Tutorial:

Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO)

System Analysis
R00943129

Outline:
1. Abstract p.2
2. Introduction of MIMO System.p.3
3. Types of MIMO System p.5
4. Function of MIMO System .p.7
5. MIMO Channel Model ..p.11
6. Application of MIMO System p.15

7. Future Work .p.19

8. Conclusion .p.19
9. Reference ..p.20

1. Abstract
Digital communication using multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) has been
regarded as one of the most significant technical breakthrough modern
communications. In this tutorial, the overview of recent progress in the area of
MIMO system is introduced. A key feature of MIMO system is the ability to turn
multi-path propagation, traditionally a pitfall of wireless transmission, into a benefit
for the user.
The first part of the tutorial introduced MIMO system and analyzed why MIMO
system. Followed, the section 3 used two major classifications to determine types of
MIMO. From single user to multi users, open loop to close loop, there are literally
descriptions to figure out category of MIMO system. Beside, several different open
loop MIMO systems include Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) MIMO, Spatial
Multiplexing (SM) MIMO and Uplink Collaborative MIMO are introduced. Coming to
the function of MIMO system, I separated it to three parts to illustrate. Precoding is
a generalization of beamforming to support multi-layer transmission
in multi-antenna wireless communications. In spatial multiplexing, a high rate signal
is split into multiple lower rate streams and each stream is transmitted from a
different transmit antenna in the same frequency channel. Diversity
Coding techniques are used when there is no channel knowledge at the transmitter.
Then a strict mathematics model of MIMO system is provided. While the MIMO
system is regarded as narrow flat fading channel, we modeled the MIMO system by
referring to information theory. Then we derived the channel capacity in mathematical
description. In section 6, current applications of MIMO technique is written. Under
3GPP mobile radio standard, there are several application included: (1) HSPA+
(2)LTE

(3) WiMAXTM

(4) WLAN. At last, Future standards with using of MIMO

technology is provided include LTE Advanced, 1xEV-DO Rev. C and WiMAXTM

802.16m. At the end of this tutorial report I briefly conclude the content of this
report follow the section description.
I present the stat of the art in channel modeling and measurement, leading to a
better understanding of actual MIMO gains. Although MIMO system does not related
to my research topic, I do try my best to survey the MIMO system knowledge and put
all of the information to this tutorial. Hoping it can take the reader to understanding
how MIMO system work.

2. Introduction of MIMO System

Before the explaining of Why MIMO System, it is necessary to briefly talking
about the definition of MIMO. As the communication system included transmitter
and receiver with different antenna allocation, there are a simple category of
multi-antenna types:

Multi-antenna types
Single-input-single-output means that
SISO

the transmitter and receiver of the radio

system have only one antenna.
Single-input-multiple-output means that

SIMO

the receiver has multiple antennas while

the transmitter has one antenna.
Multiple-input-single-output means that

MISO

the transmitter has multiple antennas

while the receiver has one antenna.

Multiple-input-multiple-output means that

MIMO

the both the transmitter and receiver have

multiple antennas.

MIMO is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to
improve communication performance.
So why need MIMO system? The wireless system before MIMO is been
constrained by network capacity which is related with channel quality and coverage.
To see how problem occurred, we need to talk about the transmission on a multipath
channel. In wireless communication the propagation channel is characterized by
multipath propagation due to scattering on different obstacle. The multipath
problem is a typical issue in communication system with time variations and time
spread. For time variations the channel is fading and caused SNR variations. For time
spread, it becomes important for suitable frequency selectivity.
In an urban environment, these signals will bounce off trees, buildings, etc. and
continue on their way to their destination (the receiver) but in different directions.
With MIMO, the receiving end uses an algorithm or special signal processing to sort
out the multiple signals to produce one signal that has the originally transmitted
data.
The simple overview of

MIMO:

Multiple data streams transmitted in a single channel at the same time

Multiple radios collect multipath signals

Delivers simultaneous speed, coverage, and reliability improvements

MIMO exploits the space dimension to improve wireless systems capacity,

range and reliability. It offers significant increases in data throughput and link range
without additional bandwidth or increased transmit power. MIMO achieves this goal
by spreading the same total transmit power over the antennas to achieve an array
gain that improves the spectral efficiency (more bits per second per hertz of
bandwidth) or to achieve a diversity gain that improves the link reliability
(reduced fading).
As the number of antenna element increasing, the channel capacity is increased
too. Instead of logarithmic-increasing of channel capacity in SIMO and MISO system,
the MIMO system owned linear-increasing of channel capacity as antenna increased.
The improving of MIMO from SIMO and MISO is shown below:

3. Types of MIMO System

There are two major classifications to determine types of MIMO:
(1) Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) vs. Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO)
(2) Open loop MIMO vs. Close loop MIMO

3.1 Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) vs. Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO)
Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO):
When the data rate is to be increased for a single UE, this is called Single User
MIMO (SU-MIMO).

Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO):

When the individual streams are assigned to various users, this is called Multi
User MIMO (MU-MIMO). This mode is particularly useful in the uplink because the
complexity on the UE side can be kept at a minimum by using only one transmit
antenna. This is also called 'collaborative MIMO'.

3.2 Open loop MIMO vs. Close loop MIMO

Textbook MIMO configurations are represented as either "Open Loop" or

"Closed Loop". In application, the commonly used MIMO terminology has most often
been in reference to Open Loop MIMO techniques. Closed Loop MIMO techniques,
also known as Transmitter Adaptive Antenna (TX-AA) techniques, are simply referred
to by the industry as "beamforming".

Open loop MIMO:

With Open Loop MIMO, the communications channel does not utilize explicit
information regarding the propagation channel. Common Open Loop MIMO
techniques include Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD), Spatial Multiplexing (SM)
and Collaborative Uplink MIMO.
Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) MIMO
Space-time block coding based transmit diversity (STTD) is a method of transmit
diversity used in UMTSS third-generation cellular systems. STTD is optional in
the UTRANN air interface but mandatory for user equipment. STTD
utilizes space-time block code (STBC) in order to exploit redundancy in multiply
transmitted versions of a signal. The same data is coded and transmitted through
different antennas, which effectively doubles the power in the channel. This
improves Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) for cell edge performance.

Spatial Multiplexing (SM) MIMO

Spatial multiplexing is transmission techniques in MIMO wireless
communication to transmit independent and separately encoded data signals,
so-called streams, from each of the multiple transmit antennas. Therefore, the space
dimension is reused, or multiplexed, more than one time. SM delivers parallel
streams of data to CPE by exploiting multi-path. It can double (2x2 MIMO) or
quadruple (4x4) capacity and throughput. SM gives higher capacity when RF
conditions are favorable and users are closer to the BTS.

Short Summary: STTD vs. SM

STTD outperforms SM when SNR is weak whereas when SNR is higher SM is well
suited. STTD improves the SNR for cell edge users while SM provided higher capacity
when user are in good RF condition and are closer to the radio tower. An ideal
wireless system employing MIMO techniques will support both STTD and SM. The
system will calculate an optimal switching point and dynamically shift between the
two approaches to offer the necessary coverage or capacity gain demanded from the
network at any given time or location.

Uplink Collaborative MIMO

Collaborative Spatial Multiplexing (Collaborative MIMO) is comparable to
regular spatial multiplexing, where multiple data streams are transmitted from
multiple antennas on the same device. It is an additional open-loop MIMO technique
consider by WiMAX vendors to increase the spectral efficiency and capacity of the
uplink communications path. A practical realization of this technique would allow for
two separate end-users 'WiMAX' devices, each having a single transmit lineup, to
utilize the same frequency allocation to communicate with the dual-antenna WiMAX
base station. With this technique two devices (having only transmitted antenna each)
can collaboratively transmit on the same sub-channel which can increase the uplink
capacity.
Spatial Multiplexing MIMO:

Uplink Collaborative MIMO:

Close loop MIMO:

Antenna technologies are the key in increasing network capacity. It started with

sectorized antennas. These antennas illuminate 60 or 120 degrees and operate as

one cell. In GSM, the capacity can be tripled, by 120 degree antennas. Adaptive
antenna arrays intensify spatial multiplexing using narrow beams. Smart antennas
belong to adaptive antenna arrays but differ in their smart direction of arrival (DoA)
estimation. Smart antennas can form a user-specific beam. Optional feedback can
reduce complexity of the array system.
Beamforming is the method used to create the radiation pattern of an antenna
array. It can be applied in all antenna array systems as well as MIMO systems.
Smart antennas are divided into two groups:

Phased array systems (switched beamforming) with a finite number of fixed

predefined patterns

Adaptive array systems (AAS) (adaptive beamforming) with an infinite number of

patterns adjusted to the scenario in real time

Switched Beamformer

Adaptive Beamformer

Switched beamformers electrically calculate the DoA and switch on the fixed
beam. The user only has the optimum signal strength along the center of the beam.
The adaptive beamformer deals with that problem and adjusts the beam in realtime
to the moving UE. The complexity and the cost of such a system is higher than the
first type.

4. Function of MIMO System

MIMO can be sub-divided into three main categories:

(1) Precoding
(2) Spatial multiplexing
(3) Diversity coding

Precoding:
Precoding is a generalization of beamforming to support multi-layer transmission
in multi-antenna wireless communications. In conventional single-layer beamforming,
the same signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with appropriate
weighting such that the signal power is maximized at the receiver output. When the
receiver has multiple antennas, single-layer beamforming cannot simultaneously
maximize the signal level at all of the receive antennas. Thus, in order to maximize
the throughput in multiple receive antenna systems, multi-layer beamforming is
required. The benefits of beamforming are to increase the received signal gain, by
making signals emitted from different antennas add up constructively, and to reduce
the multipath fading effect. The Precoding can be separated by two classifications:

Precoding for Single User MIMO

Precoding for Multi User MIMO

Precoding for Single User MIMO

In single user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, a transmitter
equipped with multiple antennas communicates with a receiver that has multiple
antennas. Most classic precoding results assume narrowband, slowly fading channels,
meaning that the channel for a certain period of time can be described by a single
channel matrix which does not change faster. In practice, such channels can be
achieved, for example, through OFDM. The precoding strategy that maximizes the
throughput, called channel capacity, depends on the channel state
information available in the system.
Precoding for Multi User MIMO

In multi-user MIMO, a multi-antenna transmitter communicates simultaneously

with multiple receivers (each having one or multiple antennas). This is known
as space-division multiple access (SDMA). From an implementation perspective,
precoding algorithms for SDMA systems can be sub-divided into linear and nonlinear
precoding types. The capacity achieving algorithms are nonlinear, but linear
precoding approaches usually achieve reasonable performance with much lower
complexity. Linear precoding strategies include MMSE precoding and the
simplified zero-forcing (ZF) precoding. There are also precoding strategies tailored for
low-rate feedback of channel state information, for example random beamforming.
Nonlinear precoding is designed based on the concept of dirty paper coding (DPC),
which shows that any known interference at the transmitter can be subtracted
without the penalty of radio resources if the optimal precoding scheme can be
applied on the transmit signal.

Spatial multiplexing:
Spatial multiplexing requires MIMO antenna configuration. In spatial
multiplexing, a high rate signal is split into multiple lower rate streams and each
stream is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency
channel. If these signals arrive at the receiver antenna array with sufficiently
different spatial signatures, the receiver can separate these streams into (almost)
parallel channels. Spatial multiplexing is a very powerful technique for increasing
channel capacity at higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The maximum number of
spatial streams is limited by the lesser of the number of antennas at the transmitter
or receiver. Spatial multiplexing can be used with or without transmit channel
knowledge. Spatial multiplexing can also be used for simultaneous transmission to
multiple receivers, known as space-division multiple accessing. The scheduling of
receivers with different spatial signatures allows good separability.

Diversity coding:
Diversity Coding techniques are used when there is no channel knowledge at
the transmitter. In diversity methods, a single stream (unlike multiple streams in
spatial multiplexing) is transmitted, but the signal is coded using techniques called
space-time coding. The signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with full

or near orthogonal coding. Diversity coding exploits the independent fading in the
multiple antenna links to enhance signal diversity. Because there is no channel
knowledge, there is no beamforming or array gain from diversity coding.

