Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Geography of water
Major Stocks of Water
(1000km)
Volume:
%of
water
1,338000
96.54
12,870
0.93
Salt water:
Oceans
saline/backish Gr. Water
salt water lakes
85
0.016
Fresh Water
24,064 68.7
10,530
30.6
300
0.86
91
0.26
16.5 0.05
12.9 0.04
11.5 0.03
2.12 0.006
1.12 0.003
Contd
Fewer than 35% of the cities in the developing world treat their waste
water
Many countries lack adequate legislation and policies for efficient
water management
Water is widely shared among nations, religions, groups and
communities
A total of 261 rivers are shared by 2 or more countries and which
makes the management of trans boundary water resources one of the
most important water issues to day
Water policy
Salient features of water policy
Water pricing
Water legislation
Permits
Inspection and enforcement
Investment in infrastructure
Scientific research
Providing information to public
Monitoring and evaluation
Water-International issues
No. of International Agreements
Subject
No.
20
6
91
32
54
Water Quality
Related with financial issues as well as
water issues.
Absence of policy for clean water to the
people
Environmental programmes for
implementation
Types of Audit
Many laws are existing for water pollution
Laws are made to comply with International
accords
Audit of such compliance will be one method
Performance appraisal of water management
programmes
Regularity audit and Performance audit can be the
methods of audits.
Absence of policy
Absence of reliable and sufficient policy for
water issues is another area of audit
The type of audit would be compliance in
nature
The environmental degradation due to
absence of proper policy will be highlighted
Floodings
This is another environmental issue of
water.
Flood protection system, flood prevention
etc are matters of financial concerns
Programme evaluation of the flood control
and emergency plans etc. will be a subject
matter for Performance type off audit.
Sanitation
Sanitation and environment are connected
problems
Un hygienic conditions in the environment
create environmental problems
Sanitation is also a matter which will
require lot of funds for implementation.
It is therefore, both performance audit as
well as regularity Audit.
Marine environment
More than one country is involved
Marine issues are therefore, complex in
nature and resolved through International
co-operation
Marine issues affect the flora and fauna of
the seas.
It affects the countries where the sea
stretches
Contd
Drinking water supply to have certain
parameters: SPCBS are to check this.
Proper sewage system in cities is an
environmental issue. The boards to ensure this
Untreated effluent not to mix with the water
bodies.
Domestic sewage from Municipal areas also
not to mix
Monitoring
Environmental activities have to be
monitored by the Government for proper
implementation.
Such a monitoring is absent in many of the
State Govts.
Absence of MIS on Environmental issues
will give thrust to the Audit coverage and
conclusions.
Contd
Non achieving of targets of inspection
Drinking water not meeting the requisite
quality
Inadequate sewerage facilities resulted in
pollution of water and discharge of untreated
water in the water bodies posing health hazards
Dumping of Municipal waste resulted in
polluting the area and air
Major failures in complying with the Water
Act, 1974
Water quality
Water quality of the various uses has to be
regularised
Water has to be wholesome
Drinking water has to be clear, free from
contamination
Industrial water has also be of certain
quality
Contd
Depending up on the quality of water the uses
have to be fixed
Drinking water has to be of certain quality in
terms of contamination and pH value
Even the industrial water has to be of certain
standard.
If the water used in industries is not of the
quality the plant and machinery may get
affected.They may get corrosion
Contd..
This applies to the water pipe line that
brings water to the plant and the house
holds.
If the water is having high or low pH value
it may become acidic or alkaline.
The water piping system therefore, gets
corroded and water will be lost in transit
causing losses.
Contd..
The PCBs check the quality of water that is
discharged
If the quality is not as per standard the water
has to be treated before it is discharged into the
water system so that no further epidemic like
problems are not there.
If chemicals are discharged before treating they
affect the system and the land, flora/fuana of
the river, lakes etc also get affected
Contd
Water from the factories are tested at the
end to see if it is fit to be discharged
Otherwise, the water has to be treated
before it is discharged.
ETPS are used to purify the mixed water so
that treated water is recycled for either
industrial use or for gardening use etc.
