oil
38,6
40,6
9 701
11,2
Kerosene
34,7
42,8
10 227
11,9
Heating Values of Gaseous Fuels

Fuel
MJ/kg
MJ/m
Lower Heating Value

3
kcal/kg
kcal/m
kWh/kg
kWh/m
Natural gas L
32,0
7 654
8,9
Natural gas H
36,0
8 600
10,0
Propane
46,4
93,6
11 084
22 360
12,9
26,0
Butane
45,7
123,5
10 917
29 498
12,7
34,3
City gas
16,2
3 861
4,49
Hydrogen
10,3
2 460
2,86
28
3.4.
Combustion Air Required, Calculations
Excess Air
=
VL
VL, Stoi
CO 2, max
CO 2, meas.
21 %
21 % - O 2, meas.
VL
VL, Stoi
CO2, max
CO2, measured
3.5.
= excess air
= actual quantity of air
= stoichiometric quantity
= max. CO2 content with stoichiometric combustion in vol-%
= CO2 content in vol-%
Properties of Natural Gas
3.5.1. Properties of Natural Gas in Finland
heating value
relative density (RD)
density
Wobbe index
req. air quantity (=1)
CO2max
quantity of flue gas, moist
ignition temperature
flame ignition speed
35,84 MJ/mn
0,566
0,727 kg/m
47,6
9,7 mn/mn fuel
11,7 vol-%
10,7 mn/mn fuel
645 C
35 cm/s
3.5.2. Properties of Natural Gas
heating value
density
Wobbe index
CO2max
31,741,3 MJ/ mn
0,5660,643
0,730,83 kg/m
4048
8,49,9 mn/ mn fuel
11,712,0 vol-%
10,78,9 mn/mn fuel
645 C
3437 cm/s
29
3.5.3. Properties of Propane, C3H8
heating value
density
Wobbe index
CO2max
93,3 MJ/Nm
1,56
2,02 kg/m
75
23,9 mn/mn fuel
13,7 vol-%
25,9 mn/mn fuel
500 C
42 cm/s
3.5.4. Properties of Butane, C4H10
heating value
density
Wobbe index
CO2max
123,8 MJ/Nm
2,09
2,70 kg/m
85,6
31,9 mn/mn fuel
14,0 vol-%
33,5 mn/mn fuel
480 C
42 cm/s
3.5.5. Properties of Town Gas
heating value
density
Wobbe index
CO2max
15,917,6 MJ/Nm
0,47
0,58 kg/m
23
3,8 mn/mn fuel
13,8 vol-%
4,4 mn/mn fuel
510 C
68 cm/s
3.5.6. Properties of Hydrogen
heating value
density
Wobbe index
10,3 MJ/Nm
0,07
0,09 kg/m
38,9
2,38 mn/mn fuel
2,83 mn/mn fuel
580 C
83 cm/s
3.5.7. Properties of Coke Oven Gas
heating value
density
Wobbe index
CO2max
17,619,3 MJ/Nm
0,39
0,48 kg/m
28
4,2 mn/mn fuel
10,1 vol-%
4,9 mn/mn fuel
540 C
78 cm/s
30
3.5.8. Properties of Lignite Gen. Gas
3.6.
heating value
density
Wobbe index
CO2max
5,86,2 MJ/Nm
0,87
1,12 kg/m
6,2
1,2 mn/mn fuel
20,1 vol-%
1,8 mn/mn fuel
740 C
35 cm/s
Properties of Fuel Oil
3.6.1. Properties of Light Fuel Oil
heating value
density at 15C
required air quantity (=1)
CO2max
quantity of flue gas, dry
viscosity
viscosity
dew point in chimney
42,7 MJ/kg
850 kg/m
11,3 mn/kg fuel
15,5 vol-%
10,3 mn/kg fuel
min 70 C
311 mm/s at 20 C
12 mm/s at 50 C
75110 C
3.6.2. Properties of Heavy Fuel Oil
heating value
density at 15C
CO2max
ignition temperature, min
viscosity
viscosity
40,5 MJ/kg
960980 kg/m
10,6 mn/kg fuel
15,9 vol-%
11,7 mn/kg fuel
120 C
90650 mm/s at 50 C
1160 mm/s at 100 C
130160 C
3.6.3. Properties of Kerosene
heating value
density at 15C
CO2max
viscosity
viscosity
42,8 MJ/kg
775830 kg/m
11,3 mn/kg fuel
15,5 vol-%
10,3 mn/kg fuel
min 43 C
3,58,0 mm/s at 20 C
1,25 mm/s at 40 C
3.6.4. Properties of Chinese Heavy Fuel Oil No. 20
heating value
density at 15C
pour point
water content
sulphur content
viscosity
viscosity
atomising temp. at pressure jet burner
41 MJ/kg
940 kg/m
>15 C
<1,0 %
<1,0 %
min 80 C
200 mm/s at 50 C
5 E at 80 C
135155 C
110 C
31
heating value
density at 15C
pour point
water content
sulphur content
Ignition temperature
viscosity
viscosity
41 MJ/kg
940 kg/m
>20 C
<1,5 %
<1,5 %
min 100 C
460 mm/s at 50 C
11 E at 80 C
145155 C
125 C
heating value
density at 15C
pour point
water content
sulphur content
viscosity
viscosity
40,5 MJ/kg
940 kg/m
>25 C
<2,0 %
<2,0 %
min 120C
700 mm/s at 50 C
15,5 E at 80 C
145155 C
135 C
heating value
density at 15C
pour point
Wwater content
sulphur content
viscosity
viscosity
40,5 MJ/kg
940 kg/m
>36 C
<2,0 %
<3,0 %
min 130C
600-1400 mm/s at 50 C
5,59,5 E at 100 C
140155 C
130150 C
heating value
density at 15C
pour point
water content
sulphur content
viscosity
viscosity
atomising temp. for steam atom. burner
40,5 MJ/kg
940 kg/m
>45 C
<2,0 %
1,0 %
min 200 C
18000 mm/s at 50 C
25 E at 100 C
150155 C
160 C
32
4.
Emissions
4.1.
Basic Information about Different Emissions
4.1.1. NOx
NOx is a general term of nitrogen oxides. NOx includes many components, but in most cases
practically all NOx is either NO or NO2. Other nitrogen components are N2O, N2O3, NO3, N2O4
etc. They all are invisible poisonous gases, which cause harm to living creatures and also to
structures after reactions in the atmosphere. In all practical combustion processes we oxide fuel
components with oxygen of air and at the same time we produce NO x emissions. About
95...99 % of NOx is NO and rest is NO2 in normal burner combustion cases. Most of the NO
molecules, however, react in the atmosphere to NO2.
Combustion air contains N2 and O2 molecules and when they meet each other in the hot flame
mixture they react so, that they mainly produce nitrogen oxides, most of it NO.
N2 + O
NO + N
(1)
NOx emissions, (mg/MJ)
The reaction (1) above needs much energy so that NOx formation reaction is possible only when
the temperature is high enough and fuel lean conditions exist. The level of this so called thermal
NOx increases rapidly in flame temperatures above 14501550 C. Also residence time in hot
zones affects to the formation rate. Thermal NOx is the main mechanism with several fuels like
gas and light oil which doesnt contain organically bonded nitrogen practically at all. That is not,
however, the only mechanism of formation of NOx. Also several fuels like heavy oils, peat and
coal contain nitrogen compounds and organic compounds including nitrogen. That nitrogen will
be released in the flame and very probably form fuel NOx with oxygen of air. That reaction is not
strongly dependent on temperature but is more sensitive to the partial pressure of oxygen.
Organically bonded nitrogen is very reactive and most of it will react and form either NOx or N2.
There are also other mechanisms, like Fenimore or Prompt NOx, which can produce NOx, but
they are not so important.
Max. furnace temperature, C
In this figure different NOx formation mechanisms are shown

