CHNG 3

TNH TON THIT K H THNG

THNG TIN SI QUANG
Gii thiu chng
+ Trnh by vic tnh ton thit k tuyn quang
+ Trnh by vic tnh ton thit k tuyn v Mng quang WDM
+ Ti liu tham kho

A. TNH TON THIT K TUYN QUANG
3.1 Tng quan
Trong nhng nm va qua, cc h thng thng tin si quang c s dng rng
ri trn phm vi ton th gii trong ngnh vin thng v truyn d liu. Vic thit k tuyn
thng tin si quang nhm tho mn nhng yu cu ra ngy cng tr thnh vn quan
trng. Vi xu th s ho, ngy cng nhiu tuyn thng tin si quang truyn dn thng tin
s c thit k v lp t trong thc tin.
Mt trong nhng ng lc thc y h thng thng tin si quang pht trin l vic
ng dng n trong cc h thng thng tin im-im khong cch ln v mng quang. Cu
hnh im-im c hiu l tuyn si quang ni trc tip gia phn pht v phn thu
khng c nhng trm s dng trung gian. Trong nhng h thng c khong cch ln, tn
hao cng sut trn tuyn qu nhiu lm cng sut tn hiu n my thu nh hn gi tr cho
php th ngi ta phi lp t thm cc khuch i quang trn ng truyn. Nhiu ng
dng tiu biu nh truyn hnh nh phn gii cao, pht trin mng my tnh tc cao,
v mng s a dch v bng rng B-ISDN yu cu tc truyn d liu hng ngn Gbit/s.
Nhng mng thng thng trc y khng c kh nng cung cp bng thng rng cho
nhng ng dng nh th, trong khi mng quang c th tho mn cc yu cu trn nh
bng thng cc rng ca n.
Mt tuyn truyn dn im-im n gin nht gm c phn pht t u ny
ca si quang v my thu t u kia. di tuyn c th nh hn 1km hoc c th hng
ngn km tu thuc vo yu cu s dng. Tuyn y c th l ng truyn d liu s ni
gia my tnh vi cc thit b u cui trong mt to nh, hoc l gia cc to nh khc
nhau. Tuyn cng c th l h thng cp si quang di bin ni lin cc chu lc vi
khong cch hng ngn km. Trong nhng ng dng ny, suy hao cng sut nh trn si
quang v bng thng rng ca n l cc c tnh cc k quan trng. Ngoi ra n cn c
nhng c tnh u vit khc nh khng b nh hng bi trng in t, khi lng nh,
ng knh b...Vic thit k tuyn nh th khng phi l n gin v n lin quan n
nhiu yu t nh hng ln nhau nh gia cc c tnh ca si quang, ngun pht v my
thu. Thng thng, kh c th ng thi tho mn nhiu yu cu t ra, chng hn cht
lng phi tt nht m h thng c gi thnh thp, nn phng n c chn thng dung
ho c cc yu t kinh t k thut ra ban u.
Chng ny s trnh by cc bc thit k mt tuyn thng tin s bng si quang
im-im. Sau , s trnh by cc kiu h thng v mng quang khc nhau v nhng vn
thit k lin quan n cc ng dng ca chng.
3.2 Cc yu cu trong vic thit k
Vic thit k mt tuyn thng tin cht lng cao lin quan n vic tnh ton hng
lot cc thng s ca mi thit b da vo cc yu cu hot ng ca h thng. Do , vic
phn tch thit k tuyn c th c lp li nhiu ln cho n khi n tho mn hon ton
cc yu cu t ra. V yu cu k thut v gi thnh tuyn l cc yu t rt quan trng nn
77

ngi thit k cn chn la k vt t, thit b, cc thnh phn khc sao cho chng tho mn
c tnh k thut v bo m thi gian hot ng lu di ca tuyn.
V mt k thut, khi thit k tuyn, c 3 yu cu chnh cn phi t c l:
1. Khong cch truyn dn
2. Tc d liu
3. T l li bit BER
t c cc yu cu ny th ngi thit k cn phi phn tch, tnh ton tuyn
trn c s tnh ton d tr ca tuyn: gm d tr cng sut v d tr thi gian ln
3.3 d tr cng sut ca tuyn (M
arg
)
Mi lin h gia cc cng sut ngun pht P
TX,
cng sut tn hiu n my thu P
RX

v cng sut tn hao tng trn tuyn P
LOSS
c biu din theo biu thc:
P
RX
= P
TX
P
LOSS

Ta thy vi cng sut ngun pht quang P
TX
cho trc th cng sut tn hao tng
trn tuyn P
LOSS
nh hng trc tip n cng sut tn hiu n u vo my thu P
RX
. Ta
cn tnh ton thit k sao cho P
RX
phi ln hn nhy ca my thu P
SEN
. P
SEN