5. MIMO Channel Model

Diagram of a MIMO wireless transmission system is shown below:

The transmitter and receiver are equipped with multiple antenna elements. The
transmit stream go through a matrix channel which consists of multiple receive
antennas at the receiver. Then the receiver gets the received signal vectors by the
multiple receive antennas and decodes the received signal vectors into the original
information. Here is a MIMO system model:

There are detail explains for denoted symbols:

r is the Mx1 received signal vector as there are M antennas in receiver.

H represented channel matrix

s is the Nx1 transmitted signal vector as there are N antennas in transmitter

n is an Mx1 vector of additive noise term

Let Q denote the covariance matrix of x, then the capacity of the system

described by information theory as below:

This is optimal when is unknown at the transmitter and the input distribution
maximizing the mutual information is the Gaussian distribution. With channel
feedback may be known at the transmitter and the optimal is not proportional to the
identity matrix but is constructed from a water filling argument as discussed later.
The form of equation gives rise to two practical questions of key importance. First,
what is the effect of Q? If we compare the capacity achieved by and the optimal
Q based on perfect channel estimation and feedback, then we can evaluate a
maximum capacity gain due to feedback. The second question concerns the effect of
the H matrix. For the i.i.d. Rayleigh fading case we have the impressive linear
capacity growth discussed above. For a wider range of channel models including, for
example, correlated fading and specular components, we must ask whether this
behavior still holds. Below we report a variety of work on the effects of feedback and
different channel models.
It is important to note that can be rewritten as:

Where 1 , 2 , , m are the nonzero eigenvalues of W, m=min(M,N), and

This formulation can be easily obtained from the direct use of eigenvalue properties.
Alternatively, we can decompose the MIMO channel into m equivalent parallel SISO
channels by performing singular value decomposition (SVD) of H. Let the SVD be
given by

Then U and V are unitary and D=diag( , , , , 0 , , 0). Hence the MIMO signal
model can be rewritten as:

The above equation represents the system as m equivalent parallel SISO eigenchannels with signal powers given by the eigenvalues 1 , 2 , , m. Hence, the
capacity can be rewritten in terms of the eigenvalues of the sample covariance
matrix W. For general W matrices a wide range of limiting results are known as or
both tend to infinity. In the particular case of Wishart matrices, many exact results
are also available.
We now give a brief overview of exact capacity results, broken down into the
two main scenarios, where the channel is either known or unknown at the
transmitter. We focus on the two key questions posed above; what is the effect of
feedback and what is the impact of the channel?
When the channel is known at the transmitter (and at the receiver), then H is
known in above equation and we optimize the capacity over Q subject to the power
constraint tr(Q). Fortunately, the optimal Q in this case is well known and is
called a water filling solution. There is a simple algorithm to find the solution and the
resulting capacity is given by

Where is chosen to satisfy

 + denotes taking only those terms which are positive. Since is a complicated
nonlinear function of 1 , 2 , , m, the distribution of WCF appears intractable, even
in the Wishart case when the joint distribution of 1 , 2 , , m is known.
If the transmitter has only statistical channel state information, then the
ergodic channel capacity will decrease as the signal covariance Q can only be
optimized in terms of the average mutual information as

The spatial correlation of the channel has a strong impact on the ergodic channel
capacity with statistical information.
If the transmitter has no channel state information it can select the signal
covariance Q to maximize channel capacity under worst-case statistics, which
means Q=(1/Nt )*I and accordingly

Additional information: Fundamental Capacity theorem

For a SISO system the capacity is given by

Where h is the normalized complex gain of a fixed wireless channel or that of a

particular realization of a random channel. is the SNR at any RX antenna. As we
deploy more RX antennas the statistics of capacity improve and with M RX antennas,
we have a SIMO system with capacity given by

Where hi is the gain for RX antenna i. Note the crucial feature of above equation in
that increasing the value of M only results in a logarithmic increase in average

capacity. Similarly, if we opt for transmit diversity, in the common case, where the
transmitter does not have channel knowledge, we have a MIMO system with N TX
antennas and the capacity is given by

Where the normalization by N ensures a fix total transmitter power and shows the
absence of array gain in that case. Again, note that capacity has a logarithmic
relationship with N. Now, we consider the use of diversity at both transmitter and
receiver giving rise to a MIMO system. For N TX and M RX antennas, we have the
now famous capacity equation:

where (*) means transpose-conjugate and is the channel matrix.

