CU TO NGUYN T

1. Khi lng ca nguyn t hidro l 1,008 vC, oxi l 15,994 vC. Nu chn ng v
35
Cl lm n v, ngha l 1 n v clo (vCl) c khi lng bng 1/35 khi lng ca
17
1 nguyn t ng v 35Cl th khi lng nguyn t hidro v ca oxi bng bao nhiu
vCl, bit 1 nguyn t ng v C 12 nng 19,921 x 10 24 gam v 1 nguyn t ng
v Cl 35 nng 58,087 x 10 24 gam.
A. H = 1,00721, O = 15,9984.
B. H = 1,00828, O = 15,9984.
C. H = 1,00800, O = 16,0000.
B. H = 1,00877, O = 16,00525.
Hng dn gii
19,921x1024
1,66008 x 10 24 gam
1 n v cacbon =
12
58,087x1024
1,65963 x 10 24 gam
1 n v clo =
35

Khi lng nguyn t H biu din bng vCl

19,921x1024
12
1,00828 vCl
58,087x1024
35

1,008x

H=

Khi lng nguyn t Oxi biu din bng vCl

19,921x1024
12
15,9984 vCl
58,087x1024
35

15,994x

O=

2. Cho bit khi lng nguyn t (KLNT) ca Mg l 24,305 v khi lng ring ca
magie kim loi l 1,74 g.cm 3 . Gi thit cc nguyn t Mg l cc hnh cu ni tip
trong cc hnh hp lp phng nh hnh v. Bn knh gn ng ca nguyn t Mg l
(n v nm):
A. 0,150.
B. 0,166.
C. 0,141.
D. 0,135.
23
Bit s Avogadro N = 6,022.10

Hng dn gii
Th tch mol ca Mg l V =

24,305
13,968 cm3.
1,74

Th tch 1 hnh lp phng con l

v= v

13,968
2,319.10- 23 cm3.
23
6,022x10

V ng knh ca nguyn t Mg bng cnh hnh lp phng nn bn knh nguyn t

Mg l
13
1
v 3 2,319.1023 1,42.108 cm
2
2
r 0,142.109 cm 0,142nm
r

p n l C.
3. Cho bit KLNT ca Fe l 55,58: 200C khi lng ring ca Fe l 7,78 g.cm 3.
Gi thit cc nguyn t Fe l nhng hnh cu chim th tch 75% th tch kim loi,

phn cn li l cc khe rng gia cc nguyn t. Bn knh gn ng ca cc nguyn t

Fe (n v nm) l
A. 0,121.
B. 0,109.
C. 0,119.
D. 0,129.
Hng dn gii
Th tch mol ca Fe 200C: V

55,85
7,097cm3 .mol 1
7,87

Suy ra th tch ca 1 nguyn t Fe l

0,75x7,079
8,8x1024 cm3
23
6,022x10
4
V th tch qu cu bng V ..r 3 , nn bn knh nguyn t Fe l
3

r3

3 V 3 3 8,8.1024
.
.
1,29.108 cm 0,129nm
4
4 3,14

p n l D.
4. Nu thu gom tt c ozon c trong kh quyn ph ln b mt Tri t mt lp dy
0,3 cm ( ktc). Bn knh Tri t l 6400 km. Tng s phn t ozon c trong kh
quyn l
A. 4,13 x 1037.
B. 2,05 x 1038.
C. 2,00 x 1035.
D. 8,42 x 1037.
Hng dn gii
V nguyn tc c th tnh th tch ozon theo hiu s th tch qu cu ln v hnh cu
b, tc l
V

4
4
R'3 R3
3
3

Nhng v lp b dy rt mng (lp ozon rt mng) so vi bn knh tri t, do c

th tnh th tch ozon n gin hn bng cch ly din tch mt cu ca Tri t nhn
vi b dy l. khi nhm ln, tt c cc n v chiu di c o theo dm.
V 4.R2l 4.3,14(6400.104 )2 3.102

S mol O3 l
4.3,14(6400.104 )2 3.102.6,022.1023
4,13.1037
22,4

p n l A.
5. Kh hidro iu ch t mt loi nc (th d, bng cch in phn) c KLNT bng
1,008. Kh hidro cha 2 loi ng v 11H; 21H (teri). Hi trong 100 gam nc ni
trn c bao nhiu ng v teri?
Cho O = 16.
A. 5,35.1022.
B. 2,67.1022.
C. 1,15.1022.
D. 2,5.1022.
Hng dn gii
Gi % ca 21H l x%, ta c:
M 2x 1(1 x) 1,008 suy ra x = 0,008 hay 0,8%,