l cng
sut nh nht yu cu ti my thu n lm vic bnh thng, ngha l tho mn t l li
bt BER cho trc, tng ng vi tc bt nht nh. Khong chnh lch
c gi l d tr cng sut ca tuyn.
SEN RX
P P M =
arg
d tr ca tuyn (hay cn gi l d tr cho tn hao hoc d tr ca h
thng) l mt lng cng sut d phng bo m tnh an ton cho hot ng ca h thng.
N c biu din trong n v dB v dng b cho cc yu t gy tn hao khng tnh
ton ht c, chng hn cng sut ngun pht b gim theo thi gian, cc thnh phn khc
trong tuyn b gi ci, thay i nhit , tn hao trong cc b ni, b chia trong thc t lp
rp cao hn trong thit k hoc tn hao trong si tng ln sau cc ln h hng, sa cha
Theo khuyn ngh ITU-T G.957, d tr cho php nm trong khong 3dB n
4dB. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, tu theo yu cu k thut v gi thnh ca tng h thng,
ngi thit k c th chn d tr trong mt di rng hn, t 3dB n 10dB.
Nhn chung M
arg
cng ln th tuyn cng m bo cht lng tn hiu truyn dn.
Tuy nhin, iu ny lin quan n gi thnh thit b v tuyn. Trong thc t, ngi ta
thng chn gii php dung ho cho yu cu v cht lng tn hiu truyn dn v kinh ph
lp t tuyn.
Mt tuyn thng tin si quang im-im in hnh c khong cch truyn dn L,
gm my pht TX, my thu RX, n b ni, k mi hn. Lc tng tn hao trn tuyn c
biu din theo phng trnh sau:
k n L P
sp cn f LOSS
+ + = (3.1)
Trong :
sp cn f
, , : ln lt l suy hao ca 1km si, ca mt b ni v mt mi
hn.
Vy my thu lm vic bnh thng ta cn chn d tr cng sut M
arg
, lc
biu thc (3.1) c biu din nh sau:
P
RX
=P
TX
P
LOSS
= ) ( k n L P
sp cn f TX
+ + =P
SEN
+ M
arg


+ Tn sc ca tuyn xc nh tc bt gii hn hoc bng thng c th s dng c.
c gi l qu thi gian ca tuyn.
Ni chung, qu cng sut tuyn thng c cho trc, nu khng tho mn th c
th thay i mt vi b phn ca tuyn. Sau , ngi thit k tnh ton n qu thi gian
cht lng tuyn t yu cu ra.
78

i vi si quang, c th la chn si n mode (SM) v si a mode (MM).
Trong si a mode c 2 loi l loi chit sut phn bc (SI) v chit sut thay i u (GI).
Vic la chn ph thuc vo tng tn sc v cng sut a vo si. LED thng c
dng vi si a mode, ring LED pht cnh c cng sut pht ln hn c th c dng
vi si n mode vi tc bt nh hn 560Mbit/s v khong cch vi km. Cn i vi
LASER th c th s dng vi c hai: si quang a mode v n mode. Tuy nhin, hin
nay ngi ta ch s dng Laser cho si n mode.
Vic la chn photodiode da vo cng sut nh nht yu cu ti my thu tng
ng vi tc bt nht nh n t c t l li bit BER cho trc v tnh phc tp ca
n. Photodiode PIN n gin v n nh nhit hn so vi photodiode APD. Tuy nhin,
nhy ca APD cao hn PIN t 5dB n 10dB vi tc bt <2,5Gbit/s. V vy, n thng
c s dng khi mc cng sut quang n my thu thp vi tc bt khng qu cao
(<2,5Gbit/s).
3.4 d tr thi gian ln
Gi l thi gian ln ca h thng v t
sys
t
rMAX
l thi gian ln cho php. Lng
chnh lch v thi gian:
sys rMAX
t t t = gi l d tr thi gian ln. Vic thit k tuyn
theo d tr thi gian ln bo m cho tuyn tho mn iu kin v gii hn tn sc khi
truyn dn tn hiu s c tc bt cao. Nh vy, sau khi tuyn c tnh ton thit k
tho mn v d tr cng sut th cn tnh tan cho n tho mn d tr thi gian ln
bo m cht lng tn hiu truyn dn trn tuyn.
3.4.1 Thi gian ln ca h thng
Thi gian ln ca h thng c xc nh theo biu thc:
sys
t

2 2 2 2
mod
2
RX PMD CD TX SYS
t t t t t t + + + + = (3.2)

Trong :
t
TX
: Thi gian ln ca my pht, t
mod
: thi gian ln tn sc mode ca si a mode, t
CD
: thi
gian ln tn sc mu ca si, t
PMD
: thi gian ln tn sc mode phn cc ca si v t
RX
: Thi
gian ln ca my thu. Khi s dng si n mode th t
mod
=0 nn ch cn 4 thnh phn trong
biu thc (3.2).
+ Thi gian ln ca my pht: t
TX
Thi gian ln ca my pht ph thuc vo tc p ng ca ngun sng vo dng
in iu khin. Thng thng, ngi ta chn t
TX
=2ns i vi LED v t
TX
=0,1ns i vi
Laser Diode.
+ Thi gian ln tn sc mode: t
mod
i vi si a mode, bng thng hay dung lng truyn ti thng tin c c
trng bi tch s bng thng x khong cch, c n v [MHz.km]. Gi BB
mod
l bng thng
tn sc mode [MHz.km], th thi gian ln tn sc mode c biu din theo biu thc:

mod
mod
400
B
L
t = (3.3)
+ Thi gian ln tn sc mu ca si: t
CD
Thi gian ln t
CD
ca si to ra do tn sc mu c xc nh nh sau:
= L D t
C CD D
(3.4)
Trong : D
CD
l tn sc ca si, L l khong cch truyn dn v l rng ng ca
Laser
Trong thc t, tuyn thng c cu to t nhiu loi si c tn sc khc nhau,
nn D
CD
thng c chn l gi tr trung bnh.
79

+ Thi gian ln tn sc mode phn cc: t
PMD
Thi gian ln tn sc mode phn cc c xc nh nh sau:
L
D PM PMD
D t = (3.5)
D
PMD
tn sc mode phn cc
+ Thi gian ln ca my thu: t
RX
Thi gian ln ca my thu ph thuc vo tc p ng ca b tch quang v bng
thng in 3dB (BB
RX)
ca my thu. l khong thi gian tng ng vi s tng bin
tn hiu u ra b tch quang t 10% n 90%, c biu din bi biu thc sau:

RX
RX
B
t
350
= vi t
RX
[ns] v BB
RX
[MHz] (3.6)

Vy thi gian ln tng ca tuyn l


2 2 2 2
mod
2
)
350
( ) ( )
440
( (
RX
PCM CD TX SYS
B
L D L D
B
L
t t + + + + = (3.7)
3.4.2 Thi gian ln cho php (t
rMAX
)













Ta c th gi thuyt rng tn hiu i qua si quang nh xem nh mt h thng
tuyn tnh mt b lc thng thp RC. Khi thi gian ln T
r
ca h thng c nh ngha
l khong thi gian m bin ca xung tng t 10% n 90% gi tr cc i ca n. Xt
p ng ca mt b lc thng thp RC vi xung vo l xung vung nh hnh v:
Gi s xung vo l xung vung c biu din nh biu thc:
in
V = V
0
.1(t)
Suy ra in p ra c biu din:
V
out
(t) = V
0
.(1 - exp(-t/RC))
Do thi gian ca h thng T
r
(thi gian tng t 10% n 90% gi tr cc i ca
xung) c tnh nh sau:
T
r
= t(V
0,9
)- t(V
0,1
)= t
2
- t
1
= ln(9)RC=2,2.RC
Mt khc, hm truyn t ca mch lc thng thp RC:

fRC j
f H
2 1
1
) (
+
=
Do vy bng thng 3dB ca mch BW bng:
RC
BW
2
1
=
R
C V
in
V
out
V
in
t
0,9V
0
0
0,1V
t
1 2
mch b) Dng sng vo c) Dng sng ra
Hnh 3.1 Dng sng vo ra ca b lc thng thp
t
a) S
t
V
out
V
0
80

tn hiu thu c khng b mo th bng thng ti thiu ca b lc phi bng bng
thng ca tn hiu. Do Ta suy ra
BW BW
T
r
35 , 0
2
2 , 2
= =

+ nh l Nyquyst:
truyn c cc k hiu c tc qua mt knh truyn m khng b nhiu
giao thoa k hiu th knh truyn cn mt rng bng tn l
S
R
2
S
R
BW .
i vi m NRZ th tc bt bng tc k hiu , do bng thng knh
truyn trong trng hp truyn m NRZ c biu th theo biu thc:
b
R
S
R

2
b
R
BW
i vi m RZ th tc bt bng tc k hiu , do bng thng knh
truyn trong trng hp truyn m RZ c xc nh nh sau:
b
R
S
R

b
R BW
Suy ra thi gian ln cc i cho php ca h thng c biu din nh sau:
i vi tn hiu NRZ:
b
rMAX
b
r
R
T
R BW
T
7 , 0 7 , 0
2
1
= =

i vi tn hiu RZ:
b
rMAX
b
r
R
T
R BW
T
35 , 0 35 , 0
2
1
= =

m bo thu c tn hiu th thi gian ln ca tuyn t
sys
phi b hn thi gian
ln cho php T
rMAX
c tnh trn.

rMAX SYS
T t
d tr ny cng ln cng tt. Ta thy T
sys rMAX
t T t =
rMAX
t l nghch vi tc bt,
do khi tc bt qu ln, T
rMAX
nh khng t yu cu d tr thi gian ln, ngi ta
c th dng phng php ghp knh-phn chia theo bc sng gim tc bt trong
tng knh.
3.5 T s tn hiu trn nhiu in eSNR ti my thu
3.5.1 Tnh t s tn hiu trn nhiu khi s dng photodiode PIN
3.5.1.1 Trng hp my thu dng photodiode l tng
Khi dng photodiode l tng , ta b qua thnh phn nhiu do dng ti v nhiu
nhit , ch quan tm nhiu lng t nh hng n t s S/N . y l loi nhiu do bn
cht lng t ca nh sng , xut hin khi c s ti hp cc in t v l trng ring bit
nn cng phi tnh n trong trng hp l tng
Cng sut ca tn hiu trn in tr ti R
L
l :

2 2 2
RX L RX L signal
P R R I R S = =
Cng sut nhiu lng t (nhiu bn) c tnh theo cng thc :

e RX L e RX L Q
B qRP R B qI R N 2 2 = =
L
R , R , :ln lt l in tr ti, h s chuyn i quang-in v rng bng tn in
ca my thu.T ta c t s S/N trong trng hp l tng :
e
B

e
RX
e RX L
RX L
qB
RP
B qRP R
P R R
eSNR
2 2
2 2
= =

e
RX
qB
RP
2
= gii hn nhiu lng t
81

3.5.1.2 Trng hp my thu dng photodiode PIN
Trong thc t khi xt mt my thu s dng photodiode, ngoi thnh phn nhiu
lng t nh ni trn ta cn phi tnh n nhiu nhit v nhiu dng ti ca n .
Nhiu dng ti bao gm 2 thnh phn l nhiu dng ti khi v dng ti b mt
. Dng ti khi ca photodiode do in t v l trng gy ra theo nhit ti tip gip
PN ca n , cn dng ti b mt tng ng vi dng r b mt , ph thuc vo mc
khim khuyt b mt , tnh sch s , in p nh thin v in tch b mt.
DB
N
DS
N
Nhiu lng t c tnh theo biu thc trn cn nhiu dng ti c biu din
theo cng thc :
e DS DB L DS DB D
B I I q R N N N ) ( 2 + = + =
Nhiu nhit ph thuc vo cng ngh ch to my thu nhng tng qut c th
biu din di dng :

e T
KTB N 4 =
Vi K l hng s Boltzmann , J/K v T l nhit tuyt i ( K ) K x =

138 10
38
,
Do t s S/N trong trng hp tch sng trc tip s dng photodiode PIN cho
bi :

