Professional Documents
Culture Documents
n
[2a + (n 1)d]
2
n
= [a + Tn]
2
Sn =
S1 = T1 = a
T2 = S2 S1
Example : The 15th term of an A.P. is 86 and
the sum of the first 15 terms is 555. Find
(a) the first term and the common
difference
(b) the sum of the first 20 terms
(c) the sum from the 12th to the 20th term.
(a)
n
[a + Tn]
2
15
555 =
[a 86]
2
Sn =
74 = a 86
a = 12
a + 14d = 86
12 + 14d = 86
14d = 98
d = 7
20
[2(12) + 19(7)]
2
= 10[24 133]
= 1090
(c)
11
[24 + 10(7)]
2
= 1090 (253)
= 837
Geometric Progression
Tn= arn-1
Sn =
a(1 r n ) a(r n 1)
=
1 r
r 1
a
1 r
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a G.P. is 24 and 10
2
respectively. Find the 8th
3
2 32
=
--------(2)
3
3
ar 5 32 1
(2) (1)
ar 3 3 24
4
2
r2 =
r=
9
3
ar5 = 10
2
3
2
= 24
3
27
a = 24
= 81
8
7
20
2
T8 = 81 = 4
27
3
a
T15 = 86
(b) S20 =
2
, ... such that the last term is less
3
6 1
18 3
Tn < 0.0003
1
3
n1
18
1
3
< 0.0003
n1
0.0003
18
1
0.0003
(n 1) log
< log
3
18
0.0003
log
18
n1>
1
log
3
<
1
is
3
negative]
n 1 > 10.01
n > 11.01
n = 12.
1
T12 = 18 = 0.0001016
3
Example: Express each recurring decimals
below as a single fraction in its lowest term.
(a) 0.7777....
(b) 0.151515...
(a)
y
against x.
x
5 1 1
, passing through (6, 5)
62 2
1
5 = (6) + c c = 2
2
y 1
The equation is
x 2 , or
x 2
1
y = x2 + 2x.
2
m=
0.07
= 0.1
0.7
a
0.7
0.7 7
S
1 r 1 0.1 0.9 9
r=
0.0015
= 0.01
0.15
0.15
0.15 15 5
S
1 0.01 0.99 99 33
a = 0.15, r =
y = ax +
xy = ax2 + b
b
x
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(b)
x4 2 x
dx =
x6
x4 2 x
dx
x6 x6
2 x 5 dx
x 1 2 x 4
c
1
4
1
1
= 4 +c
x 2x
=
1.
kf ( x) dx k f ( x) dx
(c)
c = log a = 0.48
a=3
1.00 0.65
log b =
= 0.175
3 1
b = 1.5
2.
3.
4.
A=
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx
b
Example:
x dy
Given
y dx
(a)
1
3
x dy
4 f ( x) dx
(b)
[5 f ( x)]dx
1
(a)
4 f ( x) dx = 4
Example: Find
(a)
(b)
(a)
3x
3x 2 2 x 3 dx
3x3 2 x 2
=
3x c
3
2
f ( x) dx
1
= 4 9 = 36
2 x 3 dx
x4 2 x
dx
x6
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx
y dx
f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
a
b
f ( x) g ( x) dx
a
b
CHAPTER 3: INTEGRATION
x n 1
x dx
c
n 1
(b)
[5 f ( x)]dx = 5dx
1
f ( x) dx
1
= 5x 1 + 9
3
= [15 5] + 9 = 19
Area Below a Graph
1. The area below a graph and bounded by
the line x = a, x = b and the x-axis is
= x3 + x2 + 3x + c
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5 x 2 x3
1
5x x dx = 3 6 +
3 3
2
2
3
125 125 45
1
=9+ [
] 9] = 16 unit2
2
3
3
2
A=
Volume of Revolution
y dx
2.
A=
x dy
c
V=
y dx
2
Example:
Given A is the point of intersection between the
curve y = 5x x2 and the line y = 2x, find the
area of the shaded region in the diagram below.
V=
x dy
2
y = 2x
y = 5x x2
2x = 5x x2
x2 3x = 0
x(x 3) = 0
x = 0 or 3. A(3, 6)
5x x2 = 0
x(5 x) = 0
, x = 0 or x = 5
CHAPTER 4: VECTORS
Addition of Two Vectors
(a) Triangle Law
AB BC AC
(b) Parallelogram Law
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AB AD AC
Parallel Vectors
AB is parallel to PQ if
AB
k , where k is a
PQ
constant.