during oil combustion and without any staging principles
33
We can affect and reduce NOx emission levels with several means. The most important
methods are:
-
low NOx burners

air staging in the combustion chamber, OFA
fuel staging in the combustion chamber
flue gas recirculation, FGR
reduction of air coefficient (excess air)
reduction of combustion air temperature
burner staging with different burner levels
3
reduction of heat releasing rate (kW/m ) in the combustion chamber
surfaces
larger boilers
using BFB or CFB technology
using secondary technics like SCR or SNCR
more cooling
Also fuel selection, process conditions, control equipment and furnace geometry affect to the
NOx emission levels. In typical boiler applications most useful primary means are: 1) low NOx
burners 2) flue gas recirculation 3) over fire air 4) reduction of excess air 5) reduction of
combustion air preheat temperature. Expensive secondary technics will be used only if the
primary means are not enough. It must be noticed, that main sources of man made NOx are
private cars and other processes than basic energy production.
4.1.2. SOx
SOx is the main product of sulphur oxidation in flames. Sulphur comes from the fuel and reacts
with oxygen in the furnace mainly into SO 2. The final product is SO3 but it can also be found in
small amounts in the flue gases. They both are invisible poisonous gases, which cause harm to
living creatures and also to structures after reactions in the atmosphere very likely, the same
way as NOx. SOx is one reason for instance to the acid rain, environmental based corrosion and
cracking of gypsum structures. The main source of SO x is power production, industry and diesel
cars.
It is difficult to affect with process conditions, control equipment and burner geometry to the SO x
emission levels. Secondary methods are quite expensive although they can reduce SOx
emission levels significantly. That is why the main way is to select a fuel with small content of
sulphur. Ash may bind small amounts of SOx from the flue gases, but in oil combustion that
effect is not significant. Following table gives some figures of different fuels:
Fuel
Sulphur Content
wt%
Sulphur Emission
mg(SO2)/MJ
Wood
Peat
Natural gas
Light oil
Heavy oil
Coal
~0
0,040,6
0
0,0050,2
0,34,0
0,25,0
< 100
40600
0
0200
1502000
1504000
Today in most modern coal power plants at least one secondary method is used. The most
important of them are wet and dry calcium processes.
Sulphur emission can be calculated roughly by using following correlation:
SO2 (mg/MJ) = 470 x sulphur content of the fuel (wt%)
(2)
More accurate correlation is:

SO2 (mg/MJ) = 20 000 x sulphur content of the fuel (wt%) / lower heating value MJ/kg
(3)
34
Example:
Measured
0,9
value 40,6 MJ/kg.
wt%
of
sulphur
content
from
HFO
having
lower
heating
Calculation of SO2 emissions:
20 000 0,9
40,6
443
mg
MJ
SO 2
SO3 can cause corrosion problems in the furnace and in the stack. If combustion takes place in
very high temperatures part of the SO2 can react into SO3. That will easily form sulphur acid with
water to the cold walls when the temperature goes down. Especially if the oxygen and vanadium
content are high, then formation of SO3 increases. In order to avoid corrosion problems in the
flue gas duct and in the boiler, oxygen level should be low enough and flue gas temperature high
enough. The minimum temperatures are presented in the chapter 4.4.
4.1.3. Solid Particles and Soot
Solid dust particles can be divided into three main groups:

1. Ash of the fuel
2. Unburned carbon of the fuel
3. Soot
Ash content of the fuel affects directly to the ash level in the flue gases. Typically most of the
ash is inorganic compounds, mineral matter, dust, sand and heavy metals like vanadium and
nickel. That amount cant be affected by combustion or burner adjustments etc. Ash particles
may solidify to the surfaces if the temperature in the furnace is first very high and then the
melted particle hits to the cold wall. That causes serious corrosion and heat transfer problem
and overheating of cooling surfaces. In the following figure solid dust emissions from ash alone
are presented.
Solid dust emissions from ash
Solid Dust Emissions from Ash in HFO Combustion (3% O 2)

95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
mg/m3n
mg/MJ
0 ,0 1
0,0 2
0 ,0 3
0 ,0 4
0 ,0 5
0 ,0 6
0,0 7
0 ,08
0 ,0 9
0 ,1
0 ,1 1
Ash content of the HFO (wt%)
Ash forms one part of the total emissions of solid compounds. Typically the share is 1550%
depending on the fuel analysis and other parameters.
35
Unburned carbon is mainly that part of carbon containing fuel, which has not been combusted
although it could have done it. The more we have unburned carbon in the flue the worse we
combust our fuel. Typically the level of solid emissions caused by unburned carbon is 5090%
of the total level. That amount can be affected by fuel quality, combustion and burner
adjustments etc. Usually hot flame, long residence times (low volumetric heat release rate in the
3
furnace kW/m ) and good mixing conditions minimise the amount of unburned carbon.
Different fuels contain different amounts on solid carbon or particles. Gases and light oil dont
cause unburned carbon emissions but all solid fuels and heavy oil do so. Particle or droplet size
should be small enough to reduce these emissions. The size of typical unburned carbon
particles is 10100 m, but they can be very porous and even larger. There is one simple basic
2
rule, so called d rule, which can roughly predict the time needed for an oil droplet to combust.
The combustion time equals to the square of droplet diameter. It simply means that large
particles must be avoided if good burnout is wanted.
Soot is actually a complex compound of carbon and/or hydrocarbons like C6H2. It will be formed
when hydrocarbons condense in substochiometric conditions. Soot particles are very small
(1 m) and that is why they behave differently than bigger particles in the flame. Good mixing in
hot furnace and sufficient amount of air decreases the soot emissions.
If there is no exact method to measure solid dust particle mass, following rough correlation can
be used. It is presented as a curve and shows the rule of thumb levels of particle emissions with
the help of soot number. Soot number can be measured usually quite easily by using some
standard method like Bacharach.
Solid dust emissions roughly mg/MJ
Solid Dust Emissions vs Soot Number in HFO Combustion

115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0,5
1,5
2,5
3,5
4,5
5,5
6,5
7,5
Soot number Bach.
Solid particles and soot also cause an environmental problem to the surroundings, because they
cause the flue gas to look black and pollute clean surfaces. Naturally solid particles and soot
may hit to the walls of the furnace and heat exchange surfaces causing corrosion problems and
efficiency loss. If the flue gas temperature rises significantly the boiler may be dirty because of
bad combustion and soot layer on the surfaces. Usually the emissions will go down quite close
to the chimney although tall chimneys can spread the particles wider. With solid fuels particle
size for combustion should be small and residence time long. Water emulsion technology and oil
additives can be used in heavy oil combustion. The problem in that can be the reduced medium
particle size in the flue gases although the mass decreases. Especially very small particles
(PM10) can cause problems to people, because they are able to go with air into the lungs.
Doctors are quite sure that small particles can cause cancer.
Using the same means as with CO can reduce particle formation. The right choice of the fuel
quality is important. The burner type and furnace dimensioning strongly affect on the emission
levels. Also right process control of the combustion system including exact adjustment of oxygen
level must be in order. In HFO combustion asphaltene and conradson coke content should be as
low as possible. Solid emissions can be reduced of course by using filters, scrubbers,
separators etc. ESP, bag filter and multicyclone are the most usual ones.
36
4.1.4. CO
Carbon monoxide is actually not globally harmful emission component, because it reacts into
CO2 in the atmosphere. Locally CO can however cause even fatal conditions for humans,
because it is a strong poison to breathe. CO is invisible, tasteless and smell-less gas and so
difficult to be noticed. If CO level is high in the flue gases, part of the fuel will be wasted. The
efficiency of the combustion process will slightly decrease if CO level is high. Following example
shows it clearly.
Heavy oil combustion and 1000 ppm CO.
Efficiency loss % = 0,0004 x CO (ppm)
(4)
Efficiency loss % = 0,0004 x 1000 = 0,4 %

