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1he process LhaL dupllcaLes
(make ldenucal coples) of
Lhe unA ln Lhe cells of all
llvlng organlsms

Why? Cur bodles
conunuously need Lo
produce new cells for
growLh/ repalr vla mlLosls
unA 8epllcauon:
Maklng 2 ldenucal sLrands same as LemplaLe
Copy Lhls sLrand of unA uslng base-
palrlng rules. A-1, C-C
ACCCA1ACCA111ACCCCCC1ACCAC
Mechanlsms Lo CorrecL Lrors.
Whoops. Lrrors!
unA repalr enzymes
correcL a base error lf
wrong base ls lnserLed
lf error goes unxed, can
become a muLauon
(change ln geneuc code-
ln sequence of unA)
Lx. AA1C SLrand 1
AACC SLrand 1
Lrror ln geneuc code (muLauon) can
aecL phenoLype (LralLs)
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A proLeln ls a large molecule (polymer) made of
amlno aclds
roLelns are lnvolved wlLh sLorage, LransporL,
movemenL, & defense ln your body.
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ln unA, sLored on
chromosomes, ln nucleus

1he Lwo parLs of proLeln
synLhesls (aka gene
expresslon)
1ranscrlpuon: unA!
8nA
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unA vs. 8nA SLrand
1hymlne vs. uracll
3 dlerences beLween unA vs. 8nA
DNA RNA
Double-stranded Single-stranded
Sugar is deoxyribose Sugar is ribose
Bases: A, T, C, G Bases: A, U, C, G
U=Uracil (instead of T)
1ranscrlpuon: unA ! 8nA
Summary:
Ceneuc lnformauon ln unA
ls copled (Lranscrlbed) lnLo
messenger 8nA (m8nA)

Codon: A group of 3 ad[acenL
bases ln unA or m8nA LhaL
code for a speclc amlno acld
(bulldlng blocks of proLelns)

AuC CCA uAA
1ranslauon: 8nA! roLeln
1he maklng of a proLeln by
Lranslaung (changlng) m8nA
bases ls lnLo amlno acld
sequences on rlbosomes ln
cyLoplasm

1ranslaLor molecule ls L8nA-
reads codons and lnLerpreLs lL
as amlno acld

/':9#>#'D reglon on L8nA
molecule where blnds Lo
codon Lo lnLerpreL" lL.
umng lL all LogeLher: unA ! 8nA ! proLeln
Codon-anucodon
palrlng ls based on
compllmenLary base
palrlng rules

AuC

CCC

1here are separaLe
L8nAs
for each dlerenL
m8nA codon
unA: 1ACCCA1AAAC1 LeL's racuce

8nA: AuC

Amlno Acld:
meLhlonlne
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olnL muLauon:
Change ln 1 base
ln unA
e.g. Slckle Cell Anemla