] )
4
) ( 2 2 [(
2 2
e L
L
DS DB RX
RX L
T DS DB Q
signal
DD PIN
B R
R
KT
I I q qSP
P R R
N N N N
S
eSNR
+ + +
=
+ + +
=

3.5.2 Tnh t s tn hiu trn nhiu khi s dng photodiode APD
Ngoi cc loi nhiu ni trn ta cn phi tnh n h s nhiu qu mc do qu trnh
thc gy ra . C th nh sau :
Dng ti u ra ca photodiode:

RX RX
MRP I =
Vi: h s nhn ca photodiode APD .
Cng sut tn hiu trn trn in tr ti R
L
:

Cng sut nhiu lng t :
2 2 2 2
RX L RX L signal
P R M R I R S = =

e RX L e RX L e RX L Q
B M qRP R B M qI R M F MB qI R N
+ +
= = =
2 1
2 2 ) ( 2
Trong F(M) l h s tp m tri lin quan n bn cht ngu nhin ca qu trnh thc .
T thc nghim ngi ta tm thy n c gi tr xp x . Vi x l h s
nhiu qu mc. i vi diode silic x = 0,3 - 0,5, diode Ge th x gn bng 1 , cn i vi
diode t cc vt liu InGAsP , GaAlAsSb th x gn bng 0,7 .
X
M M F ) (
Cng sut nhiu dng ti :

e DS DB L DS DB D
B I M I q R N N N ) ( 2
2
+ = + =
+
V s tng ch thc l mt hiu ng khi nn nhiu do dng ti b mt khng chiu nh
hng ti s tng ch thc ny .
Cng sut nhiu nhit cng c tnh nh trn .Do t s S/N trong trng hp
dng photodiode APD c tnh theo biu thc :

] }
4
2 ) 2 2 [{(
2
2 2 2
e
L
DS
X
DB RX
RX
T DS DB Q
signal
DD APD
B
R
KT
qI M qI qI
M P R
N N N N
S
eSNR
+ + +
=
=
+ + +
=
+

82

3.6. Mt s gi tr in hnh ca cc thnh phn
3.6.1. My pht quang
Bng 3.1 Mt s tham s in hnh ca my thu quang
Thng s K hiu Gi tr in hnh
Bc sng cng tc 1300 nm hoc 1500 nm
Di sng cng tc
min

max
50 nm
Cng sut ra P
TX LED (-10-25)dBm
LD (-10 7)dBm
Thi gian ln t
TX
LED < 3 ns
LD < 1 ns
rng ph LED (30100) nm
LD (0,1 2) nm

3.6.2. Mi hn v b ni
Bng 3.2 Cc tham s in hnh ca mi hn v b nI

Thng s K hiu Gi tr in hnh
Suy hao mi hn
sp

0,3 dB (max)
Suy hao b ni
cn

0,5 dB (max)

3.6.3 My thu quang
Bng 3.3 Cc thng s c bn ca cc loi photodiode PIN

Thng s K hiu n v Si Ge InGaAs
Di bc sng nm 400-1100 800-1650 1100-1700
H s chuyn
i quang-in
R A/W 0,4-0,6 0,4-0,5 0,75-0,95
Dng ti I
D
nA 1-10 50-500 0,5-2
Thi gian ln t
RX
ns 0,5-1 0,1-0,5 0,05-0,5
Bng thng BW GHz 0,3-0,7 0,5-3 1-2
in p phn
cc
V
B
B V 5 5-10 5

Bng 3.4 Cc thng s c bn ca cc loi photodiode APD

Thng s K hiu n v Si Ge InGaAs
Di bc sng nm 400-1100 800-1650 1100-1700
H s nhn M ln 20-400 10-200 10-40
Dng ti I
D
nA 0,1-1 50-500 10-50 ti
M=10
Thi gian ln t
RX
ns 0,1-2 0,5-0,8 0,1-0,5
H s khuch
i x Bng
MxB GHz 100-400 2-10 20-250
83

thng
in p phn
cc
V
B
B V 150-400 20-40 20-30

i vi cc tuyn truyn dn ngn, cc photodiode Si hot ng vng bc sng
850nm c s dng rng ri do gi thnh thp. i vi cc tuyn di hn, th cn hot
ng vng bc sng cao hn ( t bng O n bng L), lc ngi ta thng chn cc
photodiode InGaAs.



Hnh 3.2 Cng sut pht ca LED, Laser v cng sut thu in hnh
ca cc photodiode PIN v APD tng ng vi tc bt khc nhau


















Bng 3.5 nhy thu ca cc loi photodiode tng ng vi bit khc nhau




















84

3.7 Cc bc tnh ton
Nh trnh by phn trn, v mt k thut, khi thit k tuyn, c 3 yu cu chnh cn
phi t c l:
+ Khong cch truyn dn L
+ Tc d liu R
b
+ Phng php iu ch, gii iu ch tn hiu
+ T l li bit BER
Bc 1:
Gi s cn thit k mt tuyn thng tin si quang c t l li bit BER, tc bt v
phng php iu ch cho trc, v d BER=10
-12
v R
b
=2,5Gbit/s, iu ch FSK i tn
ng b.
T phng php iu ch v gi tr BER cho trn, da vo cc biu thc, cc
th biu din mi quan h gia BER v h s phm cht Q hoc BER v t s tn hiu trn
nhiu in eSNR, hoc BER v s photon trung bnh trn mt bit thng tin (N
P
) nh hnh
v ta suy ra Q hoc eSNR hoc (N
P
) cn t c ti my thu













Bc 2:
T eSNR hoc (N
P
) tm c v cc biu thc lin h gia eSNR v cng sut
quang n u vo my thu P
RX
ta xc nh c P
RX
.
Bc 3:
Da vo cc bc tnh d tr cng sut tuyn (Qu cng sut tuyn) trn, ta
xc nh c cng sut ca my pht P
S
.
Bc 4:
85

Da vo cc bc tnh d tr thi gian tuyn (Qu thi gian ln) trn, ta kim tra iu
kin tn sc ca h thng c t yu cu ra khng.