CO is the most typical gas produced in an incomplete combustion process. All carbon containing
fuels can produce CO. Because its long residence time needed to be oxidised, it easily can be
find in flue gases. Good mixing, guiding and regulation of air and high temperatures in the
furnace can limit CO emissions. The combustion process must usually be optimised so that
oxygen level is taken down so low before CO starts to rise. Certain safety limit must be adjusted
however.
4.1.5. Noise
Noise is also one matter of emissions. Typically all engines cause some noise, because they
have moving parts or something is moving inside them. That movement causes vibrations and
eventually noise. Also changes of pressure levels and fluid flows may cause vibrations and
noise. All fans, valves, gas lines etc. and also combustion itself may cause noise. If the flame is
not stabilised properly, it may cause vibration and noise too. In that case process values and
burner settings must be checked and adjusted if needed.
Noise can naturally cause hearing problems and affect ears and even brains. Long stay in noisy
surroundings can cause permanent defects in hearing.
Noise levels are standardised and different rules are valid. Typically 85 dB(A) level is the limit of
staying longer time in noisy surroundings. Noise level is measured from one meter distance from
the source device. Background noise must be noticed when the guaranteed burner noise is
measured.
4.2.
Different Oil and Gas Burner Types and their Typical Emissions
4.2.1. Pressure Jet Oil Burners and with Gas

Typical values of combustion escape results on Oilon heavy oil burners
Values mentioned beneath are based on measurements made in laboratory and in various heating
plants with an excess air number of 1,17 (O2-content 3,0 %).
Values are valid under conditions that the load of combustion chamber doesnt exceed 1000 kW/m,
its shape is suitable for the flame and the characteristics of oil do not essentially vary from definitions
according to DIN 51603.
Oxygen (O2)
3,0 %
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
13,4 %
Carbon monoxide (CO)
< 50 ppm
63 mg/m
Nitric oxides (NOX)
< 350 ppm
720 mg/m
Hydrocarbons (CXHY)
< 20 ppm
Soot
< 4 Bac
Particulate emissions
< 142 mg/m
40
3
n
3
n
3
mg/m n
(calc. as NO2)
(calc. as C3H8)
3
n
The emission of sulphur dioxide (SO2) is depending on the content of sulphur in oil so that practically
all of it is burning to sulphur dioxide.
37
Typical values of combustion escape results on Oilon light oil burners.
Oxygen (O2)
3,0 %
13,2 %
< 50 ppm
63 mg/m
Nitric oxides (NOX)
< 100 ppm
205 mg/m
Hydrocarbons (CXHY)
< 10 ppm
Soot
< 1 Bac
< 35 mg/m
20
3
n
3
n
3
mg/m n
(calc. as NO2)
(calc. as C3H8)
3
n
Typical values of combustion escape results on Oilon natural gas burners.
Values are valid under conditions that the load of combustion chamber doesnt exceed 1000 kW/ m,
its shape is suitable for the flame and the characteristics of fuel do not essentially vary from the test
gas of the second family group H (standard EN 437).
Oxygen (O2)
3,0 %
10,0 %
< 50 ppm
63 mg/m
Nitric oxides (NOX)
< 70 ppm
144 mg/m
< 10 ppm
3
mg/m n
Hydrocarbons (CXHY)
20
3
n
3
n
(calc. as NO2)
(calc. as C3H8)
The emission of sulphur dioxide (SO2) is depending on the content of sulphur in fuel so that
practically all of it is burning to sulphur dioxide.
4.2.2. Steam Atomising Power Plant and Process Burners and with Gas
Typical values of combustion escape results on Oilon heavy oil burners.
Oxygen (O2)
3,0 %
13,4 %
< 50 ppm
63 mg/m
Nitric oxides (NOX)
< 205 ppm
420 mg/m
Hydrocarbons (CXHY)
< 20 ppm
Soot
< 3 Bac
< 142 mg/m
40
3
n
3
n
3
mg/m n
(calc. as NO2)
(calc. as C3H8)
3
n
38
Typical values of combustion escape results on Oilon light oil burners.
Oxygen (O2)
3,0 %
13,2 %
< 50 ppm
63 mg/m
Nitric oxides (NOX)
< 95 ppm
195 mg/m
Hydrocarbons (CXHY)
< 10 ppm
3
mg/m n
Soot
< 1 Bac
< 35 mg/m
20
3
n
3
n
(calc. as NO2)
(calc. as C3H8)
3
n
Typical values of combustion escape results on Oilon natural gas burners.
its shape is suitable for the flame and the characteristics of fuel do not essentially vary from the test
gas of the second family group H (standard EN 437).
Oxygen (O2)
3,0 %
10,0 %
< 50 ppm
63 mg/m
Nitric oxides (NOX)
< 80 ppm
164 mg/m
< 10 ppm
3
mg/m n
Hydrocarbons (CXHY)
20
3
n
3
n
(calc. as NO2)
(calc. as C3H8)
The emission of sulphur dioxide (SO2) is depending on the content of sulphur in fuel so that
practically all of it is burning to sulphur dioxide.
4.3.
Conversion of Gaseous Emissions
4.3.1. Conversion of Gaseous Emissions to Different Units
Gaseous emissions are measured typically as ppm sometimes even as ppb. Practically unit ppm
6
is used. That means one parts per million so 1/10 part of the volume. If it is not specially
mentioned, ppm is actually ppmv and means per volume unit. Oxygen is measured more often
as vol-%.
39
Following formulas can be used to convert ppm unit to other units.
ppm x C = mg/m
(5)
ppm x C x G x = mg/MJ
(6)
mg/MJ x 3,6 = mg/kWh
(7)
NOx
SOx
CO
C
2,053
2,93
G for HFO
0,244/0,276
0,244/0,276
G for LFO
0,245/0,281
0,245/0,281
G for NG
0,237/0,296
0,237/0,296
G is for dry (left) and wet (right) flue gases. (lower heating value basis)
1,25
0,244/0,276
0,245/0,281
0,237/0,296
is the air factor or excess air factor, which can be calculated
20,93
or
20,93 - O 2
CO 2 max
(8)
CO 2 meas.
Fuel
CO2 max dry
CO 2 max wet
Heavy Fuel Oil