SOP concept also helps reduce the wastage
Water recycle
Water is drawn from water system for
drinking
Water is treated for drinking purposes
Local bodies assures the quality
The water is treated with disinfectants
PCBs have to see whether the
measurements of the chemicals used is as
per standards fixed or not
Audit of quality
Audit has to verify whether the required
quality is maintained or not
pH value is maintained or not
Wholesome water pH is 5.5
Lesser than 5.5 acidic
PCBs ascertain the pH value and grade
Drinking water of acidic nature if allowed
affects human health, corrosion of piping and
the storage system
AUDIT SPECIFIC
ISSUES(Cont)
What are the machinery in position to
ensure protection of water resources from
depletion, pollution and degradation by
promoting low cost, upgradable
technologies for sanitary waste; recycling
and reuse of industrial and domestic waste
water and solid waste; protection of existing
watersheds?
AUDIT SPECIFIC
ISSUES(Cont)
What are the agencies, their mechanisms and
efficiency in the control of water associated
diseases?
What are the action plans for improving water
supply for irrigation, livestock water supply,
inland fisheries and agro forestry?
Are these managed efficiently for conservation
and scientific distribution and management?
AUDIT SPECIFIC
ISSUES(Cont)
Have the water preservation techniques been
perfected and the population educated? What
are the plans in this regard and are these
efficiently implemented?
Have the problems involved in water pollution
been studied in depth, systems and polluting
agents identified for addressing them in various
manners?
Whether action like legal remedy, imposition of
fine or cancellation of licenses, criminal action,
social education, roping of social organizations
or NGOs etc. thought of and properly
integrated in the policy paper?
AUDIT SPECIFIC
ISSUES(Cont)
Is there any provision for the research in
control, measures in various matters
concerning water pollution control, how are
the research agencies selected, funds
provided, programmes monitored, results
utilized, and patents obtained where
feasible.
WATER AUDIT
CHECKPOINTS
Collect the various policy declarations of the
Government as to its strategy to deal with
water pollution, sustenance of water resources,
water sharing, water pricing etc, to frame the
audit approach.
Get the detailed actions plans and programmes
prepared and proposed for implementation.
Conduct the usual regularity, financial
propriety and Performance audit of these
programmes.
WATER AUDIT
CHECKPOINTS(Cont)
Examine the various statues to identify the
objectives, responsibilities and mandates of the
Governments, CPCB, SPCBs, etc particularly
the following acts and programmes
River Boards Act, 1956
Inter State Water Disputes Act, 1956
Irrigation Commissions (1901, 1972)
Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme
(1972 73)
Drought Prone Area Programme (1973)
WATER AUDIT
CHECKPOINTS(Cont)
The water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution Act) 1974
Command Area Development Programme
1974 75
The Water Cess Act, 1977
Setting up of National Water Resources
Council 1983
Centrally Sponsored Rural Sanitation
Programme 1986
Environmental Protection Act 1986
WATER AUDIT
CHECKPOINTS(Cont)
73rd and 74th amendments to the
Constitution of India 1992, 1993
National Lake Conservation Plan 1993
Setting up of National River Conservation
Directorate 1995
Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme
1996
National Water Policy 2002
WATER AUDIT
CHECKPOINTS(Cont)
Go though the various Audit Reports of Union
Government as well as the State Governments
to see the reviews as well as the Draft paras
dealing with Environment issues, the PAC
reports and recommendations and use them as
guidelines for audit particularly for reviews.
Collect the various publications of the Ministry
of Environment and Forests to gather data
useful for audit approach and audit analysis.
WATER AUDIT
CHECKPOINTS(Cont)
See the cases of funding of specific projects or
programmes, the conditions, monitoring
mechanisms evaluation, analysis of results etc.
See the commitments made as per the
international Accords and see the various
reports, data and progress reports to evaluate
the impact as well as adherence to the
commitments.
See the research programmes undertaken,
funding arrangements, mile stones of research,
results of research, publications, scope for
patents on certain techniques developed,
commercialization of viable research out come,
Thanks