B. TNH TON THIT K TUYN V MNG QUANG WDM
3.8 Gii thiu chung
Tuyn v Mng WDM cn c tnh ton ti u cc thng s quang v in bo
m s hot ng lin tc. Cho d cu hnh mng l loi im- im, l mng vng hoc
kt cu li th vic thit k cng c tin hnh trong hai phn ring bit l thit k h
thng quang v thit k h thng in.
Khi tc bt tng v khong cch truyn dn ln th ngi thit k phi quan tm
tnh ton cc tn hao trong mng quang .
Thng s tn hao rt quan trng v khi ln ca n vt qu mt gi tr cho php th
cng sut tn hiu nhn c cui tuyn s qu thp lm my thu khng th phn bit
c bt 0 bt 1 trong lung s liu c truyn n.
Yu cu l cng sut n u vo my thu phi ln hn nhy ca n. nhy
c nh ngha l cng sut ti thiu n my thu cho my thu hot ng bnh thng,
ngha l bo m t l li bt BER cho trc tng ng vi tc bt nht nh.
Cng sut ca my pht phi ln m bo duy tr cng sut n u vo
my thu cao hn nhy ca n. iu ny khng c ngha l my pht mun pht cng
sut ln bao nhiu a vo si cng c v lc s lm xut hin cc hiu ng phi
tuyn khng mong mun trong si nh hiu ng t iu ch pha SPM, iu ch pha cho
XPM, trn bn bc sng FWM, tn x Raman v Brilouin kch thch (SRS v SBS)
lm gim cht lng h thng. Ngoi ra, cc my thu nh phtodiode PIN hay APD u c
ngng thu gii hn ca chng. Nu cng sut my pht qu ln lm cng sut n cc
my thu ny vt qu ngng ca chng th c th gy h hng hoc lm gim tui th.
Cn nu cng sut tn hiu nhn c cui tuyn s qu thp lm my thu khng th
phn bit c bt 0 bt 1 trong lung s liu c truyn n. Nh vy my thu c mt di
cng sut thu cc i v cc tiu, to thnh ngng trn v di. Chng hn gi tr di lm
vic tiu biu ca phtodiode l t -7dBm n -28dBm. Gi P
inMax
l cng sut cc i
a vo si. L
Max
l khong cch truyn dn v P
r
l cng sut ti thiu n my thu, th
mi quan h gia chng c biu din nh biu thc:

RX Max TXMax
P L P + =

RX TXMax
Max
P P
L

=
Trong tnh ton trn chng ta b qua tn sc, tnh phi tuyn ca si, s phn cc,
s n rng ph ca ngun (chirp), mt mt do ch ni, b chia v hin tng gi ci ca
thit b Nu xem xt thm nhng yu t ny th khong cch truyn dn cc i s gim.
Trong thc t thc hin truyn dn tn hiu vi khong cch ln th ngi ta s dng b
lp hoc khuch i quang.
B lp hot ng da vo nguyn tc bin i quang-in-quang (O-E-O) thc hin
tch sng, sa dng (Reshape-R), sa thi gian (Retime-R) v pht li (Retransmit-R) tn
hiu. Ngha l thc hin 3R. Trong khi b khuch i quang s dng cc b khuch i
si quang pha tp EDFA, Raman, v khuch i bn dn SOA, khng bin i quang in
m khuch i nh sng trc tip. B lp c khuyt im l cn c ngun cung cp in,
cng knh, khng thch hp vi h thng a knh. Do , hin nay ngi ta s dng ch
yu cc b khuch i quang trong h thng WDM.
86

B khuch i quang nng c cng sut tn hiu nn c th tng khong cch
truyn dn. Tuy nhin khong cch ny khng th tng n bao nhiu cng c. iu ny
c gii thch l khi s dng nhiu b khuch i trn ng truyn nng tn hiu th
chng cng lm gia tng nhiu. l nhiu pht x t pht c khuch i v c tch
lu qua nhiu b khuch i mc lin tip nhau. iu ny dn n t s tn hiu trn nhiu
quang OSNR ti my thu cui tuyn gim thp, lm thu c khng t yu cu.
T s OSNR khng ch b nh hng bi nhiu t cc b khuch i m cn b suy
gim v cc thit b quang tch cc nh cc ngun Laser v cc thit b quang th ng nh
cc b chia quang, b ni. Trong tnh ton thit k, cc b khuch i quang c xem l
cc ngun nhiu chnh, nh hng ln n t s OSNR, sau phi k n cc thit b
quang tch cc v th ng nh va cp trn.
Tn sc gy ra hin tng gin n xung. Loi tn sc nghim trng nht trong si
quang n mode l tn sc vn tc nhm GVD (hay cn gi l tn sc mu). Vn tc nhm
t l nghch vi tc thay i ca hng s truyn dn theo tn s. c thc s l mt
hng s khng? Thc ra n ph thuc gin tip vo , vo h s phi tuyn v cng sut tn
hiu P. Hn na,