Light Fuel Oil
Natural Gas
15,8
15,3
11,7
14,0
13,3
9,4
Conversion example:
Measured 220 ppm NOx 2% O2 dry from HFO combustion.
Conversion:
220 2,053 = 452 mg/m
452 0,244 20,93
20,93 - 2
122 mg/MJ
122 x 3,6 = 439 mg/kWh
4.3.2. Conversion of Gaseous Emissions to Reference Levels
Following formulas can be used to convert measured ppm and mg/m

reference levels so that these units can be compared.
ppm meas.
20,93 O 2 ref.
20,93 O 2 meas.
mg/m n meas.
ppm ref.
20,93 O 2 ref.
20,93 O 2 meas.
mg/m 3 n ref.
units to other O2
(9)
(10)
40
Conversion example:
Measured 220 ppm NOx 2% O2 dry from HFO combustion.
Wanted to know the level in 3% O2 reference level.
Conversion:
220
20,93 3
20,93 2
208 ppm ref.
So 220 ppm at 2 % O2 level equals to 208 ppm at 3 % O2 level.
4.4.
Saturation Temperatures of Some Fuels

If the temperature of the flue gases decreases there will be a limit temperature after which acids
can saturate and cause corrosion problems. In the following table the typical dew points and
recommended flue gas temperatures are shown.
Fuel
Saturation Temperature
C
Minimum Flue Gas Temperature

C
~ 155
~ 135
~ 55
~ 180
~ 140
~ 100130
Heavy oil
Light oil
Natural gas
The exact values depend on many parameters.
4.5.
Typical Flue Gas Content

Fuel
CO2 vol-%
N2 vol-%
H2O vol-%
SO2 vol-%
O2 vol-%
HFO
LFO
NG
12,65
11,40
8,50
74,80
73,90
71,55
9,70
11,90
17,95
0,050
0,005
0,000
2,8
2,8
2,0
Density kg/m
3
n
1,302
1,284
1,233
Typical flue gas content should be calculated case by case, but the table above gives some figures
of the mentioned fuels. For instance if the sulphur content of the heavy oil varies much from 1 wt%,
the given SO2 value is not correct.
41
5.
Electrical Engineering
5.1.
Alternating-Current (AC) and Direct-Current (DC)
5.1.1. General
Alternating-current (AC):
-
periodic current change direction between positive and negative maximum values
the square area of the current curve is same size in the both side of the time axis
typically form of the current is sine wave
frequency of the current inform the number of the cycles per 1 second
measuring unit Ampere (A)
Direct-current (DC):
- the direction of the current is constant,
5.1.2. Alternating-Current: Voltage, Power, Y-Connection, D-Connection
Voltage:
Peak value , maximum instantaneous value of voltage (sine wave, 1.414 x URMS)
Root Mean Square URMS), typically measured value by multimeter (sine wave, / 1.414)
Measuring unit Volt (V)
Power:
Active power (P, measured W), for resistive load
P = U x I x cos
Reactive power (Q, measured VAR), for magnetic fields, motors
Q = U x I x sin
Apparent power (S, measured VA)
S= (P + Q )
Power, 3-phase:
Active power (P, measured W), for resistive load
P = 3 x U x I x cos
Reactive power (Q, measured VAR), for magnetic fields, motors
Q = 3 x U x I x sin
Apparent power (S, measured VA)
S = 3 x U x I
Y-connection:
U = 3 x Uphase
I = Iphase
D-connection:
I = 3 x Iphase
U = Uphase
42
5.2.
Resistance
The antagonistic force of the material to lead electrical current.
Measuring unit Ohm ()
Ohms law:
U=IxR
Connection in series:
R = R1 + R2 + R3 +
Parallel connection:
1/R = 1/ R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 +
5.3.
Short Circuit Protection and Overload Protection
5.3.1. Fuses
Overcurrent protection shall be provided where the current can exceed either the rating of any
Component or current carrying of the conductors, whichever is lesser value.
Rules:
IB < IN < IZ
I2 < 1.45 x IZ
IB = load current
IZ = load current ( installation depending)
IN = nominal current of the fuse
I2 = current limit of the fuse in which it works properly
Load capacity table 5.4.2.
5.3.2. Thermal Relays
Overload protection of motors shall be provided for each motor rated at more than 0.5 kW.
Automatic restarting of any motor after the operation of overload protection shall be prevented.
Where this can cause a hazardous condition or damage to machine or to the work in progress.
Overload protection of motors can be achieved by use of devices such as overload protective
devices (thermal relays, motor circuit breaker), temperature sensing devices (thermistor relays)
or current-limiting devices (electronic relays).
43
5.4.
Cables
5.4.1. Types
Material
Polyvinyl chloride, PVC