6. Application of MIMO System

The 3GPP mobile radio standard (UMTS) has undergone numerous phases of
development. Starting with WCDMA, various data acceleration methods have been
introduced, including HSDPA and HSUPA. The newest releases cover HSPA+ and Long
Term Evolution (LTE).

HSPA+ (3GPP Release 7/8):

A transmit diversity mode had already been introduced in Release 99 (WCDMA).
Release 7 of the 3GPP specification (HSPA+) expanded this approach to MIMO and again
increased the data rate with respect to Release 6 (HSDPA). The introduction of 64QAM
modulation and MIMO in the downlink makes a peak data rate of 28 Mbps (Rel. 7) possible. In
Rel. 7 MIMO and 64QAM can not be used simultaneously. Since Rel. 8 the simultaneous use
is possible which leads to peak data rates up to 42 Mbps. Uplink MIMO is not provided. MIMO
was introduced in the form of a double transmit antenna array (D-TxAA) for the high speed
downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH).

With D-TxAA, two independent data streams can be transmitted simultaneously

over the radio channel using the same WCDMA channelization codes. The two data
streams are indicated with blue and green color in Figure 11. After spreading and
scrambling, precoding based on weight factors is applied to optimize the signal for
transmission over the mobile radio channel. Four precoding weights w1 to w4 are
available. The first stream is multiplied with w1 and w2, the second stream is
multiplied with w3 and w4. The weights can take the following values:

Note that w1 is always fixed, and only w2 can be selected by the base station.
Weights w3 and w4 are automatically derived from w1 and w2, because they have to
be orthogonal. The base station selects the optimum weight factors based on
proposals reported by the UE in the uplink.
In addition to the use of MIMO in HS-DSCH, the weight information must be
transmitted to the UE via the HS-SCCH control channel. Although MIMO is not
provided in the uplink, MIMO-relevant information still does have to be transmitted
in the uplink. The UE sends a precoding control indication (PCI) and a channel quality
indication (CQI) in the HS-DPCCH, which allows the base station to adapt the
modulation, coding scheme, and precoding weight to the channel conditions.

LTE (3GPP Release 8):

UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) was introduced in 3GPP Release 8. The
objective is a high data rate, low latency and packet optimized radio access
technology. LTE is also referred to as E-UTRA (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access)
or E-UTRAN (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network). The basic concept for
LTE in downlink is OFDMA (Uplink: SC-FDMA), while MIMO technologies are an
integral part of LTE. Modulation modes are QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM. Peak data
rates of up to 300 Mbps (4x4 MIMO) and up to 150 Mbps (2x2 MIMO) in the
downlink and up to 75 Mbps in the uplink are specified.

Downlink

In LTE, one or two code words are mapped to one to four layers ("layer mapper"
block). To achieve multiplexing, a precoding is carried out ("precoding" block). In this
process, the layers are multiplied by a precoding matrix W from a defined code book
and distributed to the various antennas. This precoding is known to both the
transmitter and the receiver. In the specification, code books are defined for one,
two, and four antennas, as well as for spatial multiplexing (with and without CDD)
and transmit diversity. Table 1 shows the code book for spatial multiplexing with two
antennas as an example. Code books for four antennas are also defined.

LTE precoding matrix for a maximum of two layers:

Uplink
In order to keep the complexity low at the UE end, MU-MIMO is used in the uplink. To do
this, multiple UEs, each with only one Tx antenna, use the same channel.

WiMAXTM (802.16e-2005):
WiMAXTM promises a peak data rate of 74 Mbps at a bandwidth of up to 20 MHz.
Modulation types are QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM.
Downlink
The WiMAXTM 802.16e-2005 standard specifies MIMO in WirelessMAN-OFDMA
mode. This standard defines a large number of different matrices for coding and
distributing to antennas. In principle, two, three or four TX antennas are possible.
For all modes, the matrices A, B, and C are available. In the "STC encoder" block, the
streams are multiplied by the selected matrix and mapped to the antennas.

