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LS telcomAG 2002
Session 5.7
Supporting Network Planning Tools II
by
Roland Gtz
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LS telcomAG 2002
Modern Radio Network Planning Tools
Geo Information System
Data Management
Graphical User Interface
Propagation Prediction
Interference Analysis
Network Processor
Data / Result Output
Radi o Network Pl anni ng Tool
Data Management
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LS telcomAG 2002
Data Management
Data Management
What is the Minimum Set of Data you need to perform a
Basic Coverage Prediction?
Coordinates of the Transmitter
Radiated Power
Frequency
Antenna Pattern
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LS telcomAG 2002
What other kind of Data have to be managed and Why?
Data descri bi ng the Transmitter
Antenna
all technical parameters (power range, frequency range, sensitivity...)
Data descri bi ng the Network
Sites
Cells, Sectors, links
neighbouringrelations
frequency plans, frequency rasters
Data descri bi ng Interferi ng Networks
same service other operators
other services
in other countries
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LS telcomAG 2002
Data Management
Data Management
What other kind of Data have to be managed and Why?
for Tool Admi ni strati on
User / Role
Password
System Layout
Resul t Data Base
Coverage Maps
Interference Relations
Network Analysis
which have been performedin the past
Li bari es
Antenna Equipment
Transmitter Equipment
Receiver Equipment
...
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LS telcomAG 2002
Tx
Tx Power
Connector Loss
Branching Loss
Feeder Loss
Gain
EIRP
Rx
Feeder Loss
Branching Loss
Connector Loss
Gain
Receive Level
Pathloss
Site 1
Antenna
Device
Operator
Site 2
Data Management
Example: Microwave Link
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LS telcomAG 2002
Microwave Link
Site A Site B
Frequency Raster
Transmitter
Receiver
Antenna
Diversity Antenna
Device
Transmitter
Receiver
Antenna
Diversity Antenna
Device
Operator A Operator B
Data Management
Example: Microwave Link
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LS telcomAG 2002
Work Dat abase
Work Dat abase
Information Database
Client A
Client B
Update IDB (area or project status)
Update your WDB (area or project status)
Informati on Database
Central DB
Working Database
Data Management
Database Concepts
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LS telcomAG 2002
Live
Planning Tool Demonstration
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LS telcomAG 2002
Detailed Data Information
are necessary to perform comprehensive network analysis / optimisations
An comprehensive Data Management
allows keeping all network data in one central data base
makes daily work easier (Libraries)
Data Management
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LS telcomAG 2002
Modern Radio Network Planning Tools
Geo Information System
Data Management
Graphical User Interface
Propagation Prediction
Interference Analysis
Network Processor
Data / Result Output
Radi o Network Pl anni ng Tool
Graphical User Interface
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LS telcomAG 2002
Spreadsheets offer a view on database tables.
All records of the related database table (e.g all sectors) can be edited:
Each column stands for one specific database field e.g Antenna Height
Each row contains
information for one
object e.g Antenna
type, antenna
height, azimuth etc.
for a specific sector
The foll owi ng opti ons are avail able to work wi th spreadsheets
Edit functions
Query Functions
Functions to change the layout of the spreadsheet
Functions for graphical display of the spreadsheet data
Import / Export Functions
Spreadsheets
Graphical User Interface
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LS telcomAG 2002
Editor views allow to edit all data related to a specific object
Editors
Graphical User Interface
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LS telcomAG 2002
Menu
Toolbar
Working map
Value display
(status bar)
Working Window
Graphical User Interface
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LS telcomAG 2002
Acti vate the si te tool
Cl i ck on a pi xel on the map
1. Graphically on a map:
2. In the site table:
Co-ordi nates from
sel ected posi ti on on map
Enter co-ordi nates
manual l y
Task: Creating new Sites
Graphical User Interface
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LS telcomAG 2002
Live
Planning Tool Demonstration
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LS telcomAG 2002
Modern Radio Network Planning Tools
Geo Information System
Data Management
Graphical User Interface
Propagation Prediction
Interference Analysis
Network Processor
Data / Result Output
Radi o Network Pl anni ng Tool
PropagationPrediction
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LS telcomAG 2002
diffraction
refraction
free space propagation
scattering
reflection
tropospheric effects
Propagation Prediction
Wave Propagation Effects
Atmospheric Absorption Loss
f>10 GHz
Rain Attenuation
f>5GHz
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LS telcomAG 2002