Ngha l c 1000 nguyn t hidro c 8 nguyn t ng v 21H v 992 nguyn t ng

v 11H .
S mol H2O l

100
100
; do tng s phn t nc l
x 6,022 x 10 23 phn t
18,016
18,016

v s nguyn t hidro l 2 x

100
x 6,022 x 10 23. Do s nguyn t ng v 21H l
18,016

2x

100
8
x 6,022 x 10 23 x
= 5,35 x 1022
18,016
1000

63
65
6. ng trong t nhin gm 2 loi ng v 29
Cu (M1 = 62,930 vC) v 29
Cu (64,928
vC). Tnh t l s ng v 65 v ng v 63.
A. 3/8.
B. 3/5.
C. 2/3.
D. 1/3.
Hng dn gii
* Tnh gn ng:
65
Gi x l % ca ng v 29
Cu ta c:

M 65x 63(1 x) 63,546

Gii ra c: x = 0,273, do t l hai loi ng v l
65
Cu
0,273
273 3

63
Cu 1 0,273 727 8
* Tnh chnh xc:
M 64,928x 62,938(1 x) 63,546
Suy ra x = 0,3055, do t l hai loi ng v l
65
Cu
0,3055
3055
3

63
Cu 1 0,3055 6945 6,82
7. Bit agon c ba ng v khc nhau, ng vi s khi 36, 38 v A. Phn trm s
nguyn t ca cc ng v tng ng ln lt bng: 0,34%; 0,06% v 99,6%. Tnh s
khi ca ng v A ca nguyn t agon, bit nguyn t khi trung bnh ca agon l
39,98.
Hng dn gii
M Ag 0,0034x36 0,0006x38 0,996A 39,98
Suy ra A = 40
8. Nguyn t Mg c ba ng v ng vi thnh phn phn trm nh sau:
24
25
26
ng v
Mg
Mg
Mg
%
78,99
10,00
11,01
a/ Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Mg.
b/ Gi s trong hn hp ni trn c 50 nguyn t 25Mg, th s nguyn t tng
ng ca hai ng v cn li l bao nhiu?
Hng dn gii
Cu a:
M (24x0,7899) (25 0,1) (26 0,1101) 24,3202
Cu b: Trong hn hp c 50 nguyn t 25Mg, s c 39,495 nguyn t 24Mg v c
55,05 nguyn t 26Mg.
9. Cacbon cha hai loi ng v 126 C; 136 C , kh oxi cha ba loi ng v 168O; 178O; 188O .
t chy hon ton cacbon ta c th thu c ti a bao nhiu loi kh CO2, tnh
KLPT ca chng.
Hng dn gii
12

C16 O16 O

44
13

C17 O17 O

46
16

16

C O O

45

12

13

C18 O18 O

48
17

17

C O O

47

12

13

C16 O17 O

45
18

18

C O O

49

12

13

C16 O18 O

46
16

17

C O O

46

12

13

C17 O18 O

47
16

18

C O O

47

12

13

C17 O18 O

48

10. Hidro c hai loi ng v 21H; 21H , kh oxi cha ba loi ng v 168O; 178O; 188O . t
chy hon ton hidro ta c th thu c ti a bao nhiu loi phn t HOH (nc).
Tnh KLPT ca chng.
Hng dn gii
1

H 16 O1H

18
1

19
16

16

H O H

19
2

H 17 O1H

20
17

17

H O H

20
2

H O H

20

H 18 O1H
H 18 O 2 H

21
2

H O H

21

H 18 O2 H

22

11. Cho hai ng v ca clo v hidro vi t l % s nguyn t chim trong t nhin

35
nh sau: 11H(99,984%), 21H(0,016%), 17
Cl(75,77%); 37
Cl(24,23%) .
17
a/ Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca mi nguyn t.
b/ C th c bao nhiu loi phn t HCl khc nhau to nn t hai nguyn t .
c/ Tnh phn t khi ca mi loi phn t ni trn.
Hng dn gii
Cu a:
M H 1x0,99984 2x0,00016 1,00016
M Cl 35x0,7577 37x0,2423 35,4846

Cu b v c:
1

H 35 Cl

36

H 37 Cl

38

H 35 Cl

37

H 37 Cl

39

12. Cho hai ng v 11H (k hiu l H) v 21H (k hiu l D)

a/ Vit cc cng thc phn t hidro c th c.
b/ Tnh phn t khi ca mi loi phn t.
c/ Mt lt hidro giu teri 21H iu kin tiu chun nng 0,10 gam. Tnh
thnh phn phn trm s lng tng ng v ca hidro.
Hng dn gii
Cu a: cc kiu phn t hidro l 1 H 2 H; 1 H 1 H; 2 H 2 H
Cu b: phn t khi ca phn t 3;
2;
4
Cu c:
S mol phn t hidro l

1
mol
22,4

0,1
2,24g/ mol
1
22,4
2,24
1,12g / mol
Khi lng mol trung bnh ca nguyn t hidro M H
2

Khi lng mol trung bnh ca phn t hidro l M

Gi x l phn trm s lng ca 1H v (1 x) l phn trm s lng 2H, ta c:

x + 2(1 x) = 1,12
x = 0,88 (hay 88% 1H) v
1 x = 0,12 (hay 12% 2H)