Polyethylene, LDPE
Polyethylene, HDPE
Polyurethane, PUR
Silicone, SI
Ethylene-propylene elastomer, EPM
Chloroprene, CR
VDEType
Operating
Temperature C
Y
2Y
2Y
11Y
2G
3G
5G
-30 ..+70
-50..+70
-50..+100
-40..+90/100
-60..+180
-30..+120
-40..+100
Note
5.4.2. Load Capacity
Current-carrying capacity (IZ )of PVC insulated copper conductors or cables under steady-state
conditions
In ambient air temperature of +40 C for different methods of installation.
Cross-Sectional
2
Area, mm
IZ
Installation B1
IZ
Installation B2
IZ
Installation C
IZ
Installation E
0,75
1
1,5
2,5
4
6
10
16
25
35
7,6
10,4
13,5
18,3
25
32
44
60
77
97
9,6
12,2
16,5
23
29
40
53
67
83
11,7
15,2
21
28
36
50
66
84
104
11,5
16,1
22
30
37
52
70
88
114
Note! For ambient temperatures other than 40 C, correct capacities by using correction factors
(EN 60204-1).
These values are not applicable to flexible cables wound on drums.
For grouped cables, correct capacities by using correction factors (EN 60204-1).
Methods of installation:
B1:
Using conduits and cable trunking systems for holding and protecting conductors (single
core cable)
B2:
Using conduits and cable trunking systems for holding and protecting conductors
(multicore cable)
C:
Cables installed on walls without ducts or conduits
E:
Cables in horizontal or vertical open cable trays
44
5.5.
Shielding from Contact, Enclosure Class (IP), EX-Class
5.5.1. Protection Against Direct Contact
*
*
*
*
Live parts shall be located inside enclosures (IEC 60536, IEC 60529)
Live parts protected by insulation
Using barries (IEC 60364-4-41)
Placing out of reach (IEC 60364-4-41)
5.5.2. Protection Against Indirect Contact
* measures to prevent the occurrence of a hazardous touch voltage

* automatic disconnection of the supply before the time of contact with a touch voltage
become hazardous (earthing system)
5.5.3. Enclosure Class
The protection of controlgear against ingress of solid foreign objects and of liquids shall be
adequate taking into account the external influences under which the machine is intended to
operate and shall be sufficient against dust, coolants and swarf.
Note! Enclosures of controlgear shall provide a degree of protection of at least IP 22 (IEC
60529)
IEC 529 degrees of protection:
Protection against the Ingress of Solid Bodies
Open construction
Over diameter 50 mm
Over diameter 12 mm
Over diameter 2,5 mm
Over diameter 1 mm
Dust protection
Dust proof
IP-class
IP 0X
IP 1X
IP 2X
IP 3X
IP 4X
IP 5X
IP 6X
Notes
Protection against the Ingress of Liquids

Open construction
Drip-proof
Drip-proof
Rainproof
Splash-proof
Spray protected
Water wave motion proof
Water proof
Pressure water proof
IP-class
IP X0
IP X1
IP X2
IP X3
IP X4
IP X5
IP X6
IPX 7
IP X8
Notes
5.5.4. EX-Class
Operational safety in explosive state could be confirmed with the construction below:
Type
o
P
q
d
e
i
m
Notes
Oil filled enclosure
Pressurized enclosure
Sand filled enclosure
Flameproof enclosure
Certified enclosure
Intrinsically safe enclosure
Hard-pulp enclosure
45
Explosive states:
Type
0
1
2
Notes
Explosive atmosphere continuously

Explosive atmosphere random
Explosive atmosphere seldom
Fuel tank is explosive state 0 and therefore only construction Exi is permitted to install inside the
tank.
5.6.
Burner Control Units
5.6.1. Control Unit LAL 1.25
Oil burner controls
With / without air pressure check for checked air damper control
Flame supervision with
photoresistive detectors QRB1...
blue-flame detectors QRC1..., or
selenium photocell detectors RAR...
The oil burner controls LAL... are tested and certified to EN 230.
Control and supervision of oil atomization burners

For burners of medium to high capacity
For intermittent operation (at least one controlled shutdown every 24 hours)
Universally applicable for multistage or modulating burners
For burners of stationary air heaters (WLE to DIN 4794)
46
LAL 1.25
Control outputs
of contacts
Lockout indication
a-b
Start-up sequence
b - b'
Idle steps (operation)
b(b') - a
Post-purge sequence (reset of control unit)
Switching times (in seconds) of the control program of the sequence switch
t1
t2
t3
t3
t3n
t4
t5
t6
t7
t8
t11
t12
t13
t16
t20
Pre-purge time with air dampers open