cn ph thuc vo ch s nhm (group index) nn n li ph thuc vo

cc thng s tn sc vn tc nhm GVD. Do , tn sc gy ra s gin n xung nghim
trng v dn n nhiu xuyn k t ISI. Thng s
2
l vi phn bc hai ca theo tn s
gc trong min quang.
Ngoi tn sc vn tc nhm, tn sc mode phn cc (PMD) cng tham gia lm gim
cht lng ca tn hiu truyn dn.
Khi tc bt ln, vt qu mt gi tr nht nh th tn sc tc ng cng nghim
trng. gim nh hng ny ngi ta s dng phng php b tn sc. C th b bng
cch dng si quang tn sc dch chuyn DSF hoc thit b b bng cch t Bragg (FBG).
Chng c tc dng sa dng xung b gin n lm cho n hp li nh ban u. Bi ton t
ra l t cc thit b b u trong mng t hiu qu b cao nht.
Mt vn cn quan tm na trong thit k, l tnh phi tuyn ca si. Khi h
thng lm vic vi tc bt cao, rng xung nh hn nhiu ln so vi cc khe thi gian
v cng sut quang ln th cn quan tm n cc hiu ng t iu ch pha SPM, iu ch
pha cho XPM, trn bn bc sng FWM, tn x Raman v Brilouin kch thch (SRS v
SBS)

3.9 Cc yu t nh hng n vic thit k h thng
3.9.1 nh hng tn hao si n h thng
H s quan trng nh gi cht lng h thng s ni chung v h thng thng tin si
quang ni ring l t l li bt BER. Yu cu BER cn t c trong hu ht cc h thng
WDM thc t l t 10
-9
n 10
-12
.
ng trn quan im s photon, th BER c th c minh ho nh sau: 1
photodiode tch ng c bt 1 th cn c ti thiu N
P
photon quang tc ng ln b mt
ca n. Nu gi N
TP
l s photon to ra t ngun pht v
P
l s photon b mt mt do
tn hao, hp th, tn x v cc yu t khc trong qu trnh truyn dn trong si quang. Nu
th photodiode khng th khi phc ng bt pht i. Lc cn tng
cng sut ngun ngha l tng s photon pht N
P P TP
N N <
TP
(v s photon l hm ca cng nh
sng)

sao cho tho mn biu thc
P P TP
N N > photodiode c th tch ng bt
pht i.
iu ny gii thch ti sao trong thit k cn quan tm n lng cng sut d tr
bo m ch hot ng lm vic cho h thng.
87

Nh cp trn, tn sc l s tri rng xung trong min thi gian gy nn s n
rng ph trong min tn s. iu ny c gii thch l tn ti nhiu thnh phn ph khc
nhau trong mt xung, m mi thnh phn truyn trong si vi mt vn tc khc nhau.
Tc hi ln nht ca vic gin n xung l lm xut hin nhiu xuyn k t ISI. Cho d
chng ta gi s thit k tt h thng khng xut hin ISI th tn sc trong h thng
vn gy mt s tc hi. Vic gin n xung lm tng suy hao tn hiu trn ng truyn,
ngha l lm tng . Ni cch khc, s ph ton n b mt photodiode gim. Do , khi
thit k h thng b gii hn bi tn sc th cn xem xt n tn hao do tn sc gy ra.
P

Tn tht ny c xem l tn tht mng do hiu ng tn sc trong qu trnh truyn

dn trong cc h thng ng truyn di tc cao.
Cng sut d tr trong mng thng thng c chn t 3-4dB. Theo chun G957
ca ITU th cng sut d tr ny c th chn ln hn 4dB.

3.9.2 nh hng ca hiu ng phi tuyn n h thng c khong cch truyn
dn ln
Khi tng cng sut quang a vo si th cng trng in t lan truyn trong
si tng ln lm hiu ng phi tuyn tng theo, to nn s dch pha phi tuyn , c
biu din nh sau:
NL

L
in NL
e
P

=
1

Trong l h s phi tuyn v c tnh theo biu thc sau:


eff
o
cA
n

2
=
vi n
2
v ln lt l chit sut v din tch hiu dng ca li. Hn na,
eff
A
NL
li
ph thuc vo P
in
m P
in
thay i theo thi gian. Do , s dch pha phi tuyn c to ra
trong mt xung quang di chuyn rt nhanh s bin ng ln.
iu ny c ngha l hin tng chirp gy nn s dch pha phi tuyn lm cho mt
xung tung ng vi tn s c cc thnh phn trong di tn s:
o

NL o
t
Khi cng sut P
in
thay i th
NL
thay i theo v to nn s tri xung.
Do vic kim tra vic dch pha ln nht ca mt xung l vic bt buc xc nh
ngng ca cng sut vo. S dch pha ny to ra hin tng t iu ch pha (SPM).
Trong h thng thng tin si quang, cn xem xt cc ng dn quang lun gi
NLchophep NL
< . Ta c th khng ch cng sut vo dch pha nm trong gii hn cho
php theo yu cu ca h thng.
S t iu ch pha khng tc ng mt mnh m n cn tc ng ng thi vi tn
sc vn tc nhm GVD. Cn phi ti u cng sut quang u vo trong mi knh bo
m tn sc trong mng (tng ng vi tc bt cho) nh hn gi tr cho php, cng
nh hiu ng phi tuyn vn khng c vt gi tr gii hn. Ni cch khc, cn dung ho
trong vic chn gi tr cng sut vo n ln nhm b tn hao cng sut do tn sc
nhng khng c qu ln v s dn n hiu ng phi tuyn lm hiu ng tri ph ln ln.
C mt s k thut lin quan n m phng cho php chng ta thit k mng c xem
xt n tt c cc yu t nh hng v s dng cc thit b thch hp b chng. Trong
, ngi ta s dng php bin i Fourier tnh ton c 2 yu t SPM v GVD.
Trong h thng ghp knh theo bc sng WDM, ngoi s t iu ch pha SPM cn
xut hin hin tng iu pha cho XPM v hin tng trn bn bc sng FWM . XPM
88

c to ra khi nng lng quang trong mt knh tc ng iu ch pha trong knh khc,
n c th ln gp i so vi SPM. S dch pha tan phn ph thuc vo cng sut ca ton
b cc knh v bit truyn dn ca cc knh. S dch pha cc i xy ra khi c 2 bt 1 trong
2 knh xuyn nhiu nhau v lc cng sut quang trong 2 knh cc i.
S dch pha c biu din theo biu thc:
[ ]