Uplink
In Uplink-MIMO only different pilot patterns are used. Coding and mapping is
the same like in non-MIMO case. In addition to single user MIMO (SU-MIMO) two
different user can use the same channel (collaborative MIMO, MU-MIMO).

WLAN (802.11n):
WLAN as defined by the 802.11n standard promises a peak data rate of up to 600 Mbps
at a bandwidth of 40 MHz. Modulation types are BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM. It is
backward compatible with the previous standards 802.11 a/b/g. With up to four streams, it
supports up to a maximum of four antennas.

WLAN differentiates between spatial streams (SS) and space-time streams (STS).
If NSS < NSTS, then a space-time block encoder ("STBC") distributes the SS to the STS

and adds transmit diversity by means of coding.

7. Future Work
Future standards will continue to use MIMO technology. At present, the
following standards with MIMO are being worked on:

LTE Advanced :
The goal is to provide 1 Gbps at 100 MHz bandwidth in downlink direction.

1xEV-DO Rev. C:
The goal is to provide 18 Mbps at 1.25 MHz bandwidth in forward link.

WiMAXTM 802.16m:
The goal is to provide 300 Mbps at 20 MHz bandwidth in downlink direction.

8. Conclusion
This tutorial introduces the major feature of MIMO links for use in wireless
network. MIMO exploits the space dimension to improve wireless systems capacity,

range and reliability. It offers significant increases in data throughput and link range
without additional bandwidth or increased transmit power.
After introduced why MIMO system, we classified MIMO system into two major
categories: (1) Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) vs. Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO)
(2)Open loop MIMO vs. Close loop MIMO. Under open loop MIMO, three MIMO
system is provided: (1) Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) MIMO

(2) Spatial

Multiplexing (SM) MIMO (3) Uplink Collaborative MIMO.

Followed, we introduce the functions of MIMO system included (1) Precoding (2)
Spatial multiplexing (3)Diversity coding. Precoding is a generalization
of beamforming to support multi-layer transmission in multi-antenna wireless
communications. In spatial multiplexing, a high rate signal is split into multiple lower
rate streams and each stream is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the
same frequency channel. Diversity Coding techniques are used when there is
no channel knowledge at the transmitter.
Then a strict mathematics model of MIMO system is provided. While the MIMO
system is regarded as narrow flat fading channel, we modeled the MIMO system by
referring to information theory. Then we derived the channel capacity in mathematical
description.
In section 6, current applications of MIMO technique is written. Under 3GPP
mobile radio standard, there are several application included: (1) HSPA+ (2)LTE
(3) WiMAXTM

(4) WLAN.

At last, Future standards with using of MIMO technology is provided include LTE
Advanced, 1xEV-DO Rev. C and WiMAXTM 802.16m.

9. Reference
[1] Wikipedia: MIMO, Precoding, Spatial multiplexing, Diversity Coding,
WiMAX MIMO, information theory, channel capacity.

[2] ROHDE&SCHWARZ, Introduction to MIMO: Application Note

[3] D. Gesbert, M. Shafi, D. S. Shiu, P. Smith, and A. Naguib, From theory to practice:
An overview of MIMO space-tim coded wireless systems, IEEE J. Select. Areas
Commun. Special Issue on MIMO Systems, pt. I, vol. 21, pp. 281302, Apr. 2003.
[4] A. J. Paulraj et al., An Overview of MIMO Communications a Key to Gigabit
Wireless, Proc. IEEE, vol. 92, no. 2, Feb. 2004, pp. 198218.

[5] Q. Li, G. Li, W. Lee, M. il Lee, D. Mazzarese, B. Clerckx, and Z. Li, MIMO
techniques in WiMAX and LTE: a feature overview, IEEE Commun. Magazine,
vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 8692, May. 2010.
[6] G. Bauch, MIMO Technologies for the Wireless Future, Proc. International
symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Cannes
France, Sept., 2008
[7] PPT slide: Dr. Jacob Sharony, Introduction to Wireless MIMO Theory and
Applications, IEEE LI, November 15, 2006