Safety time
Pre-ignition time SHORT (transformer connected to terminal 16)
Pre-ignition time LONG (transformer connected to terminal 15)
22,5
5
2,5
from start
command
Post-ignition time (transformer connected to terminal 15)
15
Interval between beginning of t2 and release of voltage at terminal 19
7,5
Interval between end of t4 and release of voltage at terminal 20
7,5
Post-purge time
15
Interval between start-up command and release of voltage at terminal 7
2,5
Duration of start-up (without t11 and t12)
47,5
Running time for air damper to OPEN position (air dampers position control)
optional
Running time for air damper to IGNITION position (air dampers position control) optional
Permissible after-burn time
15
Interval from start-up to OPEN command for air damper
5
Interval up to the self-shutdown of the sequence switch (idle steps)
35
47
5.6.2. Control Unit LFL1.322
Gas burner controls for gas, oil or dual-fuel forced draught burners of medium to high capacity.
Multistage or modulating burners in intermittent operation *) with air pressure for checked
supervised air damper control.
The gas burner controls are tested to EN 298 and CE-certified in compliance with the directives
for gas-fired appliances and electromagnetic compatibility.
*) For safety reasons, at least one controlled shutdown must take place every 24 hours!
The burner controls of the LFL1... range are designed for the control and supervision of forced
draught gas burners of both expanding flame and interrupted pilot construction of medium to
high capacity. They are universally applicable and can be used for both multistage and
modulating burners as well as for dual-fuel burners and for burners of stationary air heaters
(WLE to DIN 4794).
48
Control outputs
of contacts
LFL 1.322
Lockout indication
a-b
b
b-a
start-up sequence
operation
post-purge sequence (reset of control unit)
Switching times (in seconds) of the control program of the sequence switch
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
t9
t10
t11
t12
t13
t8
Pre-purge time
1st safety time
Pre-ignition time
Interval between beginning of t2 and release of voltage on terminal 19
Interval between end of t4 and release of voltage on terminal 20
Post-purge time
Interval from start-up to release of voltage on terminal 7
2nd safety time. Control function is not used
Interval from start-up to start of air pressure control
Running time for the air damper to "open" position
Running time for the air damper to "min." position
Permissible after-burn time
Duration of start-up sequence without t11 and t12
36
2
4
10
10
12
2
2
8
optional
optional
12
60
The lockout indicator, the fault signal lamp and the reset button are located in the viewing
window of the unit. The burner control is supplied with an exchangeable unit fuse and a spare
fuse.
49
Control Program under Fault Conditions and Lockout Indication (LAL, LFL):
In case of any disturbance the sequence switch stops and with it the lockout indicator. The
symbol above the reading mark of the indicator gives the type of fault.
No start, because the CLOSE signal has not been delivered to terminal 8 from air
damper servomotor or a contact has not been closed between terminals 12 and 4 or
4 and 5. Lockout during or after completion of control sequence due to extraneous light
(e.g. non-extinguished flame, leaking fuel valves, defects in flame supervision circuit,
etc.)
Interruption of start-up sequence, because the OPEN signal has not been delivered
to terminal 8 from the air damper servomotor. Terminals 6, 7 and 15 remain under
voltage until the fault is corrected!
P
Lockout, because the air pressure signal has not been received at the start of the air
pressure control. Every air pressure failure after this moment in time leads to a
lockout, too!
Lockout due to a fault in the flame supervision circuit.

Interruption of start-up sequence, because the position signal for the low-flame
position has not been delivered to terminal 8 from air damper servomotor. Terminals 6,
7 and 15 remain under voltage until the fault is corrected!
Lockout, because no pilot flame signal has been received during 1st safety time.
Every flame signal failure after completion of 1st safety time leads to lockout (gas
operation).
Lockout, because no oil flame signal has been received during 1st safety time.
Every flame signal failure after completion of 1st safety time leads to lockout (oil
operation).
Lockout, because no main flame signal has been received during 2nd safety time
(interrupted pilot burner, gas operation). This control function is not in use in oil
operation. (LFL 1.322)
Lockout, because the flame signal has been lost during burner operation.
The control unit can be reset immediately after a lockout has occurred. After resetting (as well
as after correction of a fault which resulted in a controlled shutdown, or after each mains failure)
the sequence switch always returns to its start position, whereby only terminals 7, 9, 10 and 11
receive voltage in accordance with the control program. It is only then that the control unit
begins with a new burner start-up.
50
5.7.
Air Damper Actuators SQN

The electric actuators of the SQN... range have been designed specifically for the control of
burner air dampers or for fuel/air ratio control of oil or gas burners.
Provided with:
auxiliary switches and built-in relays (optional)
reduction gears which can be disengaged
internal and external position indicators
easily adjustable limit and auxiliary switches
Example: 2-Stage Burner
Functions of cam discs in servomotor SQN
Set the switching points of cam discs manually or by turning with the adjusting key.
II:
Air damper closed/(). The adjustment has been made at the factory.
III:
Air damper position at stage 1/()
V:
Solenoid valve of stage 2
I:
Air damper position at stage 2/()
The setting of the disc V should preferably be as high as possible, not, however, so high that the
flame does not react when changing over from stage 2 to stage 1 (the setting of the disc V is
between discs III and I).
The servomotor is provided with a release lever (5). When the lever is pressed down, the air
damper can be moved by hand.
Cam disc positions in principle
1 Air regulation, stage 2

2 Air damper closure
3 Air regulation, stage 1
4 Control of solenoid valve for stage 2

5 Release lever
6 Adjusting key
51
5.8.
Ignition Units
Transformers:
Voltage between electrodes approx. 10 kV

Input power regulation to avoid over overload
Electronic Unit:
5.9.
Voltage between electrodes approx. 15 kV