1
n
1
n
2

2
Refraction
Propagation Prediction
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
Distance in km
Earth Radius
K= 4/3 Standard
Atmosphere
K=1,
homogene Atmosphere
Low density
High density
The refraction of the VHF/UHF signal in the troposphere causes an
enhancement of the radio horizon compared to the geometric horizon
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LS telcomAG 2002
replace obstacles by Knife-edges
Diffraction
Propagation Prediction
Di ffracti on:
a signal could be received even if there is no line of sight
diffraction means also an attenuation of the wave.
higher frequency-> higher diffraction attenuation.
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LS telcomAG 2002

i

r
d
1

r
d
2R
d
2T
d
2
= d
2T
+ d
2R
d
( )
2
2
1 T R
h h d d + =
( )
2
2
2 T R
h h d d + + =
h
T
h
R
Reflection
Propagation Prediction
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LS telcomAG 2002
from volume from rough surface from point
E
i
E
s
E
i
E
s
E
i
E
s
Scattering
analytical model for sphere
numerical techniques
modified reflection coefficient
radiative transfer theory
statistical models
Propagation Prediction
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LS telcomAG 2002
Informati on model s
Sight Check
Sight Check (Fresnel)
Physi cal model s
Free space
Epstein-Peterson
Empi ri cal model s
Okumura-Hata
Mi xed model s
Longley-Rice
ITU-R P.370
ITU-R P.1546
GEG
L&S VHF/UHF
Wave Propagation Models VHF/UHF
Propagation Prediction
Modern Radi o Network Pl anni ng Tool s offer a wi de range of
Propagati on Model s
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LS telcomAG 2002
30 Hz 300 Hz 30KHz 300 KHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz
70GHz
2 GHz
1,7MHz
30 MHz
30MHz
10GHz
1GHz
1,5GHz
800MHz
1,5GHz
150MHz
30MHz
30MHz
3MHz
10 kHz
150kHz
Ground Wave Model
Sky Wave Model
Free Space Model
ITU533 Shortwave Model
Fl at Earth Model
ITU370 Model
Okumura Hata Model 1
Okumura Hata Model 2
HCM Model
ITU452 Mi crowave Model
VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF
3KHz
70GHz 800MHz
ITU530 Mi crowave Model
Aeronauti cal Model
Egl i Urban Model
CEPT Model
ITU 567 Model
Longl ey Ri ce Model
Wal fi sh Ikegami Model
30GHz
10GHz 30MHz
30MHz 250 MHz
30MHz 1 GHz
30MHz 40GHz
800MHz 2GHz
2GHz 30MHz
30MHz
Version 15.05.2002 FF
Models and Frequency Ranges
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LS telcomAG 2002
performs line of sight (LOS) check
result
sight
no sight
TX
profile
Propagation Prediction
Sight Check
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LS telcomAG 2002
performs extended line of sight (LOS) check
result
sight, no obstacles within 1
st
Fresnel zone
sight, but obstacle within 1
st
Fresnel zone
no sight
profile
TX
Propagation Prediction
Sight Check (Fresnel)
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LS telcomAG 2002
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
d [km]
E

[
d
B
u
V
/
m
]
ERP = 1 W
ERP = 10 W
ERP = 100 W
ERP = 1 kW
propagation over a flat earth
Propagation Prediction
Free Space
Determines the field strength value purely on the basis of the loss due to the
distance d from the transmitter
Selected calculation mode affects the k-factor for the calculation (see sight check)
Additionally the consideration of morphological classes is possible if available; the
clutter heights of the urban and rural morphologic classes are added to the
topological heights
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LS telcomAG 2002
Used for highest compatibility with international planning procedures
Propagation Prediction
Propagation Model ITU-R 370
latest version 1995
coordination model tends to overestimate fieldstrength
basis:
measured data from North America, Europe, North Sea (cold) and Mediterranean
Sea (warm)
condensed to a set of curves: fieldstrength E over a homogenous terrain as a
function of distance d (10 km ... 1 000 km) for ...
frequency ranges VHF (30 ... 250 MHz) and UHF (450 ... 1 000 MHz)
power of 1kW ERP
effective transmitter antenna height 37.5 m ... 1 200 m (3 km d 15 km)
terrain roughness h = 50 m (10 km d 50 km)
receiver location over land, cold sea or warm sea
receiver antenna height h
R
= 10 m
50 % location probability
1%, 5%, 10% and 50% time probability
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LS telcomAG 2002
h
eff
= h
site, asl
+h
antenna
- h
av
h
av
: average terrain height between 3 km and 15 km from transmitter
Transmitter
15 km 0
h
eff
3 km
ITU-R 370 - Definition h
eff
Propagation Prediction
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LS telcomAG 2002
h is the difference between terrain heights exceeded by 10% and
90% of the values between 10 km and 50 km from the transmitter
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 11 23 34 45 55 67 77
distance from transmitter d [km]
h