=
W
k
P 2
1
in
L
NL
i
P
e

Trong , w l tng s knh, P
k
l cng sut knh th k. S dch pha cc i (tng
ng vi trng hp ton bt 1) c biu din trong biu thc:
[ ]
i
NL
P w 1 2
max

3.9.3 nh hng ca tn sc mu v tn hao cng sut
Trong h thng WDM, nu tc bt mi knh > 2,5Gbit/s th cn xem xt n tn
sc vn nhm (tn sc mu). Tn sc mu lm gin n xung gy nn nhiu xuyn k t ISI
v lm suy hao cng sut v lm gim t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR. Suy gim cng sut do
tn sc c biu din theo biu thc sau:

2
DISP
1
log 10

+
=
O
L
O
D
P

O
, : l rng ph v rng xung
Gii hn ca khong cch truyn dn c biu din theo biu thc:

c
D
L B

2
16
2
2
< hoc
c B
D
L

2
16
2
2
<
Suy ra
2
B
K
L < Trong K l hng s. T biu thc ny suy ra khong cch truyn
dn L t l nghch vi bnh phng tc bt B.


3.10 Thit k h thng da vo h s Q v OSNR
Yu cu ca tuyn c thit k l phi m bo t l li bit BER cho trc. V BER
l mt hm ca h s phm cht Q v t s tn hiu trn nhiu OSNR, nn tuyn phi bo
m Q v OSNR ti cui tuyn ln hn gi tr cho php.
H s phm cht Q c nh ngha nh sau:

0 1
0 1

=
I I
Q
0 1
, I I : Bin dng in ca bt 1 v bt 0
0 1
, : lch chun (nhiu) tng ng vi bt 1 v bit 0
Mi quan h gia Q v BER c biu din theo hm sai s b theo biu thc:
)
2
(
2
1
R
Q
erfc BE =
Vic xc nh BER trong thc t i hi phi tin hnh trong mt khong thi gian
nht nh. Chng hn, trong tuyn truyn dn tc 155Mbit/s, yu cu , th
-12
10 R BE
89

vic xc nh BER cn tin hnh trong 10 ngy s c kt qu gn ng. Sau 1000 ngy th
c th xc nh c gi tr n nh ca BER.
3.11.1 Tnh ton Q t OSNR
OSNR l thng s quan trng nht nh gi cht lng ca tn hiu quang v c
xc nh da vo cc thng s khc.
Mi quan h gia OSNR v Q c xc nh theo biu thc:

e
O
e
O
B
B
OSNR
B
B
Q } lg 10 { OSNR lg 20 = =
e O
B B , : ln lt l bng thng quang ca b tch sng quang (photodiode) v bng
thng in ca b lc my thu.
Mi quan h c biu din trong n v dB nh sau:

e
O
dB dB
B
B
OSNR Q lg 10 + =
Suy ra Q t l thun vi OSNR. Thng thng nhiu c tnh ton nh my phn
tch quang ph OSA v cc my hin sng ly mu. Vic o t ny c tin hnh trong
mt di bng tn B
m
, thng c chn khong 0,1nm (12,5GHz).
Suy ra khi th OSNR > Q. Trong thc t thit k, OSNR ln hn Q t 1dB
n 2dB. Tiu biu, khi thit k h thng tc cao, d tr ti my thu thng c
chn khong 2dB, lc Q nh hn OSNR 2dB.
e O
B B <
3.11.2 Tnh ton OSNR i vi h thng WDM im-im
Kho st h thng thng tin si quang ghp knh theo bc sng WDM, s dng N
b khuch i EDFA mc chui, c h s nhiu NF
stage
.
Mi quan h gia t s tn hiu trn nhiu quang OSNR v cc thng s khc c
biu din nh biu thc:

f h
O

stage
in
NF
P
SNR
Trong : h: hng s plank (h=6,6260x10
-34
) v : tn s quang
: bng thng tng ng vi NF f
stage
o c.( thng thng chn bng 0.1nm)
OSNR ton phn c biu din theo biu thc:

= + + + =
N
i i N final
OSNR OSNR OSNR OSNR OSNR OSNR
1 1
.........
1 1 1 1
3 2 1



f h G n
P
P
P
OSNR
SP
in
ASE
in

= =
) 1 ( 2

n
SP:
nghch o dn s ( tch lu) v bng t s s electron trng thi cao hn v
thp hn.