If
AB
k , since B is a common point, A, B
BC
1
OP OA AP = x AB
3
1
1
= x ( y x) = (2 x y )
3
3
1
(b) (i) OE = k OP = k (2 x y )
3
2k
k
=
x y
3
3
(ii) OE OA AE = OA + h AQ
1
= x h( x y )
2
h
= (1 h) x + y
2
(c) Compare the coefficient of x and y
2k
---------------(1)
3
h k
2k
and , h =
-----(2)
2 3
3
1h=
OA xi yj
OA x 2 y 2 = magnitude of vector
Substitute in (1)
OA
Unit vector in the direction of
OA
2k
2k
=
3
3
4k
3
1=
k=
4
3
2k
2 3 1
h=
=
= .
3 4 2
3
1
xi yj
x2 y 2
Example :
Example :
3
1
and OQ .
4
5
Given OP
Find OP
(a)
(c)
(a)
OP .
(a)
(a)
1
1
OQ = OB y
2
2
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OP =
32 (4)2 25 5
(ii) h, x and y .
(c)
(c)
3i 4 j
5
OP = m OA n OQ
3
2
1
m n
4
7
5
2m n = 3
-------(1)
7m 5n = 4 -----(2)
(1) 5
10m 5n = 15 ----(3)
7m 5n = 4 ----(4)
17m
= 19
m=
19
17
substitute in (1),
38
n =3
17
38
13
n=
3 =
17
17
CHAPTER 5: TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTION
Angles In The Four Quadrants
1
cos
1
sin
1
Cotangent = cot =
tan
Cosecant = cosec =
Pn = n!
Secant = sec =
2 tan A
1 tan 2 A
2.
tan A tan B
1 tan A tan B
Pr
n!
(n r )!
sin
cos
Number of ways = 5 4 3 1 = 60
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2.
(a)
n!
is nCr
r !(n r )!
Example: The PTA committee of a school
consists of 8 members. The members are elected
from 7 parents, 6 teachers and the principal of
the school. Find the number of different
committees that can be formed if
(a) the principal is one of the member of the
committee.
(b) the committee consists of the principal, 3
teachers and 4 parents.
(c) the committee consists of at least 2
teachers.
(a)
+ (0.25)6
= 0.03760
(b)
2.
14
CHAPTER 8: PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
1. Binomial Distribution
The probability of getting r success in n
trials where p = probability of success and
q = probability of failure
P(X = r) = nCr p r q n r
2.
510 500
)
8
npq
Example:
In a survey of a district, it is found that one in
every four families possesses computer.
(a) If 6 families are chosen at random, find the
probability that at least 4 families possess
computers.
(b) If there are 2800 families in the district,
calculate the mean and standard deviation
for the number of families which possess
computer.
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where
Mean , = np
Standard deviation =
= P(
3.
Normal Distribution
Z=
C1 C3 C4 700
(c)
npq =
490 500
510 500
<Z<
)
8
8
(a)
Distance =
ds
=0
dt
(a)
s = 2t t2
t = 5,
s = 10 25 = 15 m
2.
ds
dt
dv
=0
dt
s = v dt
v dt
a
(b)
v dt v dt
v dt = 2t 3 dt = t
+ 3t + c
initial velocity t = 0
v = 6 m s -1
Acceleration (a)
Acceleration is the rate of change of
velocity with respect to time.
a=
dv d 2 s
=
dt dt 2
a dt
dv
= 2t 6
dt
t = 0, a = 6 m s-2
(b) Maximum velocity, a = 0
2t 6 = 0
t = 3 s.
(iii)
a = 2t 4
v=
2t 4 dt
= t2 4t + c
(b)
t = 0, v = 5, c = 5
v = t2 4t + 5
For maximum velocity, a = 0
2t 4 = 0, t = 2 s.
vmax = 4 8 + 5 = 1 m s-1
CHAPTER 10: LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Steps
1. Form the linear inequalities.
2. Construct the region which satisfies the
constraints.
3. Form the optimum equation
ax + by = k
4. Find the point in the region which gives the
maximum or minimum value.
5. Substitute the value of x and y to obtain the
optimum value of k.
Example:
School uniform
Shirt
Shorts
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y 1
x 2
1
y x
2
1
x
2
x = 0, y = 0
x = 40, y = 20.
(c) Profit , k = 5x + 3y
Let k = 150
5x + 3y =150
x = 0, 3y = 150, y = 50
y = 0, 5x = 150, x = 30
Time of preparation
(minutes)
10
20
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10