Sisteme de Radionavigatie Aeriana

Octavian Thor Pleter, PhD, PhD, MBA (MBS)

This presentation draws on ideas from Dr. Pleters articles, books, and unpublished manuscripts. No part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means or in any form - electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise - without written consent from Octavian Thor Pleter or the
Brainbond consultancy firm, www.brainbond.ro Version 2.0 dated 10 January 20014 O. T. Pleter and Brainbond

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Course Outlines
1. Introducere. Radare, Radionavigatie. Radiolocatie.
2. Radiocompasul automat (ADF) Radiofarul nedirectional (NDB).
Schema bloc a ADF cu superheterodina. Markere (MKR), Radiodroma.
3. Radiofarul Omnidirectional VOR. Relevmente, LOP.
4. Indicatorul Radio-Magnetic (RMI). Indicatorul Abaterii de la Curs (CDI).
5. Echipamentul de masurare a distantei (DME) schema bloc, transpond.
6. Area Navigation (RNAV). Pozitionarea Ro-Teta, Teta-Teta si Ro-Ro.
7. Sistemul de aterizare instrumentala (ILS) - schema bloc.
8. Sistemul de navigatie globala prin satelit (GNSS). Sistemul de
pozitionare globala (GPS).
9. Erorile GPS. GPS Diferential. Sistemul de augmentare pe mare
acoperire (WAAS).
10.Radio Altimetrul (RALT). Radarul meteorologic (WXR).
11. Radarul Primar de Supraveghere (PSR). Radarul Secundar de
Supraveghere (SSR). Transponder de bord XPDR Mode A/C. Mode S.
Supraveghere dependenta automata / radiodifuziva ADS/B.
12. Sistemul anticoliziune ACAS/TCAS.
13. Navigatie hiperbolica, LORAN,SRNC08
multilateratie.
2
14. Concluzii

Positioning System Coverage

= the volume of airspace where the system is operational

R
arccos

Rh
dip
2
2

the higher the flight, the

larger the radio horizon
VLF/LF/MF radio wave
propagate beyond the
visibility limit, but for the
same reason, they offer
poor accuracy
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Problem: Global Positioning

Solution 1: VLF ground stations with global coverage

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Omega Navigation System (ONS)

VLF (10-14 kHz)

naval and aviation use
8 stations covering the entire
Earth
created by US Navy in 1968,
terminated in 1997
low accuracy: EPE = 4 NM

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Problem: Global Positioning

Solution 2: stations on circumnavigating satellites

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Global Positioning System (GPS)

V2
mM
m
G 2
R
R

GM
V
R

UHF (1.57542 / 1.2276 GHz)

naval, aviation and terrestrial
use (inter-army missions)

G = 6.6726 x 10-11 m3/kg/s2

- the universal constant of gravitation

M = 5.98 x 1024 kg mass of the Earth

24 circumnavigation satellites
covering the entire Earth
created by US DoD in 1970s,
operational from 1994
high accuracy: EPE = 100 m

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Global Positioning System (GPS)

2

V
mM
G
2
RH
R H

GM
RH

G = 6.6726 x 10-11 m3/kg/s2

- the universal constant of gravitation
M = 5.98 x 1024 kg mass of the Earth

Uniform coverage: mobility

in the sky
Every satellite
circumnavigates in 12
hours (twice every day) d =
43200 s

2 R H
d

2
d
G M
3
H
R 20, 249km
2
16

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GPS orbit
3 satellites
complete
coverage
4 satellites
fault-tolerant
complete
coverage

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GPS orbit
55 inclination
generation of 6 orbits
with 30 angular
offset
total of 24 satellites
orbit inclination
avoids nodal points
for all 24 satellites

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GPS orbit
55 inclination
generation of 6 orbits
with 30 angular
offset
total of 24 satellites
orbit inclination
avoids nodal points
for all 24 satellites

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GPS orbit
55 inclination
generation of 6 orbits
with 30 angular
offset
total of 24 satellites
orbit inclination
avoids nodal points
for all 24 satellites

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GPS satellite track

(red dots) and area
coverage at a given
moment (yellow dot)

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ECEF = Earth Centered

Earth Fixed co-ordinate
system
the law of movement of
each satellite with respect to
ECEF is known:

xk t , yk t , zk t

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How does it work?

Each satellite transmits its
identity and the exact time

The user with the unknown

ECEF position x, y, z
receives the exact time and
compares it with the current
exact time
The difference comes from
the propagation delay from
the satellite to the user

r1 is measured

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 x x1 2 y y1 2 z z1 2 r12

2
2
2
x

z
r22

2
2
2

2
2
2
x

z
r32

3
3
3

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Time accuracy problem

Satellites have an atomic

clock on board
Ground stations monitor
satellite time accuracy and
upload time corrections
every 3 hours if necessary

Satellite time measurement

accuracy = 1012 s

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There is no way to match

this accuracy for the user.
A GPS locator has a quartz
clock with a time
measurement accuracy of
just 106 s
This time error translates
into 30 m position error
Solution: introduce the 4th
unknown et time error, and a
4th satellite
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 x x1 2 y y1 2 z z1 2 r1 c0 e t 2

2
2
2
2
x x2 y y2 z z2 r 2 c0 e t

2
2
2
2
x

3
3
3
3
0
t

2
2
2
2
x

4
4
4
4
0
t
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GPS Locator Block Diagram

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GPS Carriers

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GPS Data Format

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