[
m
]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1 10 20 29 39 49 58 68 77 87 97
% (10 km ... 50 km)
h

[
m
]
h
10 km 50 km
10%
90%
ITU-R 370 - Definition h
Propagation Prediction
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LS telcomAG 2002
h
eff
= 150 m
Free space propagation
Free space propagation
h
eff
= 150 m
propagati on curve 50% ti me
(steady or conti nuous)
propagati on curve 1% ti me
(tropospheri c)
ITU-R 370 Propagation Curves
Propagation Prediction
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LS telcomAG 2002
3 different Implementations for ITU-R 370 Models
ITU-R 370 Database
effective antenna height from database
h = const. from user
ITU-R 370 Transmitter
effective antenna height from database
h dynamically from digital terrain data
ITU-R 370 Terrain
effective antenna from digital terrain data
h dynamically from digital terrain data
-> see Live Demo
Propagation Prediction
ITU-R 370 Implementations
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LS telcomAG 2002
Major changes between ITU-R 370 and ITU-R 1546
Interpolation and extension in frequency (between 3 curves from 30 MHz ... 3
000 MHz)
Extension to distances below 10 km from transmitter (1 km)
Terrain roughness is no longer a parameter
More complex calculation near the transmitter
calculation procedure for negative h
eff
, curves extended to 10 m
Interpolation for time variability (between curves)
Location's standard deviation as a function of frequency
More complex land sea path calculation
The New Model: ITU-R 1546
Propagation Prediction
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LS telcomAG 2002
empirical model for propagation along flat and homogenous urban terrain
based on measurements for vertical polarization by Okumura and ...
interpolated formulas by Hata
calculation of effective transmitter antenna height
h
T
h
T,eff
(different options)
additional diffraction term for paths without sight
consideration of morphological heights in diffraction term
subdivision of the 4 morphological classes of Okumura-Hata into 16 classes
(morphological gain with respect to urban areas)
correction for non flat earth (terrain slope)
Extensions to Okumura-Hata
Okumura-Hata
Propagation Prediction
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LS telcomAG 2002
Edit coefficients of
hata equation
Edit coefficients of
hata equation
Set frequency and
receiver heigth
Set frequency and
receiver heigth
Enable earth
curvature
correction
Enable earth
curvature
correction
Enable diffraction model
-Deygout (ITU)
-Epsteint Petersen
-Deygout (enhanced for speed)
Enable diffraction model
-Deygout (ITU)
-Epsteint Petersen
-Deygout (enhanced for speed)
Edit parameter
for
tangent fitting
Edit parameter
for
tangent fitting
Sel ect
environment
correction
Sel ect
environment
correction
Set parameter
for morpho
model
Set parameter
for morpho
model
Select morpho
model
Select morpho
model
Model parameters for Extended Hata Model
Okumura-Hata
Propagation Prediction
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LS telcomAG 2002
Micro Cell Model
Propagation Prediction
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LS telcomAG 2002
Use of "effective antenna height"
Monotonous decline of field strength with
increasing distance to transmitter
Example: ITU-R P. 370
Non-Terrai n Based
DTM Based
Diffraction, shading, reflection
Terrain elevation and land use (morphology)
2D and 3D models
Examples: "Epstein-Peterson", "Longley&Rice",
"Okumura-Hata"
Propagation Prediction
Prediction Models
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LS telcomAG 2002
Live
Planning Tool Demonstration