1 2
2
N N
N
n
SP

=
v

10
10 . 5 , 0
NF
SP
n =
i vi h thng N tng khuch i, h s khuch i ca mi b khuch i c
chn b hon ton tn hao cng sut ca si t trc n.
T , ta c mi quan h gia OSNR ti cui tuyn c tnh theo biu thc:
90


fN h NF
P
O
in

=

final
SNR
Tnh trong n v dB:
f N NF P O
dB dB in
+ = log 10 log 10 93 . 158 SNR
finaldB

Khi 0,1nm th biu thc trn c biu din nh sau: = f
N NF P O
dB dB in
log 10 58 SNR
finaldB
+ =
Trong chng ta gi thit:
- NF ca tt c cc b khuch i EDFA u bng nhau
- Tn hao trn cc phn on u bng nhau
- Nhiu tnh ton cho c hai trng thi phn cc
Biu thc tnh OSNR trn ch xt n nhiu pht x t pht c tch lu do cc EDFA
to ra, cha tnh n cc hiu ng phi tuyn khc xut hin trong h thng WDM. Thng
thng ta tnh cho knh c OSNR thp nht trong cc knh cu h thng.
3.11.3 Cng sut d tr
Trong h thng phn phi WDM c nhiu trm phn phi dc tuyn th tn hao chnh
khng phi l tn hao trn tuyn m l cc tn hao lin quan n cc h thng con khc
nhau. Mt tuyn tiu biu gm nhiu trm phn phi, mi trm c trang b nhiu thit b
c tn hao ln lm nh hng nghim trng n cht lng h thng. Mt b ghp quang
y ca mt trm WDM tiu biu cha mt dy cc thit b dn sng AWG, v mt ma
trn chuyn mch. Mt AWG tiu biu gy tn hao 5dB (tn hao chn). Do , mt tn
hiu quang i qua mt trm (node) gm 2 b AWG (trong 1 thit b ghp v mt thit b
tch quang) th b tn hao 10 dB cng thm tn hao ca chuyn mch.

Bng 3.6 Mt mt chn v cc mt mt khc khi h h thng hot ng ti bc sng
1550nm

Thit b Tn hao chn Tn hao ph
thuc bc sng
Tn hao ph
thuc phn cc
Nhiu xuyn
m
B ghp MUX
B gii ghp
DEMUX
(AWG)
5dB <1dB 0,1dB -40dB
Chuyn mch
quang OADM
2x2
1.2dB <0.2dB 0,1dB -40dB
B ghp th ng
(Coupler passive)
3dB - - -
B lc mng
mng
(filter-Thin-film)
1dB 0.1dB - -40dB
B lc
AOTF/MZI
1dB 0.1dB - 35dB
Interleaver 2-3dB - - -
Thit b kt ni
cho (OXC)
T cng n
cng
3dB (khng
k mt mt do
AWG)
<0.4dB 0,1dB -40dB
91

Bng 3.7 trnh by d tr cho cc loi tn hao khc
Cc loi tn hao d tr
Tn sc ca si 1dB
Nhiu t iu ch pha SPM 0.5dB
Nhiu iu ch pha cho XPM 0.5dB
Thit b b tn sc 6dB
Nhiu trn bn bc sng (FWM) 0.5dB
Nhiu tn x Raman v Brillouin (SRS//SBS) 0.5dB
PDL 0.3dB
Tn sc phn cc PMD 0.5dB
c tnh ph khng phng ca b khuch i quang 3.0dB
S ph thuc bc sng vo tn sc mode phn cc 0.5dB
Hiu ng gin n xung (Chirp) my pht 0.5dB
Xuyn m AWG 0.2dB
Cc b ni quang 0.5dB

3.11.4 Thit k da trn vic b tn sc mu
Trong h thng c qu tn sc mu b gii hn, tn sc tch lu i vi mt
xung truyn ln hn tn sc cc i cho php th h thng khng th hot ng c v
nhiu xuyn k t qu ln hoc xung b tri rng. V th cn t cc thit b b DCU ti
nhng v tr khc nhau trong mng, chng hn nh cc si quang tn sc dch chuyn hoc
cch t FBG. Khi thit k h thng WDM tc bt cao, c nh hng tn sc ln th
chng ta c th s dng s (bn ) b tn sc nng cao cht lng tn hiu.
S b tn sc l th hai chiu biu din tn sc tch lu theo chiu di tuyn.
Chng c dng hu ch xc nh v tr t cc thit b b mt cch c hiu qu trn
tuyn. Tn sc tch lu c tnh bng tch ca c tnh tn sc ca si v Laser i vi
mt tc bt cho trc tng ng vi chiu di ca si. Chng hn, gi tr tiu biu ca
tn sc ca si n mode l 18ps/nm.km, ngha l khi mt xung tn hiu (c pht t
Laser c rng ng 1ns) c tc 10Gb/s ( rng xung 100ps) truyn trn si n
mode ny th n b gin n 18ps . Do trong tnh ton cn bo m rng gin n xung
tch lu khi truyn n trn qung truyn dn x km phi nh hn gi tr tn sc cc i cho
php. Chng hn nu gi tr bng 1800ps th khong cch truyn dn ti a l 100km.
Tn sc trong h thng ph thuc vo cc yu t chnh nh tc bt, di si
quang, rng ng ca Laser. Mt iu cn ch l cng sut tn hao trn tuyn (trong
h thng c qu tn sc b hn ch) thay i theo tn sc D ca si. D c th c xem
nh yu t cn bng gia tc bt, chiu di si v rng ph ca Laser Diode.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Max Ming-Kang Liu, "Principles and Applications of Optical Communications
McGraw-Hill , Inc 1996.
[2 ] Govind P. Agrawal, Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York, third Edition, 2002.
[3] ITU-T, Rec. G.652, "Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre cable" 1993.
[4] ITU-T, Rec. G.653, "Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre
cable" 1993.
[5] Gerd Keiser, "Optical Fiber Communications Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc. -
1991.
[6] Gerard Lachs "Fiber Optic Communications", McGraw-Hill, 1998.
[7] J. C. Palais, "Fiber Optic Communications. Second Edition, Prentice-Hall, 1988.
92