Switching power supply, typically 20 kHz
ED in 3 minutes (cutting in) approx. 30 % at 35 C
Smaller size than transformers
Flame Detectors
UV Detectors:
UV detectors for use with burner controls, for the supervision of gas flames and oil flames.
The QRA... are used for the supervision of gas flames, yellow- or blue-burning oil flames and for
ignition spark proving.
With this type of flame supervision, the UV radiation emitted by gas or oil flames is used to
generate the flame signal.
The radiation detector is a UV-sensitive cell with two electrodes, which ignite when illuminated
with radiation in the 190...270 nm range of the spectrum, thereby initiating a current in the flame
detector circuit.
The UV cell does not respond to glowing firebrick in the combustion chamber, daylight or light
from the boiler room illumination.
Technical data:
Average life
10,000 h (at +50 C max.)
Min. required detector current *)
200 A
Max. detector current *)

*) with capacitor 100 F 10 V DC
630 A
52
Photoresistive Detectors:
Photoresistive flame detectors for use with burner controls, for the supervision of oil flames in
the visible light spectrum.
The QRB... are designed for the supervision of yellow-burning oil flames.
Technical data:
Min. required detector current with 230 VAC
Max. possible detector current
95 A
160 A
5.10. Temperature Sensors

Pt-100:
based to resistivity of platinum in the function of temperature

typically 2-, 3- or 4-wire sensors (with 2-wire without compensation)
high stability
measuring range -200+850 C (IEC 751)
accuracy class A (0.15+0.002xt) or B (0.3+0.005xt), t=temperature
casing type Form A, B, C, D, F (DIN 43763)
Ratio between temperature and resistance:

t= 0-850 C,
Rt = R0 x (1 + At + Bt )
Rt = Resistance in temperature t
R0 = Resistance in 0 C (100 R)
-3
-1
A = 3.9083 x 10 C (ITS 90)

-7
-1
B = -5.775 x 10 C (ITS 90)

t = temperature
Thermocouples:
based to Seebeck effect (produces a contact voltage between two different metals in the
function of temperature)
thermocouples to IEC 548-1: J, T, K, E, N, S, R, B
maximum temperature up to 1700 C
thermal voltage 075mV, depending on the type of thermocouple (IEC 584)
tolerance classes 1 (closer ) and 2
53
5.11. Pressure Sensors
based to piezo-resistive effect (voltage between the opposite sides of the piezoelectric
crystal in function of pressure)
typically thin film device, MTBF value 20 years
electrical output 0-10 V or 0/4-20mA
middle point temperature typically max. 130 C
5.12. Directives and Standards

98/37/EC
Machine Directive
73/23/EEC
Low Voltage Directive
90/396/EEC
Gas Appliance Directive
89/336/EEC
EMC Directive
Some standards:
EN-60335-1
Safety of household and similar electrical appliances.
EN-230
Monoblock oil burners, control and regulation devices and safety times.
EN-267
Forced draught oil burners - Definitions, requirements, testing, marking
EN-676
Automatic forced draught burners for gaseous fuels.
EN-60439-1
Low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies.

Requirements for type-tested and partially type-tested assemblies.
EN-50081:1,2
EMC, emission
EN-50082:2
EMC, immunity
IEC 60364
Electrical installation of buildings
54
6.
Notes
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Oilon Data Guide

for Professional Sales

This Oilon - booklet includes helpful and necessary information about

Conversions and Formulas............................................................................................................ 1

Boiler Houses ................................................................................................................................ 7

Properties of Fuels, Combustion Calculations............................................................................. 25

Electrical Engineering .................................................................................................................. 41

Conversions and Formulas

1.1.1. Conversions of Force Units

1.1.2. Conversions of Mass Units

1.1.3. Conversions of Pressure Units

PSI (lbf/in ) 0,068948

1.1.4. Conversions of Power Units

1.1.6. Anglo-American Units

General Conversions Formulas

1 kWh/kg = 3600 kJ/kg

Prefixes and Alphabets

1.3.1. Prefix for Multiple Numbers of Ten

1.3.2. Greek Alphabets

Air Pressure and Density at Altitude

1.4.1. Normal Atmosphere at Altitude

1.4.2. Air Temperature / Density (1013 mbar)

Height From Sea Level, m

AIR DENSITY AT ALTITUDE

Height from Sea Level, m

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Boiler Construction Types

Steel-plate boiler for domestic

Steel-plate boiler with built-in tap water boiler

Cast iron boiler for heating of houses

Fire tube boilers

Hot water boiler

Installation Example of Dual Fuel Burner to a Firetube Boiler

Modern Water Tube Boiler

Steam and Water Enthalpy Values

Boiler Efficiency Calculation

B = 100% - XA% - 2%(max)

= exhaust gas losses in %

SF = 0,6 with HFO

Boiler Output Calculation

1 kg of oil or 1m of gas generates the following quantity of saturated steam in kg:

calorific value in kJ/kg or kJ/m x efficiency in %

calorific value in kJ/kg or kJ/m x efficiency in %

HFO Quantity LFO Quantity

Required Combustion Air

Combustion Air Quantity acc. to Oil Consumption in kg

Excess air number

Combustion Air Quantity acc. to Oil Consumption in kg

Combustion Air Quantity acc. to Gas Consumption in mn

Excess air number

Combustion Air Quantity acc. to Gas Consumption in mn

Peat and Coal

Flue gases in the boiler

Flue gas channels

Gas turbine plants

a) For Standard Pressure Jet Burners (for Guidance only)

The diagram shows the flame

The diagram shows the flame

Excess air number

Power Requirement for Oil Preheating

Specific Heat for HFO (Cp)

Specific Heat for HFO (Cp)

Economical Flow Velocity in Pipe Lines